Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

Carijona

Family: Cariban
Region: South America
ISO 639-3: cbd
Location: 1.22°, -72.07°
Notes
Features: Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Ethnographic Information

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Data Sources: Durbin, Marshall and Haydee Seijas. 1973. Proto Hianacoto: Guaque-Carijona-Hianacoto Umaua. International Journal of American Linguistics 39(1):22–31. Huber, Randall & Reed, Robert. 1992. Vocabulario Comparativo: Palabras Selectas de Lenguas Indígenas de Colombia. SIL. Landaburu, Jon (Comp). 1996. Documentos sobre lenguas aborígenes de Colombia del archivo de Paul Rivet. Vol I: Lenguas de la Amazonia Colombiana, Bogotá: Ediciones Uniandes, Centro colombiano de estudios de lenguas aborígenes. Meira, Sérgio. Wordlist. Meira, Sérgio. 2000. Proto-Taranoan. Munich: Lincom Europa. Robayo Moreno, Camilo Alberto 2000. Avance sobre morfología carijona. In: María Stella González de Pérez & María Emilia Montes Rodríguez (eds.), 171-180. Rodriguez, José Vicente, compiler, and others. 1995. Mamíferos colombianos: sus nombres comunes e indígenas. Bogotá: Conservation International, Fundación Mario Santo Domingo.

Basic Vocabulary (192)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Etymology Code	Loan Source	General Notes	Source
1pl.excl	nosotros (exclusivo)	nós (exclusivo)	grammar		missing			See Language page
1pl.incl	nosotros (inclusivo)	nós (inclusivo)	grammar	aɲa	inheritance		no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted	See Language page
1sg	yo	eu	grammar	əwɨ	inheritance		For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms	See Language page
2pl	ustedes	vocês	grammar	aɲamoro	inheritance			See Language page
2sg	xx	xx	grammar	əmərə	inheritance			See Language page
3pl	ellos/ellas	eles/elas	grammar	makamoro (masc.)	inheritance			See Language page
3sg	el/ella	ele/ela	grammar	nərə (he)	inheritance			See Language page
above	encima, arriba	acima	location		missing			See Language page
again	de nuevo, otra vez	de novo	grammar	ha (M2000)	inheritance			See Language page
all	todo	todos	other	tɨdʒahoro	unknown			See Language page
and	y	e	grammar		missing			See Language page
ankle	tobillo	tornozelo	body	manini (SM)	inheritance			See Language page
armpit	axila, sobaco	axila	body	ejáta (M2000)	inheritance			See Language page
ash	ceniza(s)	cinzas	environment	werenə	inheritance			See Language page
at	en, a	em, a	location	tərə (en); dʒa (a)	unique			See Language page
back	espalda	costas	body	igarɨ	unique			See Language page
bad	mal	mal	quality	kurake	unique			See Language page
bark	corteza	casca	environment	hitihə (SM)	inheritance			See Language page
belly	barriga	barriga	body	wakuru	inheritance			See Language page
below	abajo, debajo	abaixo	location		missing			See Language page
big	grande	grande	quality		missing			See Language page
bite	morder	morder	body	esekarɨ	inheritance			See Language page
black	negro	preto	colour	sukutuməmɨ	inheritance			See Language page
blood	sangre	sangue	body	muɲu	inheritance			See Language page
blow	soplar	soprar	body	ihukarɨ	unique			See Language page
boil/pimple	espinilla, granos	espinha, borbulha	body		missing			See Language page
bone	hueso	osso	body	dʒerɨ	unknown			See Language page
breast	pecho, seno	peito	body	susu (SM)	doutbful loan	Onomatopoeic, but possibly a loan since the same form is found in a number of areal languages; Makú /tʃütʃü/; Quechua del Pastaza /tʃutʃu/; Yucuna (Arawak) tʃuʔutʃú; Proto-Chibchan		See Language page
breathe	respirar	respirar	body	esetrenarɨ	unique			See Language page
burn	quemar	queimar	environment	nɨdʒatu	inheritance			See Language page
chew	masticar, mascar	mastigar	body		missing			See Language page
child	niño, niña	criança	human	mure	inheritance			See Language page
climb	subir	subir	motion		missing			See Language page
cloud	nube	nuvem	environment	kahu weti {sky excrement) (M2000)	unique			See Language page
cold	frío	frio	quality	kətʃi	inheritance			See Language page
come	venir	vir	motion	ehɨrɨ	inheritance			See Language page
cook	cocinar	cozinhar	impact	ye (SM)	inheritance			See Language page
correct/true	verdad, de veras	verdade	quality	aere (M2000)	inheritance			See Language page
count	contar	contar	mental		missing			See Language page
cry	llorar	chorar	mental	etehamɨ (SM)	inheritance			See Language page
cut/hack	cortar	cortar	impact	akotərɨ	inheritance			See Language page
day	día	dia	time	ekadʒakarɨ	unique			See Language page
die/be dead	morir	morrer	state	ahehɨrɨ	unique			See Language page
dig	cavar	cavar	impact		missing			See Language page
dingo/wolf			fauna		missing			See Language page
dirty	sucio	sujo	quality	tukuise	inheritance			See Language page
dream	soñar	sonhar	mental	esenetɨ (SM)	inheritance			See Language page
drink	beber, tomar	beber	body	enɨrɨrɨ	inheritance			See Language page
dry	seco	seco	quality	taurune	inheritance	Bora		See Language page
dull/blunt	sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo	maçante, desamolado, não afiado	quality		missing			See Language page
dust	polvo	poeira	environment	werenə	unique			See Language page
ear	oreja	orelha	body	hana	inheritance			See Language page
earth/soil	tierra	terra	environment	nono	inheritance			See Language page
eat	comer	comer	body	eserehatə	inheritance			See Language page
egg	huevo	ovo	fauna	imo	inheritance			See Language page
eye	ojo	olho	body	enuru	inheritance			See Language page
faeces	heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol	fezes	body	weti, watɨ (M2000)	inheritance			See Language page
