Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

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Semantic Field: body
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish: espalda
Meaning Portuguese: costas

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Language	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Loan Source	General Notes	Source
Achagua	wóhna:	wóhna:		inheritance			See Language page
Aché		pɨče		unique			See Language page
Aguaruna	tuntúp	tuntup		inheritance			See Language page
Akawaio	apoi, eebiiyak (lower part of-)	a'pɔɪ, ebi'yak (lower part of-)		inheritance			See Language page
Akawaio/Ingariko dialect	aurepë	aurepɤ					See Language page
Andoke	-fʌdi	-ɸʌdi		unique			See Language page
Apalai	mypa, opya	mɨpa, opɨa		inheritance			See Language page
Arabana	kuku			inheritance
Araona		be-bakʷa; be-sese				-be is 'shoulder' 04.300. Tacn forms are e-bebaka; *basede.	See Language page
Ashuar	tuntúp, súuntai	tuntup, su:ntaj					See Language page
Ayoreo		giido'booi					See Language page
Baniwa	ttáma	t̪áma		inheritance	cognate Tariana-Baniwa only		See Language page
Bankalachi Toloim	aw'-nŏl 175,			unknown
Barasano	hɨdó-hɨ́á	hɨdó-hɨ́á					See Language page
Bardi	niya; [-ga] XXngl	niya; [-ka]		inheritance
Bará		huku'bíro					See Language page
Barí		kwĩ				Colombia: kuinə; 'upper back' is c̷i'dobarə.	See Language page
Baure	'čipi	tʃipi		inheritance			See Language page
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone	kwa7im-pyh, kwain-pyh, wa7im-pyh; pi-			inheritance
Bora	má-ʔačï	má-ʔačɯ		unknown			See Language page
Bunuba	thanybarna			inheritance
Burarra	jonama			unknown
Cahuilla	hulul			inheritance			S&H 1979
Camsa	stɨtɕá-xa	stɨtɕá-xa					See Language page
Candoshi-Shapra	kooshich	kooʃitʃ		unique			See Language page
Canela		ii-tu				Jê form is tu; *tum.	See Language page
Carapana	hõ'kɨ̃́	hõ'kɨ̃́					See Language page
Carijona	igarɨ			unique			See Language page
Cavineña	e-bebakʷa	e-bebakʷa		inheritance			See Language page
Cayuvava		tɔkɔ; siire ~ siiri ~ sĩĩre; siki					See Language page
Central Aymara	jikhani	ati					See Language page
Central Sierra Miwok	ke/:wy-			inheritance
Cha'palaa		'been'bušu; 'behči					See Language page
Chemehuevi	ho(a)			inheritance
Chipaya		tax				Uru-J form is tax.	See Language page
Chiriguano		(če-)kupe		inheritance			See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja		-kyeyi ~ -syeyi					See Language page
Chumash Barbareno	myt			inheritance			Klar 1977:67
Chumash Cruzeno	pikHnyky (waist to shoulder)			inheritance			JPH
Chumash Ineseno	myt			inheritance			Klar 1977:67
Chumash Obispeno	myty7			inheritance			Klar 1977:67
Chumash Ventureno	myt			inheritance			Klar 1977:67
Chácobo	ka-tɨ	ka-tɨ		inheritance			See Language page
Cocopa	Lama/k, 7ima/k			inheritance
Cofán	sepacco	sɛpakho				phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
Comanche	kwahi			inheritance
Cubeo	yapitʉmʉ	japitɨmɨ		unique			See Language page
Cuiva		pé-ɨma, pehúma	espalda, back				Huber & Reed 1992:17
Cupeño	-xutaxwi	[xutaxʷi]		inheritance
Desano	pᵾrᵾpᵾ	pɨɾɨpɨ		unknown			See Language page
Dhangu	buṉḏalŋu			unknown
Dhuwal	muta
Dhuwala	muta			unknown
Diyari	2304			unique
DiyariREU	kuldu			inheritance
Djambarrpuyngu	muta			unknown
Djapu	ḏiltji			inheritance
Djeoromitxi	hükari	høkari					See Language page
Djinang	burr gungi			unknown
Dâw	mũxaáx	mũxǎx		unique			See Language page
Epena		e'kʰar̃a					See Language page
