Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

Yuma

Family: Yuman
Region: North America
ISO 639-3: yum
Location: 32.79°, -114.60°
Notes
Features: Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Ethnographic Information

Data Sources: none

Basic Vocabulary (185)

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Etymology Code	Source
above	encima, arriba	acima	location	7ama/yvi H2:148; 7ama/y H3:211	7 is glottal stop, / is acute accent on preceding vowel	inheritance	Halpern 1-6 in IJAL 1947, 48
again	de nuevo, otra vez	de novo	grammar			missing
all	todo	todos	other			missing
and	y	e	grammar			missing
ankle	tobillo	tornozelo	body			missing
armpit	axila, sobaco	axila	body			missing
ash	ceniza(s)	cinzas	environment	xam7u:/ly H3:208		inheritance
at	en, a	em, a	location	-i H3:210; -k H3:210		unknown
back	espalda	costas	body	7ashlyma/k “my back” H1:29, saly-ma/k “back” H3:207	sh is [ʃ]	inheritance
bad	mal	mal	quality	7ala:/yk “it is bad”		loan direction unknown
belly	barriga	barriga	body	i:to/ H3:208		inheritance
below	abajo, debajo	abaixo	location	maxa/k H3:211 “underheath”		unknown
big	grande	grande	quality	*vata/y “to be big” H1:26		inheritance
bite	morder	morder	body	cakye/w H4:22		inheritance
black	negro	preto	colour	nyi:ly H3:209		inheritance
blood	sangre	sangue	body	-ixwe/T H3:210	T is retroflex t	inheritance
blow	soplar	soprar	body	caxavasuyk H5:92 “he blows”		inheritance
boil/pimple	espinilla, granos	espinha, borbulha	body			missing
bone	hueso	osso	body			missing
breast	pecho, seno	peito	body			missing
breathe	respirar	respirar	body	u:ye:/yk “he breathes” H1:31		inheritance
burn	quemar	queimar	environment	tapo/m H5:95		inheritance
chew	masticar, mascar	mastigar	body	canye/7 H4:22		inheritance
child	niño, niña	criança	human	xu:ma/r H3:212		unknown
climb	subir	subir	motion	aku:ly H5:106		inheritance
cloud	nube	nuvem	environment	7akwe/ H1:30		inheritance
cold	frío	frio	quality	xacu/r “to be cold” H4:20		inheritance
come	venir	vir	motion	adhi:/k “he comes” H1:31		inheritance
cook	cocinar	cozinhar	impact	alYulYk “he cooks” H1:27; alYulY “to cook” H5:97		inheritance
correct/true	verdad, de veras	verdade	quality			missing
count	contar	contar	mental			missing
cry	llorar	chorar	mental	ami/, ame/ “to weep, cry bird calls” H5:107		inheritance
cut/hack	cortar	cortar	impact	akye/T H6:148 cut off piece		inheritance
day	día	dia	time			missing
die/be dead	morir	morrer	state	apo:/yk “they die” H1:28, apu/y H4:29		inheritance
dig	cavar	cavar	impact	axwe/lyk “he digs” H1:29		inheritance
dingo/wolf			fauna	xatalwe/ H1:27 (coyote)		inheritance
dirty	sucio	sujo	quality			missing
dream	soñar	sonhar	mental	shama:/k “he dreams” H1:31; shatu:ma/cvek “they dream” H1:31		inheritance
drink	beber, tomar	beber	body	asi/, ase/ H4:29		inheritance
dry	seco	seco	quality	aru/vek “it is dry” H1:27		inheritance
dull/blunt	sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo	maçante, desamolado, não afiado	quality			missing
dust	polvo	poeira	environment	7ampo/T H1:30		inheritance
ear	oreja	orelha	body			missing
earth/soil	tierra	terra	environment	7ama/T H1:26		inheritance
eat	comer	comer	body	aso:/ (meat) H4:29, ama/ H4:29		inheritance
egg	huevo	ovo	fauna			missing
eye	ojo	olho	body	i:tho/ H1:29		inheritance
faeces	heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol	fezes	body	acerq “to defecate” H5 106		inheritance
fall	caer	cair	motion	a:lyaqv H5:93		inheritance
far	lejos	longe	quality			missing
fat/grease	grasa	gordura	body			missing
father	padre, papá	pai	kinship	7anyko/: “my father”; nyako/ H3:212		unknown
fear	miedo	medo	mental	mashadhe/k “he is afraid” H2:151		inheritance
feather	pluma	pena	fauna			missing
fire	fuego	fogo	environment	7a7a/w H1:26		inheritance
fish	xx	xx	fauna	7aci:/ H3:212		inheritance
flow	fluir	fluir	motion			missing
flower	flor	flor	environment			missing
fly	volar	voar	motion	aye/rek “he flies” H1:31		inheritance
