Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

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Semantic Field
body
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
espalda
Meaning Portuguese
costas

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
Bankalachi Toloim aw'-nŏl 175, unknown
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone kwa7im-pyh, kwain-pyh, wa7im-pyh; pi- inheritance
Cahuilla hulul inheritance S&H 1979
Central Sierra Miwok ke/:wy- inheritance
Chemehuevi ho(a) inheritance
Chumash Barbareno myt inheritance Klar 1977:67
Chumash Cruzeno pikHnyky (waist to shoulder) inheritance JPH
Chumash Ineseno myt inheritance Klar 1977:67
Chumash Obispeno myty7 inheritance Klar 1977:67
Chumash Ventureno myt inheritance Klar 1977:67
Cocopa Lama/k, 7ima/k inheritance
Comanche kwahi inheritance
Cupeño -xutaxwi [xutaxʷi] inheritance
Gabrielino ah-tsahCH ( -cax ) inheritance CHM/MC241
Iipay 'Aa hetat [xəˈt̯at̯] inheritance
Kawaiisu howaa-vi inheritance
Kiliwa maq inheritance
Kitanemuk tyhpic inheritance
Lake Miwok lu/uma inheritance
Luiseño ma:cha-t inheritance
Maidu ki\wi/ inheritance
Mojave imak inheritance Munro et al. 1992
Mutsun xop:o “back, upper back” inheritance C1962
Nisenan kiw, k'iw inheritance
Northern Paiute pi- inheritance Thornes 03:356
Northern Sierra Miwok 7ec:a- inheritance
Plains Miwok k2c2:j2- 2 is schwa unknown
Salinan A titc'o/7mo7 (A), unknown
Salinan M ti/tc'o/'m / acute accent, ' glottal, c is 'sh' unknown Mason 1918:128
Seri (Comcaac) ipac unknown
Serrano -tyhpi-7 inheritance
Southern Paiute oa-vi inheritance
Southern Sierra Miwok ke:wy- inheritance
Southern Ute O”aavI inheritance
Tübatulabal oonoo-l unknown
Tümpisa Shoshone kwaimpy (of body) inheritance
Wappo k'u/lih inheritance
Washo a/shg unknown J 305
Western Mono pi/qO “lower back” inheritance
Wintu jaj inheritance
Yavapai hita/t “spine, back”, Hita/t (GM) inheritance
Yokuts Palewyami pet-te/-kin unique Berman 2002
Yokuts Yawdanchi k'ewe:t inheritance K07:241,G64
Yokuts Yowlumne wat'im inheritance K 1963
Yuki k'olk'i inheritance S&S1984
Yuma 7ashlyma/k “my back” H1:29, saly-ma/k “back” H3:207 sh is [ʃ] inheritance
Baniwa ttáma t̪áma inheritance cognate Tariana-Baniwa only See Language page
Carijona igarɨ unique See Language page
Cubeo yapitʉmʉ japitɨmɨ unique See Language page
Dâw mũxaáx mũxǎx unique See Language page
Desano pᵾrᵾpᵾ pɨɾɨpɨ unknown See Language page
Eñepa -mpae (IDS) -mpae (IDS) inheritance See Language page
Hodï hwï unique See Language page
Waorani tækæ-yabæ unique See Language page
Hup cĩcĩ́ʔ ~cicíʔ doubtful loan into H-Y subgroup, from Tukanoan See Language page
Kakua tã̂ʔ doubtful loan Baniwa t̪áma See Language page
Makushi i-npo (IDS) i-npo (IDS) inheritance See Language page
Nheengatu kupé, ku'á kupé, ku'á inheritance See Language page
Ninam tšaɨp (EM72) tʃaɨp inheritance See Language page
Nukak kolibaʔ doubtful loan, direction unknown W Tukanoan, Siona gɨrɨbɨ See Language page
Maihiki jetedada ja xetedada xã inheritance See Language page
