Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

sky

Semantic Field
environment
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
cielo
Meaning Portuguese
céu

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
Bankalachi Toloim sā-tus 209 unique
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tukum-pin, tukum-pana, tuku-pphy inheritance
Cahuilla tukvash inheritance S&H 1979
Central Sierra Miwok wy:/che- inheritance
Chemehuevi tugu/mp(a) inheritance
Chumash Barbareno alapaj? (on top) inheritance Beeler 1976:263
Chumash Cruzeno nawani unknown JPH
Chumash Ineseno 7al-apaj “up, above, (in) the sky” inheritance A 17
Chumash Obispeno tiLhisa unknown JPH
Chumash Ventureno alalpaj unknown Pinart II, B67:12
Cocopa ma:, ma:Ly inheritance
Comanche tomoba7atY, tomoobI unique
Cupeño tukva'a-sh [tukvəɁəʃ] inheritance
Esselen ot-no “in heaven” unknown Shaul 1995:207
Gabrielino toku:p-nga; tuku:par inheritance
Iipay 'Aa 'emaay [Ɂəˈmaˑi] inheritance
Kawaiisu tugu-bajaa-vi-dy inheritance
Kiliwa 7-wiiy unknown
Kitanemuk tukuhpach inheritance
Lake Miwok li/ilewali inheritance
Luiseño tu:pa-sh inheritance
Mojave 7amay inheritance
Mutsun Tarah unknown O77:50
Northern Paiute toko7pa7 inheritance Nichols 1974:339
Northern Sierra Miwok wy:ce- inheritance
Plains Miwok wic:ek inheritance
Salinan A opolemo loan Pinart (Heizer)
Salinan M leM unknown Mason 1918:133
Seri (Comcaac) hami/ime unknown
Serrano tukuhp-t inheritance
Southern Paiute tugu-N inheritance
Southern Sierra Miwok helaHk- unknown
Southern Ute tugupaya inheritance
Tübatulabal tukumpa/l inheritance
Tümpisa Shoshone tukumpana(pin) inheritance
Wappo tu/yhuwela unknown
Washo t'éweʔgiliweʔ unknown Washo Project
Wintu q'olci unknown
Yavapai mya::khti^:la “heaven, sky” i has macron and following raised dot inheritance
Yokuts Palewyami dulau unique K1963
Yokuts Yawdanchi ThipHin “top, up, on, sky” 237 inheritance K07:237
Yokuts Yowlumne ThipHin inheritance W&G 1986
Yuki mi:T, mit inheritance S&S 1984
Yuma 7ama/yva H2:148 inheritance
Baniwa éeno éeno semantic shift thunder See Language page
Carijona kahu inheritance See Language page
Cubeo cavarõ; cavarõ mearo kavaɾõ; kavaɾõ meaɾo inheritance See Language page
Dâw pox pɔx  inheritance See Language page
Desano ʉ̃mʉsĩ ɨ̃mɨsĩ inheritance See Language page
Eñepa kaʔ (IDS) kaʔ (IDS) inheritance See Language page
Hodï younaja unique See Language page
Waorani õ-õdæ unique See Language page
Hup pǎç pǎç semantic shift See Language page
Kakua hêʔá inheritance compare Yucuna heʔetʃú See Language page
Makushi kaʔ (IDS) kaʔ (IDS) inheritance See Language page
Nheengatu iwaka, iyuwaka iwaka, ijuwaka inheritance See Language page
Ninam hɨtɨmosi, yãrɨ (EM72) hɨtɨmosi, jãɾɨ inheritance See Language page
Nukak hea2 inheritance See Language page
Maihiki aibese ja aibese xã unique See Language page
Pemon kak (A1981); kak (M2000) kak (A1981); 'kak (M2000) inheritance See Language page
Resígaro há?ihí háʔihí unique See Language page
Sanumá hutumosɨ (EM72) hutumosɨ inheritance See Language page
Sikuani itá-boxo inheritance See Language page
Tariana enú-kwa enú-kwa inheritance See Language page
Tukano ɨ̃ʔmɨ̂se ɨ̃ʔmɨ̂se inheritance E Tuk See Language page
Kotiria ~bʉa; me sehe; mᵾano mʉ̃ã (Stenzel); me sehe; mᵾano (Waltz) inheritance E Tuk See Language page
Yanomam hutumos (EM72) hutumos inheritance See Language page
Yanomami hetu hetu inheritance See Language page
Yukuna je'echú heʔetʃú unique See Language page
Yuhup poh poh inheritance See Language page
Arabana kadlara unique
Bardi gurrwal kurrwal inheritance
Bunuba birrinyi doubtful loan
Burarra girlngarr unknown
Dhangu djiwarr(') unknown
Dhuwal djiwarr(')
Dhuwala djiwarr(') unknown
Diyari pariwilpa inheritance
DiyariREU [missing] missing
Djambarrpuyngu 2262 unknown
Djapu djiwarr(') unknown
Djinang ṉami unknown
Gajirrabeng ngandongoorroong unique NJ
Gooniyandi birrinyi doubtful loan
Gupapuyngu djiwarr(') unknown
Gurindji kulumarra loan Jaminjung
Jaru birrinyi loan
Karajarri kurrwal inheritance
Kija pirriny-ji unique NJ
Malyangapa ngayiri loan direction unknown
Mangala yirri unknown
Miriwung ngandongoorroong unique NJ
Mithaka dikarra loan direction unknown
Mudburra kulumarra
Mudburra kulumarra loan
Ngamini paRiwilpa inheritance
Ngandi X missing
Ngarluma barlbar
Ngumbarl kalboo, koorrwal <kalboo, koorrwal> inheritance
Nhirrpi [missing] missing
Nimanburru gorwal gorwal korwal korwal inheritance
Northern Mangarla yirri
Northern Nyangumarta palparr inheritance
Nyangumarta parlparr inheritance
Nyikina gurruwal kurruwal inheritance
Nyulnyul gurrwal kurrwal inheritance
Paakantyi galgara unique
Pirriya niila unique
Pitta-Pitta rtikarrha loan direction unknown
Rirratjingu ga:rak
Ritharrngu X missing
Walmajarri yalkiri inheritance
Wangkayutyuru yalkira loan Arandic
Warrwa n kurrwal inheritance
Wubuy gu-wongo inheritance?