fall	caer	cair	motion	anotarɨ (refl.)	inheritance			See Language page
far	lejos	longe	quality	mɨha (SM)	inheritance			See Language page
fat/grease	grasa	gordura	body	ikatɨ	inheritance			See Language page
father	padre, papá	pai	kinship	hayre	unknown			See Language page
fear	miedo	medo	mental	narídʒi (M2000)	inheritance			See Language page
feather	pluma	pena	fauna	ɨhotɨbə	inheritance			See Language page
fingernail	uña	unha	body	amosai (SM)	inheritance			See Language page
fire	fuego	fogo	environment	mahoto	inheritance			See Language page
fish	xx	xx	fauna	ikuca	unique			See Language page
flow	fluir	fluir	motion	ahətunu	unknown			See Language page
flower	flor	flor	environment	ehɨrɨ	inheritance			See Language page
fly	volar	voar	motion	kawədəketɨ	inheritance			See Language page
fog	niebla, neblina	nevoeira, bruma, neblina	environment	kamereito	inheritance			See Language page
foot	pie	pé	body	hunu	inheritance			See Language page
fruit	fruta	fruta	flora	eheru (SM)	inheritance			See Language page
good	bueno	bom	quality	kure, kurano (M2000)	inheritance			See Language page
green	verde	verde	quality	tɨwanahikemɨ	unique			See Language page
grow	crecer	crescer	state	anɨta (SM)	inheritance			See Language page
hair (of head)	cabello	cabelo	body	hutuarɨ	inheritance			See Language page
hand	mano	mão	body	ɲaɽö	unique			See Language page
head	cabeza	cabeça	body	hutuhə	inheritance			See Language page
hear	oír	ouvir	mental	etarɨ	inheritance			See Language page
heart	corazón	coração	body	eremorohə	inheritance			See Language page
heavy	pesado	pesado	quality	amətʃisaka	inheritance	cf. Apalai		See Language page
hide	esconder	esconder	motion	onamɨ (SM)	inheritance			See Language page
hit	golpear, pegar	bater	impact	ihahakətə	inheritance			See Language page
hold	correr, asegurar, sostener	segurar	other	awonɨhɨrɨ	unique			See Language page
hot	caliente	quente	quality	atusaka	inheritance			See Language page
how?	como	como	grammar	ətɨke	inheritance			See Language page
if	si	se	grammar	ehihə	doubtful loan	Bora /-ʔaxčʰííxʸï, -kʰa/ and Muiname /-atʃtʃixɨ/		See Language page
in/inside	dentro, adentro	dentro	location	tawǝ (M2000)	inheritance			See Language page
intestines	intestinos	intestinos	body	wakuhə	inheritance; inheritance			See Language page
itch	hormiguear, sentir comezón	coçar	body		missing			See Language page
kill	matar	matar	impact	ihɨnəhɨrɨ	unknown			See Language page
know/be knowledgeable	saber, conecer	saber, conhecer	mental	iwarə	inheritance			See Language page
lake	lago	lago	environment	ikutuhə	inheritance			See Language page
laugh	reír	rir	mental	ehohimane	unknown			See Language page
leaf	hoja	folha	environment	wewarɨ	inheritance			See Language page
left/left hand	izquierdo	esquerdo	location/body	wəwədʒae	unknown			See Language page
leg/foot	pierna	perna	body	hətɨ	inheritance			See Language page
lie down	acostarse, echarse	deitar	motion	etonemarɨ (lying down)	unknown			See Language page
lightning	rayo, relámpago	relampago	environment	mana (SM)	inheritance			See Language page
live/be alive	vivir	viver, morar	body	nai (alive, adj.)	inheritance			See Language page
liver	hígado	figado	body	ererɨ	inheritance			See Language page
long	largo	comprido, longo	quality	mɨhano	unique			See Language page
louse	piollo, piojo	piolho	fauna	dʒahamɨ	inheritance		order Phtiraptera	See Language page
lung	pulmón	pulmão	body	eresosobə (SM)	inheritance			See Language page
man/male	hombre	homem	human	gɨrɨ	inheritance			See Language page
meat/flesh	carne	carne	fauna	tənəemɨ	unique			See Language page
moon	luna	lua	environment	nuna (SM)	inheritance			See Language page
mother	madre, mamá	mãe	kinship	mama	loan	Span?		See Language page
mountain/hill	montaña, colina, loma, cerro	morro, serra	environment	hɨbɨ	inheritance			See Language page
mouth	boca	boca	body	mɨda	inheritance			See Language page
name	nombre	nome	human	eseti	inheritance			See Language page
nape	base del cuello, nuca	nuca	body	taya (SM)	unique			See Language page
near/close	cerca de	perto	quality	mɨhake	inheritance			See Language page
neck	cuello	pescoço	body	ihɨmɨrɨ	inheritance			See Language page
new	nuevo	novo	quality	kaenano	inheritance			See Language page
night	noche	noite	time	koko	inheritance			See Language page
no/not	no	não	grammar	uwa	inheritance			See Language page
nose	nariz	nariz	body	onarɨ	inheritance			See Language page
old	viejo	velho	quality	tamutuhə	inheritance			See Language page
one	uno	um	number	teɲi	inheritance			See Language page
open/uncover	abrir	abrir	other	ahumaka (SM)	inheritance			See Language page
other	otro	outro	grammar	akorono	inheritance			See Language page
pain/painful/sick	dolor, doloroso, enfermo	dor, doloroso, doente	body	kutusaka (SM)	unique			See Language page
person/human being	persona	pessoa	human	karihona (SM)	inheritance			See Language page
pound/beat	machacar, golpear	bater	impact		missing			See Language page
rain	lluvia	chuva	environment	konoho	inheritance			See Language page
red	rojo	vermelho	colour	tamiremɨ	inheritance			See Language page
right/right hand	derecha	direita	location/body	ənətunu	inheritance			See Language page
road/path	camino	caminho	manufacture	esema	inheritance			See Language page
root	raíz	raiz	flora	imitɨ	inheritance			See Language page
rotten	podrido	podre	quality	ikətarɨ	inheritance			See Language page
sand	arena	areia	environment	samutu	inheritance			See Language page
say	decir	dizer	mental	ka (M2000)	inheritance			See Language page
scratch	rascar	rasgar	impact	itʃitʃinənə	inheritance			See Language page
