Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

Tübatulabal

Family: Uto-Aztecan
Region: North America
ISO 639-3: tub
Location: 35.33°, -117.16°
Notes
Features: Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Ethnographic Information

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Basic Vocabulary (185)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Etymology Code	Source
1pl.excl	nosotros (exclusivo)	nós (exclusivo)	grammar	ingkilla7ang, killa7ang	loan
1pl.incl	nosotros (inclusivo)	nós (inclusivo)	grammar	kil,	loan
1sg	yo	eu	grammar	ki (it's a clitic)	loan
2pl	ustedes	vocês	grammar	pum, puumu (subj plur)	inheritance
2sg	xx	xx	grammar	ympi (subj)	inheritance
3pl	ellos/ellas	eles/elas	grammar	inta	unknown
3sg	el/ella	ele/ela	grammar	ts, tsa (clitics	loan
above	encima, arriba	acima	location	paanga	inheritance	Hill 2009
again	de nuevo, otra vez	de novo	grammar	shiiwpa	unknown
all	todo	todos	other	pinii7-ju, pinni-ju	unknown
and	y	e	grammar	ti, tiy	unknown
ankle	tobillo	tornozelo	body	kaawlish-t	loan
armpit	axila, sobaco	axila	body	kaaluk-t	loan
ash	ceniza(s)	cinzas	environment	toongol	inheritance
at	en, a	em, a	location	-p	inheritance
back	espalda	costas	body	oonoo-l	unknown
bad	mal	mal	quality	tysh, tyshwa-n	inheritance
belly	barriga	barriga	body	shappush-t	inheritance
below	abajo, debajo	abaixo	location	omholok, omholokaa-n “under”	inheritance
big	grande	grande	quality	ekeewa-n	loan
bite	morder	morder	body	kyy-yt	inheritance
black	negro	preto	colour	tuukupyy-l	inheritance
blood	sangre	sangue	body	ykwa-n	inheritance
blow	soplar	soprar	body	pushk-at (with breath)	inheritance
boil/pimple	espinilla, granos	espinha, borbulha	body	pishkishyt “has pus inside, as boil”	inheritance
bone	hueso	osso	body	oo-n	inheritance
breast	pecho, seno	peito	body	pii-l	inheritance
breathe	respirar	respirar	body	ihk-yt	inheritance
burn	quemar	queimar	environment	tsama-t	unknown
chew	masticar, mascar	mastigar	body	ahaaych-at	inheritance
child	niño, niña	criança	human	tuumu-un, tu7mul “baby”	inheritance
climb	subir	subir	motion	wilaa7la-t	unknown
cloud	nube	nuvem	environment	paashuumisht	unique
cold	frío	frio	quality	yytsyy7jyt “be cold”	inheritance
come	venir	vir	motion	kimma-t	inheritance
cook	cocinar	cozinhar	impact	tykkikuuj7-at	loan
correct/true	verdad, de veras	verdade	quality	ty/wwy “rightly”	loan
count	contar	contar	mental		missing
cry	llorar	chorar	mental	annang-at	inheritance
cut/hack	cortar	cortar	impact	tyttyy7in-at	inheritance
day	día	dia	time	taal	inheritance
die/be dead	morir	morrer	state	muuk-ut (sg)	inheritance
dig	cavar	cavar	impact	wash-at	inheritance
dingo/wolf			fauna	typajch “wolf”	loan
dirty	sucio	sujo	quality	tukuupish-yt “be or become -”	inheritance
dream	soñar	sonhar	mental	untumuuka-t
drink	beber, tomar	beber	body	ii7y-t	inheritance
dry	seco	seco	quality	waak-yt	inheritance
dull/blunt	sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo	maçante, desamolado, não afiado	quality		missing
dust	polvo	poeira	environment	tyywyt	inheritance
ear	oreja	orelha	body	nangha-l	inheritance
earth/soil	tierra	terra	environment	shuwaal “earth”	loan
eat	comer	comer	body	tykk-at	loan
egg	huevo	ovo	fauna	pom-t	unique
eye	ojo	olho	body	puntsi-l	inheritance
faeces	heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol	fezes	body	shaa-n	inheritance
fall	caer	cair	motion	ujuuk-at	unknown
far	lejos	longe	quality	wanaang	loan
fat/grease	grasa	gordura	body	wip-t	inheritance
father	padre, papá	pai	kinship	anaa-n (before death of offspring)	inheritance
fear	miedo	medo	mental	tsungkil (N); tsungk-ut (V)	unknown
feather	pluma	pena	fauna	maashaawisht “ceremonial bunch of eagle feathers”	inheritance
fire	fuego	fogo	environment	kutt	inheritance
fish	xx	xx	fauna	kujuul	inheritance
flow	fluir	fluir	motion	wyy7a-t	inheritance
flower	flor	flor	environment	ipiil	loan
fly	volar	voar	motion	ool-yt	unknown
fog	niebla, neblina	nevoeira, bruma, neblina	environment	paashuumishit	unique
foot	pie	pé	body	yngky-l	inheritance
fruit	fruta	fruta	flora	ahnt “berries” (generic)	unknown
good	bueno	bom	quality	ty/wwy, tywwywa/-n	loan
grow	crecer	crescer	state	ayaaw-yt	inheritance
hair (of head)	cabello	cabelo	body	tsomoo-l (head hair)	unique
hand	mano	mão	body	maa-l	inheritance
head	cabeza	cabeça	body	ko7ohn	unknown
hear	oír	ouvir	mental	ha7-yt, haa7-yt	inheritance
heavy	pesado	pesado	quality	pyllyt	inheritance
hide	esconder	esconder	motion	uukuuchy-t (vi)	inheritance
hit	golpear, pegar	bater	impact	paa7kin-at	inheritance
hold	correr, asegurar, sostener	segurar	other	jyyw-ut, jyww-ut	inheritance
how?	como	como	grammar	ha7ic		V1935:165
if	si	se	grammar	tan	unknown
in/inside	dentro, adentro	dentro	location	shuuna-l	inheritance
intestines	intestinos	intestinos	body		missing
itch	hormiguear, sentir comezón	coçar	body		missing
kill	matar	matar	impact	myyk-at (sg obj)	inheritance
know/be knowledgeable	saber, conecer	saber, conhecer	mental	maak-at	inheritance
lake	lago	lago	environment	paatsiiwat	loan
laugh	reír	rir	mental	kytsyy-at	unknown
leaf	hoja	folha	environment	nanghapyyl	inheritance
left/left hand	izquierdo	esquerdo	location/body	aashinga-n	inheritance
leg/foot	pierna	perna	body	uukkappyyl	loan
lie down	acostarse, echarse	deitar	motion	myhy-at “lie down”	unknown
lightning	rayo, relámpago	relampago	environment	washakwashaakat “be lightning”	loan
live/be alive	vivir	viver, morar	body		missing
liver	hígado	figado	body	nyyma-l	inheritance
long	largo	comprido, longo	quality	uttutu, uttutuuwa-n “tall”	loan direction unknown
louse	piollo, piojo	piolho	fauna	nahaal	unknown
lung	pulmón	pulmão	body	moshoohat	unknown
man/male	hombre	homem	human	taatwa-l	loan
meat/flesh	carne	carne	fauna	tukuwa/-n	inheritance
moon	luna	lua	environment	myyjal, myyjapisht	inheritance
mother	madre, mamá	mãe	kinship	aapuu-n (before death of child)	loan
mouth	boca	boca	body	too7kon-t	unknown
name	nombre	nome	human	tingwaa-n	inheritance
nape	base del cuello, nuca	nuca	body		missing
near/close	cerca de	perto	quality	mii7ppil	inheritance
neck	cuello	pescoço	body	kulaa-n	inheritance
new	nuevo	novo	quality	mappittal	unknown
night	noche	noite	time	tukal, tuukal, tuukit	inheritance
no/not	no	não	grammar	haa7ish, haaji, hash, ha/jji	inheritance
nose	nariz	nariz	body	muppi-tt	inheritance
old	viejo	velho	quality	uulawy-t “get old”	unknown
one	uno	um	number	chiich	unique
open/uncover	abrir	abrir	other	lesha-t (vi)	loan
other	otro	outro	grammar	shyywa	inheritance
pain/painful/sick	dolor, doloroso, enfermo	dor, doloroso, doente	body	ynnyhy-at “be, become (sg)”	unknown
person/human being	persona	pessoa	human	anghannil “people”	inheritance
pound/beat	machacar, golpear	bater	impact	kohkohwin-at,	unique
rain	lluvia	chuva	environment	tangil (N)	inheritance
red	rojo	vermelho	colour	mel7melyppyyl	unique
right/right hand	derecha	direita	location/body	tey hawwa7an “right side”	unknown
road/path	camino	caminho	manufacture	poht, pooht	inheritance
root	raíz	raiz	flora	wiishi-n	inheritance
rotten	podrido	podre	quality		missing
sand	arena	areia	environment	shiihpit	inheritance
say	decir	dizer	mental	ky-t	inheritance
scratch	rascar	rasgar	impact	owookin	unknown
see	ver	ver	mental	taawykyyla-t	unknown
sharp	afilado, filudo, filoso	afiado	quality		missing
shoot	tirar, disparar, balear	atirar	impact	muu-t, uumu7-at	inheritance
short	corto	curto	quality	tapuu7ppich, and variants	loan direction unknown
shoulder	hombro	ombro	body	shykky-n	inheritance
shy/ashamed	tímido, vergonzoso	timido, com vergonha	mental	yeew-ut “be ashamed”	loan
sit	sentar(se)	sentar	state	hall-yt	inheritance
skin	piel	pele	body	poon-t	inheritance
sky	cielo	céu	environment	tukumpa/l	inheritance
sleep	dormir	dormir	body	tahkin-at	unknown
small	pequeño	pequeno	quality	kuu7chupich	loan direction unknown
smoke	humo	fumaça	environment	uujit	unknown
sniff/smell	olfatear, oler	cheirar	body		missing
spit	escupir	cuspir	body	tuhhu-at	loan into protolanguage
split	partir, dividir	rachar, dividir, partir	impact	chilaala-t	unknown
squeeze	estrujar, exprimir	espremer	impact		missing
stab/pierce	apuñalar, acuchillar	apunhalar	impact	shopshoop-at “be pierced”	unknown
stand	estar de pié	ficar em pé	state	yywynn-yt, wynn-yt	inheritance
star	estrella	estrela	environment	shuul	inheritance
steal	robar	roubar	other	yyj-yt	inheritance
stick/wood	palo	pau, vara	flora	uu7u-t	inheritance
stone	piedra	pedra	environment	tynt	inheritance
suck	chupar	chupar	body		missing
sweat	sudar	suor, suar	body		missing
swell	hincharse	inchar	body	owook-at “swell up”	unknown
swim	nadar	nadar	motion	paj7ich-yt	unique
tail	cola, rabo	rabo	body	wishii-n	inheritance
that	ese/esa	esse	grammar	wa7	inheritance
thick	grueso, gordo, espeso	grosso	quality	puhm7puhm-at	unknown
thin	delgado	fino	quality	allalallipich	loan direction unknown
think	pensar	pensar	mental	tooj-y-t	loan
this	este/esta	este	grammar	ywynn, wynn	unknown
three	tres	tres	number	paay	inheritance
throat	garganta	garganta	body		missing
throw	tirar, lanzar	atirar, jogar	impact	annap-at	unknown
thunder	truenos	trovão	environment		missing
tie up/fasten	atar, amarrar	amarrar	impact	puun-at	inheritance
tongue	lengua	lingua	body	lalant	inheritance
tooth	diente	dente	body	tamant	inheritance
turn	girar, volter, torcer	virar	other	paj7k-yt “turn around”	unknown
two	dos	dois	number	woh, woo	inheritance
vomit	vomitar	vomitar	body	wajuup-at	unknown
walk	caminar, andar	andar	motion	miy-at “go”	inheritance
water	agua	agua	environment	paa-l	inheritance
wet	mojado	molhado	quality	hallaj7-ut (be wet)	unknown
what?	que, qué	que	grammar	haajn, haajnt	inheritance
when?	cuando	quando	grammar		missing
where?	donde	onde	grammar	maa-l	inheritance
white	blanco	branco	colour	pooshy-t (be...)	unknown
who?	quien, quién	quem	grammar	aki	inheritance
wife	esposa	esposa	kinship	shooji-n	inheritance
wind	viento	vento	environment	yhkowwaal	inheritance
wing	ala	asa	body	angaa-n	inheritance
woman/female	mujer	mulher	human	koojm	unknown
work	trabajar	trabalhar	other	waahay-jyt (vi)	loan
yawn	bostezar	bocejar	body	shamngk-yt	unknown
yellow	amarillo	amarelo	colour		missing


1pl.excl
1pl.incl
1sg
2pl
2sg
3pl
3sg
above
again
all
and
ankle
armpit
ash
at
back
bad
belly
below
big
bite
black
blood
blow
boil/pimple
bone
breast
breathe
burn
chew
child
climb
cloud
cold
come
cook
correct/true
count
cry
cut/hack
day
die/be dead
dig
dingo/wolf
dirty
dream
drink
dry
dull/blunt
dust
ear
earth/soil
eat
egg
eye
faeces
fall
far
fat/grease
father
fear
feather
fire
fish
flow
flower
fly
fog
foot
fruit
good
grow
hair (of head)
hand
head
hear
heavy
hide
hit
hold
how?