Ese Ejja		e-hakaxa		unique			See Language page
Ese Ejja/Huarayo	e-daa-sa	e-daa-sa					See Language page
Eñepa	-mpae (IDS)	-mpae (IDS)		inheritance			See Language page
Gabrielino	ah-tsahCH ( -cax )			inheritance			CHM/MC241
Gajirrabeng	ngagaj			unique	NJ
Gooniyandi	wirla			unique
Guayabero		peh matwɨ́ah-t		unique			See Language page
Gupapuyngu	muta			unknown
Gurindji	parntawurru			unique
Hodï	hwï			unique			See Language page
Huambisa	tuntup, sunturi	tuntup, sunturi					See Language page
Hup	cĩcĩ́ʔ	~cicíʔ		doubtful loan	into H-Y subgroup, from Tukanoan		See Language page
Ignaciano		-keku; -čepa					See Language page
Iipay 'Aa	hetat	[xəˈt̯at̯]		inheritance
Ingá	wasa	wasa					See Language page
Iquito	n'ɨjina	n'ɨhina		unknown			See Language page
Itonama		uh-pačačano				Refers to upper back. 'Lower back' is uh-wamučačačano. Extreme upper back is uh-wanispapano.	See Language page
Jabirr-Jabirr	nik	nik		inheritance
Jaru	jarda			unique
Jawi	neear	niyarr		inheritance
Kaingang	pãnĩ	pãnĩ					See Language page
Kakataibo		kaṣ̌o				Panoan ka-; *kaʔtɨ with related meanings 'bone, backbone'.	See Language page
Kakua		tã̂ʔ		doubtful loan	Baniwa t̪áma		See Language page
Kamayurá	ˀape	ˀape		inheritance			See Language page
Kanamarí	-pori	-pori	costas				Magalhães 2018:354
Karajarri	4914			unknown
Karajá		bərɔ					See Language page
Kariña	japy	japɨ	back				Yamada 2010:743
Karitiana	okyty	okɨ̃tɨ̃		inheritance			See Language page
Katukina		pɨmana				Cf. 'roof' 07.510.	See Language page
Kawaiisu	howaa-vi			inheritance
Kija	therla-			unique	NJ
Kiliwa	maq			inheritance
Kitanemuk	tyhpic			inheritance
Kokama	yatukupe	jatukupe		inheritance			See Language page
Koreguaje	sõkʉñʉ	sõkʉɲʉ		inheritance			See Language page
Kotiria	sucunu	sukunu		inheritance			See Language page
Kwazá	etu, -bari, hebari, -tu	etu, -bari, hebari, -tu					See Language page
Lake Miwok	lu/uma			inheritance
Lengua		#NAME?					See Language page
Lokono	abo	abo	back				Pet 1987:350
Luiseño	ma:cha-t			inheritance
Maca		#NAME?					See Language page
Macaguan		hepʧí		unique			See Language page
Maidu	ki\wi/			inheritance
Maihiki	jetedada ja	xetedada xã		inheritance			See Language page
Makuna	jᵾdojᵾa	xɨdoxɨa		inheritance			See Language page
Makushi	i-npo (IDS)	i-npo (IDS)		inheritance			See Language page
Malyangapa	Mal: tharna,			inheritance
Mangala	mawurr			unknown
Mapoyo	kasapai (bai-ri); pumï yë'bë (spine); yeku punu-'bë (lumbar)	kasapai (bai-ri); pumʊ jɛ'bɛ (spine); jeku punu-'bɛ (lumbar)					See Language page
Mapudungun		furi				Ranquel form is vɨri.	See Language page
Matses	cacho	catʃo		inheritance			See Language page
Minica Witoto	emódo, heráïkï (nape of neck), ɸekániko(lower)	ɛmódo, hɛráɯkɯ(nape of neck), ɸɛkániko(lower)					See Language page
Miriwung	ngagaj			unique	NJ
Mithaka	2304			inheritance
Mocoví		le-laḳ; l-apalatetari				Respectively: lower back and upper back.	See Language page
Mojave	imak			inheritance			Munro et al. 1992
Mosetén-Chimané		mœrehri'ka					See Language page
Movima	ɗuɗu-kʷa	ɗuɗu-kʷa					See Language page
Mudburra	juurna
Mudburra	ngakaj			loan
Muinane	yóobai	jóobai					See Language page
Muisca	gutaquyn	γutakuɨn					See Language page
Murui Witoto	emodo	ɛmodo		inheritance			See Language page
Mutsun	xop:o “back, upper back”			inheritance			C1962
Nadëb/Roçado dialect		jó		unique			See Language page
Napo Lowland Quichua	huasha	waʃa					See Language page
Ngamini	2304			inheritance?
