| abalone |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Haliotis spp. |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| ant (generic) |
hormiga |
formiga |
flora-fauna |
|
Formicidae |
pānünt |
pa:ˈnɨnt |
ant (generic) |
inheritance |
*ʔalɨN- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S44 (Stubbs 2009:44); I don't consider the /p/, perhaps from pa:??, to disqualify this item |
|
|
same |
derived |
pa:-aˈnɨn-t big(?)-red.ant-npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:65 |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
Voegelin 1938:12 |
N/A |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
N/A |
N/A |
no |
|
|
|
| antelope |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Antilocapra americana |
māshatt |
ma:ˈʃat |
antelope |
inheritance |
*masaC- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S623a (Stubbs 2009:121); Stubbs missed this cognate |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ma:ˈʃa-t pronghorn-npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:44 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
antelope drives collaboration with Yokuts, Chumash (check) |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western North America |
open areas |
no |
|
|
|
| badger |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Taxidea taxus |
pen'-nē 60-481 |
pe:ˈni |
badger |
loan |
|
|
no information |
Nobody collected Sierra Miwok “badger” in any of the 3 languages. Not like Plains Miwok. I _know_ I have seen this -- where??? Looks a bit like odd Nisenan /peem/ |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n479/mode/2up; p. 481 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
chaparral, woodland |
yes |
|
|
|
| bald eagle |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Haliaeetus leucocephalus |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| band-tail pigeon |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Patagioenas fasciata |
mokkowisht |
mokoˈwiʃt |
Band-tailed pigeon, Columba fasciata |
inheritance |
*makahVwi |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S676 (Stubbs 2009:126); vowel /o/ source?? |
|
|
same |
derived |
mokoˈwi-ʃ-t dove-?-npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:47 |
no info |
0 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted on coals, bones ground (some consultants denied Tub. ate eggs before Whites) |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
Oak and pine forests, feeds on acorns |
no |
|
|
|
| bat |
murciélago |
morcego |
flora-fauna |
|
Chiroptera spp |
pattsāwal |
paʦa:ˈwal |
bat |
inheritance |
*paCtsV- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
Stubbs 2009:56-57 *pati7a/*paCti7a “bat” (S124). But Numic and Cora all have pa[c/ch]a, which should reflect *paCtsV. That works for this Tub set too, so I have changed Stubbs' reconstruction/. A problematic set. Note *pata “fly” S902, p. 153. |
|
|
same |
other complex |
paʦaˈwa-l bat-non.possessed.non (npn) (root perhaps derived, cf. paʦa- ground pine nuts) |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:66 |
no info |
0 |
a story character |
1 |
Voegelin 1938:12 |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| beaver |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Castor |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| beetle |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Coleoptera spp |
shitōh |
ʃiˈdoh |
beetle |
unique |
|
|
|
perhaps from *si- “to piss”, if Stinkbug |
|
|
no info |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Hill 2010:79 |
no info |
2 |
|
0 |
Voegelin 1938:12 |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
global |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| big round tule |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Schoenoplectus acutus |
shi'īpül |
ʃiʔi:ˈbɨl |
Tule, Scirpus acutus |
inheritance |
*siˈʔi:- |
Californian |
|
Cupeno si'ish, Gab. se'-e (Merriam) |
|
|
same |
derived |
ʃiʔi:-ˈbɨ-l tule-deriv.suffix-npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:78 |
no info |
2 |
images of dead for burning made of tule bundles |
1 |
roots peeled, sun-dried, pounded into flour, mixed w/ water and stone-boiled into mush (Voegelin 1938:18) |
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
all |
see food notes; diverse non-food uses in mats, storage devices, roofing, etc. |
0 |
|
0 |
|
California and southern US into Mexico |
wet areas throughout |
no |
|
|
|
| big skunk |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Mephitis mephitis |
ponnihw |
ponˈnihw |
skunk |
inheritance |
*po(C)ni |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1983 (Stubbs 2009:275); see discussion of possible UA etymology that I don't care for |
|
|
broader (includes all skunks) |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Hill 2010:73 |
no info |
2 |
|
2 |
Voegelin 1938:12 |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
seems like skins might have been used but I found no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| big wolf (gray wolf) |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Canis lupus |
tüpaych |
tɨˈbajʧ |
wolf |
loan |
|
|
Kawaiisu |
Southern Numic is *tyva/ch(i) S2503; if not loan should have /o/ or /u/, and final -ch is loan-y too. |
|
|
broader (includes a large coyote) |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Hill 2010:98 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
Voegelin 1938:12 |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
hmm -- may have been taken for pelt |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
Diverse habitats |
yes |
|
|
|
| bighorn sheep |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Ovis canadensis |
pā'at |
pa:ˈʔat |
bighorn sheep, Ovis canadensis |
inheritance |
*paʔaC- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S204 (Stubbs 2009:67); may be a Proto-Kiowa-tanoan loan into Proto NUA |
|
|
same |
other complex |
pa:ˈʔa-t bighorn-npn |
|
|
|
hill 2010:62 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted, diverse uses for skin, horn, etc. |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western North America |
steep slopes, cliffs |
no |
|
|
|
| bird |
pajaro, ave |
passaro |
flora-fauna |
|
|
chikkīt |
ʧiˈki:t |
bird |
loan |
|
|
Southern Sierra Miwok |
Callaghan 2001 SSM cicka is Yok-Utian |
|
|
narrower (does not include big birds like hawk, eagle, owl; may not include water birds like ducks, coots) |
other complex |
ʧiˈki:-t bird-npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:16 |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
N/A |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
N/A |
N/A |
no |
|
|
|
| black ant |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Camponotus pennsylvanicus/Lasius niger |
ullumush |
ʔuluˈmuʃ |
big black ant |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Hill 2010:101 |
no info |
2 |
|
0 |
Voegelin 1938:12 |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| black bear |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Ursus americanus |
ūnal |
ʔu:ˈnal |
bear, Grizzly bear |
inheritance |
*hula- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S105 (Stubbs 2009:53) |
|
|
broader (includes all bears) |
other complex |
ʔu:ˈna-l bear-npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:102 |
no info |
1 |
Bear is a supernatural being, a yümükīwal, and must be treated with respect |
2 |
“A difference of opinion” (Voegelin 1938:12) |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted, skin, claws kept although bearkin robes said to be “too heavy” -- they were good for cutting boards, pounding surfaces because thick |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
chaparral, woodland |
yes |
|
|
|
| black-tail Jackrabbit |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Lepus californicus |
shū'itt |
ʃu:ˈʔit |
jackrabbit |
inheritance |
*suuʔit |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1713 (Stubbs 2009:243); I give Manaster-Ramer's reconstruction |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ʃu:ˈʔi-t jackrabbit-npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:80 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted, pelt for diverse uses |
0 |
|
0 |
I think rabbitskin blankets were traded |
North America |
flat open areas |
no |
|
|
|
| blackberry |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Rubus ursinus |
mah'-mil 72-819, 60-503 |
ma:ˈmil (?) |
Blackberry |
loan |
|
|
Yokuts |
Note Southern Sierra Miwok mamlant “blackberry” where other E. Miwok have inani (or something like that) |
WW |
%mam |
same |
other complex |
ma:ˈmi-l blackberry-npn |