if
in/inside
intestines
itch
kill
know/be knowledgeable
lake
laugh
leaf
left/left hand
leg/foot
lie down
lightning
live/be alive
liver
long
louse
lung
man/male
meat/flesh
moon
mother
mouth
name
nape
near/close
neck
new
night
no/not
nose
old
one
open/uncover
other
pain/painful/sick
person/human being
pound/beat
rain
red
right/right hand
road/path
root
rotten
sand
say
scratch
see
sharp
shoot
short
shoulder
shy/ashamed
sit
skin
sky
sleep
small
smoke
sniff/smell
spit
split
squeeze
stab/pierce
stand
star
steal
stick/wood
stone
suck
sweat
swell
swim
tail
that
thick
thin
think
this
three
throat
throw
thunder
tie up/fasten
tongue
tooth
turn
two
vomit
walk
water
wet
what?
when?
where?
white
who?
wife
wind
wing
woman/female
work
yawn
yellow

Showing 1 to 185 of 185 entries

Flora Fauna Vocabulary (130)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous
abalone			flora-fauna	Haliotis spp.	missing			missing								missing					2		1		0					0		1				no
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna	Formicidae	pānünt	pa:ˈnɨnt	ant (generic)	inheritance	*ʔalɨN-	Uto-Aztecan		S44 (Stubbs 2009:44); I don't consider the /p/, perhaps from pa:??, to disqualify this item			same	derived	pa:-aˈnɨn-t big(?)-red.ant-npn		Hill 2010:65	no info	0		0	Voegelin 1938:12	N/A		N/A	N/A	N/A	0		0		N/A	N/A	no
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna		paanynt “generic term”			inheritance
antelope			flora-fauna	Antilocapra americana	māshatt	ma:ˈʃat	antelope	inheritance	*masaC-	Uto-Aztecan		S623a (Stubbs 2009:121); Stubbs missed this cognate			same	other complex	ma:ˈʃa-t pronghorn-npn		Hill 2010:44	no info	2		1		no info		hunted	men	antelope drives collaboration with Yokuts, Chumash (check)	0		0		Western North America	open areas	no
badger			flora-fauna	Taxidea taxus	pen'-nē 60-481	pe:ˈni	badger	loan			no information	Nobody collected Sierra Miwok “badger” in any of the 3 languages. Not like Plains Miwok. I _know_ I have seen this -- where??? Looks a bit like odd Nisenan /peem/			same	underived			http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n479/mode/2up; p. 481	no info	2		1		no info		no info	no info	no info	0		0		North America	chaparral, woodland	yes
bald eagle			flora-fauna	Haliaeetus leucocephalus	missing			missing								missing					1		2		0					0		1				no
band-tail pigeon			flora-fauna	Patagioenas fasciata	mokkowisht	mokoˈwiʃt	Band-tailed pigeon, Columba fasciata	inheritance	*makahVwi	Uto-Aztecan		S676 (Stubbs 2009:126); vowel /o/ source??			same	derived	mokoˈwi-ʃ-t dove-?-npn		Hill 2010:47	no info	0		1		no info		hunted	men	roasted on coals, bones ground (some consultants denied Tub. ate eggs before Whites)	0		0		Americas	Oak and pine forests, feeds on acorns	no
bat	murciélago	morcego	flora-fauna	Chiroptera spp	pattsāwal	paʦa:ˈwal	bat	inheritance	*paCtsV-	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 2009:56-57 pati7a/paCti7a “bat” (S124). But Numic and Cora all have pa[c/ch]a, which should reflect paCtsV. That works for this Tub set too, so I have changed Stubbs' reconstruction/. A problematic set. Note pata “fly” S902, p. 153.			same	other complex	paʦaˈwa-l bat-non.possessed.non (npn) (root perhaps derived, cf. paʦa- ground pine nuts)		Hill 2010:66	no info	0	a story character	1	Voegelin 1938:12	no info		N/A	N/A	N/A	0		0		Americas	Diverse habitats	no
beaver			flora-fauna	Castor	missing			missing								missing					2		1		0					0		0				no
beetle			flora-fauna	Coleoptera spp	shitōh	ʃiˈdoh	beetle	unique				perhaps from *si- “to piss”, if Stinkbug			no info	underived			Hill 2010:79	no info	2		0	Voegelin 1938:12	no info		N/A	N/A	N/A	0		0		global	Diverse habitats	no
big round tule			flora-fauna	Schoenoplectus acutus	shi'īpül	ʃiʔi:ˈbɨl	Tule, Scirpus acutus	inheritance	*siˈʔi:-	Californian		Cupeno si'ish, Gab. se'-e (Merriam)			same	derived	ʃiʔi:-ˈbɨ-l tule-deriv.suffix-npn		Hill 2010:78	no info	2	images of dead for burning made of tule bundles	1	roots peeled, sun-dried, pounded into flour, mixed w/ water and stone-boiled into mush (Voegelin 1938:18)	no info		gathered (wild)	all	see food notes; diverse non-food uses in mats, storage devices, roofing, etc.	0		0		California and southern US into Mexico	wet areas throughout	no
big skunk			flora-fauna	Mephitis mephitis	ponnihw	ponˈnihw	skunk	inheritance	*po(C)ni	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S1983 (Stubbs 2009:275); see discussion of possible UA etymology that I don't care for			broader (includes all skunks)	underived			Hill 2010:73	no info	2		2	Voegelin 1938:12	no info		N/A	N/A	seems like skins might have been used but I found no info	0		0		North America	Diverse habitats	no
big wolf (gray wolf)			flora-fauna	Canis lupus	tüpaych	tɨˈbajʧ	wolf	loan			Kawaiisu	Southern Numic is *tyva/ch(i) S2503; if not loan should have /o/ or /u/, and final -ch is loan-y too.			broader (includes a large coyote)	underived			Hill 2010:98		1		2	Voegelin 1938:12	no info		N/A	N/A	hmm -- may have been taken for pelt	0		0		Americas	Diverse habitats	yes
bighorn sheep			flora-fauna	Ovis canadensis	pā'at	pa:ˈʔat	bighorn sheep, Ovis canadensis	inheritance	*paʔaC-	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S204 (Stubbs 2009:67); may be a Proto-Kiowa-tanoan loan into Proto NUA			same	other complex	pa:ˈʔa-t bighorn-npn		hill 2010:62	no info	2		1		no info		hunted	men	roasted, diverse uses for skin, horn, etc.	0		0		Western North America	steep slopes, cliffs	no
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna		chikkīt	ʧiˈki:t	bird	loan			Southern Sierra Miwok	Callaghan 2001 SSM cicka is Yok-Utian			narrower (does not include big birds like hawk, eagle, owl; may not include water birds like ducks, coots)	other complex	ʧiˈki:-t bird-npn		Hill 2010:16	no info	0		0		N/A		N/A	N/A	N/A	0		0		N/A	N/A	no
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna		chikkiit			loan
black ant			flora-fauna	Camponotus pennsylvanicus/Lasius niger	ullumush	ʔuluˈmuʃ	big black ant	unique							same	underived			Hill 2010:101	no info	2		0	Voegelin 1938:12	no info		N/A	N/A	N/A	0		0		Americas	Diverse habitats	no
black bear			flora-fauna	Ursus americanus	ūnal	ʔu:ˈnal	bear, Grizzly bear	inheritance	*hula-	Uto-Aztecan		S105 (Stubbs 2009:53)			broader (includes all bears)	other complex	ʔu:ˈna-l bear-npn		Hill 2010:102	no info	1	Bear is a supernatural being, a yümükīwal, and must be treated with respect	2	“A difference of opinion” (Voegelin 1938:12)	no info		hunted	men	roasted, skin, claws kept although bearkin robes said to be “too heavy” -- they were good for cutting boards, pounding surfaces because thick	0		0		North America	chaparral, woodland	yes
black-tail Jackrabbit			flora-fauna	Lepus californicus	shū'itt	ʃu:ˈʔit	jackrabbit	inheritance	*suuʔit	Uto-Aztecan		S1713 (Stubbs 2009:243); I give Manaster-Ramer's reconstruction			same	other complex	ʃu:ˈʔi-t jackrabbit-npn		Hill 2010:80	no info	2		1		no info		hunted	men	roasted, pelt for diverse uses	0		0	I think rabbitskin blankets were traded	North America	flat open areas	no
blackberry			flora-fauna	Rubus ursinus	mah'-mil 72-819, 60-503	ma:ˈmil (?)	Blackberry	loan			Yokuts	Note Southern Sierra Miwok mamlant “blackberry” where other E. Miwok have inani (or something like that)	WW	%mam	same	other complex	ma:ˈmi-l blackberry-npn		http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n479/mode/2up; p. 503	no info	2		1		no info		gathered (wild)	all	eaten raw, or boiled, ground and stored as cakes	0		0		Western North America	foothills, uplands	no
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna	Diptera	pichōkisht	piʤo:ˈtiʃt	horsefly	unique				see Gabrielino ˈpi:ʧukʷar “fly”, Kitanemuk picucuʔač “fly”; some kind of regional element here. Note Maidu p'ic'ík'uk'ù			same	other complex	piʤo:ˈgiʃ-t horsefly-npn (root has historical derivation)		Hill 2010:71		0	a story character	0	Voegelin 1938:12	0					0		0		global	Diverse habitats	no
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna		pitchookisht “horsefly”			loan direction unknown
blue grouse			flora-fauna	Dendrogapus?	pāwusshakk	pa:wuˈʧak	sage grouse, sage hen, Centrocercus urophasianus	unique							same	underived	pa:wuˈʧak perhaps pa:- “big”? But not synchronically productive		Hill 2010:67		0	a story character	1		0					0		0		Western North America. I don't know why it's in Merriam's list for California, mainly a Rocky Mountain bird	scrublands, woodlands	no
bobcat, lynx			flora-fauna	Lynx rufus	muppippīt	mupiˈpi:t	wildcat, the one who is without a nose	unique				Good UA etyma, unique formation (but this epithet used elsewhere for wildcat)			same	derived	mupiˈ-pi:-t nose-deprived.of-npn		Hill 2010:49	no info	1	must be significant somehow	2		no info		hunted	men	roasted, pelt for diverse uses	0		0		North America	Diverse habitats	no
butterfly, moth	mariposa	borboleta	flora-fauna	Lepidoptera	chikkōlolont	ʧiko:loˈlont	butterfly	unique				note S885 *sɨkwoti “fly”-- certainly resemblant, although not cognate			same	other complex	ʧiko:loˈlon-t butterfly (root probably has derivation)		Hill 2010:16	no info	2		0	Voegelin 1938:12	no info		N/A	N/A	N/A	0		0		global	Diverse habitats	no
California condor			flora-fauna	Gymnogyps californianus	wits	ˈwiʔiʦ	California condor	loan			Yokuts	Proto-NimYokuts *wichr' (retroflex, glottalized ch) (Golla 1964)	WW	%wit	same	underived			Hill 2010:121	no info	1		2		no info		no info	no info	no info	0		1		U. S. Southwest	Rocky scrubland, woodland (they like cliffs	no