see	ver	ver	mental	enerɨ	inheritance			See Language page
sharp	afilado, filudo, filoso	afiado	quality	aesaka (SM)	inheritance			See Language page
shoot	tirar, disparar, balear	atirar	impact	wə (SM)	inheritance			See Language page
short	corto	curto	quality	dɨdɨca (SM)	inheritance			See Language page
shoulder	hombro	ombro	body	mota (SM)	inheritance			See Language page
shy/ashamed	tímido, vergonzoso	timido, com vergonha	mental		missing			See Language page
sit	sentar(se)	sentar	state	ebai (SM)	inheritance			See Language page
skin	piel	pele	body	hitihə	inheritance			See Language page
sky	cielo	céu	environment	kahu	inheritance			See Language page
sleep	dormir	dormir	body	onɨrɨ	inheritance			See Language page
small	pequeño	pequeno	quality	hica (SM)	inheritance			See Language page
smoke	humo	fumaça	environment	ərətʃitə	inheritance			See Language page
sniff/smell	olfatear, oler	cheirar	body	hoci (SM)	inheritance		primarily transitive	See Language page
spit	escupir	cuspir	body	etaku (saliva; M2000)	inheritance			See Language page
split	partir, dividir	rachar, dividir, partir	impact		missing			See Language page
squeeze	estrujar, exprimir	espremer	impact		missing			See Language page
stab/pierce	apuñalar, acuchillar	apunhalar	impact	toreka (SM)	inheritance			See Language page
stand	estar de pié	ficar em pé	state	etunutənə (be standing)	unique			See Language page
star	estrella	estrela	environment	tʃirikə	inheritance			See Language page
steal	robar	roubar	other	aminəhə (SM)	inheritance			See Language page
stick/wood	palo	pau, vara	flora	tikuetɨ	inheritance			See Language page
stone	piedra	pedra	environment	təhu	inheritance			See Language page
suck	chupar	chupar	body	isusukarɨ	inheritance			See Language page
sun	sol	sol	time	wei	inheritance			See Language page
sweat	sudar	suor, suar	body	eramuku (SM)	inheritance			See Language page
swell	hincharse	inchar	body	awonə	inheritance			See Language page
swim	nadar	nadar	motion	ekətərɨ	inheritance			See Language page
tail	cola, rabo	rabo	body	arokɨhə	inheritance			See Language page
that	ese/esa	esse	grammar	mǝki, mǝrǝ (M2000)	inheritance			See Language page
thick	grueso, gordo, espeso	grosso	quality	tɨkɨme	inheritance			See Language page
thin	delgado	fino	quality	akɨime	unique			See Language page
think	pensar	pensar	mental	etehunə (SM)	inheritance			See Language page
this	este/esta	este	grammar	enɨ	inheritance	but compare Arawak: Warekena /eni/ and Yavitero /íni/		See Language page
three	tres	tres	number	serawərə	inheritance			See Language page
throat	garganta	garganta	body	ese (SM)	inheritance			See Language page
throw	tirar, lanzar	atirar, jogar	impact	ema (SM)	inheritance			See Language page
thunder	truenos	trovão	environment	kahu (thunder, sky) (M2000)	unique			See Language page
tie up/fasten	atar, amarrar	amarrar	impact	imɨrɨ	inheritance			See Language page
tongue	lengua	lingua	body	iɲiko	inheritance			See Language page
tooth	diente	dente	body	dʒerɨ	inheritance			See Language page
turn	girar, volter, torcer	virar	other	notoɲoganə	unique		may be transitive or intransitive	See Language page
two	dos	dois	number	səkənərə	inheritance			See Language page
vomit	vomitar	vomitar	body	nɨwenatarɨ	inheritance			See Language page
walk	caminar, andar	andar	motion	itərɨ	inheritance			See Language page
water	agua	agua	environment	tuna	inheritance			See Language page
wet	mojado	molhado	quality	tahisuke	inheritance			See Language page
what?	que, qué	que	grammar	ətɨ (interr.)	inheritance			See Language page
when?	cuando	quando	grammar	ətɨtawə	unique			See Language page
where?	donde	onde	grammar	əsa	inheritance			See Language page
white	blanco	branco	colour	tamutune	inheritance			See Language page
who?	quien, quién	quem	grammar	ənəkɨ (interr.)	inheritance			See Language page
wife	esposa	esposa	kinship	hətə (SM)	inheritance			See Language page
wind	viento	vento	environment	hehetʃi	inheritance			See Language page
wing	ala	asa	body	aherirɨ	inheritance			See Language page
woman/female	mujer	mulher	human	wəritʃi	inheritance			See Language page
work	trabajar	trabalhar	other	həka (SM)	unknown			See Language page
yawn	bostezar	bocejar	body	etáho (M2000)	inheritance			See Language page
yellow	amarillo	amarelo	colour	kananamano	inheritance			See Language page


1pl.excl
1pl.incl
1sg
2pl
2sg
3pl
3sg
above
again
all
and
ankle
armpit
ash
at
back
bad
bark
belly
below
big
bite
black
blood
blow
boil/pimple
bone
breast
breathe
burn
chew
child
climb
cloud
cold
come
cook
correct/true
count
cry
cut/hack
day
die/be dead
dig
dingo/wolf
dirty
dream
drink
dry
dull/blunt
dust
ear
earth/soil
eat
egg
eye
faeces
fall
far
fat/grease
father
fear
feather
fingernail
fire
fish
flow
flower
fly
fog
foot
fruit
good
green
grow
hair (of head)
hand
head
hear
heart
heavy
hide
hit
hold
hot
how?
if
in/inside
intestines
itch
kill
know/be knowledgeable
lake
laugh
leaf
left/left hand
leg/foot
lie down
lightning
live/be alive
liver
long
louse
lung
man/male
meat/flesh
moon
mother
mountain/hill
mouth
name
nape
near/close
neck
new
night
no/not
nose
old
one
open/uncover
other
pain/painful/sick
person/human being
pound/beat
rain
red
right/right hand
road/path
root
rotten
sand
say
scratch
see
sharp
shoot
short
shoulder
shy/ashamed
sit
skin
sky
sleep
small
smoke
sniff/smell
spit
split
squeeze
stab/pierce
stand
star
steal
stick/wood
stone
suck
sun
sweat
swell
swim
tail
that
thick
thin
think
this
three
throat
throw
thunder
tie up/fasten
tongue
tooth
turn
two
vomit
walk
water
wet
what?
when?
where?
white
who?
