Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

Dâw

Family: Naduhupan
Region: South America
ISO 639-3: kwa
Location: -0.12°, -67.29°
Notes
Features: Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Grammatical Data
Ethnographic Information

Data Sources: Epps, Patience. Fieldnotes (2013). Martins, Silvana Andrade. 2004. Fonologia e Gramática Dâw. Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. 98. Utrecht: LOT. (Doctoral disseration). Martins, Valteir. 2005. Reconstrução Fonológica do Protomaku Oriental. University of Leiden. LOT Dissertation Series. 104. Utrecht: LOT. (Doctoral disseration).

Basic Vocabulary (192)

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Etymology Code	Loan Source	General Notes	Source
above	encima, arriba	acima	location	pox	pɔx	inheritance	high' in Hup		See Language page
again	de nuevo, otra vez	de novo	grammar	beèy	bæ̂j	inheritance			See Language page
all	todo	todos	other	waáp	wǎp	inheritance			See Language page
and	y	e	grammar			missing			See Language page
ankle	tobillo	tornozelo	body	çʉʉ̀m xʉ̃w	cɨ̂m xɨ̃w	inheritance			See Language page
armpit	axila, sobaco	axila	body	xũm bʉʉ́t	xɨ̃m bɨ̌t	unique			See Language page
ash	ceniza(s)	cinzas	environment	xu’	xuʔ	inheritance			See Language page
at	en, a	em, a	location			missing			See Language page
back	espalda	costas	body	mũxaáx	mũxǎx	unique			See Language page
belly	barriga	barriga	body	to’	tɔʔ	unique			See Language page
below	abajo, debajo	abaixo	location	bʉʉ́t	bɨ̌t	inheritance			See Language page
big	grande	grande	quality	pêg, pôòg	peg (pôg)	inheritance			See Language page
bite	morder	morder	body	kâs	kǝʃ	inheritance			See Language page
black	negro	preto	colour	çaà	câ	inheritance			See Language page
blood	sangre	sangue	body	yʉʉ̀w	jɨ̂w	inheritance			See Language page
blow	soplar	soprar	body	rũút	hũ̌t	inheritance			See Language page
boil/pimple	espinilla, granos	espinha, borbulha	body	rãáp tʉʉ́p	hã̌p tɨ̌p	inheritance			See Language page
bone	hueso	osso	body	keèg	kæ̂g	inheritance			See Language page
breast	pecho, seno	peito	body	puùn	pûn	inheritance			See Language page
breathe	respirar	respirar	body	rẽg so’	hæ̃g ʃɔɁ	inheritance			See Language page
burn	quemar	queimar	environment	rõò	hɔ̃̂	inheritance			See Language page
chew	masticar, mascar	mastigar	body	aw’	Ɂaw'	inheritance			See Language page
child	niño, niña	criança	human	dâw teè	dəw tê	semantic shift			See Language page
climb	subir	subir	motion	sak	ʃak	inheritance			See Language page
cloud	nube	nuvem	environment	bug uù	bug ʔû	unique			See Language page
cold	frío	frio	quality	ba’	baʔ	inheritance			See Language page
come	venir	vir	motion	nẽèd	næ̃̂d	inheritance			See Language page
cook	cocinar	cozinhar	impact	xaà	xâ	unique			See Language page
correct/true	verdad, de veras	verdade	quality	xuúp	xǔp	inheritance			See Language page
count	contar	contar	mental	raán	hǎn	unique			See Language page
cry	llorar	chorar	mental	õót	ʔɔ̃̌t	inheritance			See Language page
cut/hack	cortar	cortar	impact	teés [hack], rõk [saw], xʉʉ́t [cut through/off]	těʃ, hɔ̃k, xɨ̌t	unknown; inheritance; inheritance			See Language page
day	día	dia	time	wâát	wə̌t	unique			See Language page
die/be dead	morir	morrer	state	kasãm	kaʃãm	unique			See Language page
dig	cavar	cavar	impact	kon	kɔn	inheritance			See Language page
dingo/wolf			fauna	‘lẽs [cachorro-do-mato]	l’ẽʃ	missing			See Language page
dirty	sucio	sujo	quality	tâáw’ [sujeiro], dʉy [person, color shade], çik [things]	tǝ̌w' (dirt), dɨj (dirty person, dark color), cik (dirty object)	inheritance			See Language page
dream	soñar	sonhar	mental	xuúp [xuúp-nĩì ‘ter sonho]	xǔp	unique			See Language page
drink	beber, tomar	beber	body	âg	ʔǝg	inheritance			See Language page
dry	seco	seco	quality	xop	xɔp	inheritance			See Language page
dull/blunt	sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo	maçante, desamolado, não afiado	quality	nor-ẽr [afiado-NEG]	nɔh-æ̃h [afiado-NEG]	missing			See Language page
dust	polvo	poeira	environment	bexu’, çax	bæxuʔ, cax	unique			See Language page
ear	oreja	orelha	body	xũùy	xũ̂j	unique			See Language page
earth/soil	tierra	terra	environment	çax	cax	inheritance			See Language page
eat	comer	comer	body	weèd	wæ̂d	inheritance			See Language page
egg	huevo	ovo	fauna	tʉʉ́p	tɨ̌p	inheritance			See Language page
eye	ojo	olho	body	tʉm	tɨm	inheritance			See Language page
faeces	heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol	fezes	body	yeé’	jæ̌Ɂ	inheritance			See Language page
fall	caer	cair	motion	nõx	nɔ̃x	inheritance			See Language page
far	lejos	longe	quality	rõt	hɔ̃t	inheritance			See Language page
fat/grease	grasa	gordura	body	nẽg	næ̃g	inheritance			See Language page
father	padre, papá	pai	kinship		ʔǐp, ʔɛh	inheritance			See Language page
fear	miedo	medo	mental	ãàm	ʔã̂m	inheritance			See Language page
feather	pluma	pena	fauna	xêè	xê	semantic shift	wing		See Language page
fire	fuego	fogo	environment	bôrõò, bõrõò	bohõ̂, bɔ̃hɔ̃̂	inheritance; unique			See Language page
fish	xx	xx	fauna		hã:̌p	inheritance			See Language page
flow	fluir	fluir	motion	xʉʉ̀	xɨ̂	inheritance			See Language page
flower	flor	flor	environment	çoò	cɔ̂	inheritance			See Language page
fly	volar	voar	motion	nãà	nã̂	unique			See Language page
fog	niebla, neblina	nevoeira, bruma, neblina	environment	bʉg uù	bɨg ʔû	unique			See Language page
foot	pie	pé	body	çʉʉ̀m	cɨ̂m	inheritance			See Language page
fruit	fruta	fruta	flora	eg	ʔæg	inheritance			See Language page
good	bueno	bom	quality	yẽèw	jæ̃̂w	inheritance			See Language page
grow	crecer	crescer	state	pêg saák	peg ʃǎk	inheritance			See Language page
hair (of head)	cabello	cabelo	body	pat	pat	inheritance			See Language page
hand	mano	mão	body	(dâw) sôòb (mĩnõr ‘arm’)	ʃôb	semantic shift	finger		See Language page
head	cabeza	cabeça	body	nũr	nũh	inheritance			See Language page
hear	oír	ouvir	mental	wâá’	wǝ̌ʔ	inheritance			See Language page
heavy	pesado	pesado	quality	tâw’	təw’	inheritance			See Language page
hide	esconder	esconder	motion	yêèn	jên	inheritance			See Language page
hit	golpear, pegar	bater	impact	ũùm	ʔũ̂m	inheritance			See Language page
hold	correr, asegurar, sostener	segurar	other	ray’ [in hand], ton [on back]	haj’, tɔn	unknown; inheritance			See Language page
how?	como	como	grammar	rĩn’	hĩn’	inheritance			See Language page
if	si	se	grammar		kɔn	unique			See Language page
in/inside	dentro, adentro	dentro	location	ked	kæd	inheritance			See Language page
intestines	intestinos	intestinos	body	yeé’ pĩìn	jæ̌ʔ pĩ̂n	inheritance			See Language page
itch	hormiguear, sentir comezón	coçar	body	çuúk, siìd	cǔk, ʃîd	inheritance			See Language page
kill	matar	matar	impact	yũt	jũt	unique			See Language page
lake	lago	lago	environment	‘mõr [pequeno], mõò [grande]	m’ɔ̃h (small), mɔ̃̂ (large)	inheritance			See Language page
laugh	reír	rir	mental	ôò	ʔô	unique			See Language page
leaf	hoja	folha	environment	keét	kæ̌t	inheritance			See Language page
left/left hand	izquierdo	esquerdo	location/body	sôòb sãr	ʃôb ʃãh	inheritance			See Language page
lie down	acostarse, echarse	deitar	motion	yet (on ground), ka’ (in hammock)	jet, kaʔ	inheritance			See Language page
lightning	rayo, relámpago	relampago	environment	pẽy	pæ̃j	semantic shift	thunder		See Language page
live/be alive	vivir	viver, morar	body	nĩì	nĩ̂	doubtful loan (into proto-language?)	Tukanoan		See Language page
liver	hígado	figado	body	tuút	tǔt	unique			See Language page
long	largo	comprido, longo	quality	‘wât, yom [long torso – animate]	w'ǝt, jɔm	inheritance			See Language page
louse	piollo, piojo	piolho	fauna	nẽèm	næ̃̂m	inheritance		order Phtiraptera	See Language page
lung	pulmón	pulmão	body	‘woók	w’ɔ̌k	unique			See Language page
meat/flesh	carne	carne	fauna	dep	dæp	inheritance			See Language page
moon	luna	lua	environment	xʉtʉʉ̀m, xotʉʉ̀m [lua, sol]	xɨtɨ̂m, xɔtɨ̂m	inheritance			See Language page
mother	madre, mamá	mãe	kinship		mɛ̃ʔ	unique			See Language page
mouth	boca	boca	body	nõr	nɔ̃h	inheritance			See Language page
name	nombre	nome	human	xaát	xǎt	inheritance			See Language page
nape	base del cuello, nuca	nuca	body	--	--	missing			See Language page
near/close	cerca de	perto	quality	tẽr, pej	tæ̃h, pæɟ	unique; inheritance			See Language page
neck	cuello	pescoço	body	nũr-rũy	nũh-hũj	unique			See Language page
new	nuevo	novo	quality	buy	buj	inheritance			See Language page
night	noche	noite	time	çêm	cem	inheritance			See Language page
no/not	no	não	grammar	mẽr [Neg Exst]	mæ̃h	unique			See Language page
nose	nariz	nariz	body	toòj	tôɟ	inheritance			See Language page
old	viejo	velho	quality	rân, war	hǝn, wah	inheritance; inheritance			See Language page
one	uno	um	number	‘mẽ’	m'æ̃ʔ	unique			See Language page
open/uncover	abrir	abrir	other	pô’	poʔ	inheritance			See Language page
other	otro	outro	grammar	nũ’	nũʔ	unique			See Language page
pain/painful/sick	dolor, doloroso, enfermo	dor, doloroso, doente	body	yʉmẽr	jɨmæ̃h	unique			See Language page
person/human being	persona	pessoa	human	dâw	dəw	inheritance			See Language page
pound/beat	machacar, golpear	bater	impact	pam	pam	unique			See Language page
rain	lluvia	chuva	environment	doj	doɟ	inheritance			See Language page
red	rojo	vermelho	colour	nôò	nô	inheritance			See Language page
right/right hand	derecha	direita	location/body	sôòb-xub	ʃôb-xup	unique			See Language page
road/path	camino	caminho	manufacture	tʉʉ̀w	tɨ̂w	inheritance			See Language page
root	raíz	raiz	flora	tiís [roots in/on ground], xom [roots extending from trunk to ground]	tǐʃ, xɔm	inheritance			See Language page
rotten	podrido	podre	quality	dox	dɔx	inheritance			See Language page