fog	niebla, neblina	nevoeira, bruma, neblina	environment	7asa/ H3:211		inheritance
foot	pie	pé	body	i:me/ H3:207		inheritance
fruit	fruta	fruta	flora			missing
good	bueno	bom	quality	axo/Tk “it is good” H1:29		inheritance
grow	crecer	crescer	state			missing
hair (of head)	cabello	cabelo	body	i:7e/ H3 208		inheritance
hand	mano	mão	body	i:sha:/ly H3:208		inheritance
3sg	el/ella	ele/ela	grammar			missing
head	cabeza	cabeça	body			missing
hear	oír	ouvir	mental	7a7avk “I hear” H1:31		inheritance
heavy	pesado	pesado	quality	7ane/x “to be heavy” H4:20		inheritance
hide	esconder	esconder	motion	taduly/ “to hide in hand” H4:25,		inheritance
hit	golpear, pegar	bater	impact	a:qwe/t “beat, strike w/ stick” H4:28		unknown
hold	correr, asegurar, sostener	segurar	other	share/q “he grasps it” H1:27; xalyqic “to grasp” H5:94		unknown
how?	como	como	grammar			missing
1sg	yo	eu	grammar			missing
if	si	se	grammar			missing
in/inside	dentro, adentro	dentro	location			missing
intestines	intestinos	intestinos	body			missing
itch	hormiguear, sentir comezón	coçar	body			missing
kill	matar	matar	impact	tapu/y H5:95		inheritance
know/be knowledgeable	saber, conecer	saber, conhecer	mental	u:pa/w “to know, recognize” H4:20; atap “to know, put down” (see throw)		inheritance
lake	lago	lago	environment			missing
laugh	reír	rir	mental			missing
leaf	hoja	folha	environment			missing
left/left hand	izquierdo	esquerdo	location/body			missing
leg/foot	pierna	perna	body	i:me/ see “foot”		inheritance
lie down	acostarse, echarse	deitar	motion	apa/ H5:97		inheritance
lightning	rayo, relámpago	relampago	environment	uravteva “there will be lightning” H6:148		inheritance
live/be alive	vivir	viver, morar	body	7i:pa/y “be alive, be human” H3:205		inheritance
liver	hígado	figado	body			missing
long	largo	comprido, longo	quality	7aqo/l “to be long” H4:20		inheritance
louse	piollo, piojo	piolho	fauna			missing
lung	pulmón	pulmão	body			missing
man/male	hombre	homem	human	7i:pa:nyc “that man” H1:29; 7i:pa: “man, male” H3:154		inheritance
meat/flesh	carne	carne	fauna			missing
moon	luna	lua	environment	xaly7a/ H3:208		inheritance
mother	madre, mamá	mãe	kinship	7anta/yc “his mother”		inheritance
mouth	boca	boca	body	i:ya:/ H3:207		inheritance
name	nombre	nome	human	amuly “to have a personal name”, shi:muly “to have a clan name” H6:155		inheritance
nape	base del cuello, nuca	nuca	body			missing
near/close	cerca de	perto	quality	xi:pa/n “to be nearby” H4:21
neck	cuello	pescoço	body			missing
new	nuevo	novo	quality			missing
night	noche	noite	time	ti:nya:m “to be night” H4:21		inheritance
no/not	no	não	grammar	waly ... ma H4:29		inheritance
nose	nariz	nariz	body	i:xu:/ H1:31		inheritance
old	viejo	velho	quality	7aku/c “to be old” H4:20		unknown
one	uno	um	number	7ashe/nt H1:27		inheritance
open/uncover	abrir	abrir	other			missing
other	otro	outro	grammar			missing
pain/painful/sick	dolor, doloroso, enfermo	dor, doloroso, doente	body	7achkwara/v “the sick one” HI:26; ac ara/v “to be sick” H6:150		inheritance
person/human being	persona	pessoa	human	pa7i:pa:/ H1:30		inheritance
pound/beat	machacar, golpear	bater	impact	kaco/ “to pound lightly” H5:93; tawe/ “to grind” H5:95		unknown
rain	lluvia	chuva	environment	7u:v7a/w “to rain” H4:20		inheritance
red	rojo	vermelho	colour	7axwe/T H3:209		inheritance
right/right hand	derecha	direita	location/body			missing
road/path	camino	caminho	manufacture	7u:nye/ H3:212		inheritance
root	raíz	raiz	flora	shama:/ H3:210		inheritance
rotten	podrido	podre	quality			missing
sand	arena	areia	environment	saly-7a/y H3:207		unique
say	decir	dizer	mental	a7i/, a7e “to say” H2:150 a7i:m “he says”		inheritance
scratch	rascar	rasgar	impact			missing
see	ver	ver	mental	ayu:/k “he sees” H1:28		inheritance
sharp	afilado, filudo, filoso	afiado	quality	ta:dho:yv “to sharpen edged tool” H5:93		inheritance