Yan-nhangu [missing] missing
Yandruwandha pariwilpa inheritance
Yarluyandi pari-wilpa inheritance
Yawarrawarrka [missing] missing
Yawuru gorwal korwal inheritance
Achagua é:ʒi é:ʒi unique See Language page
Piapoco capìlaléeri kapìlaléeri See Language page
Kabiyari ʔianati ?ianati See Language page
Yavitero énu énu See Language page
Wapishana aukaʐ aukaʐ unique See Language page
Wayuu ai-tuʔu Also iipɨnaa, which also means 'up' 12.080. See Language page
Yine teno; tenhohne *Piro-Apuriná form is *te/ano. See Language page
Paresi enokoa enokoa inheritance See Language page
Ignaciano anuma Also means the directional 'up'12.080. See Language page
Trinitario anumo See Language page
Baure a'ni-ye a'ni-je inheritance See Language page
Waurá enu-taku enu-taku inheritance See Language page
Cha'palaa ['selu] From Span. 'cielo'. See Language page
Bora níxkʰʸe-xɨ, íéβeʔóókʷa níxkʰʲɛ-xɨ, íέβɛʔóókʷa inheritance See Language page
Muinane níkke-xe níkkɛ-xɛ See Language page
Akawaio kabuuruuk ka'buruk inheritance Proto-Carib See Language page
Akawaio/Ingariko dialect kaʔ kaʔ See Language page
Apalai kapu kapu inheritance See Language page
Wayana kapu kapu inheritance See Language page
Tiriyó kapu kapu inheritance See Language page
Makiritare kahuɨ (IDS) kahuɨ (IDS) inheritance See Language page
Mapoyo sakau sakau See Language page
Wai Wai kaaΦu kaaΦu inheritance See Language page
Waimiri Atroari kaapy ka:pɨ See Language page
Yabarana kappu See Language page
Yukpa kabo, masitematpo, obata, obayauicho See Language page
Kalapalo kafu kafu inheritance See Language page
Muisca guatquyca γuatkuɨka See Language page
Barí baḍũ Colombia ba'duunə. See Language page
Northern Emberá baahã́ baːhã́ See Language page
Epena 'pa-hã; a'kʰõre 'hã Respectively: 'thunder-plane' 01.560; 'father's/sun plane' 02.350 & 01.520. See Language page
Guayabero tat-baxó inheritance Proto-Guahiban See Language page
Macaguan máteʧi, máto ʧi unique See Language page
Cuiva pe-ita-bóko(-to), pitabóko cielo, sky Huber & Reed 1992:61
Playero ita-boxó-bo See Language page
Cofán sefacco sɛɸakho phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
Candoshi-Shapra kanĭdá kanĭnntá unique See Language page
Taushiro a´can aʔkan See Language page
Páez ë ë See Language page
Tikuna na3-5a5ne5tü3we3 (A58) naanetɨwe unique See Language page
Urarina dede dede unique See Language page
Camsa sel-óka sel-óka See Language page
Andoke põkǝ(ü)he (RW52) unique See Language page
Pumé ãdȩ See Language page
Tinigua hãɲiːnã See Language page
Puinave sənə sənə unique See Language page
Ashuar nayáim najaim See Language page
Huambisa nayaim najaim See Language page
Aguaruna nayaím najaim inheritance See Language page
Nadëb/Roçado dialect wǝɁ inheritance cognate Dâw See Language page
Nadëb/Rio Negro dialect poh, wǝ:Ɂ See Language page
Matses abu abu unknown See Language page
Kakataibo na'i *Panoan *naipa. See Language page
Katukina nai See Language page
Pacahuara na'ipa d'Orb nahixna. See Language page
Shipibo-Konibo nai See Language page
Yaminahua nai [dai] See Language page
Chácobo nai-pa nai-pa inheritance See Language page
Yagua jarichu xaritʃu loan, direction unknown Kokama See Language page
Southern Pastaza Quechua silu (Spanish loan) silu See Language page
Napo Lowland Quichua silu (Spanish loan) silu See Language page
Quechua Ayacuchano hanaq-pacha (CP94) hanaq-patʃa See Language page
Piaroa morojä morohæ unknown See Language page
Sáliva mumasẽxẽ mumasẽxẽ unknown See Language page
Bará ɨ̃'bɨ̃ kahero See Language page
Barasano ɨ́bɨ̃-gase-ro ɨ́bɨ̃-gase-ro See Language page
