Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

sky

Semantic Field: environment
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish: cielo
Meaning Portuguese: céu

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Language	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Loan Source	General Notes	Source
Achagua	é:ʒi	é:ʒi		unique			See Language page
Aché		kreɨʔɨ		unique			See Language page
Aguaruna	nayaím	najaim		inheritance			See Language page
Akawaio	kabuuruuk	ka'buruk		inheritance	Proto-Carib		See Language page
Akawaio/Ingariko dialect	kaʔ	kaʔ					See Language page
Andoke	põkǝ(ü)he (RW52)			unique			See Language page
Apalai	kapu	kapu		inheritance			See Language page
Arabana	kadlara			unique
Araona		baepa					See Language page
Ashuar	nayáim	najaim					See Language page
Ayoreo		gaa'teei				Lit. 'up, above' 12.080. Also 'gee-ode 'ueečaai; gaa'tee-odeʔ. Lit 'the other side of the clouds'.	See Language page
Baniwa	éeno	éeno		semantic shift	thunder		See Language page
Bankalachi Toloim	sā-tus 209			unique
Barasano	ɨ́bɨ̃-gase-ro	ɨ́bɨ̃-gase-ro					See Language page
Bardi	gurrwal	kurrwal		inheritance
Bará		ɨ̃'bɨ̃ kahero					See Language page
Barí		baḍũ				Colombia ba'duunə.	See Language page
Baure	a'ni-ye	a'ni-je		inheritance			See Language page
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone	tukum-pin, tukum-pana, tuku-pphy			inheritance
Bora	níxkʰʸe-xɨ, íéβeʔóókʷa	níxkʰʲɛ-xɨ, íέβɛʔóókʷa		inheritance			See Language page
Bunuba	birrinyi			doubtful loan
Burarra	girlngarr			unknown
Cahuilla	tukvash			inheritance			S&H 1979
Camsa	sel-óka	sel-óka					See Language page
Candoshi-Shapra	kanĭdá	kanĭnntá		unique			See Language page
Canela		iʔ-kʰũm				Jê form is kũm. Maxacalí form is -ŋõɲ.	See Language page
Carapana	ɨ̃bɨ̃-re'kó	ɨ̃bɨ̃-re'kó					See Language page
Carijona	kahu			inheritance			See Language page
Cavineña	bare-pa; ebaro-kʷe (ebaro-kʷe also means "up")	bare-pa; ebaro-kʷe		inheritance			See Language page
Cayuvava		daɨ					See Language page
Central Aymara	alajjpacha	alax-pača; laḳampu					See Language page
Central Sierra Miwok	wy:/che-			inheritance
Cha'palaa		['selu]				From Span. 'cielo'.	See Language page
Chemehuevi	tugu/mp(a)			inheritance
Chipaya		arax̣pača; pača (?) [loan Aymara]				Uru-J form is tsiku. Cf. 'above' 12.080.	See Language page
Chiriguano		ara		unique			See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja		poleʔ				Also means 'cloud' 01.730.	See Language page
Chumash Barbareno	alapaj? (on top)			inheritance			Beeler 1976:263
Chumash Cruzeno	nawani			unknown			JPH
Chumash Ineseno	7al-apaj “up, above, (in) the sky”			inheritance			A 17
Chumash Obispeno	tiLhisa			unknown			JPH
Chumash Ventureno	alalpaj			unknown			Pinart II, B67:12
Chácobo	nai-pa	nai-pa		inheritance			See Language page
Cocopa	ma:, ma:Ly			inheritance
Cofán	sefacco	sɛɸakho				phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
Comanche	tomoba7atY, tomoobI			unique
Cubeo	cavarõ; cavarõ mearo	kavaɾõ; kavaɾõ meaɾo		inheritance			See Language page
Cuiva		pe-ita-bóko(-to), pitabóko	cielo, sky				Huber & Reed 1992:61