shoot	tirar, disparar, balear	atirar	impact	akya:m “he shoots” H 1:26; akye “to shoot” H5:95		inheritance
short	corto	curto	quality			missing
shoulder	hombro	ombro	body			missing
shy/ashamed	tímido, vergonzoso	timido, com vergonha	mental			missing
sit	sentar(se)	sentar	state	ana/k “he sits” H 1:27; ava/ “to sit, dwell” H5:107		inheritance
skin	piel	pele	body	7akwe/ly “hide, leather, skin” H3:210		inheritance
sky	cielo	céu	environment	7ama/yva H2:148		inheritance
sleep	dormir	dormir	body	ashma/ H4:26		inheritance
small	pequeño	pequeno	quality	7ano/qk “it is small” H1:29		unknown
smoke	humo	fumaça	environment			missing
sniff/smell	olfatear, oler	cheirar	body			missing
spit	escupir	cuspir	body			missing
split	partir, dividir	rachar, dividir, partir	impact	adha/pk “it is split” H1:29' a:dha/pk “he splits it” H1:31; tadha/p “to split” H6:164		inheritance
squeeze	estrujar, exprimir	espremer	impact			missing
stab/pierce	apuñalar, acuchillar	apunhalar	impact			missing
stand	estar de pié	ficar em pé	state	av7a/w H5:107		inheritance
star	estrella	estrela	environment			missing
steal	robar	roubar	other	kacaci:/ck “he steals” H1:29; na:r “to steal” H5:101		inheritance
stick/wood	palo	pau, vara	flora	7a7i:/ “wood, tree” H3:209		inheritance
stone	piedra	pedra	environment	7avi:/ H3:212		inheritance
suck	chupar	chupar	body	cato/q H4:22; api/s (suckle) H4:23		unknown
sweat	sudar	suor, suar	body	xaly ashu/c H6:153		unknown
swell	hincharse	inchar	body			missing
swim	nadar	nadar	motion			missing
tail	cola, rabo	rabo	body			missing
that	ese/esa	esse	grammar	nya: H3:211		inheritance
3pl	ellos/ellas	eles/elas	grammar			missing
thick	grueso, gordo, espeso	grosso	quality			missing
thin	delgado	fino	quality	la7a/wsh “emaciated” H4:21		unknown
think	pensar	pensar	mental	alynyi:dhu:/ck “he thinks” H1:27; aly7e/ H4:19 “to think, prefer, believe”, aly7i or aly7e H5:102		inheritance
this	este/esta	este	grammar	ava/ “this, a short distance away” H3:211		inheritance
2sg	xx	xx	grammar			missing
three	tres	tres	number	xamo/k “to be three” H4:21		inheritance
throat	garganta	garganta	body	malyaqe/ H3:212 “throat, voice”		inheritance
throw	tirar, lanzar	atirar, jogar	impact	a:pk “he throws it” H I:25 ata:p “to throw, put down” H5:94		inheritance
thunder	truenos	trovão	environment			missing
tie up/fasten	atar, amarrar	amarrar	impact	axe/r H5:95		inheritance
tongue	lengua	lingua	body	i:pa/ly H3:208		inheritance
tooth	diente	dente	body	i:dho:/ H1:29		inheritance
turn	girar, volter, torcer	virar	other			missing
two	dos	dois	number	xavi/k “to be two” H4:21		inheritance
vomit	vomitar	vomitar	body			missing
walk	caminar, andar	andar	motion	av7a:/ H5:97		inheritance
water	agua	agua	environment	7axa/ H2:151		inheritance
1pl.excl	nosotros (exclusivo)	nós (exclusivo)	grammar			missing
1pl.incl	nosotros (inclusivo)	nós (inclusivo)	grammar			missing
wet	mojado	molhado	quality	7axa/y “to be damp” H3:204		inheritance
what?	que, qué	que	grammar			missing
when?	cuando	quando	grammar			missing
where?	donde	onde	grammar	makyi/k H I:26		inheritance
white	blanco	branco	colour	xama:ly “to be white” H4:20		inheritance
who?	quien, quién	quem	grammar	makye/-ny “whom” H2:148		inheritance
wife	esposa	esposa	kinship			missing
wind	viento	vento	environment	matxa/c “the wind” H2:151		inheritance
wing	ala	asa	body			missing
woman/female	mujer	mulher	human			missing
work	trabajar	trabalhar	other			missing
yawn	bostezar	bocejar	body			missing
yellow	amarillo	amarelo	colour	7aqwe/s “to be yellow” H4:20		inheritance
2pl	ustedes	vocês	grammar			missing

Flora Fauna Vocabulary (130)

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Source	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Food Source	Medicinal	Psychotropic	Traded	Dangerous
abalone			flora-fauna	Haliotis spp.	missing		missing							missing			2	1	0	0	1	no