wife
wind
wing
woman/female
work
yawn
yellow

Showing 1 to 192 of 192 entries

Flora Fauna Vocabulary (138)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Source	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Food Source	Medicinal	Psychotropic	Traded	Distribution	Dangerous	General Notes
achiote, anatto	achiote	urucum	flora-fauna	Bixa orellana	ihu’se(H&R)	ihu’se(H&R)		inheritance									See Language page	1	0	0	0	1	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	shrub
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti)	Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado	cutia	flora-fauna	Dasyprocta spp.	akuri (SM)	a'kuri (H&R)		loan into protolg, direction unknown	Northern Carib?	Tupi-Guarani	Mello (2000) reconstructs for Proto-TG. Occurs widely in Carib; but loan into (?) Piaroa /æk'uri/; Nheengatu /akuti/; Achuar agutí	WW	%akuti				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
alligator, black caiman	babilla; cachirre	jacaré	flora-fauna	Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp.	ariwe	aribei'mɯ ('cayman', H&R)	cayman'	inheritance			Possible cognate Yukpa aréje						See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Throughout Amazonia	no?	Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi
Amazon dolphin	bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco)	boto cor-de-rosa	flora-fauna	Inia geoffrensis				missing									See Language page	1	0	0	0	0	Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls	no
Amazon tree-grape	uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.)	cucura	flora-fauna	Pourouma cecropiifolia				missing									See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times	no	a tree; not a true grape
anaconda	anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande	sucuri	flora-fauna	genus Eunectes	ikoi-mǝ (snake-Augm) 'boa constrictor', 'anaconda' (M2000)			inheritance		snake-big'							See Language page	2	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	yes
angleworm	lombriz	minhoca	flora-fauna	order Opisthopora	moto (worm) (SM)		worm'	inheritance	Northern Carib? (attested Pemongan group, Carijona)								See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna	Formicidae		jaka'u (H&R)		inheritance	Northern Carib?		Also kokoyo (SM)??						See Language page	0	0	0	0	0
anteater	oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus	tamanduá	flora-fauna	Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater)	həremu (SM)	hɯrɯu (large), wari’tʃi (small) (H&R)		doubtful loan; inheritance		Yucuna haru	Also hɯrɯu (large), wari’tʃi (small) (H&R)			Narrower (may mean 'large anteater')			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonian lowlands	no
armadillo	armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo)	tatu	flora-fauna	family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri	tik (SM)	ɯti’kɯ(H&R)		inheritance	N Amazonian subgroup? (shared Makiritari and Carijona)		Also tik (SM)						See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread in Amazonia	no
arrow cane, wildcane	caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana	cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio	flora-fauna	Gynerium sagittatum		susu’mɯ(‘cane’, H&R)	cane'	unknown						Broader?			See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	tropical regions, especially river banks	no	plant
avocado	palta, aguacate	abacate	flora-fauna	Persea americana	kahai (SM)			unknown									See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	tree
açai palm	huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia)	açaí	flora-fauna	Euterpe sp.	wahu (SM)			inheritance		North Arawak	Wapishana: wabu						See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia	no
banana, plantain	banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano	banana	flora-fauna	Musa sp.	haru (Meira2000)	haru (Meira2000)		inheritance?			Wanderwort: likely Sp/Pt origin (platano); paru and similar variants found in Tanimuca, Yucuna, Makushi, Carijona (in other Carib lgs as 'bastard plantain); other variants of platano also widespread. Also ha’ru (H&R)						See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	Names for banana/plantain may be derived from bastard plantain by semantic shift.
bat	murciélago	morcego	flora-fauna	Chiroptera spp.	rere (SM)	re’re(H&R)		inheritance	Guyana and Makiritari/Mapoyo branches								See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
beans	frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas)	feijão	flora-fauna	Phaseolus spp.				missing									See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna		torono			inheritance	Northern Carib?								See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
bitterwood	tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru)	envira	flora-fauna	Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala				missing									See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	secondary forests, native to Brazil	no	tree
black palm	bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá	bacaba	flora-fauna	Oenocarpus bacaba	kumu (M2000)			missing									See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon	no	may be confused in some entries with O. bataua
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna	Diptera	werewere (fly) (SM)	βere'βere (?, H&R)	fly'	inheritance	Northern Carib?	cf. Tacanan *we(ře)we(ře), West Tuk were							See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
boa	boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura	jiboia	flora-fauna	family Boidae, subf. Boinae		ʔa’kaima, akɯi’ma (H&R)		inheritance		snake-big'					Complex	snake + ?	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree)	calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara	cabaça	flora-fauna	Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine)	kariwa (SM)	kari'ba ('gourd', H&R)	gourd'	unique									See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	indigenous gardens	no	plant; tree
brazil nut	castaña	castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis)	flora-fauna	Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia']				missing									See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua.	no	tree
brown woolly monkey	Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt	macaco barrigudo	flora-fauna	Lagothrix lagothricha	arimime (R95)			unknown		prob. loan into Nheengatu aimore							See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant	conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro	tocandira	flora-fauna	Paraponera clavata	iráki 'tocandira' (M2000)	iráki 'tocandira' (M2000)		inheritance									See Language page	2	0	0	0	0		yes
butterfly, moth	mariposa	borboleta	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera				missing									See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
capybara	Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco	capivara	flora-fauna	Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris	capiouara, hiwiri (R95)	iwɯ’rɯ (H&R)		loan; inheritance	Northern Carib?	Tupi-Guarani	Also? capiouara (Rodriguez 95)						See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
cará tuber, purple or white	camote, sachapapa	cará roxo, branco	flora-fauna	Dioscorea sp.	nahíki (M2000)	nahíki (M2000)		inheritance		rel. to 'potato' terms?							See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings	no	plant
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium occidentale / giganteum	oródʒi (M2000)	oródʒi (M2000)		inheritance - WW		%eroi							See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium giganteum				missing									See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Brazil, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela, Guyana	no
centipede	ciempiés	centopéia	flora-fauna	class Chilopoda				missing									See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cicada	cigarra, chicharra	cigarra	flora-fauna	super fam. Cicadoidea				missing									See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cipó vine	tamishi, bejuco, yare	cipó	flora-fauna	Heteropsis spp.	ciminatǝ (M2000)			missing									See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	secondary forest, floodplain	no	vine
coca	coca	coca	flora-fauna	Erythroxylum coca	ihatu (SM)	iiha’tu (H&R)		loan - WW		%patu	Probably loan into Carib (not used in other regions?). Wanderwort: Arawak, e.g. Yucuna: ipatu; see also Nheengatu ipadu, etc.	WW	%patu				See Language page	1	0	0	1	1	secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes	no	plant
