| abalone |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Haliotis spp. |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| ant (generic) |
hormiga |
formiga |
flora-fauna |
|
Formicidae |
hus-sah |
|
ant, black ant (esp. smal stinking kind) |
inheritance |
|
Nim-Yokuts |
|
Chuk, Gashowu. hah'-se' “black ant”, |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Merriam 58:373 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| antelope |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Antilocapra americana |
coyod, coyit (220) |
|
antelope |
inheritance |
|
Nim-Yokuts |
|
Kroeber missing Pal., Buena Vista has the mu- form |
WW |
%sok |
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:200 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| badger |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Taxidea taxus |
huyaktîtsi |
|
badger |
unique |
|
|
|
unique in Kroeber |
|
|
same |
other complex |
surely complex but I don't recognize the forms |
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:201 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| bald eagle |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Haliaeetus leucocephalus |
owik |
|
bald eagle |
inheritance |
|
Yokutsan |
|
unless Pal. form is really Yowlumne, this is Yokutsan; all but two forms in Kroeber are this one; note Wappo ah-wā-ko'-mah |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:202 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| band-tail pigeon |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Patagioenas fasciata |
acongin |
|
pigeon (Merriam confirms 58:363) |
unique |
|
|
|
Might be reflex of *s/howin Golla 1964:61 “dove 2”, but perhaps better Palewyami trok'-in-wah |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:220 (spec) |
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| bat |
murciélago |
morcego |
flora-fauna |
|
Chiroptera spp |
tc'imtc'im |
|
bat |
inheritance |
*c'im'c'im' |
Yokutsan |
|
only in Homet, Pal, Yaw in Kroeber; Callaghan 1997:30, possibly Yok-Utian given PU * *şim ... |
|
|
same |
reduplicated |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1907:196 |
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| beaver |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Castor |
töpük |
|
beaver |
inheritance |
*t'/t''ɨpɨkʰ |
Yokutsan |
|
Whistler & Golla 1986:354 |
WW |
%t'ypyk |
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:201 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| beetle |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Coleoptera spp |
ahn-titch |
|
13-line junebug |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
other complex |
probably has -itch agentive |
|
|
|
Merriam 58:373 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| big round tule |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Schoenoplectus acutus |
cuyo, cuyo' |
|
round tule (Scirpus acutus) (Merriam confirms S. acutus 58:381); |
unique |
|
Kings River, Tule-Kaweah (adjacent subgroups) |
|
If cognate in Kings River, Tule-Kaweah, then this is a Nim-Yokuts form. But since groups are adjacent better to judge it as a low-level form and “unknown” |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:199 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
tule mats obtained from Tachi, Chunut who lived at the tulares |
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| big skunk |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Mephitis mephitis |
tcox |
|
skunk |
inheritance |
*cʰox |
Yokutsan |
|
Whistler & Golla 1986:356 |
|
|
same |
underived |
perhaps from tcukit “stink” Kroeber 1907:181 |
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:201 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| big wolf (gray wolf) |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Canis lupus |
iwèyiT |
|
wolf |
inheritance |
|
Nim-Yokuts |
|
nearly universal in Kroeber; this form probably metathesis of the yVw- forms from “chase” |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:199 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| bighorn sheep |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Ovis canadensis |
diwècip |
|
mountain sheep |
inheritance |
|
Nim-Yokuts |
|
Note similar forms as far east as Tub le:wshe:p “female spirit, perhaps otter”; Yowlumne lew-ā'-sip; le-wā'-sip; Nim-Yokuts diwècip (Yawdanchi form); Salinan lă-wā'-sit |
WW |
%lewasip |
same |
underived |
complex form but may be a loan |
|
|
|
Kroeber 1907:198 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| bird |
pajaro, ave |
passaro |
flora-fauna |
|
|
tènip; dètchip (1907:198) |
|
bird (Merriam's Wik has latter form 58:369) |
inheritance |
|
Nim-Yokuts |
|
In Kroeber, in all Y. branches except Buena Vista and Palewyami |
|
|
same |
underived |
initial syllable reduplicated from Kitanemuk witsitat |
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:201 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| black ant |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Camponotus pennsylvanicus/Lasius niger |
haw'-di-haw'-di; |
|
Black ant (Wik) |
inheritance |
*k/po:lay- |
Nim-Yokuts |
|
Golla 1964:60 |
|
|
same |
reduplicated |
|
|
|
|