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna	Formicidae	cam?adhuly	Ant	inheritance		Proto-Yuman					unknown		Merriam 61:465, Halpern 1:27	0	0	2	0	0	no
antelope			flora-fauna	Antilocapra americana	missing		inheritance							missing			2	1	0	0	0	no
badger			flora-fauna	Taxidea taxus	muh-hwah'	Badger (Taxidea)	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		IA mehwaa, C. mxwa; Kiliwa mxwaa=pi-y-l=t-kw+yaq			unknown		Merriam 61:451	2	1	0	0	0	yes
bald eagle			flora-fauna	Haliaeetus leucocephalus	as-spah'-et-se'-kwit-sah'	Bald eagle (Halioeetus)	inheritance		Colorado River Yuman only		Mojave ɂaspa 'achii kwachtha “eagle that eats fish”			unknown		Merriam 61:455	1	2	0	0	1	no
band-tail pigeon			flora-fauna	Patagioenas fasciata	missing		missing							missing			0	1	0	0	0	no
bat	murciélago	morcego	flora-fauna	Chiroptera spp	kwampa/nyq	Bat	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		Yavapai qà(·)păɲqa			unknown		Merriam 61:451, Halpern 1:28	0	1	0	0	0	no
beaver			flora-fauna	Castor	ah-pon'	Beaver (Castor)	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		Iipay Aa āp-pin'; and note Resemblant C. kpiny			unknown		Merriam 61:451	2	1	0	0	0	no
beetle			flora-fauna	Coleoptera spp	missing		missing							missing			2	0	0	0	0	no
big round tule			flora-fauna	Schoenoplectus acutus	kwil-ă-nyo'	Big round tule (Scirpus lacustris)	unique							unknown		Merriam 61:475	2	1	2	0	0	no
big skunk			flora-fauna	Mephitis mephitis	āl-hwă'	Big skunk (Mephitis)	inheritance	xwiw (kłʸikʷ)	Proto-Yuman		Mixco1978:96 (Langdon 1976:873 Metath)			unknown		Merriam 61:451	2	2	0	0	0	no
big wolf (gray wolf)			flora-fauna	Canis lupus	hă-tah-loo	Big wolf	inheritance		Colorado River Yuman only		Maricopa hatkult gordon 151			unknown		Merriam 61:449	1	2	0	0	0	yes
bighorn sheep			flora-fauna	Ovis canadensis	7amo	Bighorn (Ovis)	inheritance	*?-mu(w)	Proto-Yuman		Mixco 1978:80, 91	WW	%mo:	unknown		Merriam 61:451, Halpern 1:30	2	1	0	0	0	no
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna		et'-se-yēn'	A bird	unique							unknown		Merriam 61:463	0	0	0	0	0	no
black ant			flora-fauna	Camponotus pennsylvanicus/Lasius niger	missing		missing							missing			2	0	0	0	0	no
black bear			flora-fauna	Ursus americanus	mŭCH whet'-tah	A bear (Ursus)	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		badger-big (see badger)			unknown		Merriam 61:449	1	2	0	0	0	yes
black-tail Jackrabbit			flora-fauna	Lepus californicus	7ak7u/ly	Blacktail jackrabbit (Lepus texianus group)	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		Cocopa kɂuły; Yavapai (ɂ)kúla,			unknown		Merriam 61:453; Halpern 3:209	2	1	0	0	0	no
blackberry			flora-fauna	Rubus ursinus	missing		missing							missing			2	1	2	0	0	no
blue grouse			flora-fauna	Dendrogapus?	missing		missing							missing			0	1	0	0	0	no
bobcat, lynx			flora-fauna	Lynx rufus	nah-mĕ'	Bob-cat (Lynx californicus)	inheritance	*nymi-	Proto-Yuman		Langdon 1979:638 LION, Mixco 1978:91; Yuma name/ Halpern 1:30			unknown		Merriam 61:449	1	2	0	0	0	no
butterfly, moth	mariposa	borboleta	flora-fauna	Lepidoptera	xan7a.vlye/p	Butterfly	unique				resemblant Mojave hunapnap			unknown		Merriam 61:465, Halpern 3:208	2	0	0	0	0	no
California condor			flora-fauna	Gymnogyps californianus	missing		missing							missing			1	2	0	0	1	no
California jay			flora-fauna	Aphelocoma californica?	hre-kă-poo-soo'	California jay (Aphelocoma)	unique							unknown		Merriam 61:455	2	1	0	0	0	no
California woodpecker			flora-fauna	Melanerpes formicivorus?	missing		missing							missing			2	1	0	0	1	no
chia			flora-fauna	Salvia columbariae	missing		missing							missing			1	1	1	0	0	no
chipmunk			flora-fauna	Tamias spp.	missing		inheritance							missing			2	1	0	0	0	no
cliff swallow			flora-fauna	Petrochelidon pyrrhonota	xamkye/	swallow	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		Note Co. xmka:			unknown		Halpern 3:208	2	1	0	0	0	no
