California woodpecker
- Semantic Field
- flora-fauna
- Part of Speech
- Meaning Spanish
- Meaning Portuguese
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Languages
| Language | Linnean Name | Orthographic Form | Phonemicized Form | Gloss as in Source | Etymology Code | Proto-Form | Proto-Language | Loan Source | Etymology Notes | Wanderwort Status | Etyma Set | Range of Term | Word Structure | Word Structure Notes | Classifier | Classifier Notes | Hypernym | Source | Association with Social Categories | Ritual/Mythologically Significant | Ritual Notes | Food Source | Food Notes | Medicinal | Medicinal Notes | How Collected | Who Collects | How Prepared | Psychotropic | Psychotropic Notes | Traded | Trade Notes | Distribution | Habitat | Dangerous | Ethnobiology Notes | Species Notes | General Notes |
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Language | Linnean Name | Orthographic Form | Phonemicized Form | Gloss as in Source | Etymology Code | Proto-Form | Proto-Language | Loan Source | Etymology Notes | Wanderwort Status | Etyma Set | Range of Term | Word Structure | Word Structure Notes | Classifier | Classifier Notes | Hypernym | Source | Association with Social Categories | Ritual/Mythologically Significant | Ritual Notes | Food Source | Food Notes | Medicinal | Medicinal Notes | How Collected | Who Collects | How Prepared | Psychotropic | Psychotropic Notes | Traded | Trade Notes | Distribution | Habitat | Dangerous | Ethnobiology Notes | Species Notes | General Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bankalachi Toloim | Melanerpes formicivorus? | pă-lă'-tuk | California woodpecker | loan | Unknown | arealism (see Troike n.d.); possible origin on coast, but origin obscure | WW | %palaka ~ %pana(k) | same | underived | C. H. Merriam 72-77, 60-455 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Big Smokey Valley Shoshone | Melanerpes formicivorus? | putumpittsi; wampuni, wopin tottontaki, woppimpono 295 “type of woodpecker” | woodpecker | inheritance | unknown | Crum & Dayley 1993:281 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cahuilla | Melanerpes formicivorus? | kúpanilʸ | ˈkupaniʎ | woodpecker | unique | May be related to Cupeño tukupuwet “woodpecker” (tu-kupa-we-t “acorns-woodpecker-augmentative-npn”??? (tu from tu'ish “crop”??) | WW | %palaka ~ %pana(k) | same | other complex | ˈkupani-ʎ no obvious etymology for root | -7aʃ “pet” | Possessive classifier -7aʃ | wikikmal | Seiler&Hioki 1979:85 | A bird of the Coyote moiety (Strong 1929:71) | 2 | Woodpecker feathers often important in ritual, no info for Cahuilla. Woodpecker could never learn to dance at creation time, which is why he jumps up and down (Seiler 1970:44). Woodpecker still says “Piam!” “bewitch him” (Op.cit. p.48) | 1 | This bird caches acorns one by one, but no mention of Indians taking advantage of these | no info | hunted | All | roasted, stewed, eggs eaten | 0 | 1 | Southern Oregon, California, south to Colombia | Oak woodlands | no | |||||||||
| Central Sierra Miwok | Melanerpes formicivorus? | palát:ata- | woodpecker, red breasted (Lewis?) NO JHH | loan into protolanguage | *palaT:a-? | Miwokan | unknown | Note Pyokuts *pHala:tah; “There are peculiiar developments in both Miwok and Yokuts” (Callaghan 1997:61); see Troike ms for this very widespread form | WW | %palaka ~ %pana(k) | reduplicated | Freeland & Broadbent 1960 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Chemehuevi | Melanerpes formicivorus? | po-pa'-po-wunz; pe-pe'-poo-wants | pipípuŋɂŋwatsI JPH | California woodpecker (Melanerpes formicivorus bairdi) | unique | Colorado River Numic; same as Southern Paiute | same | other complex | pipípuŋɂŋ-watsI DUP-knock??-ngwa??-tsi | Merriam 59:527 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chumash Barbareno | Melanerpes formicivorus? | pulak'ak | acorn woodpecker (this confirms ID) | loan into protolanguage | *pVlak'a(k') | Proto-Chumash | unknown | Klar 1977:116 (may be a loan, widespread arealism) | reduplicated | Applegate 194; Beeler 1978:182 | 2 | nephew of the sun, only one who did not die in the first flood (Applegate 531) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Chumash Ineseno | Melanerpes formicivorus? | pulak'ak' (I) | on p. 201 maqutikok “woodpecker” | red-headed woodpecker (I); acorn woodpecker (B) (this confirms ID); Merriam confirms (55:9) | loan into protolanguage | *pVlak'a(k') | Proto-Chumash | unknown | Klar 1977;116 (may be a loan, actually) | WW | %palaka ~ %pana(k) | reduplicated | Applegate 194 | 2 | nephew of the sun, only one who did not die in the first flood (Applegate 531) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | no | ||||||||||||||||||
