| Bankalachi Toloim |
Tivella stultorum |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Big Smokey Valley Shoshone |
Tivella stultorum |
missing |
|
|
inheritance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Central Sierra Miwok |
Tivella stultorum |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
Tivella stultorum |
wagátapə |
voiceless schwa |
clamshell |
unique |
|
|
|
See “frog”; is this a semantic shift of some kind??? Has different ABS |
|
|
same |
other complex |
has -pɨ ABS |
|
|
|
Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Chumash Barbareno |
Tivella stultorum |
ʔaʧiʃiʃ; ʔalaquc'um |
|
clam sp. |
inheritance |
*'ala-qu-Cum clam sp., money |
Proto-Chumash |
|
Klar 1977:97 |
|
|
|
other complex |
7al- |
|
|
|
Beeler 1978:172 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Chumash Ineseno |
Tivella stultorum |
7alaquc'um |
|
clam sp. |
inheritance |
*'ala-qu-Cum |
Proto-Chumash |
|
Klar 1977:97 |
|
|
|
other complex |
7al- |
|
|
|
Klar 1977:97 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Chumash Obispeno |
Tivella stultorum |
L'anaqucu; č-kuyama |
|
Clam sp., money; Pismo clam |
inheritance |
*'ala-qu-Cum |
Proto-Chumash |
|
|
|
|
|
other complex |
7al- |
|
|
|
Klar 1977:97; Turner 1983:226 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Chumash Ventureno |
Tivella stultorum |
7alčʰum; qəpqə7əp; tswaqsiq (F. Librado JPH III:69:0030 |
|
clam sp., money; clam |
inheritance |
*'ala-qu-Cum |
Proto-Chumash |
|
Klar 1977:97 |
|
|
|
other complex |
7al- |
|
|
|
Klar 1977:97; JPH III:91:0425 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Cocopa |
Tivella stultorum |
swi· |
|
clam shell, clam |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Crawford 1989 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Comanche |
Tivella stultorum |
wa?rokoo?, wa?koo? |
|
shell of shellfish (clam, oyster, any shell fish) |
inheritance |
*ko... |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
probably Stubbs 1906 (2008:267) or perhaps 1905 (*koyo) --- with wa- from “water” -- a loan from somewhere??? |
|
|
broader (any shell) |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Robinson & Armagost 1990:219 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
Tivella stultorum |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Esselen |
Tivella stultorum |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
Tivella stultorum |
-ta:ri-n |
-ˈta:rin |
mi almeja (= vagina) |
unique |
|
|
|
Note S2387 Central Numic *ta'i “female genitalia”. The question here is, is this a dirty word for “clam”, or a euphemism for “vulva”? |
|
|
no info |
other complex |
-ˈta:r-in clam-possessed (requires a possessive prefix) |
|
|
|
|
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
McC 122 |
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
all |
meat cooked, shells saved for diverse uses |
0 |
|
1 |
Tivella beads were money, but not clams in this area |
Pacific Coast |
sandy beaches in surf zone |
no |
|
|
|
| Iipay 'Aa |
Tivella stultorum |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
Tivella stultorum |
ɁaniɁa |
|
shell |
unique |
|
|
|
note Mojave hanye “type of small shell” |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Zigmond et al. |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Kiliwa |
Tivella stultorum |
m+la? |
|
clam, mussel |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
broader (bivalve shells?) |
other complex |
m-la? archaic.adjectival.prefix-? (la? only in this word) |
|
|
|
Mixco 1985 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
Tivella stultorum |
kaŋawinihwaʔt |
ˈkaŋawinihwaʔt |
clam (used as tweezers) |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
broader (includes the animal, the shell, and the beads) |
derived |
ˈkaŋa-win-ihwaʔ-t beard-pull.out-instrument-npn |
-niw |
possessive classifier for things |
|
Anderton 1988:343 |
no info |
2 |
source of fancy shell beads used as offerings, money |
1 |
|
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
1 |
obtained from Chumash |
Pacific Coast roughly Monterrey-Baja |
sandy beaches in surf zone |
no |
|
|
|
| Lake Miwok |
Tivella stultorum |
káaj |
|
clam, clam shell, seashell, shellfish |
loan |
|
|
unknown |
Note Salinan A, M xaiìk “mussel |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Callaghan 1965 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
Tivella stultorum |
qáp$ut |
ʹqapşut |
clam species. Harrington: small clam, white, used for plucking whiskers, Pismo clam |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
other complex |
ʹqapşu-t clam.sp.-non.possessed.noun (root may be derived) |
|
|
no info |
Elliott 1999:788 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
all |
no info |
0 |
|
1 |
probably traded, but no Tivela at Lake Elsinore; shells are not pretty |
Pacific Coast Monterrey to Baja California |
sandy beaches in surf zone |
no |
|
|
|
| Maidu |
Tivella stultorum |
7odóko |
|
freshwater clam |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
relative clause |
head-grasp |
|
|
|
Shipley 1963 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Mojave |
Tivella stultorum |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Mutsun |
Tivella stultorum |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Nisenan |