coot			flora-fauna	Fulica americana	mus-em'-kwer-yahk'	Coot (Fulica, Mudhen	unique							unknown	Contains the -yaq “lying.in” element	Merriam 61:461	2	1	0	0	0	no
cottontail rabbit			flora-fauna	Sylvilagus audobonii	xaly7a/w	Cottontail rabbit (Lepus audoboni)	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		Yavapai hló, Kiliwa xa?law;			unknown		Merriam 61:453, Halpern 3:205	2	1	0	0	0	no
cottonwood			flora-fauna	Populus spp.	7ax7a/.	Cottonwood (Populus)	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		Note Co. xɂa, Yavapai ɂhá(·);			unknown		Merriam 61:467, Halpern 1:30	2	0	2	0	0	no
coyote			flora-fauna	Canis latrans	xatalwe/	Coyote (Canis lestes or ochropus)	inheritance		Colorado River Yuman only		derivation on “wolf”; Maricopa hatalywe			unknown		Merriam 61:449, Halpern 1:27	1	2	0	0	0	no
crow			flora-fauna	Corvus brachyrhynchos	ah-kahk	Raven (Corvus corax)	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		Sound imitative but probably good as *qaaq			unknown		Merriam 61:455	2	1	0	0	0	no
datura			flora-fauna	Datura wrightii	es'-mi-kă-peet'	Indian whiskey (Datura)	loan			Cocopa	Cocopa şmál ka·pí·ţ; Note Yavapai smá·lkktū·, Mojave ɂamalykatu			unknown		Merriam 61:475	1	1	1	1	0	yes
deer, mule			flora-fauna	Odocoileus hemionus	ah-kwah', kwak in combining form (also mule deer)	Deer, blacktail (Odocoileus columbianus)	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		Cocopa kwak xntil; IA ɂekwak; Maricopa qwaaq			unknown		Merriam 61:451	2	1	0	0	0	no
digger pine			flora-fauna	Pinus sabiniana	missing		missing							missing			2	1	2	0	0	no
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna	Canis familiaris	a-haht' tsuk-tsuk'	Dog (old time, nose blunt)	inheritance	**(č)-xat “dog”	Proto-Yuman		Mixco 1978:83 (this has a modifier)			unknown		Merriam 61:453	0	0	0	0	0	no
dogbane			flora-fauna	Apocynum cannabinum	missing		missing							missing			2	1	2	0	0	no
dove	paloma	pomba	flora-fauna	Zenaida macrocoura	hwis-ke'-av	Dove (Zenaidura)	inheritance		Colorado River Yuman only		Mojave huskiv so CR (Colorado River Yuman)			unknown		Merriam 61:455	2	1	0	0	0	no
duck	pato	pato, marreco	flora-fauna	Anatidae	hun'-nah-mo'	All ducks	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		Note Yavapai qnmo:			unknown		Merriam 61:461	0	1	0	0	0	no
elder			flora-fauna	Sambucus	missing		missing							missing			2	1	1	0	0	no
elk			flora-fauna	Cervas elaphus	missing		inheritance							missing			2	1	0	0	0	no
fish (generic)	pez	peixe	flora-fauna		?aci/	Fish (any)	inheritance	*?-či·	Proto-Yuman		Langdon 1979:637 FISH; Yuma 7aci/. Halpern 1:30			unknown		Merriam 61:465, Halpern 1:30	0	1	0	0	0	no
flea	pulga	pulga	flora-fauna	Siphonaptera	missing		inheritance							missing			2	0	0	0	0	no
flicker			flora-fauna	Colaptes sp.	missing		missing							missing			2	1	0	0	1	no
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna	Diptera	xaly7asmo/	Fly	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		Cocopa şxlʸmu			unknown		Merriam 61:465, Halpern 3:208	0	0	0	0	0	no
foothills yucca			flora-fauna	Yucca whipplei	missing		missing							missing			0	1	0	0	0	no
fox			flora-fauna	Vulpes, Urocyon	met-kwah-vah'	Gray fox (urocyon)	inheritance	*p-rxa·w/m-rxa·w	Proto-Yuman		Langdon 1979:637 FOX; note Cocopa màţkawá·, Yuma form MIGHT be a loan from Cocopa			unknown		Merriam 61:449	2	2	0	0	0	no
frog (generic)			flora-fauna		hahn'-n>yĕ; xanyk7o/ “bullfrog” (Langdon 1979:637)	Frog (Rana)	inheritance	*xa-nya	Proto-Yuman		Langdon 1979:637 FROG			unknown		Merriam 61:463	2	2	0	0	0	no
golden eagle			flora-fauna	Aquila chrysaetos	es-spah'	Golden eagle (Aquila)	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		Note Co. špa			unknown		Merriam 61:455	1	2	0	0	1	no
gooseberry			flora-fauna	Ribes spp.	missing		missing							missing			2	1	1	0	0	no
gopher snake, bull snake			flora-fauna	Pituophis catenifer	ah-vā-se'	Gopher or bull snake (Pityophis)	inheritance		Colorado River Yuman only		Note Mojave ɂave thii; so CR			unknown		Merriam 61:463	2	2	0	0	0	no