sand	arena	areia	environment	xeèw	xæ̂w	unique			See Language page
say	decir	dizer	mental	nãà	nã̂	inheritance			See Language page
scratch	rascar	rasgar	impact	xâák [xep – scrape e.g. manioc]	xə̌k	inheritance			See Language page
see	ver	ver	mental	wây’	wǝj'	unique			See Language page
sharp	afilado, filudo, filoso	afiado	quality	sâày	ʃə̂j	semantic shift			See Language page
shoot	tirar, disparar, balear	atirar	impact	bux	bux	inheritance			See Language page
short	corto	curto	quality	‘mãn	m’æ̃n	unique			See Language page
shoulder	hombro	ombro	body	pa’	paʔ	doubtful loan	possibly from Nheengatu apa		See Language page
shy/ashamed	tímido, vergonzoso	timido, com vergonha	mental	rẽd bʉʉ̀	hẽd bɨ̂	inheritance			See Language page
sit	sentar(se)	sentar	state	peèm	pæ̂m	inheritance			See Language page
skin	piel	pele	body	bʉk	bɨk	inheritance			See Language page
sky	cielo	céu	environment	pox	pɔx	inheritance			See Language page
sleep	dormir	dormir	body	ãà	ʔã̂	inheritance			See Language page
small	pequeño	pequeno	quality	pis	piʃ	inheritance			See Language page
smoke	humo	fumaça	environment	mẽés	mæ̃̌ʃ	unique			See Language page
sniff/smell	olfatear, oler	cheirar	body	ʉ̃ʉ́k	ʔɨ̃̌k	inheritance		primarily transitive	See Language page
spit	escupir	cuspir	body	çoós	cɔ̌ʃ	inheritance			See Language page
split	partir, dividir	rachar, dividir, partir	impact	sap, ki’	ʃap, kiʔ	semantic shift			See Language page
squeeze	estrujar, exprimir	espremer	impact	‘wôó’	w'ǒʔ	inheritance			See Language page
stab/pierce	apuñalar, acuchillar	apunhalar	impact	soóx	ʃɔ̌x	inheritance			See Language page
stand	estar de pié	ficar em pé	state	kâát	kǝ̌t	inheritance			See Language page
star	estrella	estrela	environment	‘mẽér	m’æ̃̌h	inheritance			See Language page
steal	robar	roubar	other	çâák	cǝ̌k	inheritance			See Language page
stick/wood	palo	pau, vara	flora	beedur	bæduh	inheritance			See Language page
stone	piedra	pedra	environment	paás	pǎʃ	inheritance			See Language page
suck	chupar	chupar	body	çũnh’	cũɲ'	inheritance			See Language page
sweat	sudar	suor, suar	body	rẽd baáx	hẽd bǎx	inheritance?			See Language page
swell	hincharse	inchar	body	ĩík [swell], pux [pot boil over]	ʔĩk [swell], pux [pot boil over]	unique; inheritance			See Language page
swim	nadar	nadar	motion	çom	cɔm	inheritance			See Language page
tail	cola, rabo	rabo	body	dum	dum	inheritance			See Language page
that	ese/esa	esse	grammar		náʔ; ʔáʔ, ʔa	unknown			See Language page
thick	grueso, gordo, espeso	grosso	quality	pês	peʃ	unique			See Language page
thin	delgado	fino	quality	sâáp [for material, e.g. wood, cloth, etc.]	ʃǝ̌p	inheritance			See Language page
think	pensar	pensar	mental	xaxʉ̃ʉ̀n	xaxɨ̃̂n	unique			See Language page
this	este/esta	este	grammar		nã́ʔ~náʔ; ʔáʔ, ʔa	unknown			See Language page
2sg	xx	xx	grammar		ʔãm	inheritance			See Language page
three	tres	tres	number	mũtwap	mũtwáp	inheritance			See Language page
throat	garganta	garganta	body	õógn’	ʔɔ̃̌ŋ'	inheritance			See Language page
throw	tirar, lanzar	atirar, jogar	impact	buúx [atirar]	bǔx	inheritance			See Language page
thunder	truenos	trovão	environment	pẽy	pæ̃j	inheritance			See Language page
tie up/fasten	atar, amarrar	amarrar	impact	kâk	kək	inheritance; inheritance			See Language page
tongue	lengua	lingua	body	nõrkeèd	nɔ̃hkæ̂d	inheritance			See Language page
tooth	diente	dente	body	tâg	tǝg	inheritance			See Language page
turn	girar, volter, torcer	virar	other	bâd	bǝd	unique		may be transitive or intransitive	See Language page
two	dos	dois	number	tʉʉ́m [cf. tʉm ‘eye’]	tɨ̌m	unique			See Language page
vomit	vomitar	vomitar	body	xaàn	xân	inheritance			See Language page
walk	caminar, andar	andar	motion	rãm xô’	hãm-xoʔ	inheritance			See Language page
water	agua	agua	environment	nâáx	nǝ̌x	inheritance			See Language page
wet	mojado	molhado	quality	wêè	wê	loan	Tukanoan (we- roots throughout ET)		See Language page
what?	que, qué	que	grammar	pay	paj	unique			See Language page
when?	cuando	quando	grammar	rata’	hataʔ	unique			See Language page
where?	donde	onde	grammar	rid	hid	inheritance			See Language page
white	blanco	branco	colour	rôò	hô	inheritance			See Language page
who?	quien, quién	quem	grammar	rʉ̃’	hɨ̃ʔ	semantic shift			See Language page
wife	esposa	esposa	kinship		ʔã̂m	inheritance			See Language page
wind	viento	vento	environment	rôót	hǒt	inheritance			See Language page
wing	ala	asa	body	xêè	xê	inheritance			See Language page
woman/female	mujer	mulher	human	ãày	ʔã̂j	inheritance			See Language page
work	trabajar	trabalhar	other	wĩính'	wĩɲ'	unique			See Language page
yawn	bostezar	bocejar	body	nõr kaà	nɔ̃h kâ	inheritance			See Language page
yellow	amarillo	amarelo	colour	mʉ̃ʉ̀	mɨ̃̂	unique			See Language page
bad	mal	mal	quality	kas	kas	unique			See Language page
3sg	el/ella	ele/ela	grammar	tir	tih	inheritance			See Language page
1sg	yo	eu	grammar	ãr	ʔãh	inheritance		For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms	See Language page
leg/foot	pierna	perna	body	seèj [cotovelo até joelho], wâár [coxa]	ʃæ̂ɟ (ankle-knee), wə̌h (thigh)	unique			See Language page
man/male	hombre	homem	human	xut	xut	inheritance			See Language page
3pl	ellos/ellas	eles/elas	grammar	rid	hid	inheritance			See Language page
know/be knowledgeable	saber, conecer	saber, conhecer	mental	paár	pǎh	inheritance			See Language page
1pl.incl	nosotros (inclusivo)	nós (inclusivo)	grammar	id	ʔid	inheritance		no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted	See Language page
1pl.excl	nosotros (exclusivo)	nós (exclusivo)	grammar	--	--	missing			See Language page
2pl	ustedes	vocês	grammar	nʉg	nɨg	inheritance			See Language page
bark	corteza	casca	environment	bʉk	bɨk	inheritance			See Language page
fingernail	uña	unha	body	soob bok	ʃɔb bɔk	inheritance			See Language page
heart	corazón	coração	body	rẽg tôòy	hæ̃g tôj	inheritance			See Language page
sun	sol	sol	time	xʉtʉʉ̀m, xotʉʉ̀m	xɨtɨ̂m, xotɨ̂m	inheritance			See Language page
mountain/hill	montaña, colina, loma, cerro	morro, serra	environment	paás	pǎʃ	inheritance			See Language page
green	verde	verde	quality	mʉ̃ʉ̀	mɨ̃̂	unknown			See Language page
hot	caliente	quente	quality	kʉʉ́’[agua], yuú’ [comida, peesoa, febre]	kɨ̌’ [agua], yǔʔ [comida, pessoa, febre]	inheritance; inheritance			See Language page

Flora Fauna Vocabulary (138)

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Source	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Food Source	Medicinal	Psychotropic	Traded	Distribution	Dangerous	General Notes
achiote, anatto	achiote	urucum	flora-fauna	Bixa orellana	râàw	hə̂w		inheritance						underived		See Language page	1	0	0	0	1	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	shrub
inga	guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru)	inga	flora-fauna	Inga spp.	mĩìn	mĩ̂n		doubtful loan into protolanguage		Tukanoan mene				underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia)	no
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti)	Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado	cutia	flora-fauna	Dasyprocta spp.	mẽét	mæ̃̌t		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
alligator, black caiman	babilla; cachirre	jacaré	flora-fauna	Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp.	xeét	xět		inheritance						missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Throughout Amazonia	no?	Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi
Amazon dolphin	bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco)	boto cor-de-rosa	flora-fauna	Inia geoffrensis	mãn [cinza, rosa]	mãn		loan - WW						missing		See Language page	1	0	0	0	0	Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls	no
mouse, rat	ratón	camundongo, rata	flora-fauna	Mus musculus	nuú’	nǔʔ		unique						missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
anaconda	anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande	sucuri	flora-fauna	genus Eunectes	wên	wen		unique						underived		See Language page	2	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	yes
angleworm	lombriz	minhoca	flora-fauna	order Opisthopora	‘mʉ̃’	m’ɨ̃ʔ		inheritance						missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna	Formicidae	--	--		missing						missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
anteater	oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus	tamanduá	flora-fauna	Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater)	yon (Tamandua tridactyla), xuùn (Myrmecophaga tridactyla), mʉg (nickname for M.t.)	jon (Tamandua tridactyla), xûn (Myrmecophaga tridactyla), mɨg (nickname for M.t.)		inheritance, doubtful loan into protolanguage	Hup-Yuhup-Daw	East Tukanoan	e.g. Tukano bɨko			underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonian lowlands	no
armadillo	armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo)	tatu	flora-fauna	family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri	yâw (Dasypus novemcinctus), õók (Priodontes maximus)	jəw (Dasypus novemcinctus), ʔɔ̃̌k (Priodontes maximus)		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread in Amazonia	no
arrow cane, wildcane	caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana	cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio	flora-fauna	Gynerium sagittatum	çâàg	cə̂g		unique						underived		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	tropical regions, especially river banks	no	plant
avocado	palta, aguacate	abacate	flora-fauna	Persea americana	rũùm	hũ̂m		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	tree