|
|
|
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n479/mode/2up; p. 503 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
all |
eaten raw, or boiled, ground and stored as cakes |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western North America |
foothills, uplands |
no |
|
|
|
| blue grouse |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Dendrogapus? |
pāwusshakk |
pa:wuˈʧak |
sage grouse, sage hen, Centrocercus urophasianus |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
underived |
pa:wuˈʧak perhaps pa:- “big”? But not synchronically productive |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:67 |
|
0 |
a story character |
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western North America. I don't know why it's in Merriam's list for California, mainly a Rocky Mountain bird |
scrublands, woodlands |
no |
|
|
|
| bobcat, lynx |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Lynx rufus |
muppippīt |
mupiˈpi:t |
wildcat, the one who is without a nose |
unique |
|
|
|
Good UA etyma, unique formation (but this epithet used elsewhere for wildcat) |
|
|
same |
derived |
mupiˈ-pi:-t nose-deprived.of-npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:49 |
no info |
1 |
must be significant somehow |
2 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted, pelt for diverse uses |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| butterfly, moth |
mariposa |
borboleta |
flora-fauna |
|
Lepidoptera |
chikkōlolont |
ʧiko:loˈlont |
butterfly |
unique |
|
|
|
note S885 *sɨkwoti “fly”-- certainly resemblant, although not cognate |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ʧiko:loˈlon-t butterfly (root probably has derivation) |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:16 |
no info |
2 |
|
0 |
Voegelin 1938:12 |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
global |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| California condor |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Gymnogyps californianus |
wits |
ˈwiʔiʦ |
California condor |
loan |
|
|
Yokuts |
Proto-NimYokuts *wichr' (retroflex, glottalized ch) (Golla 1964) |
WW |
%wit |
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Hill 2010:121 |
no info |
1 |
|
2 |
|
no info |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
1 |
|
U. S. Southwest |
Rocky scrubland, woodland (they like cliffs |
no |
|
|
|
| California jay |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Aphelocoma californica? |
ātsayyipisht |
ʔa:ʣajiˈbiʃt |
bluejay, probably Steller's Jay, Cyanocitta stelleri |
loan into protolanguage |
*chaʔi- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
unknown |
S209, Central Numic, Tubatulabal, Takic, always “blue jay” (Stubbs 2009:68). Note similar words in Yokutsan. |
WW |
%chaj |
same |
derived |
ʔa:ʣaj-iˈbiʃ-t ?-individuator (ind) -npn |
|
|
chikkīt |
Hill 2010:12 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
Voegelin 1938:12 |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted on coals, bones ground (some consultants denied Tub. ate eggs before Whites) |
0 |
|
0 |
|
throughout western North America (distributions from Wikipedia unless otherwise noted) |
scrublands, woodlands (Habitats from Wikipedia unless otherwise noted) |
no |
|
|
|
| California woodpecker |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Melanerpes formicivorus? |
tă-lah-gawk't (k written over w) 72-77, 60-489;tă-lah'-gahkt' 60-489 |
ta:laˈgohkt |
California woodpecker |
loan |
|
|
Gabrielino |
UA etyma, unique formation |
WW |
%palaka ~ %pana(k) |
same |
derived |
ta:la-ˈkohk-t morning-repeatedly.pounds-nominalizer |
|
|
chikkīt |
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n479/mode/2up; p. 489 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
Voegelin 1938:12 |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
1 |
|
Southern Oregon, California, south to Colombia |
oak woodlands |
no |
|
|
|
| chia |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Salvia columbariae |
pāshīl |
pa:ˈʃi:l |
chia seeds, Salvia columbariae |
inheritance |
*pasa/i |
Californian |
|
S1599 (Stubbs 2009:233). Only Numic is Tumpisa Shoshone, almost certainly a loan from Tubatulabal. This shows up in Chumash, Salinan, may be an old Californianism. |
WW |
%pasv |
broader (plant and seeds) |
other complex |
pa:ˈʃi:-l chia-npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:66 |
no info |
1 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
women |
seeds parched, mixed with other seeds, mixed with water as gruel |
0 |
|
0 |
|
California and Southwest |
Below 6000 feet in dry open areas, extensive stands in chaparral |
no |
|
|
|
| chipmunk |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Tamias spp. |
tapāyal |
taba:ˈjal |
“chipmunk”, a small chipmunk-like ground squirrel, possibly the white-tail antelope ground squirrel |
inheritance |
*tapa ... |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S2095 (Stubbs 2009:288) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
taba:ˈja-l chipmunk-npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:85 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted on coals, bones ground |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
woodlands |
no |
|
|
|
| cliff swallow |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Petrochelidon pyrrhonota |
omhompit |
ʔomhomʹbit |
cliff swallow, mud diver, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
derived |
ʔomhom-ʹbi-t swallow.sp-diminutive-npn |
|
|
chikkīt |
Hill 2010:58 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted on coals, bones ground (some consultants denied Tub. ate eggs before Whites) |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Breed in North America |
Cliffs (and now in/on buildings) |
no |
|
|
|
| coot |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Fulica americana |
shāyal |
ʃa:ˈjal |
Mudhen or American coot, Fulica americana |
inheritance |
*saya(C) |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S217 (and 710) Stubbs 2009:69, very consistently for “coot, mud-hen” except in Cahuilla, Cupeño |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ʃa:ˈja-l mudhen-npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:77 |
no info |
2 |
feathers in wand carried at burning |
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted on coals, bones ground (some consultants denied Tub. ate eggs before Whites) |
0 |
|
0 |
|
West coastal and southern North America to Central America |
wetlands and open water |
no |
|
|
|
| cottontail rabbit |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Sylvilagus audobonii |
tahpunt |
tahˈpunt |
cottontail |
inheritance |
*tapuN- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1707 (Stubbs 2009:242) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
tahˈpun-t cottontail-npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:82 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted, pelt for diverse uses |
0 |
|
0 |
I think rabbitskin blankets were traded |
North America |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| cottonwood |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Populus spp. |
uttuhhul |
ʔutuˈhul |
Cottonwood tree |
inheritance |
*tukɨ(nu)- |
Californian |
|
What about S2359 tukynu “alder tree”??? (Stubbs 2009:316), Takic (Tb. vowels wrong but /u/ is contagious)_ |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ʔutuˈhu-l cottonwood-npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:104 |
no info |
2 |
|
0 |
|
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
all |
wood, bark, fibrous inner bark used |
0 |
|
0 |
|
southern Canada south to northern Mexico |
moist areas |
no |
|
|
|
| coyote |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Canis latrans |
isht |
ˈʔiʃt |
coyote |
inheritance |
*ʔisa- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S552 (Stubbs 2009:112) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ˈʔiʃ-t coyote-npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:30 |
no info |
1 |
figures in creation accounts |
2 |
Voegelin 1938:12 |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
eaten, and coyote pelts used for quivers, muffs to warm hands |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North and Central America |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| crow |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Corvus brachyrhynchos |
akkapīppitt |
ʔakabi:ˈpit |
“little crow”, possibly a reference to the common crow, as distinguished from the raven |
unique |
|
|
|
This doesn't match any “crow” words; may be part of S584 *kak (Stubbs 2007:117), but not a good match. Nobody collected the Sierra Miwok word for “Raven”, might be a source |