| Chumash Obispeno | Melanerpes formicivorus? | (t)pilak'a | woodpecker | loan into protolanguage | *pVlak'a(k') | Proto-Chumash | unknown | Klar 1977;116; somewhat irregular and perhaps a loan, a widespread arealism | WW | %palaka ~ %pana(k) | other complex | t- | Klar 1977:116 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | no | |||||||||||||||||||
| Chumash Ventureno | Melanerpes formicivorus? | čulakak | woodpecker | loan into protolanguage | *pVlak'a(k') | Proto-Chumash | unknown | Klar 1977:116; this is NOT a regular reflex and argues that this is a loan through the family | WW | %palaka ~ %pana(k) | underived | Klar 1977:116 | 2 | nephew of the sun, only one who did not die in the first flood (Applegate 531) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | no | |||||||||||||||||||
| Cocopa | Melanerpes formicivorus? | šcɂu·ny | Gila woodpecker | inheritance | Proto-Yuman | Note Mojave ɂisɂuun | same | underived | Crawford 1989 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Comanche | Melanerpes formicivorus? | pitusɨ nu?ye?; wobi tohtaraki | woodpecker | unique | Central Numic | These are identical to Crum & Dayley's Duckwater forms: putumpittsi; wopin tottontaki, actualy “Shoshone” only as I can't find similar forms in T. Shoshone | broader (any woodpeckers, source is vague) | phrase | wopin tottontaki means wood pecker -- I would say calque except Duckwater has identical formj. pitusi? is “backwards” -- nu?ye? crawls??? | Robinson & Armagost 1990:163 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cupeño | Melanerpes formicivorus? | toRɛkikim | toˈɾɛkikim | Yellowhammer (see species notes) | loan | Luiseño or Gabrielino | loan because of /o/, /r/; word not recorded for Lu. Note Gabrielino teroki “to break, romper”; see Kawaiisu word | same | underived | note no npn | -ʔaʃ "pet" | possessive classifier for animals | mukikmal | Hill & Nolasquez 1973:176 | no info | 2 | woodpecker at “Bird's Church” (Creator's funeral) | 1 | eggs surely eaten, acorn caches used | no info | no info | no info | no info | 0 | 1 | Southern Oregon, California, south to Colombia | oak woodlands | no | ||||||||||
| Esselen | Melanerpes formicivorus? | missing | missing | missing | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gabrielino | Melanerpes formicivorus? | pe-var” 72-77, 60-423 | piˈva:r (?) | California Woodpecker | inheritance | *piva- | Takic | Kitanemuk pivanach; see note with “Bat” | same | other complex | piˈva:-r woodpecker-npn | -ʔaʧ “pet | possessive classifier for animals | chi:ya | http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 423 | no info | 2 | 1 | all birds eaten (McC 116) | no info | hunted | all | roasted (also, this bird caches acorns and caches are eaten) | 0 | 1 | Southern Oregon, California, south to Colombia | oak woodlands | no | ||||||||||
| Iipay 'Aa | Melanerpes formicivorus? | hatepull | woodpecker; Merriam confirms California Woodpeckker, Melanerpes formicivorus | inheritance | Proto-Yuman | Note Kiliwa t?lphuu | same | underived | Couro & Hutcheson 1973 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kawaiisu | Melanerpes formicivorus? | taataraage'e-bɨ | woodpecker | loan | Takic | see Cupeno toRɛkikim probably from Gabrielino word for 'to break' | same | other complex | taataraa-ge'e-bɨ onomatopoeia-?-ABS | Zigmond et al.:274 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kiliwa | Melanerpes formicivorus? | t?lphuu | woodpecker | inheritance | Proto-Yuman | Note 'Iipay Aa hatepull | broader (is this generic for woodpeckers? Mixco gives no genus or species. Gila woodpecker? | underived | Mixco 1985 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kitanemuk | Melanerpes formicivorus? | pivanač | ˈpivanaʧr | woodpecker sp: smaller than šɨč | inheritance | Takic | Note Gabrielino pe-var” 72-77, 60-423, but the derivation is not the same | same | derived | ˈpi-ivana-ʧr peck-instrumental-npn (usually with final ʔ as possessed form; Anderton 1988:475 regards as “frozen form”) | -ʔacit "pet" | possessive classifier for animals | wicitat | Anderton 1988:475 | no info | 2 | often figures importantly, but no info | 1 | especially handy as acorn-storing bird | no info | hunted | men | roasted, boiled, eggs eaten | 0 | 1 | woodpecker scalp feathers often traded, but no info | Southern Oregon, California, south to Colombia | oak woodlands | no | |||||||||