Merriam 58:373) |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| black bear |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Ursus americanus |
dûuxun |
|
bear |
unique |
|
|
|
only in Yawd, Wik (Tule-Kaweah branch) |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:199 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| black-tail Jackrabbit |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Lepus californicus |
dopod |
|
jack rabbit (Merriam confirms top'pul 58:359) |
inheritance |
*topol |
Nim-Yokuts |
|
Callaghan 2001:325 |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:200 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| blackberry |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Rubus ursinus |
mah'-min |
|
blackberry, Rubus ursinus (Merriam confirms 58:377) |
inheritance |
|
Nim-Yokuts |
|
In Chukchansi, Yowlumne |
WW |
%mam |
broader (probably for any berry) |
unknown |
|
|
|
|
Merriam 58:503 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| blue grouse |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Dendrogapus? |
wup'-tah |
|
blue grouse |
unique |
|
|
|
they call it kah'-hoot at Patishwa (that's a UA loan JHH) |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Merriam 58:363 |
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| bobcat, lynx |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Lynx rufus |
t'ungod |
|
wildcat |
inheritance |
*t'onol < **t'ol'an |
Yokutsan |
|
Callaghan 1997:32 (Gamble's reconstruction), note Pmi *tol:o:m:a “wildcat” |
|
|
same |
underived |
complex, -god probably separable, but no analysis possible with available sources |
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:200 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| butterfly, moth |
mariposa |
borboleta |
flora-fauna |
|
Lepidoptera |
laulau |
|
butterfly |
unique |
|
|
|
Wik is walwal -- otherwise, unique in Kroeber |
|
|
same |
reduplicated |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:207) |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| California condor |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Gymnogyps californianus |
witc |
|
condor |
inheritance |
*wi*č' (N-Y) |
Yokutsan |
|
Golla 1964:61 |
WW |
%wit |
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:202 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| California jay |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Aphelocoma californica? |
Táicudètc |
|
bluejay (Merriam confirms Aphelocoma 58:363) |
loan into protolanguage |
*T'ayT'ay |
General Yokuts |
unknown |
Callaghan 1997:58; missing only in Pal; compare Mis Tajič, Miw *$aji:ch, Nisenan ch'ajit “bluejay”; Yukian *č'ə7əy; but Pomo c'ayi, ca”yi better; Wintun čayi(:)k, etc. |
WW |
%chaj |
same |
other complex |
this has the T'ay element and a suffix that looks like Pal. -wilets. |
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:203 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| California woodpecker |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Melanerpes formicivorus? |
palâdat |
|
woodpecker (Merriam confirms 58:363) |
loan |
*phala:tath |
Nim-Yokuts |
unknown |
Golla 1964:66; Callaghan 1997:61 compares Pmi *palaT:a, noting “there are peculiar developments in both Miwok and Yokuts”; Costanoan has *para:Ta, CHECK |
WW |
%palaka ~ %pana(k) |
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:203 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| chia |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Salvia columbariae |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
1 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| chipmunk |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Tamias spp. |
tciviyi, tcivili |
|
chipmunk (Merriam confirms 58:359) |
inheritance |
|
Nim-Yokuts |
|
Yowl. che-wil'-le |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1907:241 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| cliff swallow |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Petrochelidon pyrrhonota |
taipālutc |
Merriam ti'-pum-nautch (Wik) is barn swallow Hirundo 58:363 |
swallow |
unique |
|
|
|
The taip- element also in Wechitit in Kroeber, but this is geographically adjacent |
|
|
|
unknown |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:212 (224) |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| coot |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Fulica americana |
datcai |
|
mudhen (Merriam confirms 58:369) |
inheritance |
|
Nim-Yokuts |
|
Kroeber except for Buena Vista, Pal, Yowl |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:204 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| cottontail rabbit |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Sylvilagus audobonii |
ti'w |
|
cottontail (Merriam confirms 58:359) |
inheritance |
*č,hiw, *thiw |
Yokutsan |
|
Golla 1964:61 |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:200 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| cottonwood |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Populus spp. |
dap'-pah |
|
cottonwood |
inheritance |
|
Yokutsan |
|
lep-pah in Palewyami; similar form in all Merriam's lists |
WW |
%pat ~ %lapat |
same |
underived |
might be related to/dapdap/ “leaf” with some consonantal sound symbolism byt this would be an ancient derivation |