Cupeño	tukva'a-sh	[tukvəɁəʃ]		inheritance
Desano	ʉ̃mʉsĩ	ɨ̃mɨsĩ		inheritance			See Language page
Dhangu	djiwarr(')			unknown
Dhuwal	djiwarr(')
Dhuwala	djiwarr(')			unknown
Diyari	pariwilpa			inheritance
DiyariREU	[missing]			missing
Djambarrpuyngu	2262			unknown
Djapu	djiwarr(')			unknown
Djeoromitxi	bekükü	bekøkø					See Language page
Djinang	ṉami			unknown
Dâw	pox	pɔx		inheritance			See Language page
Epena		'pa-hã; a'kʰõre 'hã				Respectively: 'thunder-plane' 01.560; 'father's/sun plane' 02.350 & 01.520.	See Language page
Ese Ejja		eya		unique			See Language page
Ese Ejja/Huarayo	eya	eya					See Language page
Esselen	ot-no “in heaven”			unknown			Shaul 1995:207
Eñepa	kaʔ (IDS)	kaʔ (IDS)		inheritance			See Language page
Gabrielino	toku:p-nga; tuku:par			inheritance
Gajirrabeng	ngandongoorroong			unique	NJ
Gooniyandi	birrinyi			doubtful loan
Guayabero		tat-baxó		inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
Gupapuyngu	djiwarr(')			unknown
Gurindji	kulumarra			loan	Jaminjung
Hodï	younaja			unique			See Language page
Huambisa	nayaim	najaim					See Language page
Hup	pǎç	pǎç		semantic shift			See Language page
Ignaciano		anuma				Also means the directional 'up'12.080.	See Language page
Iipay 'Aa	'emaay	[Ɂəˈmaˑi]		inheritance
Iquito	níiya caricúcu (MC: earth ɨ ceiling)	níija karikúku (earth + ceiling)		inheritance			See Language page
Itonama		uh-nano					See Language page
Jaru	birrinyi			loan
Kabiyari	ʔianati	?ianati					See Language page
Kaingang	kanhkã	kaɲkã					See Language page
Kakataibo		na'i				Panoan naipa.	See Language page
Kakua		hêʔá		inheritance	compare Yucuna heʔetʃú		See Language page
Kalapalo	kafu	kafu		inheritance			See Language page
Kamayurá	ɨwɑkɑ	ɨwɑkɑ		inheritance			See Language page
Karajarri	kurrwal			inheritance
Karajá		biu-wetɔkɨ					See Language page
Kariña	kapu	kapu	sky, heaven				Courtz 2007:291
Karitiana	pãmpi	pãmpi		unknown			See Language page
Katukina		nai					See Language page
Kawaiisu	tugu-bajaa-vi-dy			inheritance
Kija	pirriny-ji			unique	NJ
Kiliwa	7-wiiy			unknown
Kitanemuk	tukuhpach			inheritance
Kokama	kuarachi	kuaratʃi		loan, direction unknown	Yagua		See Language page
Koreguaje	cʉnaʉmʉ	kʉnaʉmʉ		inheritance			See Language page
Kotiria	~bʉa; me sehe; mᵾano	mʉ̃ã (Stenzel); me sehe; mᵾano (Waltz)		inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
Kwazá	hanãwã, -nãwã	hanãwã, -nãwã					See Language page
Lake Miwok	li/ilewali			inheritance
Lengua		netin					See Language page
Lokono	maukilli	maukilli	sky, the starry sky				DeGoeje 1928:170
Luiseño	tu:pa-sh			inheritance
Maca		was (m.)					See Language page
Macaguan		máteʧi, máto ʧi		unique			See Language page
Maihiki	aibese ja	aibese xã		unique			See Language page
Makiritare	kahuɨ (IDS)	kahuɨ (IDS)		inheritance			See Language page
Makuna	macarᵾcᵾro	makaɾɨkɨɾo		unknown			See Language page
Makushi	kaʔ (IDS)	kaʔ (IDS)		inheritance			See Language page
Malyangapa	ngayiri			loan direction unknown
Mangala	yirri			unknown
Mapoyo	sakau	sakau					See Language page
Mapudungun		wenu				Same form in Ranquel.	See Language page
Matses	abu	abu		unknown			See Language page