California jay			flora-fauna	Aphelocoma californica?	ātsayyipisht	ʔa:ʣajiˈbiʃt	bluejay, probably Steller's Jay, Cyanocitta stelleri	loan into protolanguage	*chaʔi-	Northern Uto-Aztecan	unknown	S209, Central Numic, Tubatulabal, Takic, always “blue jay” (Stubbs 2009:68). Note similar words in Yokutsan.	WW	%chaj	same	derived	ʔa:ʣaj-iˈbiʃ-t ?-individuator (ind) -npn	chikkīt	Hill 2010:12	no info	2		1	Voegelin 1938:12	no info		hunted	men	roasted on coals, bones ground (some consultants denied Tub. ate eggs before Whites)	0		0		throughout western North America (distributions from Wikipedia unless otherwise noted)	scrublands, woodlands (Habitats from Wikipedia unless otherwise noted)	no
California woodpecker			flora-fauna	Melanerpes formicivorus?	tă-lah-gawk't (k written over w) 72-77, 60-489;tă-lah'-gahkt' 60-489	ta:laˈgohkt	California woodpecker	loan			Gabrielino	UA etyma, unique formation	WW	%palaka ~ %pana(k)	same	derived	ta:la-ˈkohk-t morning-repeatedly.pounds-nominalizer	chikkīt	http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n479/mode/2up; p. 489	no info	2		1	Voegelin 1938:12	no info		N/A	N/A	N/A	0		1		Southern Oregon, California, south to Colombia	oak woodlands	no
chia			flora-fauna	Salvia columbariae	pāshīl	pa:ˈʃi:l	chia seeds, Salvia columbariae	inheritance	*pasa/i	Californian		S1599 (Stubbs 2009:233). Only Numic is Tumpisa Shoshone, almost certainly a loan from Tubatulabal. This shows up in Chumash, Salinan, may be an old Californianism.	WW	%pasv	broader (plant and seeds)	other complex	pa:ˈʃi:-l chia-npn		Hill 2010:66	no info	1		1		no info		gathered (wild)	women	seeds parched, mixed with other seeds, mixed with water as gruel	0		0		California and Southwest	Below 6000 feet in dry open areas, extensive stands in chaparral	no
chipmunk			flora-fauna	Tamias spp.	tapāyal	taba:ˈjal	“chipmunk”, a small chipmunk-like ground squirrel, possibly the white-tail antelope ground squirrel	inheritance	*tapa ...	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S2095 (Stubbs 2009:288)			same	other complex	taba:ˈja-l chipmunk-npn		Hill 2010:85	no info	2		1		no info		hunted	men	roasted on coals, bones ground	0		0		North America	woodlands	no
cliff swallow			flora-fauna	Petrochelidon pyrrhonota	omhompit	ʔomhomʹbit	cliff swallow, mud diver, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota	unique							same	derived	ʔomhom-ʹbi-t swallow.sp-diminutive-npn	chikkīt	Hill 2010:58	no info	2		1		no info		hunted	men	roasted on coals, bones ground (some consultants denied Tub. ate eggs before Whites)	0		0		Breed in North America	Cliffs (and now in/on buildings)	no
coot			flora-fauna	Fulica americana	shāyal	ʃa:ˈjal	Mudhen or American coot, Fulica americana	inheritance	*saya(C)	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S217 (and 710) Stubbs 2009:69, very consistently for “coot, mud-hen” except in Cahuilla, Cupeño			same	other complex	ʃa:ˈja-l mudhen-npn		Hill 2010:77	no info	2	feathers in wand carried at burning	1		no info		hunted	men	roasted on coals, bones ground (some consultants denied Tub. ate eggs before Whites)	0		0		West coastal and southern North America to Central America	wetlands and open water	no
cottontail rabbit			flora-fauna	Sylvilagus audobonii	tahpunt	tahˈpunt	cottontail	inheritance	*tapuN-	Uto-Aztecan		S1707 (Stubbs 2009:242)			same	other complex	tahˈpun-t cottontail-npn		Hill 2010:82	no info	2		1		no info		hunted	men	roasted, pelt for diverse uses	0		0	I think rabbitskin blankets were traded	North America	Diverse habitats	no
cottonwood			flora-fauna	Populus spp.	uttuhhul	ʔutuˈhul	Cottonwood tree	inheritance	*tukɨ(nu)-	Californian		What about S2359 tukynu “alder tree”??? (Stubbs 2009:316), Takic (Tb. vowels wrong but /u/ is contagious)_			same	other complex	ʔutuˈhu-l cottonwood-npn		Hill 2010:104	no info	2		0		no info		gathered (wild)	all	wood, bark, fibrous inner bark used	0		0		southern Canada south to northern Mexico	moist areas	no
coyote			flora-fauna	Canis latrans	isht	ˈʔiʃt	coyote	inheritance	*ʔisa-	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S552 (Stubbs 2009:112)			same	other complex	ˈʔiʃ-t coyote-npn		Hill 2010:30	no info	1	figures in creation accounts	2	Voegelin 1938:12	no info		hunted	men	eaten, and coyote pelts used for quivers, muffs to warm hands	0		0		North and Central America	Diverse habitats	no
crow			flora-fauna	Corvus brachyrhynchos	akkapīppitt	ʔakabi:ˈpit	“little crow”, possibly a reference to the common crow, as distinguished from the raven	unique				This doesn't match any “crow” words; may be part of S584 *kak (Stubbs 2007:117), but not a good match. Nobody collected the Sierra Miwok word for “Raven”, might be a source			same	derived	ʔaka-bi:ˈ-pi-t raven-deriv.suffix-diminutive-npn	chikkīt	Hill 2010:4	no info	2	usually Raven feathers show up in ritual paraphernalia, but Crow doesn't	1	Voegelin 1938:12	no info		N/A	N/A	N/A	0		0		Americas	Diverse habitats	no
datura			flora-fauna	Datura wrightii	mōmōht	mo:ˈmo:ht	datura, jimsonweed, toloache, Datura meteloides	loan			Chumash	A loan from Gab. or Lu. *moy-la “moon” into Chumash, and then into Tubatulabal, probably very late	WW	%moji ~ %moni	broader (plant and toloache drink)	other complex	mo:ˈmo:h-t datura-npn		Hill 2010:47	no info	1	used to seek spirit familiar	1		1	diverse uses for curing	gathered (wild)	men	plant crushed in water, could be mixed with other ingredients. Taken after 3-day fast	1		0		U.S. Southwest, California, Mexico	“sandy, gravelly, open areas below 4000 feet throughout Southern California” (Bean & Saubel 1972:60)	yes
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna		tohhii-l			loan
deer, mule			flora-fauna	Odocoileus hemionus	tohhīl	toˈhi:l	deer, hunting	loan			Numic	Proto-Numic *tɨhɨya			same	other complex	toˈhi:-l deer-npn		Hill 2010:88	no info	2	Deer is a supernatural being, a yümükīwal, and must be treated with respect	1		no info		hunted	men	roasted, diverse uses for skin, horn, etc.	0		0		Western North America	Diverse habitats	no
digger pine			flora-fauna	Pinus sabiniana	wohhompōl	wohomˈbo:l	digger pine, bull pine, Pinus sabiniana	inheritance	*wokoN-	Uto-Aztecan		S1579a (Stubbs 2009:231)			same	other complex	wohomˈbo:-l digger.pine-npn (the -bo: is a derivational suffix historically)		Hill 2010:121	no info	2		1	nuts best for mixing with tobacco	no info		gathered (wild)	men	in early season eaten immediately by men and boys; later, cones roasted like pinyons, by men and boys	0		0		California central valley, Sierra foothills, Coast Ranges to Tehachapis, also on Channel Islands	foothills	no
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna	Canis familiaris	pukkupisht	pukuˈbiʃt	dog	loan			Western Numic	pukku links with Western Numic			same	derived	puku-ˈbiʃ-t domestic.animal-ind-npn		Hill 2010:74	no info	0		0	“A difference of opinion” (Voegelin 1938:12)	no info		N/A	N/A	N/A	0		0		Americas	with humans	no
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna		pukkupisht,			loan
dogbane			flora-fauna	Apocynum cannabinum	māwil	ma:ˈwil	Indian hemp, dogbane, Apocynum cannabinum	loan			no information	Has the UA wi- “string” element; ma:- may be from maha “greens, herbs, weeds” but there is also a widespread Californianism %mah in Pomo, Yuki, Salinan	WW	%mah	same	other complex	ma:ˈwi-l apocynum-npn (historically, wi-l “twine”)		Hill 2010:44	no info	2		1		no info		gathered (wild but closely managed)	women	major fiber plant; stems crushed, fiber extracted	0		0	Timbrook says this could be obtained in trade if a shortabe	Southern Canada to Mexico	open wooded areas, hillsides, ravines	no
dove	paloma	pomba	flora-fauna	Zenaida macrocoura	owīt	ʔoˈwi:t	dove, probably the mourning dove, Zenaida macroura	inheritance	*howi	Uto-Aztecan		S675 (Stubbs 2009:126); I have no idea why S finds O'odham ho:hi “difficult to explain”???			same	other complex	ʔoˈwi:t sound-npn	chikkīt	Hill 2010:61	no info	2		1		no info		hunted	men	roasted on coals, bones ground (some consultants denied Tub. ate eggs before Whites)	0		0		Southern Canada to Mexico	Prefers open areas, avoids dense forests	no
duck	pato	pato, marreco	flora-fauna	Anatidae	kulāpisht	kula:ˈbiʃt	“all ducks and geese” (Merriam), “mallard” (Hill)	unique							broader (includes geese; prototype is mallard, most common duck)	derived	kula:-ˈbiʃ-t duck-ind-npn		Hill 2010:36	no info	0		1		no info		hunted	men	roasted on coals, bones ground (some consultants denied Tub. ate eggs before Whites)	0		0		Americas	wetlands and open water	no
elder			flora-fauna	Sambucus	kūhuppül	ku:huˈpɨl	Elderberry, Sambucus velutina	inheritance	*kuʔu/kuhu-	Californian		S179 (Stubbs 2009:64)			same	derived	ku:huˈ-pɨ-l elderberry-deriv.suffix-npn		Hill 2010:36	no info	2		1	berries	no info	almost certainly used elderberry tea	gathered (wild)	all	wood used for tools, as well as berries for food	0		0		North America	below 4500 feet in moist areas	no
elk			flora-fauna	Cervas elaphus	shohkoy	ʃohˈgoj	elk, wapiti	loan			Yokuts	Proto-NimYokuts *sohkoy (Golla 1964) is originally a borrowing from some UA language, borrowed back into Tubatulabal. Merriam has Tub. pah'-soo-kun, 72-799; 60-481	WW	%sok	same	underived			Hill 2010:79	no info	2		1		no info		hunted	men	roasted, diverse uses for skin, horn, etc.	0		0		Western North America uplands, not in deserts	forest, forest edges	no
fish (generic)	pez	peixe	flora-fauna		kuyül	kuˈjɨl	fish	inheritance	*kɨcuC-	Uto-Aztecan		S864 (Stubbs 2009;147)			same	other complex	kuˈjɨ-l fish-npn		Hill 2010:38	no info	0		1		no info		hunted	all	used fish traps (men), poison (everybody), diverse preparations, mainly roasting on coals	0		0		Americas	water	no
flea	pulga	pulga	flora-fauna	Siphonaptera	moo-tsoo' 72-79, 60-499	mu:ˈʦuh (?)	flea	loan			no information	loan direction unknown, see Gabrielino motu:cey, Kitanemuk ʔatucit			same	underived			http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n479/mode/2up; p. 499	no info	2		0	Voegelin 1938:12	no info		N/A	N/A	N/A	0		0		Americas	Diverse habitats	no