|
|
|
Merriam 58:501 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| coyote |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Canis latrans |
kaíu |
|
coyote |
inheritance |
*kʰay'iw |
Yokutsan |
|
Whistler & Golla 1986:354; could this be related to the haju “dog” words in Clear Lake area? |
WW |
%kaju |
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:199 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| crow |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Corvus brachyrhynchos |
áduuT, adwutc (220) |
|
crow |
inheritance |
*ɂalwuT' |
Nim-Yokuts |
|
Callaghan 1997:28, probably loan into this proto-language from UA *ata-wɨ-ta, hence Callaghan's resemblance to Pmi *ɂa:wy(č) is spurious |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:203 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| datura |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Datura wrightii |
tahng'-i' |
|
Datura |
inheritance |
|
Yokutsan |
|
|
WW |
%tanai |
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Merriam 58:509 |
|
1 |
|
1 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| deer, mule |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Odocoileus hemionus |
xoi |
|
deer |
inheritance |
*xoy |
Nim-Yokuts |
|
Golla 1964:61 |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:200 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| digger pine |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Pinus sabiniana |
tòngac |
|
digger (bull) pine |
inheritance |
*tho:ŋas |
Nim-Yokuts |
|
Golla 1964:61; Callagan 2001:324 compares Proto-Maidu *to:n “digger pine” |
|
|
same |
underived |
since P. ponderosa is Yowl to:n, the -ac may be suffix historically |
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:211 (162) |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| dog (camp, domestic) |
perro |
cachorro |
flora-fauna |
|
Canis familiaris |
tcèjej |
|
dog |
inheritance |
*če:- |
Yokutsan |
|
Golla 1964:61 |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:199 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| dogbane |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Apocynum cannabinum |
hox |
|
a shrub, string fiber (1907:239); “large shrub, inner bark used for string” (p. 219 in Kroeber's notes); see species notes |
unique |
|
|
|
chuk tc'aka; Note Miss huken “milkweed” |
|
|
|
unknown |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| dove |
paloma |
pomba |
flora-fauna |
|
Zenaida macrocoura |
upyayi |
|
mourning dove (Meriam confirms 58:363) |
inheritance |
*ɂuphlal(l)iɂ |
Nim-Yokuts |
|
Golla 1964:61 |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:220 (spec) |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| duck |
pato |
pato, marreco |
flora-fauna |
|
Anatidae |
hayana; hayina (220) |
|
duck |
inheritance |
|
General Yokuts |
|
most widespread form (from hayin “to fly”; universal except for languages that have waTwaT |
|
|
same |
derived |
from “to fly” (perhaps only etymologically) |
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:204 |
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| elder |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Sambucus |
wicèta |
|
elder tree (Merriam confirms Sambuus) |
inheritance |
*wiše:thaɂ (NY) |
Yokutsan |
|
Golla 1964:61 |
|
|
same |
underived |
K 1907:236 relates to wicit erectio penis |
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:219 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| elk |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Cervas elaphus |
coxgoi |
|
elk |
inheritance |
*$ohkoj <$ohkaj |
Yokutsan |
|
Callaghan 1997:59, compare Pmis *hak:a:ja-; Callaghan 2001:325 compares Hill Patwin koko:ja “tule elk” |
WW |
%sok |
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:200 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| fish (generic) |
pez |
peixe |
flora-fauna |
|
|
dopiT |
|
fish |
inheritance |
*lopʰiTʰ |
Yokutsan |
|
Whistler & Golla 1986:355; note Mis lapi:s-aj “fish” (Callaghan 1997:32) |
WW |
%lvp |
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:205 |
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| flea |
pulga |
pulga |
flora-fauna |
|
Siphonaptera |
b'akid |
|
flea |
inheritance |
*p'a:k'il |
Yokutsan |
|
Whistler & Golla 1986:355 |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:206) |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| flicker |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Colaptes sp. |
T'íwica |
|
yellowhammer (Merriam confirms 58:363) |
inheritance |
*T'iwis(a) |
Yokutsan |
|
Callaghan 1937:38, compare PU *tiw(:)a |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:203 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| blowfly/housefly |
mosca |
mosca |
flora-fauna |
|
Diptera |
p'anuckai |
|
fly |
inheritance |
*p'an'isk'aj ?? |
Yokutsan |
|
Callaghan 2001:326 |
|
|
same |
phrase |
p'an world K 1907:237 |
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:205 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| foothills yucca |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Yucca whipplei |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| fox |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Vulpes, Urocyon |