Ngandi	gu-gark			unique
Ngarluma	murru			inheritance
Ngumbarl	nēlgun	niyalgun		inheritance
Nheengatu	kupé, ku'á	kupé, ku'á		inheritance			See Language page
Nhirrpi	[missing]			missing
Nimanburru	nēg	niik		inheritance
Ninam	tšaɨp (EM72)	tʃaɨp		inheritance			See Language page
Nisenan	kiw, k'iw			inheritance
Nivaclé		-ɔyiʔš	back			Arribeños dialect is -aklaʔ.	https://ids.clld.org/
Northern Emberá	ẽŋkarrá	ẽŋkarrá					See Language page
Northern Mangarla	parlarr
Northern Nyangumarta	pirntirl			unique
Northern Paiute	pi-			inheritance			Thornes 03:356
Northern Sierra Miwok	7ec:a-			inheritance
Nukak		kolibaʔ		doubtful loan, direction unknown	W Tukanoan, Siona gɨrɨbɨ		See Language page
Nyangumarta	4913			unique
Nyikina	ninyji, niyal	ninyji, niyal		inheritance
Nyulnyul	-i(g)	-i(k)		inheritance
Nɨpode Witoto	heráïkï	hɛráɯkɯ					See Language page
Ocaina	juuhxo, juuhxomó (human),	hɯɯʔxo; hɯɯʔxomó		unique			See Language page
Paakantyi	ḏaṇa			inheritance
Paraguayan Guaraní		ape; atukupe					See Language page
Paresi	ihiniri, ehene	ihiniri, ehene		unknown			See Language page
Pemon	yeda, mpakunta, mpai (A1981); inkai (M2000)	dʒeda, mpakunta, mpai (A1981); iŋ'kai (M2000)		inheritance			See Language page
Piapoco	wadàa (espalda inferior)	wadàa (espalda inferior)					See Language page
Piaroa	aheha yó'toh (K76)	aheha yóʔtoh		unknown			See Language page
Pilagá		'l-owiʔ					See Language page
Pirriya	[missing]			missing
Pitta-Pitta	kuku			inheritance
Plains Miwok	k2c2:j2-	2 is schwa		unknown
Playero		pé-húma					See Language page
Puinave	[-tum]	tum		unique			See Language page
Pumé	pʰutu kara						See Language page
Páez	tsinz	tsinz					See Language page
Qawasqar		taḳʰay-ḳte				Also takʰay-tkal; kyot-kʰar, cf. 'behind' 12.011.Bo records kyotkʰar for Central QWS. Hy records tokʰol; Fi records tokʰal-kte for South QWS.	See Language page
Quechua Ayacuchano	wasa	wasa					See Language page
Resígaro	váᵰí	ván̟í		inheritance			See Language page
Rirratjingu	[missing]			missing
Ritharrngu	diltji			inheritance
Salinan A	titc'o/7mo7 (A),			unknown
Salinan M	ti/tc'o/'m	/ acute accent, ' glottal, c is 'sh'		unknown	Mason 1918:128
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité		apkapok					See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet		eŋkapok					See Language page
Sanumá	hõo	hõo		unique			See Language page
Secoya	jete	hɛ'tɛ					See Language page
Selknam		hàtèṣḳn					See Language page
Seri (Comcaac)	ipac			unknown
Serrano	-tyhpi-7			inheritance
Shipibo-Konibo		pɨka; kaṣ̌o; pɨ-					See Language page
Sikuani	juma (2), jumawi (13), húma (also has koϕé:ϕere which means 'shoulder blade')			inheritance	Sik-Cuiva-Playero group		See Language page
Siona	guërëbë	gɨrɨbɨ		unique			See Language page
Sirionó	ekite	ekite		inheritance			See Language page
Southern Paiute	oa-vi			inheritance
Southern Pastaza Quechua	washa	waʃa					See Language page