|
|
same |
derived |
ʔaka-bi:ˈ-pi-t raven-deriv.suffix-diminutive-npn |
|
|
chikkīt |
Hill 2010:4 |
no info |
2 |
usually Raven feathers show up in ritual paraphernalia, but Crow doesn't |
1 |
Voegelin 1938:12 |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| datura |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Datura wrightii |
mōmōht |
mo:ˈmo:ht |
datura, jimsonweed, toloache, Datura meteloides |
loan |
|
|
Chumash |
A loan from Gab. or Lu. *moy-la “moon” into Chumash, and then into Tubatulabal, probably very late |
WW |
%moji ~ %moni |
broader (plant and toloache drink) |
other complex |
mo:ˈmo:h-t datura-npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:47 |
no info |
1 |
used to seek spirit familiar |
1 |
|
1 |
diverse uses for curing |
gathered (wild) |
men |
plant crushed in water, could be mixed with other ingredients. Taken after 3-day fast |
1 |
|
0 |
|
U.S. Southwest, California, Mexico |
“sandy, gravelly, open areas below 4000 feet throughout Southern California” (Bean & Saubel 1972:60) |
yes |
|
|
|
| deer, mule |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Odocoileus hemionus |
tohhīl |
toˈhi:l |
deer, hunting |
loan |
|
|
Numic |
Proto-Numic *tɨhɨya |
|
|
same |
other complex |
toˈhi:-l deer-npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:88 |
no info |
2 |
Deer is a supernatural being, a yümükīwal, and must be treated with respect |
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted, diverse uses for skin, horn, etc. |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western North America |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| digger pine |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Pinus sabiniana |
wohhompōl |
wohomˈbo:l |
digger pine, bull pine, Pinus sabiniana |
inheritance |
*wokoN- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1579a (Stubbs 2009:231) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
wohomˈbo:-l digger.pine-npn (the -bo: is a derivational suffix historically) |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:121 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
nuts best for mixing with tobacco |
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
men |
in early season eaten immediately by men and boys; later, cones roasted like pinyons, by men and boys |
0 |
|
0 |
|
California central valley, Sierra foothills, Coast Ranges to Tehachapis, also on Channel Islands |
foothills |
no |
|
|
|
| dog (camp, domestic) |
perro |
cachorro |
flora-fauna |
|
Canis familiaris |
pukkupisht |
pukuˈbiʃt |
dog |
loan |
|
|
Western Numic |
pukku links with Western Numic |
|
|
same |
derived |
puku-ˈbiʃ-t domestic.animal-ind-npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:74 |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
“A difference of opinion” (Voegelin 1938:12) |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
with humans |
no |
|
|
|
| dogbane |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Apocynum cannabinum |
māwil |
ma:ˈwil |
Indian hemp, dogbane, Apocynum cannabinum |
loan |
|
|
no information |
Has the UA *wi- “string” element; ma:- may be from *maha “greens, herbs, weeds” but there is also a widespread Californianism %mah in Pomo, Yuki, Salinan |
WW |
%mah |
same |
other complex |
ma:ˈwi-l apocynum-npn (historically, wi-l “twine”) |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:44 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
gathered (wild but closely managed) |
women |
major fiber plant; stems crushed, fiber extracted |
0 |
|
0 |
Timbrook says this could be obtained in trade if a shortabe |
Southern Canada to Mexico |
open wooded areas, hillsides, ravines |
no |
|
|
|
| dove |
paloma |
pomba |
flora-fauna |
|
Zenaida macrocoura |
owīt |
ʔoˈwi:t |
dove, probably the mourning dove, Zenaida macroura |
inheritance |
*howi |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S675 (Stubbs 2009:126); I have no idea why S finds O'odham ho:hi “difficult to explain”??? |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ʔoˈwi:t sound-npn |
|
|
chikkīt |
Hill 2010:61 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted on coals, bones ground (some consultants denied Tub. ate eggs before Whites) |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Southern Canada to Mexico |
Prefers open areas, avoids dense forests |
no |
|
|
|
| duck |
pato |
pato, marreco |
flora-fauna |
|
Anatidae |
kulāpisht |
kula:ˈbiʃt |
“all ducks and geese” (Merriam), “mallard” (Hill) |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
broader (includes geese; prototype is mallard, most common duck) |
derived |
kula:-ˈbiʃ-t duck-ind-npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:36 |
no info |
0 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted on coals, bones ground (some consultants denied Tub. ate eggs before Whites) |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
wetlands and open water |
no |
|
|
|
| elder |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Sambucus |
kūhuppül |
ku:huˈpɨl |
Elderberry, Sambucus velutina |
inheritance |
*kuʔu/kuhu- |
Californian |
|
S179 (Stubbs 2009:64) |
|
|
same |
derived |
ku:huˈ-pɨ-l elderberry-deriv.suffix-npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:36 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
berries |
no info |
almost certainly used elderberry tea |
gathered (wild) |
all |
wood used for tools, as well as berries for food |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
below 4500 feet in moist areas |
no |
|
|
|
| elk |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Cervas elaphus |
shohkoy |
ʃohˈgoj |
elk, wapiti |
loan |
|
|
Yokuts |
Proto-NimYokuts *sohkoy (Golla 1964) is originally a borrowing from some UA language, borrowed back into Tubatulabal. Merriam has Tub. pah'-soo-kun, 72-799; 60-481 |
WW |
%sok |
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Hill 2010:79 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted, diverse uses for skin, horn, etc. |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western North America uplands, not in deserts |
forest, forest edges |
no |
|
|
|
| fish (generic) |
pez |
peixe |
flora-fauna |
|
|
kuyül |
kuˈjɨl |
fish |
inheritance |
*kɨcuC- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S864 (Stubbs 2009;147) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
kuˈjɨ-l fish-npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:38 |
no info |
0 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
all |
used fish traps (men), poison (everybody), diverse preparations, mainly roasting on coals |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
water |
no |
|
|
|
| flea |
pulga |
pulga |
flora-fauna |
|
Siphonaptera |
moo-tsoo' 72-79, 60-499 |
mu:ˈʦuh (?) |
flea |
loan |
|
|
no information |
loan direction unknown, see Gabrielino motu:cey, Kitanemuk ʔatucit |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n479/mode/2up; p. 499 |
no info |
2 |
|
0 |
Voegelin 1938:12 |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| flicker |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Colaptes sp. |
chēwl |
ˈʧe:wl |
a kind of red bird |
loan |
|
|
Southern Sierra Miwok |
SSM tiwaj (and note PnimYokuts *T'iwisa7 “yellowhammer” (Golla 1964:66, so form is Yok-Utian) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ˈʧe:w-l flicker-npn |
|
|
chikkīt |
Hill 2010:15 |
no info |
2 |
feathers in headbands, etc. for rituals |
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted on coals, bones ground (some consultants denied Tub. ate eggs before Whites) |
0 |
|
1 |
feathers traded in ritual regalia |
Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| blowfly/housefly |
mosca |
mosca |
flora-fauna |
|
Diptera |
pichōkisht |
piʤo:ˈtiʃt |
horsefly |
unique |
|
|
|
see Gabrielino ˈpi:ʧukʷar “fly”, Kitanemuk picucuʔač “fly”; some kind of regional element here. Note Maidu p'ic'ík'uk'ù |
|
|
same |
other complex |
piʤo:ˈgiʃ-t horsefly-npn (root has historical derivation) |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:71 |
|
0 |
a story character |
0 |
Voegelin 1938:12 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
global |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| foothills yucca |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Yucca whipplei |
kuyat |
kuˈjat |
Spanish bayonet, Yucca whipplei |
inheritance |
*ku(ru) |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S6 (Stubbs 2009;40); difficult since only first syllable but I find this a sensible start |
|
|
same |
other complex |