au'tca |
|
fox (Merriam: Gray fox (WIK 58:357) |
inheritance |
*ɂawčhaɂ (NY) |
Yokutsan |
|
Golla 1964:62; Callaghan 2001:325 notes PW *ha:w “fox”, PM *haw “gray fox”, considers this YU-W-M, notes also Mim Ah-wah-ke “gray fox (Merriam) |
WW |
%kaw |
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:199 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| frog (generic) |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
|
koyòyiT |
Merriam go-doit (Wik) 58:371 |
frog |
inheritance |
*kojo... |
Nim-Yokuts |
|
Callaghan 1997:33; compare Mil kolo:lo |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:205 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| golden eagle |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Aquila chrysaetos |
Doxid; tcoxit (220 from spec.) |
Tohit' |
eagle |
inheritance |
|
Nim-Yokuts |
|
In all Kroeber except Pal., Homet. (Tulamni missing) |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:202 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| gooseberry |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Ribes spp. |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| gopher snake, bull snake |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Pituophis catenifer |
hû'cudètc |
|
gopher snake |
inheritance |
*xo:ThongiTh (?) |
Nim-Yokuts |
|
Callaghan 1937:60, compare Pmis ho.tang-ja:; I think the Yawd form here is a cognate |
|
|
same |
other complex |
huc-udetch “hoosh-sayer” K 1907:234 |
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:212 (241) |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| grass |
hierba, pasto |
capim, grama |
flora-fauna |
|
(NA) |
yâwud |
probably yawuT |
grass (Merriam confirms yah'-wut) |
inheritance |
*ja:wil |
Nim-Yokuts |
|
Callaghan 2001:324, notes Csf yah wah “grass”, rejects Csr wai |
|
|
broader (probably includes brush) |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:198 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| grasshopper |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Caelifera |
tc'anèkac |
|
grasshopper |
inheritance |
*t'a:n-, *č'a:n |
Nim-Yokuts |
|
Golla 1964:62 |
|
|
same |
underived |
probably complex but no possibility of analysis |
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:206) |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| gray ground squirrel |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Sphermophilus sp. |
bohad |
|
ground squirrel (Merriam confirms 58:359) |
inheritance |
|
Nim-Yokuts |
|
Yawd, Wik, also Yawl in my data |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:200 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| gray tree squirrel |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Sciurus spp. |
yongxo |
|
tree squirrel |
inheritance |
|
Nim-Yokuts |
|
only resemblants in Yowlumne |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:200 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| great horned owl |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Bubo virginianus |
[hutulu] sic, hutulu (220 from spec.) |
|
large owl (Merriam confirms 58:361) |
inheritance |
*huttulu-? |
Nim-Yokuts |
|
Callaghan 1997:59, compares some Mi forms, but...; Wappo hutúku:lu, Pmi *tuk:uli |
WW |
%(hu)tukul |
same |
underived |
probably sound-imitative in origin |
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:202 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| grizzly bear |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Ursus arctos horribilis |
ngohoo |
|
grizzly bear |
inheritance |
*ŋohɂoɂ |
Nim-Yokuts |
|
Golla 1964:60 |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:199 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| horned toad |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Phrynosomatidae |
djitcpaapu |
|
horned toad |
inheritance |
|
Yokutsan |
|
Merriam has this form in lists for every subgroup of Yokutsan |
|
|
same |
underived |
must be complex etymologically |
|
|
|
Kroeber 1907:242 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| horse |
caballo |
cavalho |
flora-fauna |
|
Equus caballus |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| hummingbird |
colibrí, picaflor (Peru) |
beija-flor |
flora-fauna |
|
Trochilidae |
mamgutc |
|
hummingbird |
inheritance |
|
Nim-Yokuts |
|
widespread but not universal in Kroeber; note Yowlumne be:mamgo:c' |
|
|
same |
other complex |
mam and -go:'c are separable etymologically but in absence of dictionary no analysis |
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:203 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| tobacco |
tabaco |
tabaco |
flora-fauna |
|
Nicotiana spp. |
sho'-kon |
|
Indian tobacco |
inheritance |
*suk... |
Yok-Utian |
|
Callaghan 1937:41 or a very old loan |
WW |
%sokon |
same |
underived |
ultimately a derivation, but I don't think synchronically |
|
|
|
Merriam 58:379 |
|
1 |
|
1 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| insect (generic) |
insecto |
insecto |
flora-fauna |
|
generic |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
variable |
|
|
|
| junco |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Junco sppp |
cho-we'-nah |
|
Junco (Wik) |
unique |
|
|
|
Note Merriam's Tinlinne cho'-me-ul; |
|
|
same |
underived |