banana, plantain	banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano	banana	flora-fauna	Musa sp.	seèl’, nãàl’	ʃêl’, nã̂l’		doubtful loan; loan		unknown source; Portuguese				underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	Names for banana/plantain may be derived from bastard plantain by semantic shift.
bat	murciélago	morcego	flora-fauna	Chiroptera spp.	bʉx	bʉx		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
beans	frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas)	feijão	flora-fauna	Phaseolus spp.	mãàn’, pêjãw	mã̂n, pejãw		loan - WW		%kumana	e.g. Kabiyari kumana; or Tukanoan, e.g. Carapana kumana	WW	%kumana	underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
honeybee	abeja	abelha	flora-fauna	Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis	nẽèg õòw	næ̃̂g ʔɔ̃̂w		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna		tâwâát	təwə́t		inheritance			may be 3sg + ?			no info		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
bitterwood	tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru)	envira	flora-fauna	Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala	sʉʉ́p	ʃɨ̌p		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	secondary forests, native to Brazil	no	tree
black palm	bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá	bacaba	flora-fauna	Oenocarpus bacaba	wiìm	wîm		inheritance			also wax wǒh			underived		See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon	no	may be confused in some entries with O. bataua
boa	boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura	jiboia	flora-fauna	family Boidae, subf. Boinae	pas pôòg	paʃ pôg		unique						missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree)	calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara	cabaça	flora-fauna	Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine)	bo’ dâw (vine), bo’ tâg (tree)	bɔʔ dəw, bɔʔ təg		inheritance			cuia ?			compound		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	indigenous gardens	no	plant; tree
brazil nut	castaña	castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis)	flora-fauna	Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia']	kaçãy, xatãy	kacãj, xatãj		loan		Portuguese	castanha			underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua.	no	tree
brown woolly monkey	Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt	macaco barrigudo	flora-fauna	Lagothrix lagothricha	ôr	ʔoh		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant	conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro	tocandira	flora-fauna	Paraponera clavata	wʉʉ̀w	wɨ̂w		inheritance						underived		See Language page	2	0	0	0	0		yes
butterfly, moth	mariposa	borboleta	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera	mem	mæm		inheritance		East Tukanoan	Tukanoan mumu			underived		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
capybara	Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco	capivara	flora-fauna	Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris	nâax taáx	nəx tǎx		calque		East Tukanoan				missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium occidentale / giganteum	wasap	waʃap		unique						underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium giganteum				missing						missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Brazil, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela, Guyana	no
centipede	ciempiés	centopéia	flora-fauna	class Chilopoda	kâw	kəw		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cicada	cigarra, chicharra	cigarra	flora-fauna	super fam. Cicadoidea	dây	dəj		unique						missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cipó vine	tamishi, bejuco, yare	cipó	flora-fauna	Heteropsis spp.	yum	yum		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	secondary forest, floodplain	no	vine
coca	coca	coca	flora-fauna	Erythroxylum coca	tu’	tuʔ		loan - WW		%patu	Wanderwort; prob. Nheengatu or Arawak origin; e.g. Kabiyari patu, Yucuna ipatu	WW	%patu	underived		See Language page	1	0	0	1	1	secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes	no	plant
cockroach	cucaracha	barata-do-mato	flora-fauna	order Blattaria	naáp	nǎp		doubtful loan into protolg, direction unknown		Kakua? Jivaroan? cf. Arawak *taparutu				underived		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
collared peccary	sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar	caititu, caetitu	flora-fauna	Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu	tormẽt	tɔhmæ̃t		inheritance			pig-agouti?'			compound		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
cotamundi, coatimundi	Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache	quati	flora-fauna	genus Nasua	suù	ʃû		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
cotton	algodón	algodão	flora-fauna	Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers)	wuk	wuk		missing						underived		See Language page	0	0	0	0	1	secondary scrub vegetation	no	plant; some sources may confound with kapok Ceiba pentandra (esp. if a single gloss for 'cotton' is given')
crab	cangrejo	caranguejo	flora-fauna	infraorder Brachyura	xaàm	xâm		doubtful loan		Tukanoan kami (would be an old loan?)				missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cricket	saltón, grillo	grilo	flora-fauna	family Gryllidae	suç	ʃuc		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
curassow	mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini)	mutum	flora-fauna	Crax sp., Nothocrax sp.	tuún, yud [tipos?]	tǔn		unique						missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Amazonia	no
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna	family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus	çôoçaár, çôrçaà (Mazaca gouazoubira),	cocǎh (Mazaca gouazoubira), cohcâ (Mazaca americana)		unique						underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna	Canis famililaris	yãm	jãm		semantic shift		from jaguar	from 'jaguar'			underived		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Not native; widespread	no
dog (wild; bush dog)	sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta	cachorro-do-mato	flora-fauna	Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis	lẽs	lẽʃ		missing						missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
dove	paloma	pomba	flora-fauna	family Columbidae	wẽr	wæ̃h		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
duck	pato	pato, marreco	flora-fauna	Anatidae family	paát	pǎt		loan		Spanish				missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil)	suri, mojojoy	larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá	flora-fauna	Rhynchophorus sp.	tõr	tɔ̃h		inheritance						missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
electric eel	anguila eléctrica	poraquê	flora-fauna	Electrophorus electricus	but	but		inheritance						missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		yes
fish (generic)	pez	peixe	flora-fauna		rãáp	hã̌p		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
fish (large type)	paiche, pirarucú o arapaima	pirarucu	flora-fauna	Arapaima gigas				missing						missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	big rivers only	no
fish poison, barbasco	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	flora-fauna	Lonchocarpus spp.	duús	dǔʃ		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation	yes [used to poison people]	shrub/tree
flea	pulga	pulga	flora-fauna	order Siphonaptera	den	dæn		inheritance						missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna	Diptera	çop	cɔp		unique						underived		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
genipap	jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico	genipapo, jenipapo	flora-fauna	Genipapa americana	--	--		missing						missing		See Language page	1	0	0	0	0	widespread lowland SA	no	shrub
giant otter	Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria	ariranha	flora-fauna	Pteronura brasiliensis	‘yoók [lontra/ariranha]	j’ɔ̌k		missing						missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna	(generic)	yʉʉ́r	yɨ̌h		inheritance						missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
gray-winged trumpeter	Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris	jacamim	flora-fauna	Psophia crepitans	mẽç	mæ̃c		inheritance						missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões	no
great egret	Garza Blanca, Guyratî	Garça-Branca-Grande	flora-fauna	Ardea alba	môr	moh		unique						underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread South America	no
green acouchi	Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo	cutiara	flora-fauna	Myoprocta pratti	kaj	kaɟ		missing						missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
guan	pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru)	jacu	flora-fauna	Penelope sp.	yêés	jěʃ		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Different types have different localized ranges	no
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca	ayahuasca, yage	ayahuasca, caapi	flora-fauna	Banisteriopsis caapi	--	--		missing						missing		See Language page	1	0	0	1	0	semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW	no	vine
hawk	halcón, gavilán	gavião	flora-fauna	family Accipitridae	wiír	wǐh		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
horse	caballo	cavalho	flora-fauna	Equus caballus	kabal	kabal		missing						missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
hot pepper	ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru)	pimenta	flora-fauna	Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens	xow	xɔw		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden	no	plant