| Lake Miwok | Melanerpes formicivorus? | panáak | woodpecker (et) | loan | unknown | Note Clear Lake Wappo panak “woodpecker” 106; see Troike ms. on this very widespread form; Pmi is *palaT:a-?, Pynim is *pHala:tatH Callaghan 1997:61, who notes “there are peculiar developments in both Miwok and Yokuts” | WW | %palaka ~ %pana(k) | underived | Callaghan 1965 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Luiseño | Melanerpes formicivorus? | $óola | ʹşo:la | woodpecker; Bright, California woodpecker, Sparkman, This woodpecker stores acorns in the bark of trees | doubtful loan | *cutu | Uto-Aztecan | no information | S206 (Stubbs 2009:67), but Lu. form has inexplicably non-corresponding vowels, as does Mono. | same | other complex | ʹşo:-la California.woodpecker-non.possessed.noun | -ʔaʃ "pet" | possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla | 7ehéngmal | Elliott 1999:870 | no info | 2 | 1 | acorn caches eaten, owners even felled trees to retrieve | no info | no info | no info | no info | 0 | 1 | Southern Oregon, California, south to Colombia | Oak woodlands | no | |||||||||
| Maidu | Melanerpes formicivorus? | pan-nă-kah | California woodpecker | loan into protolanguage | Maiduan | unknown | WW | %palaka ~ %pana(k) | underived | Shipley 1963 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mojave | Melanerpes formicivorus? | ɂisɂuun | woodpecker | inheritance | Proto-Yuman | Note C šcɂu·ny; Yuma kwakxó· “woodpecker” Halpern1:26 | same | other complex | 7 + sa'uun “fork” ?? | Munro et al.1992 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mutsun | Melanerpes formicivorus? | paratu | woodpecker (Merriam confirms Merriam 55:409) | loan | *para:tak ? | Costanoan | unknown | Areal word, see Troike ms.; Pmi *pala-Ta ? Callaghan 1997:61; Pco Callaghan 1992:40 | WW | %palaka ~ %pana(k) | reduplicated | from {parut}? | Mason 1916:428 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | no | |||||||||||||||||||
| Nisenan | Melanerpes formicivorus? | panaka | California woodpecker | loan into protolanguage | Maiduan | unknown | California form | WW | %palaka ~ %pana(k) | underived | Uldall & Shipley 1966 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Northern Paiute | Melanerpes formicivorus? | ă-sahk-kwi-yu wah'-pe pan-nă | atsa kwoyu waape panna | California woodpecker (Melanerpes formicivorus bairdi) | loan | unknown | at the core of this is the panna loan word (see “Flicker” | same | phrase | and what a phrase! atsa kwo-yu waape panna red head-nom juniper woodpecker ?? | Merriam 61:139 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Northern Sierra Miwok | Melanerpes formicivorus? | palat:ata- | woodpecker | loan into protolanguage | *palaT:a- ? | Miwokan | unknown | Note Pynim *pHala:tah “There are peculiar developments in both Miwok and Yokuts” (Callaghan 1997:61); see Troike ms. on this widespread areal form | WW | %palaka ~ %pana(k) | reduplicated | Callaghan 1987 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Plains Miwok | Melanerpes formicivorus? | palat:ata-?, palti7na-? | woodpecker (CHM has palti7na- for Melanerpes) | loan | *pala:T:a-? | Miwokan | unknown | A widespread early loan, note Pynim *pHala:taH. “There are peculiar develpments in both Miwok and Yokuts” Callaghan 1997:61 | WW | %palaka ~ %pana(k) | reduplicated | Callaghan 1984 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Salinan A | Melanerpes formicivorus? | palá:k:a7 | California woodpecker | loan | Salinan | unknown | widespread areal form of unknown origin | WW | %palaka ~ %pana(k) | underived | Mason 1918:124; Turner 1980:87 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Salinan M | Melanerpes formicivorus? | palá:kak' | California woodpecker | loan | Salinan | unknown | widespread areal form of unknown origin | WW | %palaka ~ %pana(k) | underived | Mason 1918:124 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Seri (Comcaac) | Melanerpes formicivorus? | hatnáacoj | Gila woodpecker (Melanerpes uropygialis) | unique | same | phrase | hatni aacoj woodpecker big | Comcaac Dictionary 358 | 2 | This bird held onto the sky during the flood | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Serrano | Melanerpes formicivorus? | pe'-vahnts | California woodpecker | inheritance | Takic | In Kitanemuk, also Gab. pe-var” (CHM 72-77, 60-423) | other complex | -t NPN | Merriam 72-27, 60-103 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Southern Paiute | Melanerpes formicivorus? | pipung'wantsI | red-headed woodpecker (Merriam for Kai-va-vits says “all woodpeckers” 61:361 | unique | Colorado River Numic, same as Harrington's Chemehuevi | same | other complex | has -tsi ABS; derivation in stem unclear | Sapir 1930:612 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Southern Sierra Miwok | Melanerpes formicivorus? | palaT:aTa- | woodpecker | loan into protolanguage | *pala:T:a- ? | Miwokan | unknown | Callaghan 1997:61 “There are peculiar developments in both Miwok and Yokuts” C1997:61; Pynim *pHala:tatH; see Troike ms on this widespread arealism | WW | %palaka ~ %pana(k) | reduplicated | Broadbent 1964: | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Southern Ute | Melanerpes formicivorus? | píipų?