possibly the cho- is a formative element |
|
|
|
Merriam 58:365 (Wik) |
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| juniper |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Juniperus californica |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| louse |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
order Phtiraptera |
teeT |
|
louse (head louse) |
inheritance |
*tʰihiTʰ |
Yokutsan |
|
Whistler & Golla 1986:355; Callaghan 2007:327 “matches PM *di- 'head louse'” |
|
|
narrower (head louse only) |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:206) |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| mallard |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Anas platyrhynchos |
waTwaT |
|
mallard |
inheritance |
*waThwaTh |
Nim-Yokuts |
|
Callaghan 1997:59; compare Pmiw *wat, Mil watmaj, Mib watmal |
|
|
same |
onomatopoeic, reduplicated |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:204 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| manzanita |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Arctostaphylos spp. |
apTu |
|
manzanita (Merriam confirms) |
inheritance |
*ɂaphThiw |
Yokutsan |
|
Golla 1964:63; Callaghan 2001:325 notes Maidu ?ekpy “large manzanita” |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:199 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| milkweed, broad leaf |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Asclepias eriocarpa |
cax |
|
milkweed used for string (Merriam confirms eriocarpa 58:381) |
inheritance |
|
Nim-Yokuts |
|
Note Merriam's che-kah for Chukchansi -- cognate? |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:219 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| milkweed, narrow leaf |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Asclepias fascicularis |
hòngatchhungatch |
|
milkweed used for gum |
inheritance |
|
Nim-Yokuts |
|
Kroeber has same form for Yowlumne |
|
|
same |
reduplicated |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1907:243 |
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| mission tule |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Juncus |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| mockingbird |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Mimus polyglottos |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| mosquito |
mosquito, zancudo |
mosquito, carapana |
flora-fauna |
|
Anopheles spp, Isoptera |
k'acop |
|
mosquito |
inheritance |
|
Nim-Yokuts |
|
Also in Merriam's Chukchansi, Gashowu and in Yowl |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1907:242 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| moth |
mariposa nocturna, polilla |
mariposa |
flora-fauna |
|
Heterocera |
toi-yo'-no low-low |
|
Moth (Sphynx) (Wik) |
inheritance |
|
Nim-Yokuts |
|
Tinlinne has toi-yu; the low-low part is laulau |
|
|
same |
phrase |
some modification on “butterfly |
|
|
|
Merriam 58:373 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| mountain lion |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Puma concolor |
wöhöcit |
|
puma |
inheritance |
*wehe:sith |
Yokutsan |
|
Golla 1964:63; Callaghan 2001:333 “Wp wok'en 'mountain lion' matches the Proto-Yokuts form” |
|
|
same |
underived |
probably complex but no possibility of analysis |
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:200 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| mountain quail |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Oreortyx pictus |
Tipdi |
|
mountain quail (Merriam confirms Mountain quail 58:363) |
inheritance |
*T'iphith |
Yokutsan |
|
Golla 1964:60 |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:203 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| mussel |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Mytilus spp. |
kŭ'-pitch |
|
fresh water mussels (Wik) |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
other complex |
probably has the -itch' agentibve suffix |
|
|
|
Merriam 58:371 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| olivella (olive snail) |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Callianax biplicata |
pòde |
|
disc beads |
inheritance |
|
Nim-Yokuts |
|
Yowl. Polay; note UA po… words |
|
|
narrower (probably just the beads, not the shell and animal) |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:218 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| pinyon jay |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Cyanocitta stelleri? |
xaixai |
|
crested jay (Merriam confirms Cyanocitta) |
loan into protolanguage |
*xay- |
Yokutsan |
unknown |
Golla 1964:63 |
WW |
%kaj |
same |
reduplicated |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1907:242 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| pinyon pine |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Pinus monophylla |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| pismo clam |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Tivella stultorum |
cuyut' |
|
beads (clam shell disks) (Merriam glosses as “a shell” 58:371 |
inheritance |
|
Nim-Yokuts |
|
Kroeber also has this form for Yowl |
|
|
narrower (probably just the beads, not the shell and animal) |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:194 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| pocket gopher |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Thomomys |