cockroach	cucaracha	barata-do-mato	flora-fauna	order Blattaria				missing									See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
collared peccary	sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar	caititu, caetitu	flora-fauna	Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu	hakira (small peccary) (SM); koto (generic term)	hakira (small peccary) (SM); koto (generic term)	small peccary	inheritance	Northern Carib?		Likely loan Carib > Wapishana bakɨɽ; see also Piaroa maquíra, Cofan saquira. Also koto (generic peccary)						See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
cotamundi, coatimundi	Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache	quati	flora-fauna	genus Nasua	cheu (R95)			inheritance									See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
cotton	algodón	algodão	flora-fauna	Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers)	mauruim (SM)	mau’ru (H&R)		inheritance	Guyana subgroup (shared Wai Wai)								See Language page	0	0	0	0	1	secondary scrub vegetation	no	plant; some sources may confound with kapok Ceiba pentandra (esp. if a single gloss for 'cotton' is given')
crab	cangrejo	caranguejo	flora-fauna	infraorder Brachyura				missing									See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cricket	saltón, grillo	grilo	flora-fauna	family Gryllidae	virichi (M2000)	virichi (M2000)		inheritance									See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cunuri (tree)	cunuri	cunuri	flora-fauna	Cunurea spruceana				missing									See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Amazonia	no
curassow	mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini)	mutum	flora-fauna	Crax sp., Nothocrax sp.	iko'imo			inheritance	Guyana and N Amazonian branches?								See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Amazonia	no
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna	family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus	kayak (SM)	kaha’o(H&R)		inheritance			Also kaha’o (H&R)						See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna		kayak			unknown									See Language page
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna	Canis famililaris	kaikutʃi (also jaguar)	kai’kutʃi e’kɯnɯ(H&R)	dog, jaguar'	semantic shift		from jaguar	Original meaning was presumably 'jaguar'. Also kai’kutʃi e’kɯnɯ (H&R)						See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Not native; widespread	no
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna		kaikutʃi			semantic shift									See Language page
dog (wild; bush dog)	sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta	cachorro-do-mato	flora-fauna	Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis				missing									See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
dove	paloma	pomba	flora-fauna	family Columbidae	waramici (M2000)			inheritance									See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
duck	pato	pato, marreco	flora-fauna	Anatidae family	sahasaha (SM)			unique									See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil)	suri, mojojoy	larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá	flora-fauna	Rhynchophorus sp.	ərukə	ərukə		inheritance									See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
electric eel	anguila eléctrica	poraquê	flora-fauna	Electrophorus electricus				missing									See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		yes
firefly, lightning bug	lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin)	vagalume	flora-fauna	fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae				missing									See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
fish (generic)	pez	peixe	flora-fauna		ikuca (SM)	iku’tʃa (H&R)		unique									See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
fish (large type)	paiche, pirarucú o arapaima	pirarucu	flora-fauna	Arapaima gigas				missing									See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	big rivers only	no
fish poison, barbasco	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	flora-fauna	Lonchocarpus spp.	ineku (M2000)			inheritance			Carib cure is reportedly source of Sp/Pt curare.						See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation	yes [used to poison people]	shrub/tree
flea	pulga	pulga	flora-fauna	order Siphonaptera	cik (SM)	‘kutʃika’hamo(H&R)		inheritance	Northern Carib?		But compare Secoya sɨk̃ɨ. Also ‘kutʃika’hamo (H&R)						See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
genipap	jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico	genipapo, jenipapo	flora-fauna	Genipapa americana	ménu (M2000)	ménu (M2000)		inheritance									See Language page	1	0	0	0	0	widespread lowland SA	no	shrub
giant otter	Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria	ariranha	flora-fauna	Pteronura brasiliensis	saro (SM); yavi (R95)	sa’ro (‘otter’, H&R)		inheritance	Northern Carib? (attested Carijona, Yukpa, Eñepa)		Rodriguez 1995 has yavi (under 'small otter' in Meira notes); see also sa’ro (‘otter’, H&R)						See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna	(generic)	woyi (SM)	woji (SM), ‘hamɯ’tɯkɯ (H&R)		inheritance	Unknown (shared Yukpa)		Also hamɯ’tɯkɯ (H&R)						See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
gray-winged trumpeter	Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris	jacamim	flora-fauna	Psophia crepitans	ma:mi (M2000)			inheritance									See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões	no
great egret	Garza Blanca, Guyratî	Garça-Branca-Grande	flora-fauna	Ardea alba	wará (M2000)			loan - WW		%wakara							See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread South America	no
green acouchi	Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo	cutiara	flora-fauna	Myoprocta pratti	jachi (R95)			unknown									See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
guan	pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru)	jacu	flora-fauna	Penelope sp.	maráti (M2000)	ma'ratti (H&R)		loan - WW		%mare	e.g. Bare hmáɻadi; see also Yanomami mãɾãʃi (also likely Arawak loan)						See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Different types have different localized ranges	no
hallucinogenic snuff	vilca, cebil, yopo	paricá, yopo	flora-fauna	Anadenanthera sp. or virola													See Language page
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca	ayahuasca, yage	ayahuasca, caapi	flora-fauna	Banisteriopsis caapi		ja'he (H&R)		loan - WW		%jahe	Wanderwort: W Tukanoan; Cofan, Aguaruna	WW	%jahe				See Language page	1	0	0	1	0	semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW	no	vine
hawk	halcón, gavilán	gavião	flora-fauna	family Accipitridae	hiyana (M2000)			inheritance									See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
honeybee	abeja	abelha	flora-fauna	Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis	arama (M2000)	arama (M2000)		inheritance	Unknown		Similar forms attested Eñepa-Carijona						See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
horse	caballo	cavalho	flora-fauna	Equus caballus				missing									See Language page	0	0	0	0	0
hot pepper	ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru)	pimenta	flora-fauna	Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens	həməi (SM)	hɯma’i’ H&R)		inheritance	Unknown								See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden	no	plant
howler monkey (red-handed)	mono aullador, mono coto (Peru)	guariba	flora-fauna	Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.]	alawata; garabata (R95); arawata (R95)			inheritance	Northern Carib?		Likely loan Carib > Arawak: Piapoco, Achagua àlawàta; see also Guayabero /árow-at/. Also garabata						See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
hummingbird	colibrí, picaflor (Peru)	beija-flor	flora-fauna	family Trochilidae	tukucí (M2000)	tuku’tʃi (H&R)		inheritance	Northern Carib?		Loan Carib > Hodï: tu'kudi						See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread	no
iguana	iguana, garipiares (Colombia)	camaleão	flora-fauna	Iguana sp.	iwana (SM)			loan direction unknown - WW		%iwana	Wanderwort: Similar forms in other Carib languages; Sp. iguana is reported to come from Arawak. Compare Yavitero iwána; see also Hodï uana (probably an Arawak loan), others	WW	%jiwana				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana