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna	(NA)	hot-lŏ-mots	grass (any)	unique							unknown		Merriam 61:475	0	0	0	0	0	no
grasshopper			flora-fauna	Caelifera	>hīk-ahm-putk'	Grasshopper	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		Note Yavapai kąpámka, Kiliwa xnkpaap, Cocopa łxmpaţ			unknown		Merriam 61:465	2	1	0	0	0	no
gray ground squirrel			flora-fauna	Sphermophilus sp.	ă-tees'	Ground squirrel (Citellus tereticauda)	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		C. ci·š			unknown		Merriam 61:451	2	1	0	0	0	no
gray tree squirrel			flora-fauna	Sciurus spp.	missing		inheritance							missing			2	1	0	0	0	no
great horned owl			flora-fauna	Bubo virginianus	mahm'-ve'	Great horned owl (Bubo)	unique							unknown		Merriam 61:455	1	2	2	0	1	no
grizzly bear			flora-fauna	Ursus arctos horribilis	missing		inheritance							missing			1	2	0	0	0	yes
horned toad			flora-fauna	Phrynosomatidae	met'-kwin'-ne-ask'	Horned toad (Phrynosoma)	inheritance				Note Cocopa cxnyaş which seems to end with same element but is simplex in Cocopa			unknown		Merriam 61:463	2	2	2	0	0	no
horse	caballo	cavalho	flora-fauna	Equus caballus	missing		inheritance							missing			0	0	0	0	0	no
hummingbird	colibrí, picaflor (Peru)	beija-flor	flora-fauna	Trochilidae	nexni/.x	Humming bird	inheritance		Proto-Language		Also in Cocopa			unknown		Merriam 61:459, Halpern 3:207	0	0	0	0	0	no
tobacco	tabaco	tabaco	flora-fauna	Nicotiana spp.	mil'-yah-oov'	Tobacco (not Whiteman's tobacco which is ah-ov)	loan into protolanguage		Proto-Yuman	unknown	IA ɂup; C. ɂu·p, etc. and cf. Karuk 7uhípih, Chimariko h-óphat ‘smoking’, Proto-Palaihnihan *o:xpi			unknown		Merriam 61:475	1	1	1	1	0	yes
insect (generic)	insecto	insecto	flora-fauna	generic	missing		missing							missing			0	0	2	0	0	variable
junco			flora-fauna	Junco sppp	missing		missing							missing			0	1	0	0	0	no
juniper			flora-fauna	Juniperus californica	missing		missing							missing			2	1	1	0	0	no
louse			flora-fauna	order Phtiraptera	>nye'-ēl	Head lice	inheritance	*?-?il	Proto-Yuman		Does this contain *?-?il WORM Langdon 1979:639? (Proto-Yuman); also in Mojave			unknown		Merriam 61:465	2	0	0	0	0	no
mallard			flora-fauna	Anas platyrhynchos	missing		missing							missing			2	1	0	0	0	no
manzanita			flora-fauna	Arctostaphylos spp.	missing		missing							missing			2	1	1	0	0	no
milkweed, broad leaf			flora-fauna	Asclepias eriocarpa	missing		missing							missing			2	1	1	0	0	no
milkweed, narrow leaf			flora-fauna	Asclepias fascicularis	missing		missing							missing			0	1	1	0	0	no
mission tule			flora-fauna	Juncus	missing		missing							missing			2	1	2	0	0	no
mockingbird			flora-fauna	Mimus polyglottos	sik'-kwe-lah'	Mockingbird (Mimus)	loan			Cocopa	Note Cocopa C. šàkwi·lá·, different from Mojave sakwathɂaaly			unknown		Merriam 61:459	2	1	0	0	0	no
mosquito	mosquito, zancudo	mosquito, carapana	flora-fauna	Anopheles spp, Isoptera	sum-pool'k'	Mosquito	inheritance	*smpul	Proto-Yuman		Langdon 1979:637 under “FLY”, *smpul “mosquito”			unknown		Merriam 61:465	0	0	0	0	0	no
moth	mariposa nocturna, polilla	mariposa	flora-fauna	Heterocera	missing		missing							missing			2	0	0	0	0	no
mountain lion			flora-fauna	Puma concolor	haht'-ah-kool'	Mountain lion (Felis hippolestes)	inheritance		Colorado River Yuman only		Looks like the Maricopa “wolf” word, hatkult			unknown		Merriam 61:449	1	2	0	0	0	yes
mountain quail			flora-fauna	Oreortyx pictus	missing		missing							missing			2	1	0	0	0	no
mussel			flora-fauna	Mytilus spp.	missing		missing							missing			2	1	0	0	1	no
olivella (olive snail)			flora-fauna	Callianax biplicata	missing		missing							missing			2	2	0	0	1	no
pinyon jay			flora-fauna	Cyanocitta stelleri?	missing		missing							missing			2	1	0	0	0	no
pinyon pine			flora-fauna	Pinus monophylla	missing		missing							missing			2	1	2	0	1	no