hunxut |
|
gopher (Merriam confirms 58:359) |
inheritance |
|
Nim-Yokuts |
|
all Kroeber except Yowl; Pal., Buena Vista missing |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:200 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| poison oak |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Toxicodendron diversilobum |
che-wik' |
|
Poison oak |
inheritance |
*č'iwik' |
Nim-Yokuts |
|
Golla 1964:64 |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Merriam 58:505 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| rattlesnake |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Crotalus spp. |
Tööd |
|
rattlesnake |
inheritance |
*Thy?yl |
Yokutsan |
|
Callaghan 2001:326, “matches PW *ch'iwil” |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:204 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| red ant |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Solenopsis spp |
kakau |
|
large red ant used as counterirritant |
inheritance |
|
Nim-Yokuts |
|
Same in Merriam's Chukchansi, Gashowu lists |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:220 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| red-shouldered blackbird |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Agelaius phoeniceus |
tcak |
Merriam ko-toon' chahk' |
blackbird (Brewer), CHM is Agelaius rsb ) 58:363 |
loan into protolanguage |
*č'ax |
Nim-Yokuts |
unknown |
Golla 1964:60; areal; “ Hill Patwin c'akatu “black bird”” 1965:204); Wintu L'ul č'ač'at; Mil c'akattu/a; but note Pmis *chakup-:a- (Callaghan 1997:58); Wappo č'ákh |
WW |
%chak |
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:203 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| red-tailed hawk |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Buteo jamaicensis |
cuxup |
|
hawk sp. (Merriam confirms cuxup 58:361) |
inheritance |
|
Nim-Yokuts |
|
In all Kroeber except Pal. (Buena Vista forms are missing) |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:202 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| roadrunner |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Geococcyx californianus |
oiui |
|
road runner |
inheritance |
*ɂoyɂoy (NY) |
Yokutsan |
|
Callaghan 1939:60, compare Pmie *?uj(:)uj:u- |
WW |
%uji |
same |
reduplicated |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:204 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| ruddy duck |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Oxyura jamaicensis |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| sage herb |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Artemisia californica |
mah-trim'-me |
|
sage herb, A. californica |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Merriam 58:507 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| salmon/steelhead |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Oncorhynchus mykiss |
èpic |
|
lake trout (Merriam says is Steelhead Salmon); Merriam has ki'-ye-hrit for “salmon” in Wik: 58:371 |
inheritance |
|
Yokutsan |
|
in all Kroeber except Chunut |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:205 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| scaly lizard |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Pygopus lepidopodus? |
k'onče:ča |
(Golla 1964:63) |
Scaly lizard (Wik) (Merriam confirms genus Sceloporus) |
inheritance |
*k'on-čo:čiɂ |
Nim-Yokuts |
|
Golla 1964:63; looks a bit like the Mutsun “snake” word ko:Tehwa |
|
|
broader (may be generic for “lizard” |
other complex |
the k'on element is separable |
|
|
|
Merriam 58:371; transcription Golla 1964:63 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| small bird |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
|
te-he'-hip, tā-nip |
|
small bird |
inheritance |
|
Nim-Yokuts |
|
This is same word as (2) “bird” |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Merriam 58:369 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| small brown lizard |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
|
kóndjèdja |
|
lizard sp. (Merriam does NOT confirm but he has this for Uta sp. for Pal.) |
inheritance |
*k'on-čo:čiɂ |
Nim-Yokuts |
|
Golla 1964:60 |
|
|
broader (may be generic for “lizard” |
other complex |
k'on “to fall”, alight” K 1907:237 |
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:205 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| snake (generic) |
culebra, serpiente |
cobra |
flora-fauna |
|
|
e-now'-we-det' |
|
snake (any) (Wik) |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
other complex |
I'm sure this is complex form but analysis impossible |
|
|
|
Merriam 58:371 |
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| soaproot |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Chlorogalum |
so-ho' (1961), tcoxotc (1907:243) |
|
soaproot, C. pomeridianum |
inheritance |
*ThoxoTh |
Nim-Yokuts |
|
Golla 1964:65 |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Merriam 58:509 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| sour berry |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Rhus trilobata |
tă-kah'-te; tah-kah'-te |
|
Sour berry (Wik) |
inheritance |
|