flicker			flora-fauna	Colaptes sp.	chēwl	ˈʧe:wl	a kind of red bird	loan			Southern Sierra Miwok	SSM tiwaj (and note PnimYokuts *T'iwisa7 “yellowhammer” (Golla 1964:66, so form is Yok-Utian)			same	other complex	ˈʧe:w-l flicker-npn	chikkīt	Hill 2010:15	no info	2	feathers in headbands, etc. for rituals	1		no info		hunted	men	roasted on coals, bones ground (some consultants denied Tub. ate eggs before Whites)	0		1	feathers traded in ritual regalia	Americas	Diverse habitats	no
foothills yucca			flora-fauna	Yucca whipplei	kuyat	kuˈjat	Spanish bayonet, Yucca whipplei	inheritance	*ku(ru)	Uto-Aztecan		S6 (Stubbs 2009;40); difficult since only first syllable but I find this a sensible start			same	other complex	kuˈja-t y.whipplei-npn		Hill 2010:38	no info	0		1		no info		gathered (wild but closely managed)	all	stalks laid on open fire, buried in sand, then peeled (Voegelin 1938:18)	0		0	stalks traded to Kitanemuk (Harrington in Anderton 1988)	Southern California and Baja California	chaparral and oak woodlands, 300-2500 m	no
fox			flora-fauna	Vulpes, Urocyon	iklōpal	ʔiklo:ˈbal	fox	inheritance	*kalopV-	Uto-Aztecan		S560 (Stubbs 2009:113) tries to link this to Tubar kahulowi, possibly kalop. I think is dubious but might work. Reconstruction is surely wrong -- maybe kawo-lopV			narrower (probably desert fox, Vulpes macrotis)	other complex	ʔiklo:ˈba-l fox-npn (root must be derived historically)		Hill 2010:26	no info	2		2		no info		hunted	men	for pelt, used for quiver, etc.	0		0		Americas	Diverse habitats	no
frog (generic)			flora-fauna		wōhnāl	wo:hˈna:l	large kind of frog	unique							broader (includes toad)	other complex	wo:hˈna:-l frog.sp-npn		Hill 2010:121	no info	2		2	Voegelin 1938:12	no info		N/A	N/A	N/A	0		0		Western North America	wetlands, lakes, ponds, streams	no
golden eagle			flora-fauna	Aquila chrysaetos	āshawwütt	ʔa:ʃaˈwɨt	(golden) eagle, Aquila chrysaetos	inheritance	*ʔasa-wɨ-ta	Californian		S719 (Stubbs 2009:131)			same	derived	ʔa:ʃa-ˈwɨ-t eagle-augmentative-npn		Hill 2010:11	no info	1	a story character and “a chief in the mythical age” (Voegelin 1938:21); feathers in wands, armlets	2	“A difference of opinion” (Voegelin 1938:12)	no info		hunted	men	eaglets captured and raised for feathers; birds set free when too big and scary to handle (Voegelin 1938:21). Adult eagles snared and killed for feathers	0		1		North America	They like cliffs, tall trees for nesting	no
gooseberry			flora-fauna	Ribes spp.	woppul	woˈpul	gooseberry, Ribes quercetorum	unique				There are lots of NUA *po- berry words -- no /wo/, though			same	other complex	woˈpu-l gooseberry.npn		Hill 2010:123	no info	2		1		no info		gathered (wild)	all	eaten raw, or boiled, ground and stored as cakes	0		0		diverse species in California	chaparral, woodland	no
gopher snake, bull snake			flora-fauna	Pituophis catenifer	tüpappul	tɨbaˈpul	gopher snake	unique							same	derived	tɨbaˈ-pu-l snake.sp-deriv.suffix-npn (tɨ-ba is probably rock-on historically	tuhhatt	Hill 2010:95	no info	2		2	no reptiles eaten (Voegelin 1938:6)	no info		N/A	N/A	N/A	0		0		Southern Canada to Mexico	Diverse habitats	no
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna	(NA)	māshil, masshil	ma:ˈʃil	grass/deer grass (Epicampes rigens), grass, weeds	inheritance	*maha-si	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S1033 (Stubbs 2009:167) and see also 1614			broader (includes non-used herbs as well as grass)	other complex	ma:ˈʃi-l grass-npn		Hill 2010:44	no info	0		0	seeds	no info		gathered (wild but closely managed)	women	seeds parched, mixed with other seeds, mixed with water as gruel	0		0		N/A	N/A	no
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna		mashil			inheritance
grasshopper			flora-fauna	Caelifera	ka'awüt	kaʔaˈwɨt	grasshopper	unique				Note: (Merriam gives sah'-kah-kah-wah “red-winged grasshopper” 60-143 for Wanikik Cahuilla			same	other complex	kaʔaˈwɨ-t grasshopper-nph (may contain augmentative)		Hill 2010:33	no info	2		1	Voegelin 1938:12	no info		N/A	N/A	N/A	0		0		global	Diverse habitats	no
gray ground squirrel			flora-fauna	Sphermophilus sp.	tsawānünt	ʦawa:ˈnɨnt	Gray squirrel, Scurius griseus	unique							same	other complex	ʦawa:ˈnɨn-t ground.squirrel-npn (root may have derivation)		Hill 2010:90	no info	2		1		no info		hunted	men	roasted on coals, bones ground	0		0		North America	Diverse habitats	no
gray tree squirrel			flora-fauna	Sciurus spp.	üshükal	ʔɨʃɨˈgal	blue squirrel, possibly the chickaree, Tamiascurius douglassii	inheritance	*sika-(wV)	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S2094 (Stubbs 2009:288); not quite correspondent; may be very early loan into NUA; note similar Yokuts forms in Kroeber's “ground squirrel” list			same	other complex	ʔɨʃɨˈga-l blue.squirrel-npn		Hill 2010:109	no info	2		1		no info		hunted	men	roasted on coals, bones ground	0		0		Western North America	woodlands	no
great horned owl			flora-fauna	Bubo virginianus	muhhumpisht	muhumˈbiʃt	horned owl, great-horned owl	inheritance	*muhuN-	Uto-Aztecan		S1542 (Stubbs 2009:227), do NOT include Raramuri form with mo-			same	derived	muhumˈ-biʃ-t sound-ind-npn		Hill 2010:48	no info	1	Owl is a supernatural being, a yümükīwal, and must be treated with respect	2	Voegelin 1938:12	no info		hunted	men	for feathers for arrow fletching (Voegelin 1938:28)	0		1		Americas	Diverse habitats (less common in extreme deserts)	no
grizzly bear			flora-fauna	Ursus arctos horribilis	ūnal	ʔu:ˈnal	bear, Grizzly bear	inheritance	*hula-	Uto-Aztecan		S105 (Stubbs 2009:53)			broader (includes all bears)	other complex	ʔu:ˈna-l bear-npn		Hill 2010:102	no info	1	Bear is a supernatural being, a yümükīwal, and must be treated with respect	2	“A difference of opinion” (Voegelin 1938:12)	no info		hunted	men	roasted, skin, claws kept although bearkin robes said to be “too heavy” -- they were good for cutting boards, pounding surfaces because thick	0		0		Western North America	chaparral, woodland	yes
horned toad			flora-fauna	Phrynosomatidae	mah-kah-seet' 72-79, 60-497	ma:kaˈsit (?)	horned toad	loan			Kawaiisu	S1333 *makaCta (Stubbs 2009:202) have all attestations in Numic. Kawaiisu makaca-zi seems like an excellent candidate for source word			same	other complex	ma:kaˈsi-t horned.toad-npn		http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n479/mode/2up; p. 497	no info	2		2	no reptiles eaten (Voegelin 1938:6)	no info		N/A	N/A	N/A	0		0		Western U.S. and Mexico	hot, dry, sandy areas	no
horse	caballo	cavalho	flora-fauna	Equus caballus	pungkul	puŋˈgul	possessed animal or bird; dog; horse	inheritance	*puNku-	Uto-Aztecan		S38 (Stubbs 2009:43)			broader (this is “domestic animal, pet”)	other complex	puŋˈgu-l pet-npn		Hill 2010:75	no info	0		0		no info		N/A	N/A	N/A	0		0		global	with humans	no
hummingbird	colibrí, picaflor (Peru)	beija-flor	flora-fauna	Trochilidae	oo-le'-bit, oo-leet' 72-77, 60-493	ʔuli:ˈbit (?)	hummingbird	loan			Southern Sierra Miwok	SSM li:ci:cint (this is from PSM, same form in NSM, CSM)			same	derived	ʔuli:ˈ-bi-t hummingbird-diminutive-npn	chikkīt	http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n479/mode/2up; p. 493	no info	0		0		no info		hunted	all	roasted on coals, bones ground (some consultants denied Tub. ate eggs before Whites)	0		0		Americas	Diverse habitats	no
insect (generic)	insecto	insecto	flora-fauna	generic	tohhawal	tohaˈwal	bug, generic term for insect	semantic shift	*toka “spider” (in SUA)	Uto-Aztecan		S2055 (Stubbs 2009:285), he has only in SUA			narrower (includes nameless insects, not named ones)	other complex	tohaˈwa-l bug-npn		Hill 2010:88	no info	0		0	Voegelin 1938:12	no info		N/A	N/A	N/A	0		0		N/A	N/A	no
junco			flora-fauna	Junco sppp	missing			missing								missing					0		1		0					0		0				no
juniper			flora-fauna	Juniperus californica	wa'atul	waʔaʹdul	Juniper	inheritance	*waʔaC-	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S414 (Stubbs 2009:94)			same	derived	waʔaʹd-u-l juniper-deriv.suffix-npn		Hill 2010:114	no info	2		1	berries boiled fresh; when dry and fully rpie seeded by hand, fleshpounded inpit mortars and eaten raw (Voegelin 1938:18)	no info		gathered (wild)	all	see food notes	0		0		North America	abundant 3000-4500 feet	no
louse			flora-fauna	order Phtiraptera	nahāl	naˈha:l	louse, lice	unique				S 1361 *nawi but only na- is match, so not good			same	other complex	naˈha:-l louse-npn		Hill 2010:51	no info	2		0	Voegelin 1938:12	no info		N/A	N/A	N/A	0		0		Americas	on people's hair	no
mallard			flora-fauna	Anas platyrhynchos	kulāpisht	kula:ˈbiʃt	mallard, Anas fulvigula	unique							broader (includes geese; prototype is mallard, most common duck)	derived	kula:-ˈbiʃ-t duck-ind-npn		Hill 2010:36	no info	2		1		no info		hunted	men	roasted on coals, bones ground (some consultants denied Tub. ate eggs before Whites)	0		0		global	wetlands and open water	no
manzanita			flora-fauna	Arctostaphylos spp.	kü:nal	kɨ:ˈnal	Arctostaphyllos sp. (manzanita)	unique				Really ought to be relatable to S1635, Takic *kita-			same	other complex	kɨ:ˈna-l manzanita-npn		Hill 2010:2 (English index only)	no info	2		1	berries	no info		gathered (wild)	all	berries eaten in “lemonade” and other preparations	0		0		Western North America	chaparral, edges of woodlands	no
milkweed, broad leaf			flora-fauna	Asclepias eriocarpa	pollolīwapü:l	pololi:waˈbɨ:l	gum plant, Asclepias erosa	unique							same	derived	pololi:wa-ˈbɨ:-l milkweed-deriv.suffix-npn		Hill 2010:72	no info	2		1	chewing gum	1	juice rubbed on warts to make them disappear	gathered (wild)	all	gum from boiled sap, sucked out of reed tubes	0		0		California and adjacent Nevada and Baja California	dry barren areas 200-1900 m (Jepson Herbarium site)	no