Pemon yeda, mpakunta, mpai (A1981); inkai (M2000) dʒeda, mpakunta, mpai (A1981); iŋ'kai (M2000) inheritance See Language page
Resígaro váᵰí ván̟í inheritance See Language page
Sanumá hõo hõo unique See Language page
Sikuani juma (2), jumawi (13), húma (also has koϕé:ϕere which means 'shoulder blade') inheritance Sik-Cuiva-Playero group See Language page
Tariana sámise sámise inheritance See Language page
Tukano sẽʔêma sẽʔêma unique See Language page
Kotiria sucunu sukunu inheritance See Language page
Yanomam yaupə jaupə inheritance See Language page
Yanomami humapɨ, yaipë humapɨ, jaipə doutbful loan Guahiban húma See Language page
Yukuna wajleji wahlehi inheritance See Language page
Yuhup cĩʔæ̌h ~ciʔæ̌h doubtful loan Tukanoan See Language page
Arabana kuku inheritance
Bardi niya; [-ga] XXngl niya; [-ka] inheritance
Bunuba thanybarna inheritance
Burarra jonama unknown
Dhangu buṉḏalŋu unknown
Dhuwal muta
Dhuwala muta unknown
Diyari 2304 unique
DiyariREU kuldu inheritance
Djambarrpuyngu muta unknown
Djapu ḏiltji inheritance
Djinang burr gungi unknown
Gajirrabeng ngagaj unique NJ
Gooniyandi wirla unique
Gupapuyngu muta unknown
Gurindji parntawurru unique
Jabirr-Jabirr nik nik inheritance
Jaru jarda unique
Jawi neear niyarr inheritance
Karajarri 4914 unknown
Kija therla- unique NJ
Malyangapa Mal: tharna, inheritance
Mangala mawurr unknown
Miriwung ngagaj unique NJ
Mithaka 2304 inheritance
Mudburra juurna
Mudburra ngakaj loan
Ngamini 2304 inheritance?
Ngandi gu-gark unique
Ngarluma murru inheritance
Ngumbarl nēlgun niyalgun inheritance
Nhirrpi [missing] missing
Nimanburru nēg niik inheritance
Northern Mangarla parlarr
Northern Nyangumarta pirntirl unique
Nyangumarta 4913 unique
Nyikina ninyji, niyal ninyji, niyal inheritance
Nyulnyul -i(g) -i(k) inheritance
Paakantyi ḏaṇa inheritance
Pirriya [missing] missing
Pitta-Pitta kuku inheritance
Rirratjingu [missing] missing
Ritharrngu diltji inheritance
Unggumi -lardingga -lardingga doubtful loan Worrorra
Walmajarri palpu unknown
Wangkayutyuru kuku inheritance
Warrwa ninyji ninyji inheritance
Wubuy janda unique
Yan-nhangu diltji inheritance
Yandruwandha 2304 inheritance
Yarluyandi thumu inheritance
Yawarrawarrka kuldru inheritance
Yawuru niyakan niyakan inheritance
Achagua wóhna: wóhna: inheritance See Language page
Piapoco wadàa (espalda inferior) wadàa (espalda inferior) See Language page
Yavitero tul'i tulʔi See Language page
Wapishana baɽai baɽai unknown See Language page
Wayuu ta-sapɨ Also ta-sapɨ-ľɨʔɨ, lit. '1st sing.-back-in/at'. See Language page
Yine tʸi See Language page
Paresi ihiniri, ehene ihiniri, ehene unknown See Language page
Ignaciano -keku; -čepa See Language page
Trinitario -muiɣʔe; -ɣeku The former also refers to the roof of a house. -čepo refers to upper part of back. See Language page
Baure 'čipi tʃipi inheritance See Language page
Waurá #NAME? #NAME? unique See Language page
Cha'palaa 'been'bušu; 'behči See Language page
Bora má-ʔačï má-ʔačɯ unknown See Language page