Minica Witoto	móna	móna					See Language page
Miriwung	ngandongoorroong			unique	NJ
Mithaka	dikarra			loan direction unknown
Mocoví		pigim					See Language page
Mojave	7amay			inheritance
Mosetén-Chimané		mãye'dʸeʔ				Cf. 'day'14.410.	See Language page
Movima	ɓen̉-ra	ɓen̉-ra					See Language page
Mudburra	kulumarra
Mudburra	kulumarra			loan
Muinane	níkke-xe	níkkɛ-xɛ					See Language page
Muisca	guatquyca	γuatkuɨka					See Language page
Murui Witoto	mona	mona		inheritance/Witoto			See Language page
Mutsun	Tarah			unknown			O77:50
Nadëb/Rio Negro dialect		poh, wǝ:Ɂ					See Language page
Nadëb/Roçado dialect		wǝɁ		inheritance	cognate Dâw		See Language page
Napo Lowland Quichua	silu (Spanish loan)	silu					See Language page
Ngamini	paRiwilpa			inheritance
Ngandi	X			missing
Ngarluma	barlbar
Ngumbarl	kalboo, koorrwal	<kalboo, koorrwal>		inheritance
Nheengatu	iwaka, iyuwaka	iwaka, ijuwaka		inheritance			See Language page
Nhirrpi	[missing]			missing
Nimanburru	gorwal gorwal	korwal korwal		inheritance
Ninam	hɨtɨmosi, yãrɨ (EM72)	hɨtɨmosi, jãɾɨ		inheritance			See Language page
Nivaclé		wɔʔs	sky			Also means 'heaven' 22.310. Arribeños dialect has waʔs.	https://ids.clld.org/
Northern Emberá	baahã́	baːhã́					See Language page
Northern Mangarla	yirri
Northern Nyangumarta	palparr			inheritance
Northern Paiute	toko7pa7			inheritance			Nichols 1974:339
Northern Sierra Miwok	wy:ce-			inheritance
Nukak		hea2		inheritance			See Language page
Nyangumarta	parlparr			inheritance
Nyikina	gurruwal	kurruwal		inheritance
Nyulnyul	gurrwal	kurrwal		inheritance
Nɨpode Witoto	móna	móna					See Language page
Ocaina	aam̈i; aam̈ijón; bum̈onñ..á; xutymóóña	aam:i; aam:ihón; bɯm:õɲá; xɯtʲmóóɲa		unique			See Language page
Paakantyi	galgara			unique
Pacahuara		na'ipa				d'Orb nahixna.	See Language page
Paraguayan Guaraní		ɨ'vaɣa					See Language page
Paresi	enokoa	enokoa		inheritance			See Language page
Pemon	kak (A1981); kak (M2000)	kak (A1981); 'kak (M2000)		inheritance			See Language page
Piapoco	capìlaléeri	kapìlaléeri					See Language page
Piaroa	morojä	morohæ		unknown			See Language page
Pilagá		piyem					See Language page
Pirriya	niila			unique
Pitta-Pitta	rtikarrha			loan direction unknown
Plains Miwok	wic:ek			inheritance
Playero		ita-boxó-bo					See Language page
Puinave	sənə	sənə		unique			See Language page
Pumé	ãdȩ						See Language page
Páez	ë	ë					See Language page
Qawasqar		arḳa-c̷ewe				arka means 'up' 12.080. Also astes-c̷ewe. Bo, Sk record arka for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record akowa for South QWS.	See Language page
Quechua Ayacuchano	hanaq-pacha (CP94)	hanaq-patʃa					See Language page
Resígaro	há?ihí	háʔihí		unique			See Language page
Rirratjingu	ga:rak
Ritharrngu	X			missing
Salinan A	opolemo			loan			Pinart (Heizer)
Salinan M	leM			unknown			Mason 1918:133
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité		nitiŋ					See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet		neeten					See Language page
Sanumá	hutumosɨ (EM72)	hutumosɨ		inheritance			See Language page
Secoya	matëmo	mãtɨmo					See Language page