milkweed, narrow leaf			flora-fauna	Asclepias fascicularis	yūwil	ju:ˈwil	string, buckskin thong (see species notes)	unique				probably from UA *yu “hair, cornsilk” plus wi- “fiber”			same	other complex	ju:ˈwi-l milkweed.sp-npn (historically, wi-l “twine”		Hill 2010:129	no info	0		1		no info		gathered (wild)	women	mainly for fiber; may have provided pot greens from young shoots	0		0		Inland California to Washington, Baja California	dry areas, slopes, 50-2200 m (Jepson Herbarium)	no
mission tule			flora-fauna	Juncus	missing			missing								missing					2		1		2					0		0				no
mockingbird			flora-fauna	Mimus polyglottos	tsahl 72-807, 60-491	ˈʦa:l	mockingbird	unique							same	other complex	ˈʦa:-l mockingbird-npn	chikkīt	http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n479/mode/2up; p. 491	no info	2		1		no info		hunted	men	roasted on coals, bones ground (some consultants denied Tub. ate eggs before Whites)	0		0		North America, Mexico	diverse habitats (they like habitats with high places to perch, and don't like pine trees)	no
mosquito	mosquito, zancudo	mosquito, carapana	flora-fauna	Anopheles spp, Isoptera	pesht	ˈpeʃt	mosquito	unique				not correspondent with pich- words for “fly”			same	other complex	ˈpeʃ-t		Hill 2010:68	no info	0		0	Voegelin 1938:12	no info		N/A	N/A	N/A	0		0		global	Diverse habitats	no
moth	mariposa nocturna, polilla	mariposa	flora-fauna	Heterocera	missing			missing								missing					2		0	Voegelin 1938:12	0					0		0		Americas	Diverse habitats	no
mountain lion			flora-fauna	Puma concolor	tūkūkwüt	tu:gu:gˈwɨt	mountain lion	inheritance	*tuCkuC-wɨ	Californian		S1306b (Stubbs 2009;200); widespread Californianism	WW	%tuku	same	derived	tu:gu:g-ˈwɨ-t mountain.lion-augmentative-npn		Hill 2010:93	no info	1	I'm sure is special, but not noted in Voegelin's lists	2		no info		hunted	men	roasted, pelt for diverse uses	0		0		North America	diverse habitas (prefers uplands)	yes
mountain quail			flora-fauna	Oreortyx pictus	tūkt	ˈtu:kt	mountain quail	unique							same	other complex	ˈtu:k-t mountain.quail-npn	chikkīt	Hill 2010:93	no info	2	topknots in feather wand carried at burning	1		no info		hunted	men	roasted on coals, bones ground (some consultants denied Tub. ate eggs before Whites)	0		0		US west of Rockies and Baja California	chaparral	no
mussel			flora-fauna	Mytilus spp.	chono, sho'ono p. 78	ʧoˈno	(freshwater) mussel, freshwater clam	unique							narrower (freshwater mussel; I don't know if it includes imported “spoon” shells)	underived			Hill 2010:17	no info	2		1	“obtained near Kernville” (Voegelin 1938:11)	no info		gathered (wild)	no info	no info	0		1		West coast North America	cold coastal waters	no
olivella (olive snail)			flora-fauna	Callianax biplicata	missing			missing				missing				missing					2		2		0					0		1				no
pinyon jay			flora-fauna	Cyanocitta stelleri?	ah'-ahlCH	ʔaˈʔahl (?)	Pinyon Jay	unique				This may be a mistake. It looks like verbs for “talk” and is closer to common words for “crow”			same	other complex	ʔaˈʔah-l jay.sp-npn (talker??)	chikkīt	http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n479/mode/2up; p. 489	no info	2		1		no info		hunted	men	roasted on coals, bones ground (some consultants denied Tub. ate eggs before Whites)	0		0		Western North America	Foothills where pinyon groves occur	no
pinyon pine			flora-fauna	Pinus monophylla	tüpatt	tɨˈbat	nuts from pinyon pine; pinyon pine, Pinus monophylla	inheritance	*tɨpat	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S1583 (Stubbs 2009:231). This is probably a loan into Proto-NUA from Proto-Kiowa-Tanoan (Hill 2008			broader (includes tree and nuts)	other complex	tɨˈba-t pinyon-npn		Hill 2010:97	no info	2		1		no info		gathered (wild)	all	ripe (but unopened) cones roasted, nuts removed, dried, cached	0		1	traded to Chumash for beads	Southwestern U.S. and Mexico	In pinyon-juniper woodland, 3500-9000 feet (for P. monophylla), 2500-8000 feet (for P. quadrifolia). Rocky hills and slopes.	no
pismo clam			flora-fauna	Tivella stultorum	tukumpal	tugumˈbal	sky, white clamshell disks	semantic shift	*tukuN-pa “sky”	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S1985a (Stubbs 2009?276)			narrower (does not refer to the animal or its shell, probably only to be disks strung as money)	other complex	tugumˈba-l sky/shell.disk-npn (historically, tukum-pa'an- “sky-on”)		Hill 2010:24	no info	2	clam disks used as offerings	1		no info		N/A	N/A	N/A	0		1	these obtained from Chumash, apparently directly	Pacific Coast roughly Monterrey-Baja	sandy beaches in surf zone	no
pocket gopher			flora-fauna	Thomomys	muyyampisht	mujamˈbiʃt	gopher	inheritance	*mɨjɨN-	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S1009 (Stubbs 2009:164); not quite correspondent			same	derived	mujam-ˈbiʃ-t gopher-ind-npn		Hill 2010:50	no info	2		1		no info		hunted	men	roasted on coals, bones ground	0		0		North America	Diverse habitats	no
poison oak			flora-fauna	Toxicodendron diversilobum	yah-wŭt' 72-79, 60-505	ʔɨja:ˈwɨt (?)	Poison Oak, Toxicodencron diversiblobum	inheritance	*ʔɨjaa-	Californian		S1506 (Stubbs 2009:224) Huasteca Nahuatl iyatl “tobacco”is ridiculous. Kitanemuk ʔɨycič should be in. First vowel is central.			same	other complex	ʔɨja:ˈwɨ-t poison.oak-npn		http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n479/mode/2up; p. 505	no info	2		2		no		N/A	N/A	N/A	0		0		Pacific coast Canada to Baja California	Likes damp, shady areas, chaparral	yes
rattlesnake			flora-fauna	Crotalus spp.	shümmünt	ʃɨˈmɨnt	rattlesnake	inheritance	*samɨnɨ	Uto-Aztecan		S2011b (Stubbs 2009:280), should combine with 2011a			same	other complex	ʃɨˈmɨn-t rattlesnake.npn		Hill 2010:81	no info	1	Rattlesnake is a supernatural being, a yümükīwal, and must be treated with respect	2	no reptiles eaten (Voegelin 1938:6)	no info		N/A	N/A	N/A	0		0		Southern Canada south	Diverse habitats	yes
red ant			flora-fauna	Solenopsis spp	anünt	ʔaˈnɨnt	red ant, yellow ant	inheritance	*ʔalɨN-	Uto-Aztecan		S44 (Stubbs 2009:44)			broader (includes yellow ants)	other complex	ʔaˈnɨn-t red.ant-npn		Hill 2010:9	no info	1	live ants wrapped in balls of eagle down swallowed for visions	0	Voegelin 1938:12	1	live ants wrapped in balls of eagle down swallowed for ailments	gathered (wild)	men	see notes	0	“the effect produced when the ants bit the lining of the stomach was similar to that produced by drinking jimsonweed” (Voegelin 1938:5)	0		Americas	Diverse habitats	no
red-shouldered blackbird			flora-fauna	Agelaius phoeniceus	tsakkīpü:l	ʦaki:ˈbɨ:l	blackbird	loan			Yokuts	Nim-Yokuts *č'ax (Golla 1964:60)	WW	%chak	same	derived	ʦaki:ˈ-bɨ:-l blackbird-deriv.suffix-npn	chikkīt	Hill 2010:89	no info	2		1		no info		hunted	men	roasted on coals, bones ground (some consultants denied Tub. ate eggs before Whites)	0		0		North and Central America	Open grassy areas, prefers wetlands, but also found in dry upland meadows	no
red-tailed hawk			flora-fauna	Buteo jamaicensis	wā'al	wa:ˈʔal	large hawk	inheritance	*kwa7a-	Uto-Aztecan		S716 (Stubbs 2009:131)			same	other complex	wa:ˈʔa-l hawk-npn		Hill 2010:114	no info	2	Hawk is a supernatural being, a yümükīwal, and must be treated with respect	2	Voegelin 1938:12	no info		hunted	men	for feathers for arrow fletching (Voegelin 1938:28)	0		0		Americas	Mixed forest and field	no
roadrunner			flora-fauna	Geococcyx californianus	üyhyümpisht	ʔɨjhjɨmˈbiʃt	roadrunner, Geococcyx californianus	loan			Yokuts	Proto-NimYokuts *ʔoyʔoy (Golla 1964); UA roadrunners say puypuy	WW	%uji	same	derived	ʔɨjhjɨmˈ-biʃ-t goes.uy-indiv-npn	chikkīt	Hill 2010:113	no info	2		1	Voegelin 1938:12; disgusting because they eat lizards	no info		N/A	N/A	N/A	0		0		Southwestern U.S. to Central America	desert areas	no
ruddy duck			flora-fauna	Oxyura jamaicensis	missing			missing								missing					2		1		0					0		0				no
sage herb			flora-fauna	Artemisia californica	missing (not found this far east)			missing								missing					2		2		1					0		0				no
salmon/steelhead			flora-fauna	Oncorhynchus mykiss	ha”yahl	haʔayahl	trout	unique							same	other complex	haʔayah-l trout-npn		Hill 2010:22	no info	2		1		no info		hunted	all	used fish traps (men), poison (everybody), diverse preparations, mainly roasting on coals	0		0		West coast North America to roughly San Diego	anadromous; rivers with coastal outlets	no
scaly lizard			flora-fauna	Pygopus lepidopodus?	shikkol	ʃiˈkol	lizard	semantic shift	*siko- “stinkbug”	Californian		S312 (Stubbs 2009:83); alwas reduplicated as sisko in “stinkbug”, perhaps that's the shift from “lizard”.			broader (includes several kinds of lizard, more like English “lizard, generic”)	other complex	ʃiˈko-l lizard-npn		Hill 2010:78	no info	2		2	no reptiles eaten (Voegelin 1938:6)	no info		N/A	N/A	N/A	0		0		Americas	Diverse habitats	no
small bird			flora-fauna		chikkīt	ʧiˈki:t	bird (also “small bird” in Merriam)	loan			Southern Sierra Miwok	Callaghan 2001 SSM cicka is Yok-Utian			broader (includes more than songbirds -- see “bird”))	other complex	ʧiˈki:-t bird-npn		Hill 2010:16	no info	2		1	Voegelin (1938:12) mentions that Tub. did not eat meadowlarks because they thought they were cute and felt sorry for them	N/A		N/A	N/A	N/A	0		0		N/A	N/A	no
small brown lizard			flora-fauna		chi-le-vit 72-811; 60-497 with chi-le-bit	ʧayliˈbit	small brown lizard (Uta)	unique				Note Yawelmani Yokuts Tesa'ay (Kroeber 1961:205)			no info	derived	ʧayli-ˈbi-t lizard.sp-diminutive-npn		http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n479/mode/2up; p. 497	no info	2		2	no reptiles eaten (Voegelin 1938:6)	no info		N/A	N/A	N/A	0		0		Western North America	desert areas	no