kuˈja-t y.whipplei-npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:38 |
no info |
0 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
gathered (wild but closely managed) |
all |
stalks laid on open fire, buried in sand, then peeled (Voegelin 1938:18) |
0 |
|
0 |
stalks traded to Kitanemuk (Harrington in Anderton 1988) |
Southern California and Baja California |
chaparral and oak woodlands, 300-2500 m |
no |
|
|
|
| fox |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Vulpes, Urocyon |
iklōpal |
ʔiklo:ˈbal |
fox |
inheritance |
*kalopV- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S560 (Stubbs 2009:113) tries to link this to Tubar kahulowi, possibly *kalop. I think is dubious but might work. Reconstruction is surely wrong -- maybe *kawo-lopV |
|
|
narrower (probably desert fox, Vulpes macrotis) |
other complex |
ʔiklo:ˈba-l fox-npn (root must be derived historically) |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:26 |
no info |
2 |
|
2 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
for pelt, used for quiver, etc. |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| frog (generic) |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
|
wōhnāl |
wo:hˈna:l |
large kind of frog |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
broader (includes toad) |
other complex |
wo:hˈna:-l frog.sp-npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:121 |
no info |
2 |
|
2 |
Voegelin 1938:12 |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western North America |
wetlands, lakes, ponds, streams |
no |
|
|
|
| golden eagle |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Aquila chrysaetos |
āshawwütt |
ʔa:ʃaˈwɨt |
(golden) eagle, Aquila chrysaetos |
inheritance |
*ʔasa-wɨ-ta |
Californian |
|
S719 (Stubbs 2009:131) |
|
|
same |
derived |
ʔa:ʃa-ˈwɨ-t eagle-augmentative-npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:11 |
no info |
1 |
a story character and “a chief in the mythical age” (Voegelin 1938:21); feathers in wands, armlets |
2 |
“A difference of opinion” (Voegelin 1938:12) |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
eaglets captured and raised for feathers; birds set free when too big and scary to handle (Voegelin 1938:21). Adult eagles snared and killed for feathers |
0 |
|
1 |
|
North America |
They like cliffs, tall trees for nesting |
no |
|
|
|
| gooseberry |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Ribes spp. |
woppul |
woˈpul |
gooseberry, Ribes quercetorum |
unique |
|
|
|
There are lots of NUA *po- berry words -- no /wo/, though |
|
|
same |
other complex |
woˈpu-l gooseberry.npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:123 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
all |
eaten raw, or boiled, ground and stored as cakes |
0 |
|
0 |
|
diverse species in California |
chaparral, woodland |
no |
|
|
|
| gopher snake, bull snake |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Pituophis catenifer |
tüpappul |
tɨbaˈpul |
gopher snake |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
derived |
tɨbaˈ-pu-l snake.sp-deriv.suffix-npn (tɨ-ba is probably rock-on historically |
|
|
tuhhatt |
Hill 2010:95 |
no info |
2 |
|
2 |
no reptiles eaten (Voegelin 1938:6) |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Southern Canada to Mexico |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| grass |
hierba, pasto |
capim, grama |
flora-fauna |
|
(NA) |
māshil, masshil |
ma:ˈʃil |
grass/deer grass (Epicampes rigens), grass, weeds |
inheritance |
*maha-si |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1033 (Stubbs 2009:167) and see also 1614 |
|
|
broader (includes non-used herbs as well as grass) |
other complex |
ma:ˈʃi-l grass-npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:44 |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
seeds |
no info |
|
gathered (wild but closely managed) |
women |
seeds parched, mixed with other seeds, mixed with water as gruel |
0 |
|
0 |
|
N/A |
N/A |
no |
|
|
|
| grasshopper |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Caelifera |
ka'awüt |
kaʔaˈwɨt |
grasshopper |
unique |
|
|
|
Note: (Merriam gives sah'-kah-kah-wah “red-winged grasshopper” 60-143 for Wanikik Cahuilla |
|
|
same |
other complex |
kaʔaˈwɨ-t grasshopper-nph (may contain augmentative) |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:33 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
Voegelin 1938:12 |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
global |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| gray ground squirrel |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Sphermophilus sp. |
tsawānünt |
ʦawa:ˈnɨnt |
Gray squirrel, Scurius griseus |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
other complex |
ʦawa:ˈnɨn-t ground.squirrel-npn (root may have derivation) |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:90 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted on coals, bones ground |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| gray tree squirrel |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Sciurus spp. |
üshükal |
ʔɨʃɨˈgal |
blue squirrel, possibly the chickaree, Tamiascurius douglassii |
inheritance |
*sika-(wV) |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S2094 (Stubbs 2009:288); not quite correspondent; may be very early loan into NUA; note similar Yokuts forms in Kroeber's “ground squirrel” list |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ʔɨʃɨˈga-l blue.squirrel-npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:109 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted on coals, bones ground |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western North America |
woodlands |
no |
|
|
|
| great horned owl |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Bubo virginianus |
muhhumpisht |
muhumˈbiʃt |
horned owl, great-horned owl |
inheritance |
*muhuN- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1542 (Stubbs 2009:227), do NOT include Raramuri form with mo- |
|
|
same |
derived |
muhumˈ-biʃ-t sound-ind-npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:48 |
no info |
1 |
Owl is a supernatural being, a yümükīwal, and must be treated with respect |
2 |
Voegelin 1938:12 |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
for feathers for arrow fletching (Voegelin 1938:28) |
0 |
|
1 |
|
Americas |
Diverse habitats (less common in extreme deserts) |
no |
|
|
|
| grizzly bear |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Ursus arctos horribilis |
ūnal |
ʔu:ˈnal |
bear, Grizzly bear |
inheritance |
*hula- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S105 (Stubbs 2009:53) |
|
|
broader (includes all bears) |
other complex |
ʔu:ˈna-l bear-npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:102 |
no info |
1 |
Bear is a supernatural being, a yümükīwal, and must be treated with respect |
2 |
“A difference of opinion” (Voegelin 1938:12) |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted, skin, claws kept although bearkin robes said to be “too heavy” -- they were good for cutting boards, pounding surfaces because thick |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western North America |
chaparral, woodland |
yes |
|
|
|
| horned toad |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Phrynosomatidae |
mah-kah-seet' 72-79, 60-497 |
ma:kaˈsit (?) |
horned toad |
loan |
|
|
Kawaiisu |
S1333 *makaCta (Stubbs 2009:202) have all attestations in Numic. Kawaiisu makaca-zi seems like an excellent candidate for source word |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ma:kaˈsi-t horned.toad-npn |
|
|
|
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n479/mode/2up; p. 497 |
no info |
2 |
|
2 |
no reptiles eaten (Voegelin 1938:6) |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western U.S. and Mexico |
hot, dry, sandy areas |
no |
|
|
|
| horse |
caballo |
cavalho |
flora-fauna |
|
Equus caballus |
pungkul |
puŋˈgul |
possessed animal or bird; dog; horse |
inheritance |
*puNku- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S38 (Stubbs 2009:43) |
|
|
broader (this is “domestic animal, pet”) |
other complex |
puŋˈgu-l pet-npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:75 |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
global |
with humans |
no |
|
|
|
| hummingbird |
colibrí, picaflor (Peru) |
beija-flor |
flora-fauna |
|
Trochilidae |
oo-le'-bit, oo-leet' 72-77, 60-493 |
ʔuli:ˈbit (?) |
hummingbird |
loan |
|
|
Southern Sierra Miwok |
SSM li:ci:cint (this is from PSM, same form in NSM, CSM) |
|
|
same |
derived |
ʔuli:ˈ-bi-t hummingbird-diminutive-npn |
|
|
chikkīt |