Muinane yóobai jóobai See Language page
Akawaio apoi, eebiiyak (lower part of-) a'pɔɪ, ebi'yak (lower part of-) inheritance See Language page
Akawaio/Ingariko dialect aurepë aurepɤ See Language page
Apalai mypa, opya mɨpa, opɨa inheritance See Language page
Tiriyó (mï)ka (upper back) mɨka (upper back) inheritance See Language page
Mapoyo kasapai (bai-ri); pumï yë'bë (spine); yeku punu-'bë (lumbar) kasapai (bai-ri); pumʊ jɛ'bɛ (spine); jeku punu-'bɛ (lumbar) See Language page
Wai Wai ∅-maši-rɨ ∅-maši-rɨ unique See Language page
Waimiri Atroari kadyhyry kadɨhɨrɨ See Language page
Yabarana 'ehnum 'paiɾi, 'ɜhnum 'paiɾi See Language page
Yukpa kujto, müka, mueka, muekacho, oka, onka, yinka, yüka, yümoja, yümosa See Language page
Muisca gutaquyn γutakuɨn See Language page
Barí kwĩ Colombia: kuinə; 'upper back' is c̷i'dobarə. See Language page
Northern Emberá ẽŋkarrá ẽŋkarrá See Language page
Epena e'kʰar̃a See Language page
Guayabero peh matwɨ́ah-t unique See Language page
Macaguan hepʧí unique See Language page
Cuiva pé-ɨma, pehúma espalda, back Huber & Reed 1992:17
Playero pé-húma See Language page
Cofán sepacco sɛpakho phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
Candoshi-Shapra kooshich kooʃitʃ unique See Language page
Taushiro a'jonte'na'cu aʔxondɨʔnaʔku See Language page
Páez tsinz tsinz See Language page
Tikuna káwé kaβɛ unique See Language page
Urarina hanuri hanuɽi unique compare Paresi ihiniri See Language page
Camsa stɨtɕá-xa stɨtɕá-xa See Language page
Andoke -fʌdi -ɸʌdi unique See Language page
Pumé pʰutu kara See Language page
Puinave [-tum] tum unique See Language page
Ashuar tuntúp, súuntai tuntup, su:ntaj See Language page
Huambisa tuntup, sunturi tuntup, sunturi See Language page
Aguaruna tuntúp tuntup inheritance See Language page
Nadëb/Roçado dialect jó unique See Language page
Matses cacho catʃo inheritance See Language page
Kakataibo kaṣ̌o *Panoan *ka-; *kaʔtɨ with related meanings 'bone, backbone'. See Language page
Katukina pɨmana Cf. 'roof' 07.510. See Language page
Shipibo-Konibo pɨka; kaṣ̌o; pɨ- See Language page
Yaminahua piči See Language page
Chácobo ka-tɨ ka-tɨ inheritance See Language page
Yagua dunu; runu dunu; runu unique See Language page
Southern Pastaza Quechua washa waʃa See Language page
Ingá wasa wasa See Language page
Napo Lowland Quichua huasha waʃa See Language page
Quechua Ayacuchano wasa wasa See Language page
Piaroa aheha yó'toh (K76) aheha yóʔtoh unknown See Language page
Sáliva amana amana unknown See Language page
Bará huku'bíro See Language page
Barasano hɨdó-hɨ́á hɨdó-hɨ́á See Language page
Carapana hõ'kɨ̃́ hõ'kɨ̃́ See Language page
Makuna jᵾdojᵾa xɨdoxɨa inheritance See Language page
Yuruti sokɨ̃́ sokɨ̃́ See Language page
Waikhana su'kũdũ su'kũdũ See Language page
Tanimuca pẽ'tea pẽ'tea unique See Language page
Tatuyo hõ'kɨ See Language page
Tuyuka suku'bí-ro See Language page
Waimaja hṍkʰɨ̃́ hṍkʰɨ̃́ See Language page
Koreguaje sõkʉñʉ sõkʉɲʉ inheritance See Language page
Siona guërëbë gɨrɨbɨ unique See Language page