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		tuhhatt	tuˈhat	water snake (see species notes)	inheritance	*tahu	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S2015 (Stubbs 2009:280); seems reasonable to include in the set			narrower (does not include rattlesnakes)	other complex	tuˈha-t snake-npn		Hill 2010:92	no info	0		1	no reptiles eaten (Voegelin 1938:6)	no info		N/A	N/A	N/A	0		0		Americas	Diverse habitats	no
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		shymmynt “rattlesnake”			inheritance
soaproot			flora-fauna	Chlorogalum	hōlōhpü:l	ho:lo:hˈbɨ:l	Soaproot, Lathoe pomeridiana, used for shampoo	unique							same	derived	ho:lo:h-ˈbɨ:-l soaproot-deriv.suffix-npn		Hill 2010:24)	no info	2		1		no info		gathered (wild)	women	root chopped and mashed for shampoo; fibers from root for brushes	0		0		Southwest Oregon, California	rock bluffs, grasslands, chaparral	no
sour berry			flora-fauna	Rhus trilobata	shü:l	ˈʃɨ:l	weft or warp material for coiled baskets	inheritance	*sɨ(ta)	Californian		Note Cahuilla selet, Gabrielino sorat, Kitanemuk. hɨč			broader (includes a particular stem type from several plants)	other complex	ˈʃɨ:-l warp-npn		Hill 2010:80	no info	2		1	some people considered berries too sour -- mainly a basketry plant	no info		gathered (wild but closely managed)	women	used for warp and weft of baskets for dark red color	0		0		Western North America	chaparral to 3500 feet	no
sparrow hawk			flora-fauna	Falco	liklīkīpitt	likli:gi:ˈbit	a story character	loan			Southern Sierra Miwok	SSM lekleksa (and note Nutuntu Yokuts likik	WW	%kili	same	derived	likli:gi:-ˈbi-t hawk.sp-diminutive-npn		Hill 2010:40	no info	2	Hawk is a supernatural being, a yümükīwal, and must be treated with respect	2	Voegelin 1938:12	no info		hunted	men	for feathers for arrow fletching (Voegelin 1938:28)	0		0		Americas	Diverse habitats	no
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna	Arachnida, Araneae	shūyal	ʃu:ˈjal	spider	inheritance	*sujV-	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S1841 (Stubbs 2009:260) “scorpion, sting”			same	other complex	ʃu:ˈja-l spider-npn		Hill 2010:81	no info	0		0	Voegelin 1938:12	no info		N/A	N/A	N/A	0		0		Americas	Diverse habitats	no
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna		shuujaal			inheritance
spotted skunk			flora-fauna	Spilogale gracilis	ponnihw	ponˈnihw	skunk	inheritance	*po(C)ni	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S1983 (Stubbs 2009:275); see discussion of possible UA etymology that I don't care for			broader (includes all skunks)	underived			Hill 2010:73	no info	2		2	Voegelin 1938:12	no info		N/A	N/A	seems like skins might have been used but I found no info	0		0		Western U.S.	Diverse habitats	no
toad	sapo	sapo	flora-fauna	Bufonidae	wōhnāl	wo:hˈna:l	large kind of frog	unique							broader (includes frog)	other complex	wo:hˈna:-l frog.sp-npn		Hill 2010:121	no info	2		2	Voegelin 1938:12	no info		N/A	N/A	N/A	0		0		Americas	Diverse habitats	no
tobacco	tabaco	tabaco	flora-fauna	Nicotiana spp.	shokohnt	ʃoˈgohnt	tobacco, Nicotiana bigelovii and N. attenuata	loan			Yokuts	a Yok-Utian etymon, broadly distributed in California and in Numic	WW	%sokon	broader (includes plant and several preparations)	other complex	ʃoˈgohn-t tpbacco-npn		Hill 2010:79	no info	1	used to seek spirit familiar	1		1	diverse uses for curing	gathered (wild but closely managed)	women	diverse preparations: mixed with lime as chaw, snuff; smoked crushed leaves. VERY closely managed at the level of semi-cultivation	1		0	prepared tobacco used in exchange	Americas	Diverse habitats	no
tree	árbol	arvore	flora-fauna	(NA)	u'ut	ʔuˈʔut	cottonwood; tree (generic)	inheritance	*hu-	Uto-Aztecan		S63 (Stubbs 2009:47)			broader (includes tree, wood, firewood, etc.. Would not be used for a named tree type.)	other complex	ʔuˈʔu-t tree-npn		Hill 2010:105	no info	0		0		N/A		N/A	N/A	N/A	0		0		N/A	N/A	no
tree yucca			flora-fauna	Yucca schidegera	umūpü:l	ʔumu:ˈbɨ:l	Joshua tree, Yucca brevifolia	inheritance	*amu(wV)	Uto-Aztecan		S4 (Stubbs 2009:40)			same	derived	ʔumu:-ˈbɨ:-l yucca.sp-deriv.suffix-npn		Hill 2010:102	no info	2		1	pods	no info		gathered (wild)	all	pods boiled whole	0		0		Mojave and Sonoran Deserts (and obviously nearby Coast Ranges in dry areas)	rocky slopes, creosote flats, 300-1200m (rarely up to 2500m)	no
turkey buzzard			flora-fauna	Cathartes aura	wishokkompisht	wiʃokomˈbiʃt	turkey vulture or buzzard, Cathartes aura	inheritance	*wisoko	Northern Uto-Aztecan		note Hopi wisoko and widespread wi- forms in UA, perhaps from an even older loan; see discussion at Hill/Miller *wi-08			same	derived	wiʃokom-ˈbiʃ-t vulture-ind-npn		Hill 2010:121	no info	2	has a song	2	Voegelin 1938:12	no info		N/A	N/A	N/A	0		0		Americas	Diverse habitats	no
turtle (generic)			flora-fauna	Testudines	kōyōt	ko:ˈjo:t	turtle	unique				Probably from *ko-ya-wɨ (or something like that); needs work. cf. koikoyoT, in several forms of Yokuts, but does not reconstruct to Yokutsan or Yok-Utian			same	other complex	ko:ˈjo:-t turtle-npn		Hill 2010:35	no info	2		2	“A difference of opinion” (Voegelin 1938:12)	no info		hunted	all	no info	0		1		Western North America	Diverse habitats	no
valley live oak			flora-fauna	Quercus agrifolia	wa'anul	waʔaˈnul	Canyon live oak, Quercus chrysolepsis	inheritance	*wi7a(N)	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S2507b (Stubbs 2009:224); vocalism bad but first /a/ could just be harmony across the glottal stop. Surely it is this etymon.			same	other complex	waʔaˈnu-l q.chrysolepsis-npn (really has -u- deriv. suffix but perhaps not synchronic)		Hill 2010:115	no info	2		1		no info		gathered (wild but closely managed)	all	acorns shelled, ground into flour, leached, prepared in diverse ways	0		1		Southwestern U.S. to Sierra Nevada	up to 2700 meters, likes north-facing slopes in hot areas, tolerant of steep slopes, rocky soil	no
valley oak			flora-fauna	Quercus lobata	shīpī'ül	ʃi:bi:ˈʔɨl	Valley Oak, Quercus lobata	inheritance	*siˈpiC-	Uto-Aztecan		S1511 (Stubbs 2009:224), to which add Gabrielino sa-veCH (Merriam). This is a very conservative item.			same	other complex	ʃi:bi:ˈʔɨ-l valley.oak-npn (root perhaps a loan? See Kitanemuk shef)		Hill 2010:79	no info	2		1		no info		gathered (wild but closely managed)	all	acorns shelled, ground into flour, leached, prepared in diverse ways	0		1	sometimes traded from Yokuts	Southwest Oregon, California to Tehachapis, also on Channel Islands	valley floors, riparian areas	no
valley quail			flora-fauna	Callipepla californica	takkāh	taˈkah	California quail, Valley quail, Callipepla californica	loan			no information	A very widespread Californianism, showing up only in Tubatulabal in Californian; all others have expected *kakaC	WW	%kaka	same	underived	taˈkah (ultimately sound-imitative)	chikkīt	Hill 2010:83	no info	2	topknots in feather wand carried at burning	1		no info		hunted	men	roasted on coals, bones ground (some consultants denied Tub. ate eggs before Whites)	0		0		Far west North America to British Columbia	open woodlands, chaparral	no
Washington clam			flora-fauna	Saxidomus nuttalli	missing			missing								missing					2		1		0					0		1				no
Western Canada goose			flora-fauna	Branta canadensis	pāwilīkant	pa:wili:iˈgant	a white-faced goose, possibly snow goose or Ross's goose	unique				Stubbs 2009:130 (S709) links to Hopi pa:wikya “duck”; they have only pa: in common. Tub. word probably reflects pa:-witikV, but correspondences are not regular			same	other complex	pa:wili:iˈgan-t goose.sp-npn (root is surely complex historically)	kulāpisht	Hill 2010:67	no info	0		1		no info		hunted	men	roasted on coals, bones ground (some consultants denied Tub. ate eggs before Whites)	0		0		North America	open fields, wetlands	no
whale			flora-fauna	Eschrichtius robustus	missing			missing								missing					2		1		2					0		1				no
white pelican			flora-fauna	Pelicanus erythrorhynchos	missing			missing								missing					0		2		0					0		0				no
wild grapevine			flora-fauna	Vitis californica	wōlōnt	wo:ˈlo:nt	Wild grape, Vitis californica	unique							same	other complex	wo:ˈlo:n-t grapes-npn		Hill 2010:122	no info	2		1		no info		gathered (wild)	all	eaten raw, or boiled, ground and stored as cakes	0		0		Southwest Oregon, California	common along streams and in canyon bottoms below 4000 feet	no
wild oats			flora-fauna	Avena (introduction)	māsht	ˈma:ʃt	wild oats, a species of seed	semantic shift	*maha-si	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S1033 (Stubbs 2009:167) and see also 1614			same	other complex	ˈma:ʃ-t wild.oats-npn		Hill 2010:43	no info	2		1	seeds	no info		gathered (wild but closely managed)	women	seeds parched, mixed with other seeds, mixed with water as gruel	0		0		Americas	Common up to about 3500 feet; abundant since at least 1835	no
wild rose			flora-fauna	Rosa californica	ki'-yah-ahl' 72-819, 60-503	ka:jaˈʔal (?)	wild rose, Rosa californica	unique				Note Lu. kaya:t “southern Tauschia” (an umbel)			same	other complex	ka:jaˈʔa-l wild.rose-npn		http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n479/mode/2up; p. 503	no info	0		1		no info		gathered (wild)	all	fruits eaten raw, or in tea, or ground	0		0		Oregon, California, northern Baja California	moist areas, cienegas, along streams	no
wild sunflower			flora-fauna	Helianthus (and other genera)	tālattāwkipü:l	ta:lata:wgiˈbɨ:l	sunflower, sunflower seeds	unique				probably calque from Spanish girasol??			narrower (perhaps domestic sunflower only)	derived	ta:la-ta:wgi-ˈbɨ:-l sun-look.at-deriv.suffix-npn (perhaps a nonce form)		Hill 2010:84	no info	0		1		no info		planted (intensive maintenance)	women	seeds parched, mixed with other seeds, mixed with water as gruel	0		0		North America	Diverse habitats	no