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n479/mode/2up; p. 493 |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
all |
roasted on coals, bones ground (some consultants denied Tub. ate eggs before Whites) |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| tobacco |
tabaco |
tabaco |
flora-fauna |
|
Nicotiana spp. |
shokohnt |
ʃoˈgohnt |
tobacco, Nicotiana bigelovii and N. attenuata |
loan |
|
|
Yokuts |
a Yok-Utian etymon, broadly distributed in California and in Numic |
WW |
%sokon |
broader (includes plant and several preparations) |
other complex |
ʃoˈgohn-t tpbacco-npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:79 |
no info |
1 |
used to seek spirit familiar |
1 |
|
1 |
diverse uses for curing |
gathered (wild but closely managed) |
women |
diverse preparations: mixed with lime as chaw, snuff; smoked crushed leaves. VERY closely managed at the level of semi-cultivation |
1 |
|
0 |
prepared tobacco used in exchange |
Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| insect (generic) |
insecto |
insecto |
flora-fauna |
|
generic |
tohhawal |
tohaˈwal |
bug, generic term for insect |
semantic shift |
*toka “spider” (in SUA) |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S2055 (Stubbs 2009:285), he has only in SUA |
|
|
narrower (includes nameless insects, not named ones) |
other complex |
tohaˈwa-l bug-npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:88 |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
Voegelin 1938:12 |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
N/A |
N/A |
no |
|
|
|
| junco |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Junco sppp |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| juniper |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Juniperus californica |
wa'atul |
waʔaʹdul |
Juniper |
inheritance |
*waʔaC- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S414 (Stubbs 2009:94) |
|
|
same |
derived |
waʔaʹd-u-l juniper-deriv.suffix-npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:114 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
berries boiled fresh; when dry and fully rpie seeded by hand, fleshpounded inpit mortars and eaten raw (Voegelin 1938:18) |
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
all |
see food notes |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
abundant 3000-4500 feet |
no |
|
|
|
| louse |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
order Phtiraptera |
nahāl |
naˈha:l |
louse, lice |
unique |
|
|
|
S 1361 *nawi but only na- is match, so not good |
|
|
same |
other complex |
naˈha:-l louse-npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:51 |
no info |
2 |
|
0 |
Voegelin 1938:12 |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
on people's hair |
no |
|
|
|
| mallard |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Anas platyrhynchos |
kulāpisht |
kula:ˈbiʃt |
mallard, Anas fulvigula |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
broader (includes geese; prototype is mallard, most common duck) |
derived |
kula:-ˈbiʃ-t duck-ind-npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:36 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted on coals, bones ground (some consultants denied Tub. ate eggs before Whites) |
0 |
|
0 |
|
global |
wetlands and open water |
no |
|
|
|
| manzanita |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Arctostaphylos spp. |
kü:nal |
kɨ:ˈnal |
Arctostaphyllos sp. (manzanita) |
unique |
|
|
|
Really ought to be relatable to S1635, Takic *kita- |
|
|
same |
other complex |
kɨ:ˈna-l manzanita-npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:2 (English index only) |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
berries |
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
all |
berries eaten in “lemonade” and other preparations |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western North America |
chaparral, edges of woodlands |
no |
|
|
|
| milkweed, broad leaf |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Asclepias eriocarpa |
pollolīwapü:l |
pololi:waˈbɨ:l |
gum plant, Asclepias erosa |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
derived |
pololi:wa-ˈbɨ:-l milkweed-deriv.suffix-npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:72 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
chewing gum |
1 |
juice rubbed on warts to make them disappear |
gathered (wild) |
all |
gum from boiled sap, sucked out of reed tubes |
0 |
|
0 |
|
California and adjacent Nevada and Baja California |
dry barren areas 200-1900 m (Jepson Herbarium site) |
no |
|
|
|
| milkweed, narrow leaf |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Asclepias fascicularis |
yūwil |
ju:ˈwil |
string, buckskin thong (see species notes) |
unique |
|
|
|
probably from UA *yu “hair, cornsilk” plus wi- “fiber” |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ju:ˈwi-l milkweed.sp-npn (historically, wi-l “twine” |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:129 |
no info |
0 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
women |
mainly for fiber; may have provided pot greens from young shoots |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Inland California to Washington, Baja California |
dry areas, slopes, 50-2200 m (Jepson Herbarium) |
no |
|
|
|
| mission tule |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Juncus |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| mockingbird |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Mimus polyglottos |
tsahl 72-807, 60-491 |
ˈʦa:l |
mockingbird |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
other complex |
ˈʦa:-l mockingbird-npn |
|
|
chikkīt |
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n479/mode/2up; p. 491 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted on coals, bones ground (some consultants denied Tub. ate eggs before Whites) |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America, Mexico |
diverse habitats (they like habitats with high places to perch, and don't like pine trees) |
no |
|
|
|
| mosquito |
mosquito, zancudo |
mosquito, carapana |
flora-fauna |
|
Anopheles spp, Isoptera |
pesht |
ˈpeʃt |
mosquito |
unique |
|
|
|
not correspondent with pich- words for “fly” |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ˈpeʃ-t |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:68 |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
Voegelin 1938:12 |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
global |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| moth |
mariposa nocturna, polilla |
mariposa |
flora-fauna |
|
Heterocera |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
0 |
Voegelin 1938:12 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| mountain lion |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Puma concolor |
tūkūkwüt |
tu:gu:gˈwɨt |
mountain lion |
inheritance |
*tuCkuC-wɨ |
Californian |
|
S1306b (Stubbs 2009;200); widespread Californianism |
WW |
%tuku |
same |
derived |
tu:gu:g-ˈwɨ-t mountain.lion-augmentative-npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:93 |
no info |
1 |
I'm sure is special, but not noted in Voegelin's lists |
2 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted, pelt for diverse uses |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
diverse habitas (prefers uplands) |
yes |
|
|
|
| mountain quail |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Oreortyx pictus |
tūkt |
ˈtu:kt |
mountain quail |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
other complex |
ˈtu:k-t mountain.quail-npn |
|
|
chikkīt |
Hill 2010:93 |
no info |
2 |
topknots in feather wand carried at burning |
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted on coals, bones ground (some consultants denied Tub. ate eggs before Whites) |
0 |
|
0 |
|
US west of Rockies and Baja California |
chaparral |
no |
|
|
|
| mussel |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Mytilus spp. |
chono, sho'ono p. 78 |
ʧoˈno |
(freshwater) mussel, freshwater clam |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
narrower (freshwater mussel; I don't know if it includes imported “spoon” shells) |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Hill 2010:17 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
“obtained near Kernville” (Voegelin 1938:11) |
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
1 |
|
West coast North America |
cold coastal waters |
no |
|
|
|
| olivella (olive snail) |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Callianax biplicata |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| pinyon jay |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Cyanocitta stelleri? |
ah'-ahlCH |
ʔaˈʔahl (?) |