pismo clam			flora-fauna	Tivella stultorum	missing		missing							missing			2	1	0	0	1	no
pocket gopher			flora-fauna	Thomomys	tek-sĕ'	Pocket gopher (Thomomys)	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		Langdon 1976:872 Metath			unknown		Merriam 61:453	2	1	0	0	0	no
poison oak			flora-fauna	Toxicodendron diversilobum	missing		missing							missing			2	2	2	0	0	yes
rattlesnake			flora-fauna	Crotalus spp.	ah-vĭh'	rattlesnake (Crotalus)	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		Note Kiliwa ?+wi?			unknown		Merriam 61:463	1	2	0	0	0	yes
red ant			flora-fauna	Solenopsis spp	missing		missing							missing			1	0	1	0	0	no
red-shouldered blackbird			flora-fauna	Agelaius phoeniceus	hus-e-kwah' i-hah'	Red-shouldered blackbird (Agelaius)	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		'Iipay Aa hah'-se-kwi'; Looks like a Delta-California form, cf. Cocopa şqway qlucá·w			unknown		Merriam 61:457	2	1	0	0	0	no
red-tailed hawk			flora-fauna	Buteo jamaicensis	ets-ŏr	Red-tailed hawk (Buteo borealis)	unique							unknown		Merriam 61:455	2	2	0	0	0	no
roadrunner			flora-fauna	Geococcyx californianus	tal'-ye-pŏ'	Road runner (Geococcyx)	loan into protolanguage		Proto-Yuman	Takic	Langdon 1976:873; see note on Iipay Aa form	WW	%pu:	unknown		Merriam 61:455	2	1	0	0	0	no
ruddy duck			flora-fauna	Oxyura jamaicensis	missing		missing							missing			2	1	0	0	0	no
sage herb			flora-fauna	Artemisia californica	missing		missing							missing			2	2	1	0	0	no
salmon/steelhead			flora-fauna	Oncorhynchus mykiss	mo-we'-ulk	Salmon	loan direction unknown			Iipay Aa	Iipay Aa mo-weelk'; loan direction unknown			unknown		Merriam 61:465	2	1	0	0	0	no
scaly lizard			flora-fauna	Pygopus lepidopodus?	>han-tus-ēl'	Scaly lizard (Sceloporus)	unique							unknown		Merriam 61:463	2	2	0	0	0	no
small bird			flora-fauna		missing		missing							missing			2	1	0	0	0	no
small brown lizard			flora-fauna		missing		missing							missing			2	2	0	0	0	no
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		ah-vĭh'	snake (any)	inheritance							unknown		Merriam 61:463	0	1	0	0	0	no
soaproot			flora-fauna	Chlorogalum	missing		missing							missing			2	1	1	0	0	no
sour berry			flora-fauna	Rhus trilobata	missing		missing							missing			2	1	1	0	0	no
sparrow hawk			flora-fauna	Falco	missing		missing							missing			2	2	0	0	0	no
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna	Arachnida, Araneae	hrel-yŏ-tōt'	Spider	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		IA hellytutt “black widow spider”; C. xłycuc			unknown		Merriam 61:465	0	0	2	0	0	variable
spotted skunk			flora-fauna	Spilogale gracilis	missing		inheritance							missing			2	2	0	0	0	no
toad	sapo	sapo	flora-fauna	Bufonidae	hahn'-n>yĕ mek-oor'	Toad (Bufo)	inheritance	*xa-nya	Proto-Yuman		FROG with a modifier			unknown		Merriam 61:463	2	2	0	0	0	no
tree	árbol	arvore	flora-fauna	(NA)	to-mar'-ră-pet'	A tree	unique							unknown		Merriam 61:477	0	0	2	0	0	no
tree yucca			flora-fauna	Yucca schidegera	missing		missing							missing			2	1	0	0	0	no
turkey buzzard			flora-fauna	Cathartes aura	as-sā'	Turkey buzzard (Cathartes)	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		Note Co. C. šayí·,			unknown		Merriam 61:455	2	2	0	0	0	no
turtle (generic)			flora-fauna	Testudines	kwape/T “	Desert turtle	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		Note Yavapai kpít; and note Serrano/Kitanemuk krprtt, kopotat; Yuma axnaraxna/r “turtle” Halpern 3:207 is cognate in Proto-Yuman			unknown		Merriam 61:463, Halpern 3:208	2	2	0	0	1	no
valley live oak			flora-fauna	Quercus agrifolia	missing		missing							missing			2	1	2	0	1	no
valley oak			flora-fauna	Quercus lobata	missing		missing							missing			2	1	2	0	1	no
valley quail			flora-fauna	Callipepla californica	?axmá	Valley quail (Lophortyx)	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		Langdon 1976:871 Metath			unknown		Merriam 61:455, Halpern 1:30	2	1	0	0	0	no