inga	guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru)	inga	flora-fauna	Inga spp.	karáu (M2000)	karáu (M2000)		inheritance									See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia)	no
insect (generic)	insecto	insecto	flora-fauna	generic				missing									See Language page	0	0	0	0	0
jaguar	yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru)	onca	flora-fauna	Panthera onca	kaykuči (also dog); kaikuchi enetonó (R95)	kai’kutʃi, ano’tona(H&R)	dog, jaguar'	inheritance	Unknown (shared Carijona and Makushi)		Also kai’kutʃi ano’tona (H&R, Rodriguez)			Broader (dog, jaguar)			See Language page	1	2	0	0	0		yes
japurá	oreja de murcielago	japurá	flora-fauna	Erisma japura				missing									See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	large tree
kapok	ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.)	sumaumeira	flora-fauna	Ceiba pentandra				missing									See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas	no	tree
kingfisher	martín pescador, catalan (Peru)	martim-pescador	flora-fauna	family Alcedinidae	uatú:ra (M2000)			inheritance									See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
leaf-cutter ant	Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse	saúva	flora-fauna	Atta sp.	kokoyo (SM)	kokojo (SM)		unique									See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
macaw	ara, guacamaya	Arara	flora-fauna	family Psittacidae; Ara sp.	caheta (yellow macaw); kinoro (red macaw)			unique									See Language page	1	1	0	0	1	Widespread Amazonia	no
maize, corn	mazorca, maiz	milho	flora-fauna	Zea mays	anaci (SM)	a’natʃi (H&R)		inheritance?	Proto-Carib	possible loan into proto-Carib, cf. Arawak mariki and TG aBati							See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	widespread, esp. in river floodplains	no	plant
manatee	vaca marina, manatí	peixe-boi	flora-fauna	Trichechus sp.				missing									See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
mandi catfish	maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish)	mandi	flora-fauna	Auchenipterus sp.				missing									See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
manioc (bitter or generic)	yuca brava	mandioca	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	wɨi (SM)	hara ('general', H&R)		unknown		cf. Yukuna pari	Also hara ('manioc' H&R)			Broader (manioc in general)			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition.	no	Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield
manioc (sweet)	yuca, caribe	macaxeira	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	wɨi			missing			Also hara ('manioc' H&R)			Broader (manioc in general)			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	no	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
miriti palm	moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti	buriti	flora-fauna	Mauritia flexuosa				missing									See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps	no	trunks contain sago-like starch
mosquito	mosquito, zancudo	mosquito, carapana	flora-fauna	Anopheles sp.	mahiri (SM)	ma’sakɯ (H&R)		inheritance			Also ma’sakɯ (H&R)						See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
moth	mariposa nocturna, polilla	mariposa	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera				missing									See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
mouse, rat	ratón	camundongo, rata	flora-fauna	Mus musculus	mu’nʲuhɯ (H&R)	mu’nʲuhɯ (H&R)	rat'	inheritance						Broader (rat in general?)			See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
mushroom	champiñón, hongo	cogumelo	flora-fauna	(any edible generic)				missing									See Language page	0	2	0	0	0		no	prioritize generic term that includes any edible species
neotropical otter (small)	Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia)	lontra	flora-fauna	Lontra longicaudis	yawi (SM); sará (R95)			loan; inheritance		North Arawak	e.g. Achagua yewi. Rodriguez 1995 has sará (under 'giant otter' in Meira notes)						See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
opossum	zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo	mucura	flora-fauna	family Didelphidae	aware (SM)			inheritance - WW	Northern Carib?	%jawari	Likely loan Carib > Wapishana /jawari/; Hodï /yowale/; Yanomami /awaɾe/, Piaroa yäväre						See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
owl (large)	búho, lechuza	corujão	flora-fauna	order Strigiformes		suko'suko ('owl', H&R)	owl'	inheritance			May be onomatopoeic			Broader (owl in general?)			See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread	no
paca (lowland)	Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana)	paca	flora-fauna	Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.)	kurimau (SM)	kuri'mao (H&R)		inheritance									See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
pacu fish	palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru)	pacu	flora-fauna	Mylossoma sp.	háku (M2000)			missing									See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
palm for roof thatch	pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná	caraná	flora-fauna	Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana				missing									See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests	no	palm
parrot	loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib)	papagaio	flora-fauna	Amazona amazonica	kinoro'	lo'ro (H&R)		loan	Northern Carib?	Arawak or Span	Also lo'ro (H&R)						See Language page	1	0	0	0	1	Widespread	no
paxiuba palm	pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba	paxiuba	flora-fauna	Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea				missing									See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no	palm
peach palm, pejibaye palm	chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol)	pupunha	flora-fauna	Bactris gasipaes	jarejo; ‘hɯrɯwai’mɯ hɯrɯ’wa	harejo	chontaduro palm	doubtful loan (into protolg?), direction unknown - WW			cf. Lokono, Palikur; Arawak loan - %pipiri?						Durbin & Seijas 1973: 30; Huber & Reed 1992: 175	2	1	0	0	0		no
peanut	maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete	amendoim	flora-fauna	Arachis hypogaea				missing									See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
pineapple	piña	abacaxi	flora-fauna	Ananas comosus	nureimə (SM)	bereiva (M2000)		inheritance		cognate Mapoyo, Makiritare?	May be cognate Mapoyo						See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
pirana	piraña, caribe	piranha	flora-fauna	subfamily Serrasalmidae	hǝni	hɯɯ’ne (H&R)		inheritance	Northern Carib? (Eñepa, Carijona, Mapoyo)								See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no [not in this region]
porcupine	puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru)	cuandu, porco-espinho	flora-fauna	family Erethizontidae	wirika (R95)			inheritance	Unknown (attested Carijona, Eñepa)		e.g. Desano /wáru/						See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
potato	papa	batata	flora-fauna	Solanum tuberosum	nahí (M2000)			missing									See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation	no	compare entries for sweet potato
potato, sweet potato	camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara	batata-doce	flora-fauna	Ipomoea batatas	nahí (M2000)	nahí (M2000)		inheritance									See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
praying mantis, stick insects	mantis religiosa	louva-a-deus	flora-fauna	order Mantodea, family Mantidae				missing									See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
rubber tree (sorva)	caucho, siringa, shiringa	seringa, borracha	flora-fauna	Hevea sp.				missing									See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no	tree
scorpion	escorpión; alacran	escorpião	flora-fauna	order Scorpiones	mína:ti (M2000)			inheritance									See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		yes
seje palm	ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá	patoá, patuá	flora-fauna	Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua				missing									See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia		may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries
sloth	pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru)	macaco preguica	flora-fauna	Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp.	uarékore (M2000)			missing									See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
small lizard	lagartija	calango	flora-fauna	order Squamata	moyoci (SM)	joci (M2000)		doubtful loan, direction unknown		Cubeo bʉyoco							See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