Pinyon Jay |
unique |
|
|
|
This may be a mistake. It looks like verbs for “talk” and is closer to common words for “crow” |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ʔaˈʔah-l jay.sp-npn (talker??) |
|
|
chikkīt |
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n479/mode/2up; p. 489 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted on coals, bones ground (some consultants denied Tub. ate eggs before Whites) |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western North America |
Foothills where pinyon groves occur |
no |
|
|
|
| pinyon pine |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Pinus monophylla |
tüpatt |
tɨˈbat |
nuts from pinyon pine; pinyon pine, Pinus monophylla |
inheritance |
*tɨpat |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1583 (Stubbs 2009:231). This is probably a loan into Proto-NUA from Proto-Kiowa-Tanoan (Hill 2008 |
|
|
broader (includes tree and nuts) |
other complex |
tɨˈba-t pinyon-npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:97 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
all |
ripe (but unopened) cones roasted, nuts removed, dried, cached |
0 |
|
1 |
traded to Chumash for beads |
Southwestern U.S. and Mexico |
In pinyon-juniper woodland, 3500-9000 feet (for P. monophylla), 2500-8000 feet (for P. quadrifolia). Rocky hills and slopes. |
no |
|
|
|
| pismo clam |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Tivella stultorum |
tukumpal |
tugumˈbal |
sky, white clamshell disks |
semantic shift |
*tukuN-pa “sky” |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1985a (Stubbs 2009?276) |
|
|
narrower (does not refer to the animal or its shell, probably only to be disks strung as money) |
other complex |
tugumˈba-l sky/shell.disk-npn (historically, tukum-pa'an- “sky-on”) |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:24 |
no info |
2 |
clam disks used as offerings |
1 |
|
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
1 |
these obtained from Chumash, apparently directly |
Pacific Coast roughly Monterrey-Baja |
sandy beaches in surf zone |
no |
|
|
|
| pocket gopher |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Thomomys |
muyyampisht |
mujamˈbiʃt |
gopher |
inheritance |
*mɨjɨN- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1009 (Stubbs 2009:164); not quite correspondent |
|
|
same |
derived |
mujam-ˈbiʃ-t gopher-ind-npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:50 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted on coals, bones ground |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| poison oak |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Toxicodendron diversilobum |
yah-wŭt' 72-79, 60-505 |
ʔɨja:ˈwɨt (?) |
Poison Oak, Toxicodencron diversiblobum |
inheritance |
*ʔɨjaa- |
Californian |
|
S1506 (Stubbs 2009:224) Huasteca Nahuatl iyatl “tobacco”is ridiculous. Kitanemuk ʔɨycič should be in. First vowel is central. |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ʔɨja:ˈwɨ-t poison.oak-npn |
|
|
|
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n479/mode/2up; p. 505 |
no info |
2 |
|
2 |
|
no |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Pacific coast Canada to Baja California |
Likes damp, shady areas, chaparral |
yes |
|
|
|
| rattlesnake |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Crotalus spp. |
shümmünt |
ʃɨˈmɨnt |
rattlesnake |
inheritance |
*samɨnɨ |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S2011b (Stubbs 2009:280), should combine with 2011a |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ʃɨˈmɨn-t rattlesnake.npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:81 |
no info |
1 |
Rattlesnake is a supernatural being, a yümükīwal, and must be treated with respect |
2 |
no reptiles eaten (Voegelin 1938:6) |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Southern Canada south |
Diverse habitats |
yes |
|
|
|
| red ant |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Solenopsis spp |
anünt |
ʔaˈnɨnt |
red ant, yellow ant |
inheritance |
*ʔalɨN- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S44 (Stubbs 2009:44) |
|
|
broader (includes yellow ants) |
other complex |
ʔaˈnɨn-t red.ant-npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:9 |
no info |
1 |
live ants wrapped in balls of eagle down swallowed for visions |
0 |
Voegelin 1938:12 |
1 |
live ants wrapped in balls of eagle down swallowed for ailments |
gathered (wild) |
men |
see notes |
0 |
“the effect produced when the ants bit the lining of the stomach was similar to that produced by drinking jimsonweed” (Voegelin 1938:5) |
0 |
|
Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| red-shouldered blackbird |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Agelaius phoeniceus |
tsakkīpü:l |
ʦaki:ˈbɨ:l |
blackbird |
loan |
|
|
Yokuts |
Nim-Yokuts *č'ax (Golla 1964:60) |
WW |
%chak |
same |
derived |
ʦaki:ˈ-bɨ:-l blackbird-deriv.suffix-npn |
|
|
chikkīt |
Hill 2010:89 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted on coals, bones ground (some consultants denied Tub. ate eggs before Whites) |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North and Central America |
Open grassy areas, prefers wetlands, but also found in dry upland meadows |
no |
|
|
|
| red-tailed hawk |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Buteo jamaicensis |
wā'al |
wa:ˈʔal |
large hawk |
inheritance |
*kwa7a- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S716 (Stubbs 2009:131) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
wa:ˈʔa-l hawk-npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:114 |
no info |
2 |
Hawk is a supernatural being, a yümükīwal, and must be treated with respect |
2 |
Voegelin 1938:12 |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
for feathers for arrow fletching (Voegelin 1938:28) |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
Mixed forest and field |
no |
|
|
|
| roadrunner |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Geococcyx californianus |
üyhyümpisht |
ʔɨjhjɨmˈbiʃt |
roadrunner, Geococcyx californianus |
loan |
|
|
Yokuts |
Proto-NimYokuts *ʔoyʔoy (Golla 1964); UA roadrunners say puypuy |
WW |
%uji |
same |
derived |
ʔɨjhjɨmˈ-biʃ-t goes.uy-indiv-npn |
|
|
chikkīt |
Hill 2010:113 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
Voegelin 1938:12; disgusting because they eat lizards |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Southwestern U.S. to Central America |
desert areas |
no |
|
|
|
| ruddy duck |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Oxyura jamaicensis |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| sage herb |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Artemisia californica |
missing (not found this far east) |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| salmon/steelhead |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Oncorhynchus mykiss |
ha”yahl |
haʔayahl |
trout |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
other complex |
haʔayah-l trout-npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:22 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
all |
used fish traps (men), poison (everybody), diverse preparations, mainly roasting on coals |
0 |
|
0 |
|
West coast North America to roughly San Diego |
anadromous; rivers with coastal outlets |
no |
|
|
|
| scaly lizard |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Pygopus lepidopodus? |
shikkol |
ʃiˈkol |
lizard |
semantic shift |
*siko- “stinkbug” |
Californian |
|
S312 (Stubbs 2009:83); alwas reduplicated as sisko in “stinkbug”, perhaps that's the shift from “lizard”. |
|
|
broader (includes several kinds of lizard, more like English “lizard, generic”) |
other complex |
ʃiˈko-l lizard-npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:78 |
no info |
2 |
|
2 |
no reptiles eaten (Voegelin 1938:6) |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| small bird |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
|
chikkīt |
ʧiˈki:t |
bird (also “small bird” in Merriam) |
loan |
|
|
Southern Sierra Miwok |
Callaghan 2001 SSM cicka is Yok-Utian |
|
|
broader (includes more than songbirds -- see “bird”)) |
other complex |
ʧiˈki:-t bird-npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:16 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
Voegelin (1938:12) mentions that Tub. did not eat meadowlarks because they thought they were cute and felt sorry for them |
N/A |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
N/A |
N/A |
no |
|
|
|
| small brown lizard |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
|
chi-le-vit 72-811; 60-497 with chi-le-bit |
ʧayliˈbit |
small brown lizard (Uta) |
unique |
|
|
|