howler monkey (red-handed)	mono aullador, mono coto (Peru)	guariba	flora-fauna	Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.]	tuùg	tûg		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
hummingbird	colibrí, picaflor (Peru)	beija-flor	flora-fauna	family Trochilidae	sug	ʃug		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread	no
iguana	iguana, garipiares (Colombia)	camaleão	flora-fauna	Iguana sp.	?	--		missing						missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana
insect (generic)	insecto	insecto	flora-fauna	generic	--	--		missing						missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
jaguar	yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru)	onca	flora-fauna	Panthera onca	‘yamxʉ’	j’amxɨʔ		inheritance			jaguar-write'?			compound		See Language page	1	2	0	0	0		yes
japurá	oreja de murcielago	japurá	flora-fauna	Erisma japura	wak	wak		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	large tree
kapok	ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.)	sumaumeira	flora-fauna	Ceiba pentandra	wuk	wuk		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas	no	tree
açai palm	huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia)	açaí	flora-fauna	Euterpe sp.	nãák	nã̌k		loan		North Arawak	e.g. Piapoco manakái			underived		See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia	no
cará tuber, purple or white	camote, sachapapa	cará roxo, branco	flora-fauna	Dioscorea sp.	ĩín	ʔĩ̌n		unique						underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings	no	plant
kingfisher	martín pescador, catalan (Peru)	martim-pescador	flora-fauna	family Alcedinidae	wasak pis	waʃak piʃ		unique						missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
leaf-cutter ant	Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse	saúva	flora-fauna	Atta sp.	ruúd, wâk	hǔd, wək		doubtful loan into protolg, direction unknown		cf. Jivaro				underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
firefly, lightning bug	lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin)	vagalume	flora-fauna	fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae	xuúy	xǔj		doubtful loan into protolanguage - WW		%kukuj				underived		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
macaw	ara, guacamaya	Arara	flora-fauna	family Psittacidae; Ara sp.	kaál’	kǎl’		doubtful loan		Arawak, see Paresi kalo				missing		See Language page	1	1	0	0	1	Widespread Amazonia	no
maize, corn	mazorca, maiz	milho	flora-fauna	Zea mays	‘wat	w'at		loan		Tupi-Guarani	e.g. Cocama awati			underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	widespread, esp. in river floodplains	no	plant
manatee	vaca marina, manatí	peixe-boi	flora-fauna	Trichechus sp.	yaàç	yâc		missing						missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
mandi catfish	maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish)	mandi	flora-fauna	Auchenipterus sp.	mã’iì	mãʔî		missing						missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
manioc (bitter or generic)	yuca brava	mandioca	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	yaák	jǎk		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition.	no	Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield
manioc (sweet)	yuca, caribe	macaxeira	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	yaák yaá’	jǎk jǎʔ		unique			'manioc grill'			underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	no	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
miriti palm	moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti	buriti	flora-fauna	Mauritia flexuosa	çaák	cǎk		inheritance						underived		See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps	no	trunks contain sago-like starch
mosquito	mosquito, zancudo	mosquito, carapana	flora-fauna	Anopheles sp.	sõò	ʃɔ̃̂		unique						missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
moth	mariposa nocturna, polilla	mariposa	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera	nuúd	nǔd		missing						missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
mushroom	champiñón, hongo	cogumelo	flora-fauna	(any edible generic)	pâm’	pəm’		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0	2	0	0	0		no	prioritize generic term that includes any edible species
neotropical otter (small)	Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia)	lontra	flora-fauna	Lontra longicaudis	‘yoók [lontra/ariranha]	j’ɔ̌k		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
opossum	zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo	mucura	flora-fauna	family Didelphidae	weèy	wæ̂j		doubtful loan - WW		%yawari	e.g. Wapishana jawari	WW	%jaware	underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
owl (large)	búho, lechuza	corujão	flora-fauna	order Strigiformes	wêéw’	wěw’		unique						missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread	no
paca (lowland)	Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana)	paca	flora-fauna	Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.)	pa’	paʔ		loan		North Arawak	e.g. Tariana da:pa			underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
pacu fish	palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru)	pacu	flora-fauna	Mylossoma sp.	yuùy	jûj		missing						missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
palm for roof thatch	pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná	caraná	flora-fauna	Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana	poòy	pɔ̂j		unique						underived		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests	no	palm
parrot	loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib)	papagaio	flora-fauna	Amazona amazonica	çoy	cɔj		inheritance						underived		See Language page	1	0	0	0	1	Widespread	no
paxiuba palm	pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba	paxiuba	flora-fauna	Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea	puúp	pǔp		doubtful loan into protolanguage		North Arawak	e.g. Baniwa poópa			underived		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no	palm
peach palm, pejibaye palm	chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol)	pupunha	flora-fauna	Bactris gasipaes	çʉʉ̀w	cɨ̂w	peach palm	inheritance						underived		Epps 2013	2	1	0	0	0		no
peanut	maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete	amendoim	flora-fauna	Arachis hypogaea	--	--		missing						missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
pineapple	piña	abacaxi	flora-fauna	Ananas comosus	wãán (joj is a native bromeliad)	wã̌n		loan - WW		%mawino	e.g. Kabiyari máwiru; also jɔj (inheritance?)			underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
pirana	piraña, caribe	piranha	flora-fauna	subfamily Serrasalmidae	pũm	pũm		loan		possibly Warekena pa:ruma				missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no [not in this region]
porcupine	puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru)	cuandu, porco-espinho	flora-fauna	family Erethizontidae	puùg	pûg		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
potato	papa	batata	flora-fauna	Solanum tuberosum	yo’	jɔʔ		unique						underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation	no	compare entries for sweet potato
praying mantis, stick insects	mantis religiosa	louva-a-deus	flora-fauna	order Mantodea, family Mantidae	kaj doóy’	kaɟ dǒj’		missing						missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
rubber tree (sorva)	caucho, siringa, shiringa	seringa, borracha	flora-fauna	Hevea sp.	bâár [seringa], taák [sorva]	bə̌h, tǎk		missing						missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no	tree
scorpion	escorpión; alacran	escorpião	flora-fauna	order Scorpiones	saày	ʃâj		inheritance			doubtful			underived		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		yes
seje palm	ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá	patoá, patuá	flora-fauna	Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua	wax	wax		inheritance						underived		See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia	no	may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries
sloth	pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru)	macaco preguica	flora-fauna	Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp.	pen	pæn		missing						missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
small lizard	lagartija	calango	flora-fauna	order Squamata	buùj	bûj		doubtful loan		Cubeo bʉyoco, Carijona moyoci				missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
snail	caracol, churo (Peru)	caracol	flora-fauna	class Gastropoda	kõj	kɔ̃ɟ		inheritance						missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		rẽér	hæ̃̌h		inheritance						missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake	víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara	jararaca	flora-fauna	Bothrops jararaca/atrox	baàw, tâgrĩì	bâw, təghĩ̂		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread South America	yes
speckled catfish	surubí, pintadillo	surubim, sorubim	flora-fauna	Pseudoplatystoma sp.	poóy	pɔ̌j		missing						missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna	Arachnidae, Araneae	yo’ (venenoso em geral), sũúr (não-venenoso em geral)	jɔʔ		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
squash	calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru)	abóbora	flora-fauna	Cucurbita sp.	limũù	limũ̂		loan		Tupi-Guarani				missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
squirrel	ardilla, danta (Ven)	serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo	flora-fauna	family Sciuridae	waàm	wâm		inheritance						missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