Washington clam			flora-fauna	Saxidomus nuttalli	missing		missing							missing			2	1	0	0	1	no
Western Canada goose			flora-fauna	Branta canadensis	han-nah-mo'	Western Canada goose (Branta canadensis occidentalis)	semantic shift		Proto-Yuman		word is usually “duck” or “chicken”			unknown		Merriam 61:461	0	1	0	0	0	no
whale			flora-fauna	Eschrichtius robustus	missing		missing							missing			2	1	2	0	1	no
white pelican			flora-fauna	Pelicanus erythrorhynchos	ahCH-hah'	White pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos)	loan			Chemehuevi or Paiute	direction unknown; same word in Chemehuevi, western S. Paiute			unknown		Merriam 61:459	0	2	0	0	0	no
wild grapevine			flora-fauna	Vitis californica	missing		missing							missing			2	1	2	0	0	no
wild oats			flora-fauna	Avena (introduction)	missing		missing							missing			2	1	2	0	0	no
wild rose			flora-fauna	Rosa californica	missing		missing							missing			0	1	2	0	0	no
wild sunflower			flora-fauna	Helianthus (and other genera)	missing		missing							missing			0	1	0	0	0	no
willow			flora-fauna	Salix spp.	a-thō'	Willow (Salix sp.)	inheritance	with *-yaaw	Proto-Yuman		JHH but in Langdon somwhere with no recon			unknown		Merriam 61:469	2	2	1	0	0	no
wood rat, round-tail			flora-fauna	Neotoma spp.	ah-mi'-ĕk	Wood rat, round-tail (Neotoma)	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		Kiliwa ?+maql, Yavapai (ɂ)mālka;, 'Iipay Aa ɂemallk; Resemblant Cocopa ɂamíły??			unknown		Merriam 61:453	2	1	0	0	0	no
worm, hairy caterpillar			flora-fauna	Arctiidae (many species)	missing		missing							missing			2	2	0	0	0	no
worm, smooth caterpillar			flora-fauna	Trichoplusia ni (?) cabbage looper	ets-e-pi'	worm	inheritance		Colorado River Yuman only		CR; Note Mojave 7ichipay kuurems “flea”			unknown		Merriam 61:465	2	2	0	0	0	no
yellow jacket			flora-fauna	Vespula spp., Dolichovespula spp.	mes-paw'	yellow jacket	inheritance	Proto-Yuman			Note Kiliwa cpaaw, 'Iipay Aa metpaaw, Mojave thaampo			unknown		Merriam 61:465	2	0	0	0	0	no
yellowbird			flora-fauna	Dendroica petechia	missing		missing							missing			0	1	0	0	0	no
yerba santa			flora-fauna	Eriodictyon californicum	missing		missing							missing			2	1	1	0	0	no
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna		cam7adhu/lyc “the ant” H1:27		inheritance
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna				missing
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna		xaly7asmo/ H3:208		inheritance
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna				missing
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna				missing
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna				missing
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		7a:ve/ H1:29		inheritance
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna		xalyto/T H3:208		inheritance

Cultural Vocabulary (10)

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Etymology Code
thatch/roof	crisneja	palha, caraná	culture-material	cape/T “to thatch” H5:102	inheritance
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture		missing
bottom grinding stone			manufacture	7axmo/ “mortar” H1:26	inheritance
digging stick			subsistence tool	xamalye/L H3:208	unknown
winnow	aventar, tirar (sementes)	joeirar	manufacture		missing
top grinding stone	metate, mano; piedra de moler	metate, mano	manufacture	xam7u:kye/ “pestle” H3:208, xam7u:che/ “muller, mano” H3:208	inheritance
boomerang/throwing stick (generic)			subsistence tool		missing
spearthrower			subsistence tool	7u:ti:/sh “bow” H3:206	inheritance
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool	ipa:/ H6:149;	loan
house			other	7ava/ H1:26	inheritance

Ethnographic Information

Current Population (speakers)	Former Population Estimate	Subsistence Preference	Density	Sedentism	Ecotome	Marriage Pattern	Notes	Source
	large	AG	dense	sedentary		no