Note Yawelmani Yokuts Tesa'ay (Kroeber 1961:205) |
|
|
no info |
derived |
ʧayli-ˈbi-t lizard.sp-diminutive-npn |
|
|
|
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n479/mode/2up; p. 497 |
no info |
2 |
|
2 |
no reptiles eaten (Voegelin 1938:6) |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western North America |
desert areas |
no |
|
|
|
| snake (generic) |
culebra, serpiente |
cobra |
flora-fauna |
|
|
tuhhatt |
tuˈhat |
water snake (see species notes) |
inheritance |
*tahu |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S2015 (Stubbs 2009:280); seems reasonable to include in the set |
|
|
narrower (does not include rattlesnakes) |
other complex |
tuˈha-t snake-npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:92 |
no info |
0 |
|
1 |
no reptiles eaten (Voegelin 1938:6) |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| soaproot |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Chlorogalum |
hōlōhpü:l |
ho:lo:hˈbɨ:l |
Soaproot, Lathoe pomeridiana, used for shampoo |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
derived |
ho:lo:h-ˈbɨ:-l soaproot-deriv.suffix-npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:24) |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
women |
root chopped and mashed for shampoo; fibers from root for brushes |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Southwest Oregon, California |
rock bluffs, grasslands, chaparral |
no |
|
|
|
| sour berry |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Rhus trilobata |
shü:l |
ˈʃɨ:l |
weft or warp material for coiled baskets |
inheritance |
*sɨ(ta) |
Californian |
|
Note Cahuilla selet, Gabrielino sorat, Kitanemuk. hɨč |
|
|
broader (includes a particular stem type from several plants) |
other complex |
ˈʃɨ:-l warp-npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:80 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
some people considered berries too sour -- mainly a basketry plant |
no info |
|
gathered (wild but closely managed) |
women |
used for warp and weft of baskets for dark red color |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western North America |
chaparral to 3500 feet |
no |
|
|
|
| sparrow hawk |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Falco |
liklīkīpitt |
likli:gi:ˈbit |
a story character |
loan |
|
|
Southern Sierra Miwok |
SSM lekleksa (and note Nutuntu Yokuts likik |
WW |
%kili |
same |
derived |
likli:gi:-ˈbi-t hawk.sp-diminutive-npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:40 |
no info |
2 |
Hawk is a supernatural being, a yümükīwal, and must be treated with respect |
2 |
Voegelin 1938:12 |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
for feathers for arrow fletching (Voegelin 1938:28) |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| spider |
araña |
aranha |
flora-fauna |
|
Arachnida, Araneae |
shūyal |
ʃu:ˈjal |
spider |
inheritance |
*sujV- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1841 (Stubbs 2009:260) “scorpion, sting” |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ʃu:ˈja-l spider-npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:81 |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
Voegelin 1938:12 |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| spotted skunk |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Spilogale gracilis |
ponnihw |
ponˈnihw |
skunk |
inheritance |
*po(C)ni |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1983 (Stubbs 2009:275); see discussion of possible UA etymology that I don't care for |
|
|
broader (includes all skunks) |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Hill 2010:73 |
no info |
2 |
|
2 |
Voegelin 1938:12 |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
seems like skins might have been used but I found no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western U.S. |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| toad |
sapo |
sapo |
flora-fauna |
|
Bufonidae |
wōhnāl |
wo:hˈna:l |
large kind of frog |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
broader (includes frog) |
other complex |
wo:hˈna:-l frog.sp-npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:121 |
no info |
2 |
|
2 |
Voegelin 1938:12 |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| tree |
árbol |
arvore |
flora-fauna |
|
(NA) |
u'ut |
ʔuˈʔut |
cottonwood; tree (generic) |
inheritance |
*hu- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S63 (Stubbs 2009:47) |
|
|
broader (includes tree, wood, firewood, etc.. Would not be used for a named tree type.) |
other complex |
ʔuˈʔu-t tree-npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:105 |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
N/A |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
N/A |
N/A |
no |
|
|
|
| tree yucca |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Yucca schidegera |
umūpü:l |
ʔumu:ˈbɨ:l |
Joshua tree, Yucca brevifolia |
inheritance |
*amu(wV) |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S4 (Stubbs 2009:40) |
|
|
same |
derived |
ʔumu:-ˈbɨ:-l yucca.sp-deriv.suffix-npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:102 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
pods |
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
all |
pods boiled whole |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Mojave and Sonoran Deserts (and obviously nearby Coast Ranges in dry areas) |
rocky slopes, creosote flats, 300-1200m (rarely up to 2500m) |
no |
|
|
|
| turkey buzzard |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Cathartes aura |
wishokkompisht |
wiʃokomˈbiʃt |
turkey vulture or buzzard, Cathartes aura |
inheritance |
*wisoko |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
note Hopi wisoko and widespread wi- forms in UA, perhaps from an even older loan; see discussion at Hill/Miller *wi-08 |
|
|
same |
derived |
wiʃokom-ˈbiʃ-t vulture-ind-npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:121 |
no info |
2 |
has a song |
2 |
Voegelin 1938:12 |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| turtle (generic) |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Testudines |
kōyōt |
ko:ˈjo:t |
turtle |
unique |
|
|
|
Probably from *ko-ya-wɨ (or something like that); needs work. cf. koikoyoT, in several forms of Yokuts, but does not reconstruct to Yokutsan or Yok-Utian |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ko:ˈjo:-t turtle-npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:35 |
no info |
2 |
|
2 |
“A difference of opinion” (Voegelin 1938:12) |
no info |
|
hunted |
all |
no info |
0 |
|
1 |
|
Western North America |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| valley live oak |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Quercus agrifolia |
wa'anul |
waʔaˈnul |
Canyon live oak, Quercus chrysolepsis |
inheritance |
*wi7a(N) |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S2507b (Stubbs 2009:224); vocalism bad but first /a/ could just be harmony across the glottal stop. Surely it is this etymon. |
|
|
same |
other complex |
waʔaˈnu-l q.chrysolepsis-npn (really has -u- deriv. suffix but perhaps not synchronic) |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:115 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
gathered (wild but closely managed) |
all |
acorns shelled, ground into flour, leached, prepared in diverse ways |
0 |
|
1 |
|
Southwestern U.S. to Sierra Nevada |
up to 2700 meters, likes north-facing slopes in hot areas, tolerant of steep slopes, rocky soil |
no |
|
|
|
| valley oak |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Quercus lobata |
shīpī'ül |
ʃi:bi:ˈʔɨl |
Valley Oak, Quercus lobata |
inheritance |
*siˈpiC- |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1511 (Stubbs 2009:224), to which add Gabrielino sa-veCH (Merriam). This is a very conservative item. |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ʃi:bi:ˈʔɨ-l valley.oak-npn (root perhaps a loan? See Kitanemuk shef) |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:79 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
gathered (wild but closely managed) |
all |
acorns shelled, ground into flour, leached, prepared in diverse ways |
0 |
|
1 |
sometimes traded from Yokuts |
Southwest Oregon, California to Tehachapis, also on Channel Islands |
valley floors, riparian areas |
no |
|
|
|
| valley quail |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Callipepla californica |
takkāh |
taˈkah |
California quail, Valley quail, Callipepla californica |
loan |
|
|
no information |
A very widespread Californianism, showing up only in Tubatulabal in Californian; all others have expected *kakaC |
WW |
%kaka |
same |
underived |