Southern Sierra Miwok	ke:wy-			inheritance
Southern Ute	O”aavI			inheritance
Suyá	tuken (dorso)	tuken (dorso)					See Language page
Sáliva	amana	amana		unknown			See Language page
Tacana		biši					See Language page
Tanimuca	pẽ'tea	pẽ'tea		unique			See Language page
Tariana	sámise	sámise		inheritance			See Language page
Tatuyo		hõ'kɨ					See Language page
Taushiro	a'jonte'na'cu	aʔxondɨʔnaʔku					See Language page
Tehuelche		'ok				Also 'oḳˀe, refers to 'los 2 muslos del lomo'.	See Language page
Tikuna	káwé	kaβɛ		unique			See Language page
Tiriyó	(mï)ka (upper back)	mɨka (upper back)		inheritance			See Language page
Toba		l-laḳ				Also means 'roof' 07.510.	See Language page
Trinitario		-muiɣʔe; -ɣeku				The former also refers to the roof of a house. -čepo refers to upper part of back.	See Language page
Trumai	natu	natu		unique			See Language page
Tukano	sẽʔêma	sẽʔêma		unique			See Language page
Tuyuka		suku'bí-ro					See Language page
Tübatulabal	oonoo-l			unknown
Tümpisa Shoshone	kwaimpy (of body)			inheritance
Unggumi	-lardingga	-lardingga		doubtful loan	Worrorra
Urarina	hanuri	hanuɽi		unique	compare Paresi ihiniri		See Language page
Wai Wai	∅-maši-rɨ	∅-maši-rɨ		unique			See Language page
Waikhana	su'kũdũ	su'kũdũ					See Language page
Waimaja	hṍkʰɨ̃́	hṍkʰɨ̃́					See Language page
Waimiri Atroari	kadyhyry	kadɨhɨrɨ					See Language page
Walmajarri	palpu			unknown
Wangkayutyuru	kuku			inheritance
Waorani	tækæ-yabæ			unique			See Language page
Wapishana	baɽai	baɽai		unknown			See Language page
Wappo	k'u/lih			inheritance
Wari	warašiʔ	waraʃiʔ				'Lower back' is hopayiši; 'upper back' is šonešiʔ.	See Language page
Warrwa	ninyji	ninyji		inheritance
Washo	a/shg			unknown			J 305
Waurá	#NAME?	#NAME?		unique			See Language page
Wayampi	apɛ	apɛ		inheritance			See Language page
Wayuu		ta-sapɨ				Also ta-sapɨ-ľɨʔɨ, lit. '1st sing.-back-in/at'.	See Language page
Western Mono	pi/qO “lower back”			inheritance
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay		-hʷapu-ɬ					See Language page
Wintu	jaj			inheritance
Wubuy	janda			unique
Yabarana		'ehnum 'paiɾi, 'ɜhnum 'paiɾi					See Language page
Yagua	dunu; runu	dunu; runu		unique			See Language page
Yaminahua		piči					See Language page
Yan-nhangu	diltji			inheritance
Yandruwandha	2304			inheritance
Yanomam	yaupə	jaupə		inheritance			See Language page
Yanomami	humapɨ, yaipë	humapɨ, jaipə		doutbful loan	Guahiban húma		See Language page
Yarluyandi	thumu			inheritance
Yavapai	hita/t “spine, back”, Hita/t (GM)			inheritance
Yavitero	tul'i	tulʔi					See Language page
Yawarrawarrka	kuldru			inheritance
Yawuru	niyakan	niyakan		inheritance
Yine		tʸi					See Language page
Yokuts Palewyami	pet-te/-kin			unique			Berman 2002
Yokuts Yawdanchi	k'ewe:t			inheritance			K07:241,G64
Yokuts Yowlumne	wat'im			inheritance			K 1963
Yuhup	cĩʔæ̌h	~ciʔæ̌h		doubtful loan	Tukanoan		See Language page
Yuki	k'olk'i			inheritance			S&S1984