Nim-Yokuts |
|
kroeber's Chuk taxâti “sour red berry eaten with salt” 1961:219); Note Cupeño tatxa'ish “manzanita berries”! |
|
|
narrower (probably just the berries, not the plant) |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Merriam 58:379 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| sparrow hawk |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Falco |
üdatc; ütatc 220 (from spec.) |
|
hawk sp. (Merriam confirms ut-tuch 58 361) |
inheritance |
*?yt'ychH |
Yokutsan |
|
Callaghan 1937:59 says is only Nim, butPalewyami form suggests Yokutsan; compare Mil ?i:t'it, (loanword from Patwin?) |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:211 (212) |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| spider |
araña |
aranha |
flora-fauna |
|
Arachnida, Araneae |
mutca |
|
spider (Merriam for Wik says is “bad black kind” 58:373) |
inheritance |
*mə:ča- ?? |
Nim-Yokuts |
|
Callaghan 2001:327 “matches Maidu makaT “spider”; Pomo *mikHa(:) |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:206) |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
variable |
|
|
|
| spotted skunk |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Spilogale gracilis |
tcitcèu |
|
polecat (K explains this is the smaller skunk) (Merriam confirms for Wik 58:357) |
inheritance |
|
Nim-Yokuts |
|
universal in Kroeber but Pal., Buena Vista missing |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:201 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| toad |
sapo |
sapo |
flora-fauna |
|
Bufonidae |
o-ko'-ko, oo-koo'-koo |
|
toad (Wik) |
inheritance |
|
Nim-Yokuts |
|
Kroeber lists define Nim-Yokuts (no Buena Vista form; Pal. also missing) |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Merriam 58:371 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| tree |
árbol |
arvore |
flora-fauna |
|
(NA) |
yapkin |
|
tree |
inheritance |
|
Nim-Yokuts |
|
also in Yowlumne, Choynuk |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:198 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| tree yucca |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Yucca schidegera |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| turkey buzzard |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Cathartes aura |
Tanka; tcadka (220 from spec.) |
|
buzzard (Merriam confirms 58:361) |
inheritance |
|
Nim-Yokuts |
|
only Yawd, Wik, Yowl (where K has Tan'k'a') |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:202 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| turtle (generic) |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Testudines |
Toto |
|
turtle |
inheritance |
|
Nim-Yokuts |
|
also in Yawel, Palew is probably bilingual nonce loan |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:205 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| valley live oak |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Quercus agrifolia |
öcün |
|
black oak; Merriam confirms Q. californica Black Oak 58:375 |
inheritance |
|
Yokutsan |
|
Kroeber and Merriam both have the cognate form for Palewyami (es-sen-ne in Merriam, esin in Kroeber); note Eappo -i:š- “oak” (Sawyer 1991:33) |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:211 (#165) |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| valley oak |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Quercus lobata |
k'ömiux |
|
plains oak (Merriam confirms Q. lobata 58:375 |
inheritance |
|
Yok-Utian |
|
Note Kroeber's Palewyami kimiax (where Yowl has k'inim) |
|
|
broader (includes acorns) |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:198 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| valley quail |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Callipepla californica |
hummud |
|
quail (Merriam confirms Valley quail, Callipepla 58:363) |
inheritance |
*humn-ul |
Yokutsan |
|
Golla 1964:64 |
WW |
%hum |
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:203 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Washington clam |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Saxidomus nuttalli |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Western Canada goose |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Branta canadensis |
la'la |
|
goose (Merriam confirms for WCG: 58:367) |
loan into protolanguage |
*laɂlaɂ |
Yokutsan |
unknown |
Golla 1964:62; Callaghan 1997:59 compare Pcos *la'lak, nisenan la:lak' “gray goose, Maidu lylyk' “flock of geese |
WW |
%lala ~ %lak |
same |
reduplicated |
perhaps onomatopoeic in origin |
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:204 |
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| whale |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Eschrichtius robustus |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| white pelican |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Pelicanus erythrorhynchos |
hòhuimuc |
|
pelican |
unique |
|
|
|
directionality of loan hre is unclear: W. Mono hoi-hoi'-mus “pelican” and note Barbareno Chumash hew' “brown pelican” |
WW |
%hew |
same |
other complex |
obviously a complex form but no analysis possible with existing materials |
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:212 (233) |
|