willow			flora-fauna	Salix spp.	sāhat	sa:ˈhat	willow, Salix laevigata	inheritance	*sakat	Uto-Aztecan		S1023 (Stubbs 2009:166)	WW	%saka	same	other complex	sa:ˈha-t willow-npn		Hill 2010:77	no info	2		2	mainly for baskets, matting, etc.	no info		gathered (wild)	women	basketry	0		0		Southwestern U.S. and Mexico	Along streams and in wet places below 2000 feet	no
wood rat, round-tail			flora-fauna	Neotoma spp.	hawal	haˈwal	woodrat	inheritance	*kawa-	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S1423 (Stubbs 2009:242)			same	other complex	haˈwa-l woodrat-npn		Hill 2010:22	no info	2		1		no info		hunted	men	roasted on coals, bones ground	0		0		Western U.S., northern Mexico	Diverse habitats	no
worm, hairy caterpillar			flora-fauna	Arctiidae (many species)	ah'-ling pun-goon “caterpillar” 72-815, 60-499	ʔa:ˈliŋ pɨnˈgu:n (?)	caterpillar	unique							no info	phrase	ʔa:ˈl-iŋ pɨnˈgu:-n crow(?)-genitive pet-possessed “X's pet”		http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n479/mode/2up; p. 499	no info	2		2	Voegelin 1938:12	no info		N/A	N/A	N/A	0		0		Americas	Diverse habitats	no
worm, smooth caterpillar			flora-fauna	Trichoplusia ni (?) cabbage looper	pi'akünt	piʔaˈgɨnt	tobacco worm	inheritance	*piʔakɨC	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S2527 (Stubbs 2009:338)			same	other complex	piʔaˈgɨn-t tobacco.worm-npn		Hill 2010:48	no info	2		2	Voegelin 1938:12	no info		N/A	N/A	N/A	0		0		Americas	Diverse habitats	no
yellow jacket			flora-fauna	Vespula spp., Dolichovespula spp.	wewwehyül	wewehˈjɨl	yellow jacket	unique				Stubbs (S162; 2009:62) suggests with Lu. waawa-la “mud wasp”, Cup wa'walim “yellowjacket”. Maybe.			same	other complex	wewehˈjɨ-l yellowjacket-nph (root probably has reduplication)		Hill 2010:118	no info	2	a story character	0	Voegelin 1938:12	no info		N/A	N/A	N/A	0		0		Americas	Diverse habitats	no
yellowbird			flora-fauna	Dendroica petechia	missing			missing								missing					0		1		0					0		0				no
yerba santa			flora-fauna	Eriodictyon californicum	wool-loo'-ye-pŭl 72-79; also sil-le'-ă-pul 72-821, 60-505 both	wulu:yyiˈpü:l (?)	Yerba santa	unique							same	derived	wulu:yyi-ˈpü:-l Yerba.sants-deriv.suffix-npn		http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n479/mode/2up; p. 505	no info	2		1		1		gathered (wild)	women	no info, but used everywhere in tea for diverse ailments	0		0		Oregon, California	Diverse habitats	no

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Cultural Vocabulary (115)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Source
acorn bread			food	tappishīl, tapshīl	Note: pp, mm etc. do not lenite to b, w, etc. But 'p' >b, ts > dz, etc. Sh is š, ch is č. Macrons are long.	bread	unique						Unpublished compilation of all sources with Tb. Lexicon; this is July 2010 version	other complex		K. Hill Tub>Eng
acorn mush			food	chāmi-l		acorn mush or gravy	unique							other complex		K. Hill Tb>Eng
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven	tierra do los muertos	terra dos mortos	culture-mythology	Āpōnōlīmak		Land of the Dead	unique							other complex		K. Hill Tb>Eng
alcohol			food	missing			missing
arrow	flecha	flecha	subsistence tool	pāhūl		arrow, war arrow, bullet	inheritance	*huca	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 63 with pa- "big"	other complex		K. Hill Tb>Eng
arrow straightener			other	ūkisht		heated stone arrow straightener	unique						contains huu 'arrow'??	other complex		K. Hill Tb>Eng
bag, sack			culture-material	māshatt, māshal		bag	unique						homophone with "antelope", as in Palewyami Yokuts	other complex		K. Hill Tb>Eng
bait for fishing	cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru)	isca	subsistence tool	tü:hatt		fish bait	loan			Numic			Could this be Stubbs 1235, from Numic *tyha 'to hunt'??	other complex		K. Hill Tb>Eng
ball game			food	pāwāshil		shinny game	unique						could this be related to Cup. Pawxan 'club, bat'??	other complex		K. Hill Tb>Eng
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	hommol		cooking basket	inheritance	*komi	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 99b "pot, back of tortoise, back"	other complex		K. Hill Tb>Eng
basket, small	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto pequeno, tampado	culture-material	hommopit		small coiled basket	inheritance	*komi	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 99b "pot, back of tortoise, back"	derived, other complex		K. Hill Eng>Tb
basketry hat			culture-material	pongkat		basket hat, worn by women	unique						Stubbs 1711 *apoko??	other complex		K. Hill Tb>Eng
bead	abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar	miçanga	culture-material	tukumpal		sky; bead, beads, white clamshell disks	inheritance	*tukuN-pa	Northern Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 2032a, related to b)	other complex		K. Hill Tb>Eng
beans			food	missing			missing
boomerang/throwing stick (generic)			subsistence tool				missing
bottle	botella	garrafa	acculturation	iwwat		water basket, bottle	unique							other complex		K. Hill Tb>Eng
bottom grinding stone			manufacture	pahal “mortar” (bedrock)			loan direction unknown
bow	arco	arco	subsistence tool	ālitt		bow, gun	inheritance	*aCta	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 275	other complex		K. Hill Tb>Eng
canoe	canoa	canoa	transport	missing			missing
carrying net			subsistence tool	tsampahal		carrying net	unique							other complex		K. Hill Tb>Eng
cat	gato	gato	acculturation	nātü7		cat	loan		Spanish	Spanish	WW	%gato	from an intermediate language	simplex		K. Hill Tb>Eng
chicken	gallina	galinha	acculturation	ōywal		chicken	loan			unknown			note Mins 7awa7:awle-, awa7:awli- 'chicken'. Source???	other complex		K. Hill Tb>Eng
chief/leader	jefe, cacique	chefe	culture-mythology	timmiwwal		chief	unique							other complex		K. Hill Tb>Eng
clapper			acculturation	kāpāpāynisht		split-stick rattle	unique							derived, other complex		K. Hill Tb>Eng
clothing	ropa	roupa	culture-mythology	üttüsshal		clothes	inheritance	*wytta	Northern Uto-Aztecan				might be a loan from W. Numic, Stubbs 2011 253b; note Yawlmani Suto:sol 'shirt' Newman 109	other complex		K. Hill Tb>Eng
club	garrote, cachiporra	clava, porrete	subsistence tool	missing			missing
cook food			food	tükkikūy'at		to cook	loan			Numic			kātsat 'cook by boiling'	other complex	foor-?	K. Hill Tb>Eng
corn			food	maysht		corn	loan		Spanish	Spanish	WW	%maiz		other complex		K. Hill Tub>Eng
corpse			food	mukut		dead person	inheritance	*mukki	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 655	other complex		K. Hill Tb>Eng
cradleboard			culture-material	umpuwal		y-shaped cradle	unique							other complex		K. Hill Tub>Eng
cremate			culture-mythology	missing			missing
dance (generic)			culture-mythology	mūluwat		to dance	inheritance	*muLawi	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 637	other complex		K. Hill Tb>Eng
Datura wrightii			narcotics	mōmōht, mōmoht		Datura meteloides, Jimsonweed, toloache	loan			Ventureno Chumash	WW	%moji ~ %moni	J. Hill 2011; ultimately Gab/Lu, into Chumashan	other complex		K. Hill Tub>Eng
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure	dios(es), deidad	divinidade, figura mítica	culture-mythology	Pangattal		God ("above the sun")	unique						CHM has man-nā'-sar 'the world maker, an old woman who had 5 brothers' (this is Gab manisar 'capitana' and maybe the manit woman 49:277	derived, other complex		K. Hill Tb>Eng
digging stick			subsistence tool	ūlūynīl		digging stick	loan			Sierra Miwok			CHM has nahhatil 49:267, K. Hill also has 'digging stick', p. 133	derived, other complex		K. Hill Tb>Eng
digging stick			subsistence tool	uuluujniil (written uuluuyniil)			loan
dipper			subsistence tool	hommopit		ladle, basketry ladle for the cooking basket	inheritance	*komi	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 99b "pot, back of tortoise, back"	derived, other complex		K. Hill Tb>Eng
dream	sueño, soñar	sonho, sonhar	culture-mythology	tummūka		to dream	inheritance	*ty-mukki	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 714; noun is untummūkappül 135	simplex	root; complex diachronically only	K. Hill Tb>Eng
drone pipe			culture-mythology	missing			missing
drum	tambor	tambor	culture-mythology	missing			missing
earring			other	nangkawilli'at		earrings	unique						nas nangka 'ear'	compound, derived, other complex	ear-wili (what is that?) either wil'in 'hang' or wilat 'skirt feathers'???	K. Hill Tb>Eng
feather headband			dress	annampül		headband of magpie feathers	unique							other complex
fire drill			subsistence tool	ātāwāyisht		drill of fire drill	unique							derived, other complex		K. Hill Tb>Eng
fire-tender			culture-mythology	po'anappü:l		fire tender	unique							derived, other complex		K. Hill Tb>Eng
fireplace	hogar	lareira	other	po-ist'		fireplace	unique							other complex		Merriam 49:263
firewood	leña	lenha	other	kuttukatt		firewood	inheritance	*kut-ta	Northern Uto-Azteca				Stubbs 2011 2408	other complex		K. Hill Tb>Eng
fish (with fish-poison)	pescar con barbasco, barbasquear	pescar com timbó; tinguijar	food	welēhanat		to fish	inheritance	*kwyty	Uto-Aztecan				Hill/Miller kwy-07 'carry, catch with hand'	derived, other complex		K. Hill Tb>Eng
fish (with line)	anzuelear, pescar con linea	pescar (com linha)	food	wīshat		catch with cord, rope, fishline	inheritance	*wik	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1843; yu- is the 'hair' root	derived, other complex		K. Hill Tb>Eng