Carapana ɨ̃bɨ̃-re'kó ɨ̃bɨ̃-re'kó See Language page
Makuna macarᵾcᵾro makaɾɨkɨɾo unknown See Language page
Yuruti 'ɨ̃́bɨ̃ãwese 'ɨ̃́bɨ̃ãwese See Language page
Waikhana ɨʔ'bɨ̃se; ɨ̃bĩ'ã-dõ ɨʔ'bɨ̃se; ɨ̃bĩ'ã-dõ See Language page
Siriano ɨ̃'bɨ̃-gasi ɨ̃'bɨ̃-gasi See Language page
Tanimuca wehe-'pebã wehe-'pebã unique See Language page
Tatuyo ɨbɨ-re'kóo ɨbɨ-re'kóo See Language page
Tuyuka ɨbɨ'ã-se ɨbɨ'ã-se See Language page
Waimaja ɨ̃mɨ̃́ kahɛ̀řò ɨ̃mɨ̃́ kahɛ̀rò See Language page
Koreguaje cʉnaʉmʉ kʉnaʉmʉ inheritance See Language page
Siona guënamëma'tëmë gɨnamɨmaʔtɨmɨ inheritance See Language page
Secoya matëmo mãtɨmo See Language page
Karitiana pãmpi pãmpi unknown See Language page
Kokama kuarachi kuaratʃi loan, direction unknown Yagua See Language page
Wayampi ɨwa ɨwa inheritance See Language page
Aché kreɨʔɨ unique See Language page
Chiriguano ara unique See Language page
Paraguayan Guaraní ɨ'vaɣa See Language page
Sirionó ibei ibei unique See Language page
Kamayurá ɨwɑkɑ ɨwɑkɑ inheritance See Language page
Ocaina aam̈i; aam̈ijón; bum̈onñ..á; xutymóóña aam:i; aam:ihón; bɯm:õɲá; xɯtʲmóóɲa unique See Language page
Nɨpode Witoto móna móna See Language page
Minica Witoto móna móna See Language page
Murui Witoto mona mona inheritance/Witoto See Language page
Iquito níiya caricúcu (MC: earth ɨ ceiling) níija karikúku (earth + ceiling) inheritance See Language page
Záparo niya nija See Language page
Wari nanawin nanawin Also pawin, 'the heights'. See Language page
Araona baepa See Language page
Ese Ejja eya unique See Language page
Ese Ejja/Huarayo eya eya See Language page
Tacana boepa See Language page
Cavineña bare-pa; ebaro-kʷe (ebaro-kʷe also means "up") bare-pa; ebaro-kʷe inheritance See Language page
Central Aymara alajjpacha alax-pača; laḳampu See Language page
Cayuvava daɨ See Language page
Itonama uh-nano See Language page
Kwazá hanãwã, -nãwã hanãwã, -nãwã See Language page
Mosetén-Chimané mãye'dʸeʔ Cf. 'day'14.410. See Language page
Movima ɓen̉-ra ɓen̉-ra See Language page
Trumai naneʔne ~ naʔnene naneʔne ~ naʔnene unique See Language page
Kaingang kanhkã kaɲkã See Language page
Canela iʔ-kʰũm *Jê form is *kũm. Maxacalí form is -ŋõɲ. See Language page
Suyá kay'kwa kaj'kwa See Language page
Karajá biu-wetɔkɨ See Language page
Djeoromitxi bekükü bekøkø See Language page
Chipaya arax̣pača; pača (?) [loan Aymara] Uru-J form is tsiku. Cf. 'above' 12.080. See Language page
Mocoví pigim See Language page
Pilagá piyem See Language page
Toba pigem Also means 'heaven' 22.310. See Language page
Lengua netin See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité nitiŋ See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet neeten See Language page
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay pe'leʔ See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja poleʔ Also means 'cloud' 01.730. See Language page
Maca was (m.) See Language page
Nivaclé wɔʔs sky Also means 'heaven' 22.310. Arribeños dialect has waʔs. https://ids.clld.org/
Ayoreo gaa'teei Lit. 'up, above' 12.080. Also 'gee-ode 'ueečaai; gaa'tee-odeʔ. Lit 'the other side of the clouds'. See Language page
Mapudungun wenu Same form in Ranquel. See Language page
Qawasqar arḳa-c̷ewe arka means 'up' 12.080. Also astes-c̷ewe. Bo, Sk record arka for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record akowa for South QWS. See Language page
Selknam šoʔn See Language page
Tehuelche 'kˀōč See Language page
Lokono maukilli maukilli sky, the starry sky DeGoeje 1928:170
Kariña kapu kapu sky, heaven Courtz 2007:291