0 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| wild grapevine |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Vitis californica |
so-no'-tis |
|
wild grapevine |
inheritance |
|
Nim-Yokuts |
|
Yowl. sono:dip |
|
|
same |
underived |
probably complex (Yowl-ip, Yawd -is obviously different elements) |
|
|
|
Merriam 58:509 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| wild oats |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Avena (introduction) |
ah-wā'-nah |
|
wild oats |
loan |
|
|
Spanish |
loan |
WW |
%avena |
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Merriam 58:509 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| wild rose |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Rosa californica |
ho'wahs' |
|
Wild rose (Wik) |
unique |
|
|
|
Gashowu, Chukchansi ho-yah in Merriam, same? |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Merriam 58:377 |
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| wild sunflower |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Helianthus (and other genera) |
wahs'-ă-wi' (the plant) |
|
Wild sunflower |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
underived |
|
seeds are good food |
|
|
Merriam 58:383 |
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| willow |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Salix spp. |
caxatc |
|
willow (Merriam confirms; for Wik is S. lasiolepis (58:575) |
loan |
|
|
Takic |
perhaps from Kitanemuk/Serrano before the change *s > /h/;; probably into Proto-Nim-Yokuts |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:199 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| wood rat, round-tail |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Neotoma spp. |
domòdumutc |
|
wood rat (Merriam confirms 58:359) |
inheritance |
|
Nim-Yokuts |
|
Yawd, Wik, Michahay, Tachi |
|
|
same |
reduplicated |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:201 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| worm, hairy caterpillar |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Arctiidae (many species) |
to'-at-to'-mat |
|
worm, hairy caterpillar (food) (Wik) |
inheritance |
|
Nim-Yokuts |
|
Tinlinne has tro-maht tro-maht |
|
|
same |
reduplicated |
|
|
|
|
Merriam 58:373 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| worm, smooth caterpillar |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Trichoplusia ni (?) cabbage looper |
gaTu |
|
worm, “presumably earthworm” (p. 216) |
inheritance |
(k'aThuw (?) |
Nim-Yokuts |
|
Yawd, Wik, Chuk, Mich onlyin Kroeber; Callaghan 1997:35; compare Pmie *ke:$u, *ke:$y- “angleworm”; Callaghan 2001:327 says “matches PW *k'es “worm” |
WW |
%kes |
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:206) |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| yellow jacket |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Vespula spp., Dolichovespula spp. |
baònai |
|
yellow jacket |
inheritance |
*paɂo:nay |
Nim-Yokuts |
|
Golla 1964:66 |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:206) |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| yellowbird |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Dendroica petechia |
chin-chin'-ne |
|
Yellowbird (Astragalinus) (Wik) |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
reduplicated |
|
|
|
|
Merriam 58:365 |
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| yerba santa |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Eriodictyon californicum |
kut'-ten-ā'-sit |
|
Yerba santa, E. californicum |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
underived |
probably complex but no possibility of analysis |
|
|
|
Merriam 58:503 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| ant (generic) |
hormiga |
formiga |
flora-fauna |
|
|
kakau red ant |
|
|
unknown |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K07:242 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| bird |
pajaro, ave |
passaro |
flora-fauna |
|
|
de\tchip, (de:chip) |
x |
|
unknown |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K07:242 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| blowfly/housefly |
mosca |
mosca |
flora-fauna |
|
|
mumai “blowfly” 242 |
A w/ umlaut |
|
loan into protolanguage, direction unknown |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K07:242 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| dog (camp, domestic) |
perro |
cachorro |
flora-fauna |
|
|
che:jej |
j is zh |
|
inheritance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K07:241,G64 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| grass |
hierba, pasto |
capim, grama |
flora-fauna |
|
|
yawud “brush, grass” 243 |
|
|
inheritance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K07:243 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| deer |
venado |
veado, cariacu |
flora-fauna |
|
|
xoy |
|
|
inheritance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K07, G64 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| snake (generic) |
culebra, serpiente |
cobra |
flora-fauna |
|
|
t:OOd “rattlesnake” 242 |
THO7Ot? |
|
inheritance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K07:242 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| spider |
araña |
aranha |
flora-fauna |
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