stingray (generic)	rayas látigo, raya	arraia	flora-fauna	Potamotrygon sp.	çeé’	cæ̌ʔ		inheritance						missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
potato, sweet potato	camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara	batata-doce	flora-fauna	Ipomoea batatas	yo’ [potato in general]	jɔʔ		inheritance			same as 'potato'			missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
tapir	sachavaca, danta	anta	flora-fauna	Tapirus terrestris	taáx	tǎx		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
termites, white-ants	comején (Peru), termitas	cupim	flora-fauna	order Isoptera	bu’ õòw	buʔ ʔɔ̃̂w		doubtful loan into protolanguage	Hup-Yuhup-Daw	East Tukanoan	e.g. Tukano butu			underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
tick	garrapata	carrapato	flora-fauna	superfam Ixodoidea	sêèm	ʃěm		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
tigerfish	taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru)	traíra	flora-fauna	Hoplias sp.	bôòy	bôj		missing						missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
tinamou	tinamu, perdiz, gallineta	inambu, inhambu	flora-fauna	family Tinamidae	mõò	mɔ̃̂		inheritance						missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
toad	sapo	sapo	flora-fauna	order Anura	pâá’	pə̌ʔ		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0	2	0	0	0		no
tobacco	tabaco	tabaco	flora-fauna	Nicotiana tabacum	rũút	hũ̌t		inheritance			old semantic shift? from puhũt 'blow'			underived		See Language page	1	0	0	0	1		no	plant
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant)	tortuga, morrocoy, motelo	jabutí, tartaruga	flora-fauna	Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria	mĩís	mĩ̌ʃ		inheritance						missing		See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	Widespread	no
toucan	tucán, pinsha (Peru)	tucano	flora-fauna	Ramphastos sp.	çôkwêt	cokwet		inheritance			old derivation or compound			compound	lexicalized; old	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
tree	árbol	arvore	flora-fauna		tâg, beè	təg, bæ̂		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
tufted capuchin monkey	mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero	macaco prego	flora-fauna	Cebus apella	waás	wǎʃ		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
cunuri (tree)	cunuri	cunuri	flora-fauna	Cunurea spruceana	pǝ́:d	pǝ́:d		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Amazonia	no
ucuqui	yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru)	ucuqui	flora-fauna	Pouteria ucuqui	mʉ̃ʉ̀	mɨ̃̂		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions	no	other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant
vulture	buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru)	urubu	flora-fauna	family Cathartidae	wa’	waʔ		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread South America	no
wasp	avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa	caba	flora-fauna	order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita	‘yoó’	j’ɔ̌ʔ		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0	2	0	0	0		no
white-fronted capuchin	Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru)	Caiarara	flora-fauna	Cebus albifrons	mõòy	mɔ̃̂j		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
white-fronted spider monkey	Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia)	macaco aranha, coatá, quatá	flora-fauna	Ateles belzebuth/paniscus	--	--		missing						missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
white-lipped peccary	Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana	queixada	flora-fauna	Tayassu pecari	tor	tɔh		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
Amazon tree-grape	uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.)	cucura	flora-fauna	Pourouma cecropiifolia	rur	huh		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times	no	a tree; not a true grape
woodpecker	pájaro carpintero, carpintero	pica-pau	flora-fauna	family Picidae	xôòb	xôb		inheritance						missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
tannia, yautia	huitina (Peru), ñame	taioba branca	flora-fauna	Xanthosoma spp.	--	--		missing						missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
hallucinogenic snuff	vilca, cebil, yopo	paricá, yopo	flora-fauna	Anadenanthera sp. or virola	--	--										See Language page
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna			yàm		inheritance								See Language page
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna			cǝ-c'ǎh (catingueiro), cǝ-hǝ̌w (mateiro)		unique								See Language page

Cultural Vocabulary (106)

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Etymology Code	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven	tierra do los muertos	terra dos mortos	culture-mythology	kasam nĩ rôót	kaʃam nĩ hǒt	missing									See Language page
arrow	flecha	flecha	subsistence tool	çâàg (kĩnh ‘flechar’)	cə̂g	semantic shift		from 'sharp'			probably from 'sharp'; but see also ninam ʃakao, aguaruna ʃiki:t	Simplex		hunting, warfare	See Language page
axe/stone axe	hacha (de piedra)	machado (de pedra)	subsistence tool	mãàm	mã̂m	inheritance	Proto-Nadahup					Simplex		especially for clearing fields	See Language page
bait for fishing	cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru)	isca	subsistence tool	nĩ’	nĩʔ	inheritance	Proto-Nadahup					Simplex		can refer to worms; more generic	See Language page
basin/bowl	tazón, plato hondo, taza	tijela	culture-material	xeèb [bowl, plate]	xæ̂b	inheritance									See Language page
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	ʃeʔmãc		Inheritance	Proto-DYH				Also ʃeʔbáx (three-sided)	Simplex			See Language page
basket, small	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto pequeno, tampado	culture-material	--	--	Missing									See Language page
bead	abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar	miçanga	culture-material	ked rẽè	kæd hæ̃̂	unique									See Language page
bed	cama	cama	culture-material	xãám	xã̌m	loan		Portuguese			possibly via Arawak or Nheengatu (e.g. Achagua cáama); see also Eñepa kaama; Siona cama (kama?); Yanomam (Ninam kama)	Simplex			See Language page
bench, seat	banco, silla, asiento	banco	culture-material	bãgn’	bãŋ’	loan		Portuguese							See Language page
blowgun	cerbatana, pucuna (Peru)	zarabatana	subsistence tool	baák	bǎk	inheritance	Proto-DYH					Simplex		currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region	See Language page
bottle	botella	garrafa	acculturation	kalap	kalap	loan		Portuguese			garrafa	Simplex			See Language page
bow	arco	arco	subsistence tool	çok	cɔk	inheritance; unknown	Proto-DYH				Yagua kãnũ; Matses kanti; Cocama kanuti	Simplex		arco	See Language page
broom	escoba	vassoura	culture-material	tapsaàw	tapʃâw	loan		Nheengatu tapiʃawa							See Language page
canoe	canoa	canoa	transport	xoò	xɔ̂	inheritance	Proto-Nadahup				Compare Puinave ha:ʔ	Simplex			See Language page
cat	gato	gato	acculturation	sãàn’	ʃã̂n’	loan - WW		%pisana	WW	%pisana	probably from Port bicho 'small animal'; compare E. Tukano, (e.g. Desano pisana); Arawak (e.g. Tariana pisána); Carib (Makushi pisana; Pemon pitʃana). But note Quechua 'broom' pitʃana	Simplex			See Language page
chicken	gallina	galinha	acculturation	lakaár	lakâh	loan - WW		%karaka	WW	%kariwina	Port source? Arawak/Carib kariwina and variants	Simplex			See Language page
chief/leader	jefe, cacique	chefe	culture-mythology	kapitãw, tusaàw	kapitãw, tuʃâw	loan; loan - WW		Portuguese; %tuʃawa, via Nheengatu?							See Language page
club	garrote, cachiporra	clava, porrete	subsistence tool	beebaáx	bæbǎx	missing									See Language page
coca			narcotics	tuʔ		Loan		Arawak or Tukano	WW	%patu	Nheengatu ipadu; Arawak (e.g. Tariana hipatú); Carijona ihatu; E. Tukano (e.g. Bará 'pátu); Daw	Simplex			See Language page
cook food			food	xa		Unique						Simplex			See Language page
Curupira (spirit type)	Curupira, Madremonte	Curupira	culture-mythology	nũúx	nũ̌x	unknown						Simplex		malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region	See Language page
dance (generic)			culture-mythology	jam		Inheritance	Proto-Nadahup								See Language page
dart (blowgun)	dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru)	dardo, seta	subsistence tool	sow	ʃɔw	missing								hunting and warfare	See Language page
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure	dios(es), deidad	divinidade, figura mítica	culture-mythology	kegteè	kægtæ̂	calque		ET 'Bone-Son'						In RN region, frequently translates as 'Bone-Son', 'One on the bone', etc.	See Language page
digging stick			subsistence tool			Missing									See Language page
dream	sueño, soñar	sonho, sonhar	culture-mythology	xuúp	xǔp	missing									See Language page
drum	tambor	tambor	culture-mythology	tãbuù	tãbû	loan		Portuguese							See Language page
fan	abanico	abanador, abano	subsistence tool	rêém’	hěm’	inheritance								esp. for fanning a cooking fire	See Language page
feather headdress	plumaje, corona de plumas	enfeite/capacete de penas	culture-mythology	tâwâát xêè	təwə̌t xê	missing									See Language page
fetish, charm	fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga	feitiço, puçanga	culture-mythology	dâw ãày yõór [‘woman medicine’]	dəw ʔã̂j jɔ̃̌h	missing									See Language page
fireplace	hogar	lareira	other	buxeè	buxê	missing									See Language page
firewood	leña	lenha	other	beedur	bæduh	inheritance	Proto-DYH				Compare Puinave du; Kakua tʉ̃̂	Simplex			See Language page
fish (with fish-poison)	pescar con barbasco, barbasquear	pescar com timbó; tinguijar	food	tên	ten	inheritance									See Language page