taˈkah (ultimately sound-imitative) |
|
|
chikkīt |
Hill 2010:83 |
no info |
2 |
topknots in feather wand carried at burning |
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted on coals, bones ground (some consultants denied Tub. ate eggs before Whites) |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Far west North America to British Columbia |
open woodlands, chaparral |
no |
|
|
|
| Washington clam |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Saxidomus nuttalli |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Western Canada goose |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Branta canadensis |
pāwilīkant |
pa:wili:iˈgant |
a white-faced goose, possibly snow goose or Ross's goose |
unique |
|
|
|
Stubbs 2009:130 (S709) links to Hopi pa:wikya “duck”; they have only pa: in common. Tub. word probably reflects pa:-witikV, but correspondences are not regular |
|
|
same |
other complex |
pa:wili:iˈgan-t goose.sp-npn (root is surely complex historically) |
|
|
kulāpisht |
Hill 2010:67 |
no info |
0 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted on coals, bones ground (some consultants denied Tub. ate eggs before Whites) |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
open fields, wetlands |
no |
|
|
|
| whale |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Eschrichtius robustus |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| white pelican |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Pelicanus erythrorhynchos |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| wild grapevine |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Vitis californica |
wōlōnt |
wo:ˈlo:nt |
Wild grape, Vitis californica |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
other complex |
wo:ˈlo:n-t grapes-npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:122 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
all |
eaten raw, or boiled, ground and stored as cakes |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Southwest Oregon, California |
common along streams and in canyon bottoms below 4000 feet |
no |
|
|
|
| wild oats |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Avena (introduction) |
māsht |
ˈma:ʃt |
wild oats, a species of seed |
semantic shift |
*maha-si |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1033 (Stubbs 2009:167) and see also 1614 |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ˈma:ʃ-t wild.oats-npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:43 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
seeds |
no info |
|
gathered (wild but closely managed) |
women |
seeds parched, mixed with other seeds, mixed with water as gruel |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
Common up to about 3500 feet; abundant since at least 1835 |
no |
|
|
|
| wild rose |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Rosa californica |
ki'-yah-ahl' 72-819, 60-503 |
ka:jaˈʔal (?) |
wild rose, Rosa californica |
unique |
|
|
|
Note Lu. kaya:t “southern Tauschia” (an umbel) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ka:jaˈʔa-l wild.rose-npn |
|
|
|
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n479/mode/2up; p. 503 |
no info |
0 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
all |
fruits eaten raw, or in tea, or ground |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Oregon, California, northern Baja California |
moist areas, cienegas, along streams |
no |
|
|
|
| wild sunflower |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Helianthus (and other genera) |
tālattāwkipü:l |
ta:lata:wgiˈbɨ:l |
sunflower, sunflower seeds |
unique |
|
|
|
probably calque from Spanish girasol?? |
|
|
narrower (perhaps domestic sunflower only) |
derived |
ta:la-ta:wgi-ˈbɨ:-l sun-look.at-deriv.suffix-npn (perhaps a nonce form) |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:84 |
no info |
0 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
planted (intensive maintenance) |
women |
seeds parched, mixed with other seeds, mixed with water as gruel |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| willow |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Salix spp. |
sāhat |
sa:ˈhat |
willow, Salix laevigata |
inheritance |
*sakat |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1023 (Stubbs 2009:166) |
WW |
%saka |
same |
other complex |
sa:ˈha-t willow-npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:77 |
no info |
2 |
|
2 |
mainly for baskets, matting, etc. |
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
women |
basketry |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Southwestern U.S. and Mexico |
Along streams and in wet places below 2000 feet |
no |
|
|
|
| wood rat, round-tail |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Neotoma spp. |
hawal |
haˈwal |
woodrat |
inheritance |
*kawa- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1423 (Stubbs 2009:242) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
haˈwa-l woodrat-npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:22 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted on coals, bones ground |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western U.S., northern Mexico |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| worm, hairy caterpillar |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Arctiidae (many species) |
ah'-ling pun-goon “caterpillar” 72-815, 60-499 |
ʔa:ˈliŋ pɨnˈgu:n (?) |
caterpillar |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
no info |
phrase |
ʔa:ˈl-iŋ pɨnˈgu:-n crow(?)-genitive pet-possessed “X's pet” |
|
|
|
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n479/mode/2up; p. 499 |
no info |
2 |
|
2 |
Voegelin 1938:12 |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| worm, smooth caterpillar |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Trichoplusia ni (?) cabbage looper |
pi'akünt |
piʔaˈgɨnt |
tobacco worm |
inheritance |
*piʔakɨC |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S2527 (Stubbs 2009:338) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
piʔaˈgɨn-t tobacco.worm-npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:48 |
no info |
2 |
|
2 |
Voegelin 1938:12 |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| yellow jacket |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Vespula spp., Dolichovespula spp. |
wewwehyül |
wewehˈjɨl |
yellow jacket |
unique |
|
|
|
Stubbs (S162; 2009:62) suggests with Lu. waawa-la “mud wasp”, Cup wa'walim “yellowjacket”. Maybe. |
|
|
same |
other complex |
wewehˈjɨ-l yellowjacket-nph (root probably has reduplication) |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:118 |
no info |
2 |
a story character |
0 |
Voegelin 1938:12 |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| yellowbird |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Dendroica petechia |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| yerba santa |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Eriodictyon californicum |
wool-loo'-ye-pŭl 72-79; also sil-le'-ă-pul 72-821, 60-505 both |
wulu:yyiˈpü:l (?) |
Yerba santa |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
derived |
wulu:yyi-ˈpü:-l Yerba.sants-deriv.suffix-npn |
|
|
|
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n479/mode/2up; p. 505 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
1 |
|
gathered (wild) |
women |
no info, but used everywhere in tea for diverse ailments |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Oregon, California |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| ant (generic) |
hormiga |
formiga |
flora-fauna |
|
|
paanynt “generic term” |
|
|
inheritance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| bird |
pajaro, ave |
passaro |
flora-fauna |
|
|
chikkiit |
|
|
loan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| blowfly/housefly |
mosca |
mosca |
flora-fauna |
|
|
pitchookisht “horsefly” |
|
|
loan direction unknown |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| dog (camp, domestic) |
perro |
cachorro |
flora-fauna |
|
|
pukkupisht, |
|
|
loan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| grass |
hierba, pasto |
capim, grama |
flora-fauna |
|
|
mashil |
|
|
inheritance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| deer |
venado |
veado, cariacu |
flora-fauna |
|
|
tohhii-l |
|
|
loan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| snake (generic) |
culebra, serpiente |
cobra |
flora-fauna |
|
|
shymmynt “rattlesnake” |
|
|
inheritance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| spider |
araña |
aranha |
flora-fauna |
|
|
shuujaal |
|
|
inheritance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