Tivella stultorum |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
Tivella stultorum |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Northern Sierra Miwok |
Tivella stultorum |
7atkal-y- |
|
clam, freshwater (shell is ci:tepa); Merriam has as “fresh water mussels” |
inheritance |
|
Eastern Miwokan |
|
In Mip |
|
|
|
other complex |
-y nominalizer |
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Plains Miwok |
Tivella stultorum |
mul7u:sa- |
|
clam, clam shells, seashells (like Chinese spoons) |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Callaghan 1984 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Salinan A |
Tivella stultorum |
koyáma |
|
Pismo clam |
loan |
|
|
Obispeño Chumash |
Turner 1983:226 |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Turner 1983:226 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Salinan M |
Tivella stultorum |
čkóya:m |
|
clams |
loan |
|
|
Obispeño Chumash |
Turner 1983:226 |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Mason 1918:123; Turner 1983:226 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Seri (Comcaac) |
Tivella stultorum |
haan |
|
Smooth Pacific Venus clam, Chione fluctifraga (perhaps most similar to Pismo) |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
narrower (only used in names for some species of clams) and broader (can be any shell with ihaxöl) |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Comcaac Dictionary 306 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Serrano |
Tivella stultorum |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
Tivella stultorum |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Southern Sierra Miwok |
Tivella stultorum |
ky:cyp-, lacah:ana- |
|
long shell bead, long narrow shell bead (Dentalium?) (more likely Tivella hinge JHH) |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Broadbent 1964: |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
Tivella stultorum |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Tübatulabal |
Tivella stultorum |
tukumpal |
tugumˈbal |
sky, white clamshell disks |
semantic shift |
*tukuN-pa “sky” |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
S1985a (Stubbs 2009?276) |
|
|
narrower (does not refer to the animal or its shell, probably only to be disks strung as money) |
other complex |
tugumˈba-l sky/shell.disk-npn (historically, tukum-pa'an- “sky-on”) |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:24 |
no info |
2 |
clam disks used as offerings |
1 |
|
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
1 |
these obtained from Chumash, apparently directly |
Pacific Coast roughly Monterrey-Baja |
sandy beaches in surf zone |
no |
|
|
|
| Tümpisa Shoshone |
Tivella stultorum |
kwiyoto, koyoto |
|
mussel, clam, seashell |
inheritance |
*koyo |
Proto-Uto-Aztecan |
|
Stubbs 1905 has only as SUA (2008:267); and note Chumash q'oy “olivella) |
|
|
broader (bivalve shells and turtle shells?) |
underived |
but what is -to? |
|
|
|
Dayley 1989:87 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Wappo |
Tivella stultorum |
pe'-ne-ne |
|
small clam |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
reduplicated |
|
|
|
|
Merriam 52:579 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Washo |
Tivella stultorum |
šu7wé:k |
|
clam |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
WPD |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
Tivella stultorum |
ooGa |
|
clam shell, coin purse, padlock, turtle |
loan |
|
|
Miwokan |
Note Chukchansk ō>k “fresh-water mussels” , but no classifier |
|
|
|
unknown |
|
|
|
|
Bethel et al.:117 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Wintu |
Tivella stultorum |
L'al |
|
clams |
inheritance |
*L'al |
Wintun |
|
Shepherd 2005 |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Pitkin 1985 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Yavapai |
Tivella stultorum |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Yokuts Palewyami |
Tivella stultorum |
gîxa |
|
beads (“disk beads of clam shell” Kroeber 1961:213) |
loan into protolanguage |
|
Yokutsan |
Takic (?) |
nearly universal in K , either inheritance or Yowl loan but doesn't have /e/, so probably inheritance |
WW |
%kys |
narrower (the beads, perhaps not the animal or the whole shell) |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:194 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Yokuts Yawdanchi |
Tivella stultorum |
cuyut' |
|
beads (clam shell disks) (Merriam glosses as “a shell” 58:371 |
inheritance |
|
Nim-Yokuts |
|
Kroeber also has this form for Yowl |
|
|
narrower (probably just the beads, not the shell and animal) |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:194 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Yokuts Yowlumne |
Tivella stultorum |
k'e:xa:' |
|
beads (disks of clam shell); “money” N224 Tachi tu'uts Gayton I p. 23 |
loan into protolanguage |
|
Yokutsan |
Takic (?) |
All Nim, plus Palewyami in Kroeber |
WW |
%kys |
narrower (possibly just the beads, not the shell and animal) |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:194 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Yuki |
Tivella stultorum |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Yuma |
Tivella stultorum |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