snail	caracol, churo (Peru)	caracol	flora-fauna	class Gastropoda				missing									See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		əkəi	aka'i (H&R)		inheritance	Northern Carib?		H&R aka'i						See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake	víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara	jararaca	flora-fauna	Bothrops jararaca/atrox				missing									See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread South America	yes
speckled catfish	surubí, pintadillo	surubim, sorubim	flora-fauna	Pseudoplatystoma sp.				missing									See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna	Arachnidae, Araneae	yoci (SM)	tawa’tʃi (H&R)		inheritance; unique	Unknown (attested Carijona, Wai Wai, Yabarana)		Also tawa’tʃi (H&R)			No info			See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
squash	calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru)	abóbora	flora-fauna	Cucurbita sp.				missing									See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
squirrel	ardilla, danta (Ven)	serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo	flora-fauna	family Sciuridae	meri (SM)	meri (SM)		inheritance		North Arawak	Yucuna mele						See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
stingray (generic)	rayas látigo, raya	arraia	flora-fauna	Potamotrygon sp.	dziha:ri (M2000)			doubtful loan - WW		note similarity to WW spear/machete (from Span. sable?)							See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
tannia, yautia	huitina (Peru), ñame	taioba branca	flora-fauna	Xanthosoma spp.	nahake	naha’kɯ	yam' (generic)	doubtful loan, direction unknown		North Arawak	Possible loan Yucuna ɲaʔakú. May be cognate Pemon/Akawaio napöi.						See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
tapir	sachavaca, danta	anta	flora-fauna	Tapirus terrestris	mačihuri	matʃi’huri (H&R)		inheritance	Northern Carib? (attested Pemongan, Carijona, Waimiri-Atroari)								See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
termites, white-ants	comején (Peru), termitas	cupim	flora-fauna	order Isoptera		‘nuukɯ (H&R)		inheritance									See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
tick	garrapata	carrapato	flora-fauna	superfam Ixodoidea				missing									See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
tigerfish	taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru)	traíra	flora-fauna	Hoplias sp.	hatakadzi (M2000)			missing									See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
tinamou	tinamu, perdiz, gallineta	inambu, inhambu	flora-fauna	family Tinamidae	hutuni (M2000)			unique									See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
toad	sapo	sapo	flora-fauna	order Anura		hɯrɯ’ru (H&R)		doubtful loan		TG kururu, also present in Arawak							See Language page	0	2	0	0	0		no
tobacco	tabaco	tabaco	flora-fauna	Nicotiana tabacum	tamwinto	ta’mɯ (H&R)		inheritance	Proto-Carib		Compare Arawak, possibly early loan. Also tamwinto (D&S1973)						See Language page	1	0	0	0	1		no	plant
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant)	tortuga, morrocoy, motelo	jabutí, tartaruga	flora-fauna	Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria	kurisa 'tortuga tracaja' (M2000)	wotokaura'ri (H&R)		unknown									See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	Widespread	no
toucan	tucán, pinsha (Peru)	tucano	flora-fauna	Ramphastos sp.		tʃaha’ko (H&R)		inheritance	Unknown (attested Eñepa and Carijona)		Doubtful loan into Hodi chejko						See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
tree	árbol	arvore	flora-fauna		wewe (SM)	‘βeβe (‘forest’, H&R)		inheritance	Guyana branch, Yabarana, Waimiri-Atroari								See Language page	0	0	0	0	0
tufted capuchin monkey	mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero	macaco prego	flora-fauna	Cebus apella	meekú (R95)			inheritance									See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
ucuqui	yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru)	ucuqui	flora-fauna	Pouteria ucuqui				missing									See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions	no	other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant
vulture	buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru)	urubu	flora-fauna	family Cathartidae	corucarase (M2000)	kuru'go (H&R)		inheritance	Northern Carib?		Likely loan into Warekena (Arawak): kuɺuwitu						See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread South America	no
wasp	avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa	caba	flora-fauna	order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita	okómũ (M2000)	okómũ (M2000)		inheritance									See Language page	0	2	0	0	0		no
white-fronted capuchin	Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru)	Caiarara	flora-fauna	Cebus albifrons	tawachi (R95)			loan		North Arawak, e.g. Yavitero huatsĩ							See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
white-fronted spider monkey	Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia)	macaco aranha, coatá, quatá	flora-fauna	Ateles belzebuth/paniscus	maakú (R95)			unknown									See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
white-lipped peccary	Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana	queixada	flora-fauna	Tayassu pecari	woto (white-lipped peccary; goto, wetá (R95)	woto (white-lipped peccary; goto, wetá (R95)		unique			Also goto, wetá (R95)						See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
woodpecker	pájaro carpintero, carpintero	pica-pau	flora-fauna	family Picidae	kue:tú (we:tú? M2000)			inheritance									See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no

Showing 1 to 138 of 138 entries

Cultural Vocabulary (97)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Etymology Code	Loan Source	General Notes	Source
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven	tierra do los muertos	terra dos mortos	culture-mythology					See Language page
arrow	flecha	flecha	subsistence tool	wɨraha (SM)	inheritance		hunting, warfare	See Language page
axe/stone axe	hacha (de piedra)	machado (de pedra)	subsistence tool	wɨwɨ (generic ax)	inheritance		especially for clearing fields	See Language page
bait for fishing	cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru)	isca	subsistence tool				can refer to worms; more generic	See Language page
basin/bowl	tazón, plato hondo, taza	tijela	culture-material		missing			See Language page
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	sajaro (M2000)	loan	Quechua?		See Language page
basket, small	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto pequeno, tampado	culture-material					See Language page
bead	abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar	miçanga	culture-material	mereguai (M2000)	unique			See Language page
bed	cama	cama	culture-material	onǝ-thoho (sleep-NMZ) (M2000)	unique			See Language page
bench, seat	banco, silla, asiento	banco	culture-material	əhəi (SM)	inheritance			See Language page
blowgun	cerbatana, pucuna (Peru)	zarabatana	subsistence tool	raca (SM)	inheritance		currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region	See Language page
boomerang/throwing stick (generic)			subsistence tool		missing			See Language page
bottle	botella	garrafa	acculturation					See Language page
bottom grinding stone			manufacture		missing		if different word from top grinding stone	See Language page
bow	arco	arco	subsistence tool	cihamata, wakaca (SM)	unique		arco	See Language page
broom	escoba	vassoura	culture-material		missing			See Language page
canoe	canoa	canoa	transport	kanawa	doubtful loan (into protolg?) - WW	%kanawa		See Language page
cat	gato	gato	acculturation	mici (M2000)	loan - WW	%miʃi		See Language page
chicken	gallina	galinha	acculturation	cageli (M2000), kapri/kaheri, korotoro (Nordenskiold1922)	loan - WW	%kara		See Language page
chief/leader	jefe, cacique	chefe	culture-mythology		missing			See Language page
clothing	ropa	roupa	culture-mythology	juruji (cloth)	unknown			See Language page
club	garrote, cachiporra	clava, porrete	subsistence tool		missing			See Language page
Curupira (spirit type)	Curupira, Madremonte	Curupira	culture-mythology				malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region	See Language page
dart (blowgun)	dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru)	dardo, seta	subsistence tool	aru (? M2000)			hunting and warfare	See Language page
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure	dios(es), deidad	divinidade, figura mítica	culture-mythology	rioso (SM)	loan	Spanish	In RN region, frequently translates as 'Bone-Son', 'One on the bone', etc.	See Language page