fish (with line)	anzuelear, pescar con linea	pescar (com linha)	food	laay’	laj’	Semantic shift					From 'fish hook'	Simplex			See Language page
fish poison	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	subsistence tool	dǔʃ		Inheritance	Proto-Nadahup					Simplex			See Language page
fishing line	cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze	linha de pesca	subsistence tool	laáy’ tit	lǎj’ tit	missing									See Language page
fishtrap	trampa de peces, trampa	matapi, cacuri	subsistence tool	sõ’	ʃɔ̃ʔ	missing									See Language page
flat bread, cassava bread	pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe	beiju	food	baá’	bǎʔ	doubtful loan	Proto-DYH	Tukano 'eat'			Possibly a loan from Tukanoan 'eat' baʔa	Simplex		usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits	See Language page
flour/meal from manioc	fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina	farinha	food	suùk	ʃûk	loan - WW		%matsuka	WW	%matsuka	e.g. Baniwa matsóka; compare also Puinave masuko, Macaguan matsúka, Daw ʃuk; maybe Yanomami majoko hĩkɨ, Makiritari ssuku:taka	Simplex		agriculture	See Language page
flute	flauta, quena (Peru)	flauta	culture-mythology	lôtôt	lotot	doubtful loan		Arawak japurutu			Alternate: séj. e.g. Baniwa japoɺoto	Simplex		multiple types? japurutu, deer-bone, etc.	See Language page
game animal	caza, animal de caza	caça, animal de caça	food	rũù	hũ̂	inheritance	Proto-DYH							Interesting correlation to 'fish' in Tukanoan languages	See Language page
genipap			culture-mythology			Missing									See Language page
gourd (dipper/bowl)	cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo	cuia	subsistence tool	bo’	bɔʔ	inheritance	Proto-DYH					Simplex			See Language page
grater	rallador, rallo	ralador, ralo	subsistence tool	rʉ̃ʉ́p	hɨ̃̌p	inheritance	Proto-Nadahup					Simplex		esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well	See Language page
grave	tumba, sepultura, sepulcro	sepultura, sepulcro, cova	culture-mythology	dâw nũr	dəw nũh	missing									See Language page
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf)	barbacoa	jirau	subsistence tool	yulaà [shelf], wab [smoking grid]	julâ, wab	loan; inheritance	Proto-DYH	Tupi-Guarani (prob. Lingua Geral, poss. via Arawak)				Simplex			See Language page
griddle for cooking flatbread	tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru)	forno para beiju	subsistence tool	boòd	bɔ̂d	unique						Simplex		agriculture?	See Language page
gun	arma, escopeta	espingarda, fusil	acculturation	xaàw’	xâw’	loan - WW		%mokawa				Simplex			See Language page
hammock	hamaca, chinchorro	rede	culture-material	yeg	jæg	inheritance	Proto-Nadahup					Simplex			See Language page
hat	sombero	chapéu	dress	pêèw	pêw	loan		Port chapeu			Port source; compare Arawak (e.g. Yucuna hapewa); Pemon sapewa; Tukanoan E. (e.g. Desano sapea)	Simplex			See Language page
shaman, healer	chamán, brujo	xaman, pajé, feiticeiro	culture-mythology	sâw	ʃəw	inheritance	Proto-Nadahup					Simplex		In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
hollow log/trough for beer-making	canoa para chicha	cocho de caxiri	narcotics	âág a’	ʔə̌g ʔaʔ	missing									See Language page
honey	miel	mel	food	nẽèg	næ̃̂g	inheritance	Proto-DYH					Simplex		only gathered in wild throughout Amazonia?	See Language page
hunt	cazar	caçar	food	suúk	ʃǔk	unique						Simplex			See Language page
knife	cuchillo	faca	culture-material	wãàn pis	wã̂n piʃ	unique		see 'machete'				Phrase	machete (wãn)-small (píʃ)		See Language page
loincloth	taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla	tanga, tapa-sexo	dress	bôb	bob	Missing									See Language page
machete	machete	facão	culture-material	wãàn	wã̂n	inheritance	Proto-DYH				But see Tariana wánaɾi	Simplex			See Language page
mortar	mortero	pilão	subsistence tool	sok rẽér	ʃɔk hẽ̌h	unique									See Language page
fence, palisade	cerco	cerca	other	saàd	ʃâd	inheritance								may be related to defense/warfare?	See Language page
panpipe	carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora	caniço, flauta de pã	culture-mythology	sêy	ʃej	missing									See Language page
paper	papel	papel	acculturation	xapêèl’	xapêl’	loan		Span/Port 'papel', via Carib (cf. Eñepa)?							See Language page
pestle	pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor	mão de pilão	subsistence tool	sok rẽér	ʃɔk hẽ̌h	missing									See Language page
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other	sĩ̂:m		Unknown						Simplex			See Language page
plate	plato	prato	culture-material	xeèb [bowl, plate]	xæ̂b	inheritance	Proto-DYH					Compound	clay plate?		See Language page
policeman	polícia	policía	acculturation	lêgad	legad	missing									See Language page
pot	olla, pote	panela, vasilha	subsistence tool	bok	bɔk	inheritance	Proto-DYH					Simplex			See Language page
rattle	matraca, maraca	marico, chocalho	culture-mythology	--	--	missing									See Language page
resin	resina, brea, copal	resina, brea, breu	subsistence tool	wʉʉ́k	wɨ̌k	inheritance									See Language page
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya)	kapiwaya	capiwaya	culture-mythology	--	--	missing									See Language page
salt	sal	sal	food	xiìl’	xîl’	loan - WW		%jukira	WW	%jukira	Yucuna jukiɾa; Nadeb juki:ɾ; Daw xí:lʔ; Cubeo jukila	Simplex			See Language page
school	escuela	escola	acculturation	êskol	ʔeskɔl	missing									See Language page
shoes	zapatos	sapatos	dress	sapat	ʃapat	missing									See Language page
skirt	falda, saya, fustan, pollera	saia	culture-material	saáy’	ʃǎj’	loan		Port/Span saia	WW	%saja	Port source; see Arawak (e.g. Baniwa tsʰaaja); Makushi u-saja-ri; Wanano saya si; Nheengatu saja; Ninam saja	Simplex			See Language page
soldier	soldado	soldado	acculturation	sulaàl’	ʃulâl’	loan - WW		%surara							See Language page
song (generic)	canción, canto	canção	culture-mythology	yʉmʉ̃ʉ́r	jɨmɨ̃̌h	inheritance						Simplex			See Language page
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool	tôòw rẽr	tôw hẽh	unique						Simplex			See Language page
starch (tapioca, other)	almidón	goma de tapioca	food	nuúr	nǔh	inheritance	Proto-Nadahup					Simplex			See Language page
stone for lighting fires	piedra para hacer fuego	pedra para acender fogo	culture-material	--	--	missing									See Language page
sugarcane/sugar	azúcar, caña de azúcar	açucar (de cana)	acculturation	xãán’ (cane), asuk (sugar)	xã̌n’, aʃuk	Missing									See Language page
tapioca drink, mingau	cahuana, caguana	mingau	food	mĩgn’ ôò	mĩŋ’ ʔô	loan		Nheengatu				Simplex		agriculture	See Language page
thatch/roof	crisneja	palha, caraná	culture-material	poòy	pɔ̂j	unique						Simplex			See Language page
tipiti (manioc squeezer)	tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca	tipiti	food	lumẽ’	lumæ̃ʔ	doubtful loan		source unknown			Probably shared with Nadeb	Simplex		word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc	See Language page
tobacco (native)			narcotics	hũ̌t		Inheritance	Proto-Nadahup				But may ultimately be derived from 'blow', Hup pũhũt	Simplex			See Language page
tripod for washing manioc	trípode	tripé	subsistence tool	çôò [=deer]	cô [=deer]	missing								agriculture	See Language page
venom for darts, poison	veneno	curare	subsistence tool	nãám	nã̌m	doubtful loan (into protolg?) - WW?		%namo						hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?)	See Language page
wax	cera	cera	other	nẽeg saák	næ̃g ʃǎk	inheritance									See Language page
woven strainer/sieve	colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru)	peneira, cumatá	subsistence tool	tun (cumatá), nôópa’ (sieve)	tun, nǒpaʔ	unique; doubtful loan		Tupi-Guarani				Simplex		agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour	See Language page
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women)	yurupari	jurupari	culture-mythology	mâáç	mə̌c	unknown		Tukanoan?			Macuna tɨ̃tɨ (agamн trompeta);	Simplex		a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women.	See Language page
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	bây [atura]	bəj	inheritance									See Language page
drum (large signal)	tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia)	tambor	culture	--	--	missing								Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances	See Language page
healer	curandero	benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano)	culture-mythology	--	--									Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well.	See Language page
clothing	ropa	roupa	culture-mythology	yuùn	jûn	inheritance									See Language page
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit	espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio	espirito	culture-mythology	mâáç	mə̌c	unknown									See Language page
paddle/oar	remo	remo	transport	‘waç	w’ac	unique									See Language page
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture	tit	tit	inheritance									See Language page
tattoo	tatuaje, tatu	tatuagem	culture-mythology	mĩnõdaàd	mĩnõdâd	missing									See Language page
paint body, body paint	pintura corporal	pintura corporal	culture-mythology	--	--										See Language page
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other	sĩím’	ʃĩ̌m’	unknown									See Language page
fermented drink	masato, chicha	caxiri, chicha	culture	âág	ʔə̌g	semantic shift		from 'drink'						prioritizes manioc beer where distinction is made	See Language page
bottom grinding stone			manufacture	--	--	missing								if different word from top grinding stone	See Language page