fish hook			subsistence tool	welēhanisht		fish hook	inheritance	*kwyty	Uto-Aztecan				see 'fish with poison'	derived, other complex	from 'catch' word	K. Hill Tub>Eng
fish poison	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	subsistence tool	missing			missing
fishing line	cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze	linha de pesca	subsistence tool	missing			missing
flute	flauta, quena (Peru)	flauta	culture-mythology	lūlu'isht		flute	loan			Southern Sierra Miwok			Stubbs 912 has with *wiLu (PNUA), he says this is just the second syllable reduplicated. But is clearly Miwokan loan (similar forms elsewhere in north	other complex		K. Hill Tub>Eng
gambling sticks			other	tūpisht		stick used for guessing in the hand game called tūppimīl CHM 49:281)	inheritance	*typo-	Californian				see Serrano; tah-tsă-hahn-ist gambling sticks Merriam 49:281	other complex		K. Hill Tub>Eng
game animal	caza, animal de caza	caça, animal de caça	food	missing			missing
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit	espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio	espirito	culture-mythology	āpawwinal		devil, ghost, soul	unique							other complex		K. Hill Tb>Eng
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit	espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio	espirito	culture-mythology	āpawwinal		ghost	unique							other complex		K. Hill Tub>Eng
glue			subsistence tool	āwating pān		glue ("horn soup")	unique							phrase		K. Hill Tub>Eng
grave	tumba, sepultura, sepulcro	sepultura, sepulcro, cova	culture-mythology	tusshikāl		grave,	unique						tūshikal 'burial place'	other complex		K. Hill Tub>Eng
gun	arma, escopeta	espingarda, fusil	acculturation	āli-t		gun, bow	semantic shift	*aCta	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 275	other complex		K. Hill Tb>Eng
hat	sombero	chapéu	dress	elēlinnat		hat	unique							derived, other complex		K. Hill Tb>Eng
honey	miel	mel	food	missing			missing
house			other	hannīl		house	inheritance	*kaNLi	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1213	other complex		K. Hilll Tb>Eng
house			other	hannii-l			inheritance
hunt	cazar	caçar	food	tohhat		to hunt	loan			Numic			Stubbs 2011 1235	other complex		K. Hilll Tb>Eng
initiate boy			culture-mythology	missing			missing
initiate girl			culture-mythology	missing			missing
knife	cuchillo	faca	culture-material	pikat		knife	inheritance	*pikkaC	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1266	other complex		K. Hill Tb>Eng
loincloth	taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla	tanga, tapa-sexo	dress	talūmatt		breechcloth	inheritance	*taLumaC	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 255	other complex		K. Hill Tb>Eng
mat			culture-material	paht		tule mat, mat made from whole dried tules	inheritance	*paka	Uto-Aztecan				Hill/Miller pa-31	other complex		K. Hill Tb>Eng
medicine			narcotics	tīpōhisht		medicine, herb medicine	unknown						maybe from puha 'power'??	other complex		K. Hill Tub>Eng
mortar	mortero	pilão	subsistence tool	kūppahhal		portable mortar	inheritance	*paha	Northern Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1085	phrase, other complex	wood-mortar	K. Hill Tb>Eng
necklace			other	ho'-naht	CHM's ' is stress	necklace of shells	inheritance	*koLoka	Uto-Aztecan		WW	%xene	Stubbs 2011 1505	other complex		Merriam 49:261
needle/awl			subsistence tool	ninga'atol		awl	unique						wüngapüt 'awl from cactus spine'	other complex		K. Hill Tb>Eng
ochre			culture-mythology	missing			missing
paddle/oar	remo	remo	transport	missing			missing
paper	papel	papel	acculturation	missing			missing
pestle	pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor	mão de pilão	subsistence tool	poho'wal, pohōwal		pestle	loan	*paha	Northern Uto-Aztecan		WW	%polwa	Stubbs 2011 1085 with increment, is vowel from assim from /w/?	other complex		K. Hill Tb>Eng
pinole			food	u'ūkil		gruel	unique						hāyil 'thick gray-colored gruel'	other complex		K. Hill Tb>Eng
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other	wōshākinisht		tobacco pipe, tubular pipe made of cane	unique							derived, other complex		K. Hill Tb>Eng
pitch			food	shānot		pitch from pine	inheritance	*salaC	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1634	other complex		K. Hill Tb>Eng
policeman	polícia	policía	acculturation	nahhakkannan		sheriff, police, agent	unique							derived, other complex		K. Hill Tub>Eng
pot	olla, pote	panela, vasilha	subsistence tool	kātsul		pot of clay	inheritance	*kasa	Uto-Aztecan				Hill 2012	other complex		K. Hill Tb>Eng
quiver			subsistence tool	māshatt		bag, sack, quiver for arrows	unique						same as 'bag, sack', homophone with 'antelope'; antelope scrotum used for bags	other complex		K. Hill Tb>Eng
rattle	matraca, maraca	marico, chocalho	culture-mythology	shālisht		dew-claw rattle	unique						could this be a variant of stubbs 1930 with loss of /w/?? Also pātsō'alkinisht 'cocoon rattle	other complex		K. Hill Tb>Eng
red paint			culture-mythology	yahhawāl		red earth or clay (Merriam 'red paint' 49:261)	unique							other complex		K. Hill Tb>Eng
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture	yūwil		string, buckskin thong (of Milkweed, Merriam 49:267)	inheritance	*wik	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1843; yu- is the 'hair' root	other complex		K. Hill Tb>Eng
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture	tuumajuut, tyymi7at			loan
salt	sal	sal	food	ungāl		salt	inheritance	*omCa	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1865	other complex		K. Hill Tb>Eng
school	escuela	escola	acculturation	ishkwele7		school	loan			Spanish	WW	%escuela		simplex		K. Hill Tb>Eng
seed beater			subsistence tool	wālat		seed beater	loan			unknown			see Maidu walétky 'winnowing basket', but should be through intermediate lg., maybe Sierra Miwok	other complex		K. Hill Tb>Eng
shaman, healer	chamán, brujo	xaman, pajé, feiticeiro	culture-mythology	ātsowāl		shaman, curing shaman (male only), witch; doctor, physician	unique						maybe related to Numic tso7a 'spirit, ghost' words???pahām'weather shaman'	other complex		K. Hill Tub>Eng
shoes	zapatos	sapatos	dress	wongkol		shoes	loan	*woNko	Uto-Aztecan	Southern Sierra Miwok	WW	%moko	Stubbs 2011 1956, cognate is Mayo wok 'put on shoes'; CHM wah-haht' men's moccasins 49:261	other complex		K. Hill Tub>Eng
sinew-backed bow			subsistence tool	ālitt tappanīl		sinew-backed bow	inheritance	*aCta	Uto-Aztecan				with 'wrap' also inherited	phrase		K. Hill Tb>E
skirt	falda, saya, fustan, pollera	saia	culture-material	yāpil		skirt (CHM says 'white woman's dress')	unknown						maybe Stubbs 493??? 'old time short skirt' -Nah-ween' Merriam 49:259	other complex		K. Hill Tb>Eng
snare			subsistence tool	mŏn-ahl		trap, deadfall	unique							other complex		Merriam 49:265
soldier	soldado	soldado	acculturation	shünnü7ash (sg.) wattam (pl.)		soldier	unique			Spanish	WW	%soldado	maybe from soldado???	derived, other complex		K. Hill Tub>Eng
song (generic)	canción, canto	canção	culture-mythology	āyānil		song, singing	inheritance	*aya	Northern Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1492	derived, other complex		K. Hill Tb>Eng
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool	mūsht		fishing spear	unknown						maybe from 'shoot'???	other complex		K. Hill Tb>Eng
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool	paahuul “arrow” (are other kinds)			inheritance
spearthrower			subsistence tool	aali-tt “bow”			inheritance
stirring stick			food	wōtō'li-l		looped stirrer for acorn mush	unique							derived, other complex		K. Hill Tb>Eng
stone bowl			culture-material	missing			missing
string of shell money			other	ōyatt		money	unique							other complex		K. Hill Tb>Eng
sugarcane/sugar	azúcar, caña de azúcar	açucar (de cana)	acculturation	hāpisht, asuka		sugar, sweet	semantic shift	*pisa(L)	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 2259	other complex		K. Hill Tb>Eng
sweathouse			other	mūshatt		sweathouse	loan			Yokuts	WW	%mosh		other complex		K. Hill Tb>Eng
tell history			culture-mythology	tü'pinnuka'tawat		tell myth	unique							other complex		K. Hill Tb>Eng
thatch/roof	crisneja	palha, caraná	culture-material	wattangaa-n hanniiling “the top of the house”			unique
tobacco (native)			narcotics	sho'kohnt		tobacco	loan			Yokuts	WW	%sokon		other complex		K. Hill Tub>Eng
top grinding stone	metate, mano; piedra de moler	metate, mano	manufacture	pohoo(7)wal “pestle”			loan direction unknown
tule boat			transport	nīht		tule raft	loan			Southern Sierra Miwok	WW	%nuh	perhaps loan, note Proto-Wintun *nuh, loaned into Maidu, Yuki -- might have reached Tub through Sierra Miwok but I don't have any words for tule raft from Eastern Miwok. Lake Miwok has this etyma set	other complex		K. Hill Tub>Eng
wheat			food	missing			missing
white paint			culture-mythology	ah-haht'		white paint	unique						tsuyūl 'white rock or lime' in K.Hill	other complex		Merriam 49:261
winnow	aventar, tirar (sementes)	joeirar	manufacture				missing
winnowing basket			culture-material	pū'isht		winnowing tray	unique						could this be from pi7wa 'clean' Stubbs 2011 2495??? Merriam has waht 'circular winnower' 49:269	other complex		K. Hill Tub>Eng
wood tray			subsistence tool	ūtsīl		tule tray	unique							other complex		K. Hill Tub>Eng

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Current Population (speakers)	Former Population Estimate	Subsistence Preference	Density	Sedentism	Ecotome	Marriage Pattern	Notes	Source
	medium	HG	medium	seasonal		no

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