digging stick			subsistence tool	tikuetɨ (stick) (SM)	missing			See Language page
dream	sueño, soñar	sonho, sonhar	culture-mythology	eseneti (M2000)				See Language page
drum	tambor	tambor	culture-mythology	taburu (SM)	loan	Spanish/Portuguese		See Language page
drum (large signal)	tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia)	tambor	culture		missing		Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances	See Language page
fan	abanico	abanador, abano	subsistence tool	hədi (SM)	inheritance		esp. for fanning a cooking fire	See Language page
feather headdress	plumaje, corona de plumas	enfeite/capacete de penas	culture-mythology					See Language page
fence, palisade	cerco	cerca	other		missing		may be related to defense/warfare?	See Language page
fermented drink	masato, chicha	caxiri, chicha	culture	bokiri'	doubtful loan	Bora, paaxɯ́ri-, pʰɨ́ɨ́kʰa 'manioc', paaxɯ́ripa 'manioc beer'	prioritizes manioc beer where distinction is made	See Language page
fetish, charm	fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga	feitiço, puçanga	culture-mythology					See Language page
fireplace	hogar	lareira	other					See Language page
firewood	leña	lenha	other	wewe (wood, tree) M2000	inheritance			See Language page
fish (with fish-poison)	pescar con barbasco, barbasquear	pescar com timbó; tinguijar	food		missing			See Language page
fish (with line)	anzuelear, pescar con linea	pescar (com linha)	food		missing			See Language page
fishing line	cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze	linha de pesca	subsistence tool					See Language page
fishtrap	trampa de peces, trampa	matapi, cacuri	subsistence tool					See Language page
flat bread, cassava bread	pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe	beiju	food	y-uru 'food'; M2000	doubtful loan (into protolg), direction unknown	Arawak	usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits	See Language page
flour/meal from manioc	fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina	farinha	food		missing		agriculture	See Language page
flute	flauta, quena (Peru)	flauta	culture-mythology	taregua (M2000)	inheriance		multiple types? japurutu, deer-bone, etc.	See Language page
game animal	caza, animal de caza	caça, animal de caça	food	woto (M2000)	inheritance		Interesting correlation to 'fish' in Tukanoan languages	See Language page
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit	espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio	espirito	culture-mythology	amorehə (SM)	unknown			See Language page
gourd (dipper/bowl)	cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo	cuia	subsistence tool	kariwa (M2000)	inheritance			See Language page
grater	rallador, rallo	ralador, ralo	subsistence tool	chimari (M2000)	inheritance		esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well	See Language page
grave	tumba, sepultura, sepulcro	sepultura, sepulcro, cova	culture-mythology					See Language page
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf)	barbacoa	jirau	subsistence tool		missing			See Language page
griddle for cooking flatbread	tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru)	forno para beiju	subsistence tool		missing		agriculture?	See Language page
gun	arma, escopeta	espingarda, fusil	acculturation	koheto (from Span escopeta; M2000)	loan	Spanish 'escopeta'		See Language page
hammock	hamaca, chinchorro	rede	culture-material	etate	inheritance			See Language page
hat	sombero	chapéu	dress		missing			See Language page
healer	curandero	benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano)	culture-mythology				Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well.	See Language page
hollow log/trough for beer-making	canoa para chicha	cocho de caxiri	narcotics					See Language page
honey	miel	mel	food	weɲi (SM)	inheritance		only gathered in wild throughout Amazonia?	See Language page
house			other	hakoro (SM)	doubtful loan into protolanguage	Arawak; cf. Piro-Apurinã *poko		See Language page
hunt	cazar	caçar	food	eciwa (M2000)				See Language page
knife	cuchillo	faca	culture-material	chano (small knife)	unique			See Language page
loincloth	taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla	tanga, tapa-sexo	dress	kwe:jó (M2000)				See Language page
machete	machete	facão	culture-material	iguasa' (big machete), u munguri' (small machete)	doubtful loan; unknown	Tupi-Guarani iguaçu 'big'		See Language page
mortar	mortero	pilão	subsistence tool	akə (SM)	inheritance			See Language page
paddle/oar	remo	remo	transport	hura (SM)	loan, direction unknown	Wapishana		See Language page
paint body, body paint	pintura corporal	pintura corporal	culture-mythology					See Language page
panpipe	carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora	caniço, flauta de pã	culture-mythology					See Language page
paper	papel	papel	acculturation		missing			See Language page
pestle	pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor	mão de pilão	subsistence tool					See Language page
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other					See Language page
plate	plato	prato	culture-material	wahiha (SM)	unique			See Language page
policeman	polícia	policía	acculturation					See Language page
pot	olla, pote	panela, vasilha	subsistence tool	erina	inheritance			See Language page
rattle	matraca, maraca	marico, chocalho	culture-mythology	maraká	loan (into protolg?), direction unknown	Tupi-Guarani		See Language page
resin	resina, brea, copal	resina, brea, breu	subsistence tool		missing			See Language page
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya)	kapiwaya	capiwaya	culture-mythology	kaewane (a kind of song) (SM)				See Language page
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture	ewarɨ	inheritance			See Language page
salt	sal	sal	food	hame	inheritance			See Language page
school	escuela	escola	acculturation					See Language page
shaman, healer	chamán, brujo	xaman, pajé, feiticeiro	culture-mythology	hiyaci (SM)	inheritance		In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
shoes	zapatos	sapatos	dress					See Language page
skirt	falda, saya, fustan, pollera	saia	culture-material	sayá (petticoat - M2000)	loan	Port/Span saia		See Language page
soldier	soldado	soldado	acculturation		missing			See Language page
song (generic)	canción, canto	canção	culture-mythology		missing			See Language page
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool		missing			See Language page
spearthrower			subsistence tool		missing			See Language page
starch (tapioca, other)	almidón	goma de tapioca	food		missing			See Language page
stone for lighting fires	piedra para hacer fuego	pedra para acender fogo	culture-material					See Language page
sugarcane/sugar	azúcar, caña de azúcar	açucar (de cana)	acculturation					See Language page
tapioca drink, mingau	cahuana, caguana	mingau	food		missing		agriculture	See Language page
tattoo	tatuaje, tatu	tatuagem	culture-mythology					See Language page
thatch/roof	crisneja	palha, caraná	culture-material		missing			See Language page
tipiti (manioc squeezer)	tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca	tipiti	food	matahi (SM)	loan	Tupi-Guarani? matapi	word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc	See Language page
top grinding stone	metate, mano; piedra de moler	metate, mano	manufacture		missing		use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone	See Language page
tripod for washing manioc	trípode	tripé	subsistence tool				agriculture	See Language page
venom for darts, poison	veneno	curare	subsistence tool	kurari (SM)	inheritance - WW	%wirari	hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?)	See Language page
wax	cera	cera	other	akira (M2000)	unknown			See Language page
woven strainer/sieve	colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru)	peneira, cumatá	subsistence tool	manári (M2000)	inheritance		agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour	See Language page
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women)	yurupari	jurupari	culture-mythology				a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women.	See Language page

Showing 1 to 97 of 97 entries

Ethnographic Information

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Current Population (speakers)	Former Population Estimate	Subsistence Preference	Density	Sedentism	Ecotome	Marriage Pattern	Notes	Source
300	medium	AG	medium	sedentary

Showing 1 to 1 of 1 entries