Yukpa	kujto, müka, mueka, muekacho, oka, onka, yinka, yüka, yümoja, yümosa						See Language page
Yukuna	wajleji	wahlehi		inheritance			See Language page
Yuma	7ashlyma/k “my back” H1:29, saly-ma/k “back” H3:207	sh is [ʃ]		inheritance
Yuruti	sokɨ̃́	sokɨ̃́					See Language page
Záparo	ushiawku	uʃiawku					See Language page


Achagua
Aché
Aguaruna
Akawaio
Akawaio/Ingariko dialect
Andoke
Apalai
Arabana
Araona
Ashuar
Ayoreo
Baniwa
Bankalachi Toloim
Barasano
Bardi
Bará
Barí
Baure
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone
Bora
Bunuba
Burarra
Cahuilla
Camsa
Candoshi-Shapra
Canela
Carapana
Carijona
Cavineña
Cayuvava
Central Aymara
Central Sierra Miwok
Cha'palaa
Chemehuevi
Chipaya
Chiriguano
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja
Chumash Barbareno
Chumash Cruzeno
Chumash Ineseno
Chumash Obispeno
Chumash Ventureno
Chácobo
Cocopa
Cofán
Comanche
Cubeo
Cuiva
Cupeño
Desano
Dhangu
Dhuwal
Dhuwala
Diyari
DiyariREU
Djambarrpuyngu
Djapu
Djeoromitxi
Djinang
Dâw
Epena
Ese Ejja
Ese Ejja/Huarayo
Eñepa
Gabrielino
Gajirrabeng
Gooniyandi
Guayabero
Gupapuyngu
Gurindji
Hodï
Huambisa
Hup
Ignaciano
Iipay 'Aa
Ingá
Iquito
Itonama
Jabirr-Jabirr
Jaru
Jawi
Kaingang
Kakataibo
Kakua
Kamayurá
Kanamarí
Karajarri
Karajá
Kariña
Karitiana
Katukina
Kawaiisu
Kija
Kiliwa
Kitanemuk
Kokama
Koreguaje
Kotiria
Kwazá
Lake Miwok
Lengua
Lokono
Luiseño
Maca
Macaguan
Maidu
Maihiki
Makuna
Makushi
Malyangapa
Mangala
Mapoyo
Mapudungun
Matses
Minica Witoto
Miriwung
Mithaka
Mocoví
Mojave
Mosetén-Chimané
Movima
Mudburra
Mudburra
Muinane
Muisca
Murui Witoto
Mutsun
Nadëb/Roçado dialect
Napo Lowland Quichua
Ngamini
Ngandi
Ngarluma
Ngumbarl
Nheengatu
Nhirrpi
Nimanburru
Ninam
Nisenan
Nivaclé
Northern Emberá
Northern Mangarla
Northern Nyangumarta
Northern Paiute
Northern Sierra Miwok
Nukak
Nyangumarta
Nyikina
Nyulnyul
Nɨpode Witoto
Ocaina
Paakantyi
Paraguayan Guaraní
Paresi
Pemon
Piapoco
Piaroa
Pilagá
Pirriya
Pitta-Pitta
Plains Miwok
Playero
Puinave
Pumé
Páez
Qawasqar
Quechua Ayacuchano
Resígaro
Rirratjingu
Ritharrngu
Salinan A
Salinan M
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet
Sanumá
Secoya
Selknam
Seri (Comcaac)
Serrano
Shipibo-Konibo
Sikuani
Siona
Sirionó
Southern Paiute
Southern Pastaza Quechua
Southern Sierra Miwok
Southern Ute
Suyá
Sáliva
Tacana
Tanimuca
Tariana
Tatuyo
Taushiro
Tehuelche
Tikuna
Tiriyó
Toba
Trinitario
Trumai
Tukano
Tuyuka
Tübatulabal
Tümpisa Shoshone
Unggumi
Urarina
Wai Wai
Waikhana
Waimaja
Waimiri Atroari
Walmajarri
Wangkayutyuru
Waorani
Wapishana
Wappo
Wari
Warrwa
Washo
Waurá
Wayampi
Wayuu
Western Mono
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay
Wintu
Wubuy
Yabarana
Yagua
Yaminahua
Yan-nhangu
Yandruwandha
Yanomam
Yanomami
Yarluyandi
Yavapai
Yavitero
Yawarrawarrka
Yawuru
Yine
Yokuts Palewyami
Yokuts Yawdanchi
Yokuts Yowlumne
Yuhup
Yuki
Yukpa
Yukuna
Yuma
Yuruti
Záparo

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