Selknam		šoʔn					See Language page
Seri (Comcaac)	hami/ime			unknown
Serrano	tukuhp-t			inheritance
Shipibo-Konibo		nai					See Language page
Sikuani		itá-boxo		inheritance			See Language page
Siona	guënamëma'tëmë	gɨnamɨmaʔtɨmɨ		inheritance			See Language page
Siriano	ɨ̃'bɨ̃-gasi	ɨ̃'bɨ̃-gasi					See Language page
Sirionó	ibei	ibei		unique			See Language page
Southern Paiute	tugu-N			inheritance
Southern Pastaza Quechua	silu (Spanish loan)	silu					See Language page
Southern Sierra Miwok	helaHk-			unknown
Southern Ute	tugupaya			inheritance
Suyá	kay'kwa	kaj'kwa					See Language page
Sáliva	mumasẽxẽ	mumasẽxẽ		unknown			See Language page
Tacana		boepa					See Language page
Tanimuca	wehe-'pebã	wehe-'pebã		unique			See Language page
Tariana	enú-kwa	enú-kwa		inheritance			See Language page
Tatuyo	ɨbɨ-re'kóo	ɨbɨ-re'kóo					See Language page
Taushiro	a´can	aʔkan					See Language page
Tehuelche		'kˀōč					See Language page
Tikuna	na3-5a5ne5tü3we3 (A58)	naanetɨwe		unique			See Language page
Tinigua	hãɲiːnã						See Language page
Tiriyó	kapu	kapu		inheritance			See Language page
Toba		pigem				Also means 'heaven' 22.310.	See Language page
Trinitario		anumo					See Language page
Trumai	naneʔne ~ naʔnene	naneʔne ~ naʔnene		unique			See Language page
Tukano	ɨ̃ʔmɨ̂se	ɨ̃ʔmɨ̂se		inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
Tuyuka	ɨbɨ'ã-se	ɨbɨ'ã-se					See Language page
Tübatulabal	tukumpa/l			inheritance
Tümpisa Shoshone	tukumpana(pin)			inheritance
Urarina	dede	dede		unique			See Language page
Wai Wai	kaaΦu	kaaΦu		inheritance			See Language page
Waikhana	ɨʔ'bɨ̃se; ɨ̃bĩ'ã-dõ	ɨʔ'bɨ̃se; ɨ̃bĩ'ã-dõ					See Language page
Waimaja	ɨ̃mɨ̃́ kahɛ̀řò	ɨ̃mɨ̃́ kahɛ̀rò					See Language page
Waimiri Atroari	kaapy	ka:pɨ					See Language page
Walmajarri	yalkiri			inheritance
Wangkayutyuru	yalkira			loan	Arandic
Waorani	õ-õdæ			unique			See Language page
Wapishana	aukaʐ	aukaʐ		unique			See Language page
Wappo	tu/yhuwela			unknown
Wari	nanawin	nanawin				Also pawin, 'the heights'.	See Language page
Warrwa	n	kurrwal		inheritance
Washo	t'éweʔgiliweʔ			unknown			Washo Project
Waurá	enu-taku	enu-taku		inheritance			See Language page
Wayampi	ɨwa	ɨwa		inheritance			See Language page
Wayana	kapu	kapu		inheritance			See Language page
Wayuu		ai-tuʔu				Also iipɨnaa, which also means 'up' 12.080.	See Language page
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay		pe'leʔ					See Language page
Wintu	q'olci			unknown
Wubuy	gu-wongo			inheritance?
Yabarana		kappu					See Language page
Yagua	jarichu	xaritʃu		loan, direction unknown	Kokama		See Language page
Yaminahua		nai [dai]					See Language page
Yan-nhangu	[missing]			missing
Yandruwandha	pariwilpa			inheritance
Yanomam	hutumos (EM72)	hutumos		inheritance			See Language page
Yanomami	hetu	hetu		inheritance			See Language page
Yarluyandi	pari-wilpa			inheritance
Yavapai	mya::khti^:la “heaven, sky”	i has macron and following raised dot		inheritance
Yavitero	énu	énu					See Language page
Yawarrawarrka	[missing]			missing
Yawuru	gorwal	korwal		inheritance
Yine		teno; tenhohne				Piro-Apuriná form is te/ano.	See Language page