digging stick			subsistence tool	--	--	missing									See Language page
top grinding stone	metate, mano; piedra de moler	metate, mano	manufacture	--	--	missing								use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone	See Language page
boomerang/throwing stick (generic)			subsistence tool	--	--	missing									See Language page
spearthrower			subsistence tool	--	--	missing									See Language page
house			other	top	tɔp	inheritance									See Language page

Grammatical Data (226)

Category	Grammatical Feature	Grammatical Feature: Notes	Feature Status	Grammatical Notes	Source	General Notes
Phonology - Segmental	Pre-/post-nasalized stops	Analysis posits that the stop is the most relevant underlying phoneme. Comment in notes on whether the nasal contour is understood as a phonetic (allophonic) effect, or is phonologically contrastive.	yes		Martins 2004:23
Phonology - Segmental	Glottalized/ejective consonants	Phonemic contrast [NOT counting glottal stop/fricative]	yes		Martins 2004:16
Phonology - Segmental	Palatalized stops	Phonemic contrast	yes		Martins 2004:16-23
Phonology - Segmental	Phonemic vowel length	Does the language have long and short vowels?	yes	corresponds to tone	Martins 2004:55
Phonology - Segmental	Phonemic glottalization/laryngealization of vowels		no		Martins 2004:55-58
Phonology - Segmental	Complex onsets	Onset consists of more than one consonant phoneme	no		Martins 2004:13-15
Phonology - Segmental	No codas	*(C)VC [no also equals highly constrained]	no		Martins 2004:13-15, 68-70
Phonology - Segmental	Word-final coda required	Do all syllables end in a consonant?	no		Martins 2004:13-15, 68-70
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Contrastive tones	Note how many contrastive tones	yes		Martins 2004:13-15
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Contrastive stress	Does stress occur on different syllables with meaning difference?	no		Martins 2004:13-15
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Nasalization property of morpheme or syllable	In contrast to nasalization as a property of segments	no		Martins 2004:16-23
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Nasal spreading across some morpheme boundaries	Do some affixes or other morphemes take the nasal/oral properties of the root they attach to?	no		Martins 2004:66-68
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Vowel harmony		yes		Martins 2004:102
Morphology - General	Verbal fusion (2+ categories marked by portmanteau morphemes on verb)	Verb combines two or more categories (tense, aspect, mood, person, number, etc.) in portmanteau morphemes{ [ignore proclitics unless they are fused with values other than person/number]	no	except for a few tonal morphemes	Martins 2004:125
Morphology - General	Inflection manifested by replacement of segmental or suprasegmental phonemes	Stem change, tone	yes		Martins 2004:86-88
Morphology - General	Verbal synthesis (1+ inflectional categories marked by verbal affixes)	Morphological complexity in verbs - multiple inflectional affixes in a single verb word	no		Martins 2004:125
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly prefixing	There are many more prefixes than suffixes	no		Martins 2004:125
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly suffixing	There are many more suffixes than prefixes	yes		Martins 2004:125
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: roughly equal or one weakly preferred	The numbers of suffixes and prefixes are not notably different	no		Martins 2004:125
Morphology - General	Reduplication: full	The full morpheme is reduplicated	no		Martins 2004
Morphology - General	Reduplication: partial	Only part of the morpheme is reduplicated	yes		Martins 2004
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive NN compounding	Noun compounds created from two noun phrases are common and systematically produced	yes		Martins 2004:146
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive VV serialization (without compounding)	Verb roots can be combined in a single predicate without markers of subordination (distinct from subordinating construction) or distinct inflection	yes		Martins 2004:173
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive VV compounding	Serial verb constructions involve chaining of roots together in one morphophonological word	no		Martins 2004:180
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Verb-adjunct (aka light verb) constructions	There is a set of semantically weak verbs used in complex verbal constructions, e.g. 'take a nap'	no		Martins 2004	tone as mark of intran- or transitivizer/ to derive weak verbs…? And stative verbs
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Auxiliary verb(s)	There are verbs that accompany main verbs of clauses and take grammatical marking not expressed by main verbs	no		Martins 2004
Morphology - Incorporation	Incorporation of nouns into verbs is a productive intransitivizing process	Verb contains nominal segment	no	Some noun classification but generally appears to be minimally productive	Martins 2004:182
Morphology - Incorporation	Productive incorporation of other elements (adjectives, locatives, etc.) into verbs	Like noun incorporation, but incorporated elements are not nouns	no	A few possible examples but not productive	Martins 2004: 653
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Noun classes/genders	Nouns are organized into sets with distinct morphological treatment; usually affects all nouns and involves agreement within the NP	no		Martins 2004
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Number of noun classes/genders	Note the (approximate) total number of noun classes/genders	0	male/female	Martins 2004
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Noun classifiers (distinct from noun classes/genders)	Nouns are organized into sets, but only a limited set of nouns may be implicated, with no or limited agreement marking. If only numeral classifiers exist, indicate yes but explain.	no	Martins identifies a set of noun classifiers but these are probably misanalyzed	Martins 2004:129
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for animates	Masculine, feminine, neuter	no		Martins 2004
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for inanimates		no		Martins 2004
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Animacy (w/o reference to sex) is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system	Animate/inanimate, human/non-human	no	human vs. other	Martins 2004
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex/gender distinction only in 3rd person pronouns	add in notes section whether gender is present in other PNs or not in any PNs; consider with reference to pronouns and person marking only	no		Martins 2004
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for animates		no		Martins 2004
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for inanimates		no		Martins 2004
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	"Repeater" classifiers	Where no distinct classifier exists, a copy of the noun itself may function in the morphosyntactic classifier "slot"	no		Martins 2004
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Numeral classifiers (specific to numerals)	Special classifier forms that occur only with numerals	no	/ɛ̃d/ determinant suffix occuring only on numerals	Martins 2004
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Classifiers used as derivational suffixes to derive nouns	Verb + classifier = 'thing for doing V, thing that does V, etc.'	no	unclear	Martins 2004:129
Nominal Categories - Number	Singular number may be marked on the noun	Often occurs in a small subset of nouns if a single entity is referred to, e.g. insects that normally occur in groups	no		Martins 2004
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural affix on noun		no		Martins 2004
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked by stem change or tone on noun		no		Martins 2004
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked by reduplication of noun		no		Martins 2004
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural word/clitic		yes		Martins 2004
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked on human or animate nouns only		yes	with exceptions	Martins 2004
Nominal Categories - Number	Pronominal plural: stem + nominal plural affix	Pronouns use a nominal plural affix not specific to pronouns	no		Martins 2004
Nominal Categories - Number	Unique associative plural marker	e.g. 'John and his associates', 'John and them'	no		Martins 2004
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Definite or specific articles	Definite = particular referent known to both speaker and addressee; specific = particular referent known to speaker only	no		Martins 2004
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Marker of definiteness distinct from demonstratives	Focus on articles/markers whose primary function is to mark definiteness	no		Martins 2004
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Indefinite or non-specific article	or marker	no		Martins 2004:355-361
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Inclusive/exclusive: in free pronominals	Inclusive =us + you, exclusive = us but not you	no		Martins 2004
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Inclusive/exclusive: in verbal inflection (bound)		no		Martins 2004
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Distance contrasts in demonstratives (number)	Note the number of distances in the demonstrative system	2		Martins 2004