Secoya jete hɛ'tɛ See Language page
Karitiana okyty okɨ̃tɨ̃ inheritance See Language page
Kokama yatukupe jatukupe inheritance See Language page
Wayampi apɛ apɛ inheritance See Language page
Aché pɨče unique See Language page
Chiriguano (če-)kupe inheritance See Language page
Paraguayan Guaraní ape; atukupe See Language page
Sirionó ekite ekite inheritance See Language page
Kamayurá ˀape ˀape inheritance See Language page
Ocaina juuhxo, juuhxomó (human), hɯɯʔxo; hɯɯʔxomó unique See Language page
Nɨpode Witoto heráïkï hɛráɯkɯ See Language page
Minica Witoto emódo, heráïkï (nape of neck), ɸekániko(lower) ɛmódo, hɛráɯkɯ(nape of neck), ɸɛkániko(lower) See Language page
Murui Witoto emodo ɛmodo inheritance See Language page
Iquito n'ɨjina n'ɨhina unknown See Language page
Záparo ushiawku uʃiawku See Language page
Wari warašiʔ waraʃiʔ 'Lower back' is hopayiši; 'upper back' is šonešiʔ. See Language page
Araona be-bakʷa; be-sese -be is 'shoulder' 04.300. *Tacn forms are *e-bebaka; *basede. See Language page
Ese Ejja e-hakaxa unique See Language page
Ese Ejja/Huarayo e-daa-sa e-daa-sa See Language page
Tacana biši See Language page
Cavineña e-bebakʷa e-bebakʷa inheritance See Language page
Central Aymara jikhani ati See Language page
Cayuvava tɔkɔ; siire ~ siiri ~ sĩĩre; siki See Language page
Itonama uh-pačačano Refers to upper back. 'Lower back' is uh-wamučačačano. Extreme upper back is uh-wanispapano. See Language page
Kwazá etu, -bari, hebari, -tu etu, -bari, hebari, -tu See Language page
Mosetén-Chimané mœrehri'ka See Language page
Movima ɗuɗu-kʷa ɗuɗu-kʷa See Language page
Trumai natu natu unique See Language page
Kaingang pãnĩ pãnĩ See Language page
Canela ii-tu *Jê form is *tu; *tum. See Language page
Suyá tuken (dorso) tuken (dorso) See Language page
Karajá bərɔ See Language page
Djeoromitxi hükari høkari See Language page
Chipaya tax Uru-J form is tax. See Language page
Mocoví le-laḳ; l-apalatetari Respectively: lower back and upper back. See Language page
Pilagá 'l-owiʔ See Language page
Toba l-laḳ Also means 'roof' 07.510. See Language page
Lengua #NAME? See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité apkapok See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet eŋkapok See Language page
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay -hʷapu-ɬ See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja -kyeyi ~ -syeyi See Language page
Maca #NAME? See Language page
Nivaclé -ɔyiʔš back Arribeños dialect is -aklaʔ. https://ids.clld.org/
Ayoreo giido'booi See Language page
Mapudungun furi Ranquel form is vɨri. See Language page
Qawasqar taḳʰay-ḳte Also takʰay-tkal; kyot-kʰar, cf. 'behind' 12.011.Bo records kyotkʰar for Central QWS. Hy records tokʰol; Fi records tokʰal-kte for South QWS. See Language page
Selknam hàtèṣḳn See Language page
Tehuelche 'ok Also 'oḳˀe, refers to 'los 2 muslos del lomo'. See Language page
Kanamarí -pori -pori costas Magalhães 2018:354
Lokono abo abo back Pet 1987:350
Kariña japy japɨ back Yamada 2010:743