Yokuts Palewyami	dulau			unique			K1963
Yokuts Yawdanchi	ThipHin “top, up, on, sky” 237			inheritance			K07:237
Yokuts Yowlumne	ThipHin			inheritance			W&G 1986
Yuhup	poh	poh		inheritance			See Language page
Yuki	mi:T, mit			inheritance			S&S 1984
Yukpa	kabo, masitematpo, obata, obayauicho						See Language page
Yukuna	je'echú	heʔetʃú		unique			See Language page
Yuma	7ama/yva H2:148			inheritance
Yuruti	'ɨ̃́bɨ̃ãwese	'ɨ̃́bɨ̃ãwese					See Language page
Záparo	niya	nija					See Language page


Achagua
Aché
Aguaruna
Akawaio
Akawaio/Ingariko dialect
Andoke
Apalai
Arabana
Araona
Ashuar
Ayoreo
Baniwa
Bankalachi Toloim
Barasano
Bardi
Bará
Barí
Baure
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone
Bora
Bunuba
Burarra
Cahuilla
Camsa
Candoshi-Shapra
Canela
Carapana
Carijona
Cavineña
Cayuvava
Central Aymara
Central Sierra Miwok
Cha'palaa
Chemehuevi
Chipaya
Chiriguano
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja
Chumash Barbareno
Chumash Cruzeno
Chumash Ineseno
Chumash Obispeno
Chumash Ventureno
Chácobo
Cocopa
Cofán
Comanche
Cubeo
Cuiva
Cupeño
Desano
Dhangu
Dhuwal
Dhuwala
Diyari
DiyariREU
Djambarrpuyngu
Djapu
Djeoromitxi
Djinang
Dâw
Epena
Ese Ejja
Ese Ejja/Huarayo
Esselen
Eñepa
Gabrielino
Gajirrabeng
Gooniyandi
Guayabero
Gupapuyngu
Gurindji
Hodï
Huambisa
Hup
Ignaciano
Iipay 'Aa
Iquito
Itonama
Jaru
Kabiyari
Kaingang
Kakataibo
Kakua
Kalapalo
Kamayurá
Karajarri
Karajá
Kariña
Karitiana
Katukina
Kawaiisu
Kija
Kiliwa
Kitanemuk
Kokama
Koreguaje
Kotiria
Kwazá
Lake Miwok
Lengua
Lokono
Luiseño
Maca
Macaguan
Maihiki
Makiritare
Makuna
Makushi
Malyangapa
Mangala
Mapoyo
Mapudungun
Matses
Minica Witoto
Miriwung
Mithaka
Mocoví
Mojave
Mosetén-Chimané
Movima
Mudburra
Mudburra
Muinane
Muisca
Murui Witoto
Mutsun
Nadëb/Rio Negro dialect
Nadëb/Roçado dialect
Napo Lowland Quichua
Ngamini
Ngandi
Ngarluma
Ngumbarl
Nheengatu
Nhirrpi
Nimanburru
Ninam
Nivaclé
Northern Emberá
Northern Mangarla
Northern Nyangumarta
Northern Paiute
Northern Sierra Miwok
Nukak
Nyangumarta
Nyikina
Nyulnyul
Nɨpode Witoto
Ocaina
Paakantyi
Pacahuara
Paraguayan Guaraní
Paresi
Pemon
Piapoco
Piaroa
Pilagá
Pirriya
Pitta-Pitta
Plains Miwok
Playero
Puinave
Pumé
Páez
Qawasqar
Quechua Ayacuchano
Resígaro
Rirratjingu
Ritharrngu
Salinan A
Salinan M
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet
Sanumá
Secoya
Selknam
Seri (Comcaac)
Serrano
Shipibo-Konibo
Sikuani
Siona
Siriano
Sirionó
Southern Paiute
Southern Pastaza Quechua
Southern Sierra Miwok
Southern Ute
Suyá
Sáliva
Tacana
Tanimuca
Tariana
Tatuyo
Taushiro
Tehuelche
Tikuna
Tinigua
Tiriyó
Toba
Trinitario
Trumai
Tukano
Tuyuka
Tübatulabal
Tümpisa Shoshone
Urarina
Wai Wai
Waikhana
Waimaja
Waimiri Atroari
Walmajarri
Wangkayutyuru
Waorani
Wapishana
Wappo
Wari
Warrwa
Washo
Waurá
Wayampi
Wayana
Wayuu
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay
Wintu
Wubuy
Yabarana
Yagua
Yaminahua
Yan-nhangu
Yandruwandha
Yanomam
Yanomami
Yarluyandi
Yavapai
Yavitero
Yawarrawarrka
Yawuru
Yine
Yokuts Palewyami
Yokuts Yawdanchi
Yokuts Yowlumne
Yuhup
Yuki
Yukpa
Yukuna
Yuma
Yuruti
Záparo

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