ą-cI | woodpecker | unique | resembles Southern Paiute pipung'wantsI | same | other complex | has -ci ABS ; looks phrasal but elements have no analysis, don't occur elsewhere obviously | Givon 1979 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tübatulabal | Melanerpes formicivorus? | tă-lah-gawk't (k written over w) 72-77, 60-489;tă-lah'-gahkt' 60-489 | ta:laˈgohkt | California woodpecker | loan | Gabrielino | UA etyma, unique formation | WW | %palaka ~ %pana(k) | same | derived | ta:la-ˈkohk-t morning-repeatedly.pounds-nominalizer | chikkīt | http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n479/mode/2up; p. 489 | no info | 2 | 1 | Voegelin 1938:12 | no info | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0 | 1 | Southern Oregon, California, south to Colombia | oak woodlands | no | |||||||||||
| Tümpisa Shoshone | Melanerpes formicivorus? | missing | missing | missing | Dayley 1989 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Wappo | Melanerpes formicivorus? | pálič' | red-headed woodpecker (CHM confirms California woodpecker 52:571) | loan | unknown | areal form, see Troike ms. | WW | %palaka ~ %pana(k) | underived | Sawyer 1965 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Washo | Melanerpes formicivorus? | dic'em | woodpecker | unique | underived | WPD | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Western Mono | Melanerpes formicivorus? | panaatada' | woodpecker (Merriam's “California woodpecker”) | loan | unknown | words of this shape for this bird very widespread in Central California (see Troike 2010 ms.) | WW | %palaka ~ %pana(k) | same | underived | Bethel et al.:127 | no info | 2 | scalp powerful feathers | 1 | old people ate (Gayton 2:223) | no info | hunted | men | no info | 0 | 1 | woodpecker scalp dance costumes sold? | no | ||||||||||||||
| Wintu | Melanerpes formicivorus? | č'ura:t | California woodpecker (CHM confirms 56:9) | loan | Yana | same word is in Yana c'uraadu (Sapir & Swadesh 1960); W word is NOT cognate with other Wintun forms so loan probable, although system is probably wider | underived | Schlichter 1981 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Yavapai | Melanerpes formicivorus? | missing | missing | missing | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Yokuts Palewyami | Melanerpes formicivorus? | tal-lă'-kuk | California woodpecker | loan | Yowlumne Yokuts | Yawelmani has palâgak (Kroeber 1961:203), this is closest match, probably a loan; Golla 1964:66 has *phala:tath; Callaghan 1997:61 compares Pmi *palaT:a, noting “there are peculiar developments in both Miwok and Yokuts” | WW | %palaka ~ %pana(k) | same | underived | Merriam 58:521 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Yokuts Yawdanchi | Melanerpes formicivorus? | palâdat | woodpecker (Merriam confirms 58:363) | loan | *phala:tath | Nim-Yokuts | unknown | Golla 1964:66; Callaghan 1997:61 compares Pmi *palaT:a, noting “there are peculiar developments in both Miwok and Yokuts”; Costanoan has *para:Ta, CHECK | WW | %palaka ~ %pana(k) | same | underived | Kroeber 1961:203 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | no | |||||||||||||||||||
| Yokuts Yowlumne | Melanerpes formicivorus? | pala:k'ak' | woodpecker (Merriam confirms Melanerpes) | loan | *phala:tath | Nim-Yokuts | unknown | Golla 1964:66 (but this is NOT regular in Nim-Yokuts???); Callaghan 1997:61 compares Pmi *palaT:a, noting “there are peculiar developments in both Miwok and Yokuts”; given irregular T, k' match perhaps this should be coded as a loan; Troike discusses thi | WW | %palaka ~ %pana(k) | same | underived | Kroeber 1961:203 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | no | |||||||||||||||||||
| Yuki | Melanerpes formicivorus? | aw-se'-um MWO, ûNsīam B, áN-sĭn CS | California woodpecker | inheritance | *7əsiyam | Yukian | Schlichter 1985 | derived | 7əs “blood” | Sawyer & Schlichter 1984 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Yuma | Melanerpes formicivorus? | missing | missing | missing | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | no |
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