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Other contrasts in demonstratives (visibility, elevation, etc.)		no		Martins 2004
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 3sg pronouns		no		Martins 2004
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 3pl pronouns		no		Martins 2004
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 1st and/or 2nd person pronouns		no		Martins 2004
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Formal/informal distinction in pronouns	Polite pronominal variants or differential avoidance of pronouns	no		Martins 2004
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Reflexive pronouns	e.g. English 'himself', Spanish 'se'; distinct form(s) from basic (non-reflexive) pronominals; distinct from reflexive verbal affix	yes		Martins 2004
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Adpositions mark core NPs	Prepositions or postpositions mark subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients	yes		Martins 2004
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: number of cases	Note the number of grammatical relations that may be morphologically marked on the noun	1	affected non-subject suffix; various postpositions	Martins 2004
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: only non-core arguments morphologically marked	Subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients NOT marked, but other grammatical relations are	no		Martins 2004
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: symmetrical	All NPs marked if in appropriate syntactic relation; no distinction in marking based on semantics (type of entity)	no		Martins 2004
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: asymmetrical	Semantically defined subset of NPs marked for case, e.g. animates	yes	appears to be limited to animates	Martins 2004
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: suffix or postpositional clitic		yes		Martins 2004
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: prefix or prepositional clitic		no		Martins 2004
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: infix or inpositional clitic		no		Martins 2004
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: stem change		no		Martins 2004
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: tone		no		Martins 2004
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: comitative = instrumental	Same marking for 'with a person' and 'with an instrument'	no		Martins 2004
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-2	At least some part of the system involves base-2	yes	there os however a word for 'three', however this word is etymologically transparent in part. Part of it contains the totalizer marker wap.	Martins 2004
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-5	At least some part of the system involves base-5	no		Martins 2004
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-10	At least some part of the system involves base-10	no		Martins 2004
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Other base (specify)	4, 20, etc.	no		Martins 2004
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Etymological transparency in any numerals under 5	e.g. two = 'eye-quantity'	yes	Martins:2005:391. part of the word for 'three' is etymological transparent with the 'totalizador' marker wap	Martins 2004
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Numerals do not go above 5	'Many' or some other non-exact term used	yes	count by pairs; even/odd	Martins 2004
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Numerals do not go above 10	'Many' or some other non-exact term used	yes		Martins 2004
Nominal Categories - Other nominal	Tense or aspect inflection on non-verbal predicates	i.e. nominal or adjectival	no		Martins 2004
Nominal Categories - Other nominal	Person inflection on non-verbal predicates	i.e. nominal or adjectival	no		Martins 2004
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Pronominal possessive affixes: prefix on N	alienable/inalienable?	no		Martins 2004
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Pronominal possessive affixes: suffix on N	alienable/inalienable?	yes		Martins 2004
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: dependent	e.g. 'the boy-'s dog'	yes		Martins 2004
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: head	e.g. 'the boy his-dog'	no		Martins 2004
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Possessive classifiers	There are special classifiers that occur with possessed entities	no	the poss. Marker is a genitive that can also attach to pronouns. -ɛ̃̀ɟ (suffix)	Martins 2004
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Morphological marking of inalienable possession	Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the former takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun)	no	little info apparently there is no inalienable/alienable difference	Martins 2004
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Morphological marking of alienable possession	Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the latter takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun)	no	no info	Martins 2004
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Default marker for inalienably possessed nouns if unpossessed	An inalienable noun that is in an unpossessed state must have a derivational affix or associated form	no	no info	Martins 2004
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Inalienable possession of kin terms	'my-father' but *father	no info		Martins 2004
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Inalienable possession of body parts (human/animal)	'my-leg' but *leg	no info		Martins 2004
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Generic human nouns are obligatorily bound/possessed	Human nouns must co-occur with another noun (e.g. Hup-man, NonIndian-woman, but *man)	no	no info actually	Martins 2004
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives	Underived adjectives	There are underived adjectives which do not have counterparts in other word classes	no		Martins 2004
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives	Gender inflection on adjectives within the NP	There is gender agreement/concord (animate/inanimate or masc/fem, etc.) within the NP, e.g. la casa blanca, el perro blanco	no		Martins 2004
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: action/state (arrive/arrival)	There is a morpheme which derives an event from a verb	no		Martins 2004
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: agentive (sing/singer)	There is a morpheme which derives an agent or subject from a verb	no		Martins 2004
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: object (sing/song)	There is a morpheme which derives a patient or object from a verb	no		Martins 2004
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive verbalizing morphology	There is a morpheme which derives a verb from a noun or adjective	yes	not a morpheme actually, but a tone change: deverbizers. Martins 2005:155	Martins 2004
Nominal Syntax - Other	NP coordination and comitative phrases marked differently	'John and Mary went to market' is marked differently from 'John went to market with Mary'	no		Martins 2004
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Dedicated past marker(s)	Past tense is regularly morphologically marked on the verb or elsewhere	yes		Martins 2004
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Multiple past tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference	e.g. distant vs. recent past	no		Martins 2004
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Multiple future tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference	e.g. imminent vs. distant future	yes	there is also another marker which Martins calls futuro estrategico, but it is also a marker of finalidade.	Martins 2004
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Dedicated future or non-past marker(s)		yes		Martins 2004
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: prefix		no		Martins 2004
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: suffix		yes	actually most are grammatical or grammaticalized morphemes (only Telic aspect is suffixed) but aspects always occur after the verb.	Martins 2004
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: tone or ablaut		no		Martins 2004
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect suppletion		no		Martins 2004
Verbal Categories - Mood	Dedicated imperative morpheme or verb form	There is a special morpheme (or morphemes, or a bare verb root where inflection is normally expected) used to signal imperative (command) mood	yes		Martins 2004
Verbal Categories - Mood	Polite imperative morpheme	There is a distinct morpheme for polite imperative constructions (specify if it has other functions in the language)	no		Martins 2004
Verbal Categories - Mood	Difference between negation in imperative (prohibitive) and declarative clauses	There are different strategies for marking negation in imperative and declarative clauses	yes		Martins 2004
Verbal Categories - Mood	Dedicated hortative morpheme or verb form (1pl or 3rd person imperative)	as opposed to imperative; the person in control of desired state of affairs is not the addressee; ex: 'Let's sing' / 'Let him sing'	yes		Martins 2004
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: affix on verb	Inflectional marking of capacity to do something	no		Martins 2004
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: verbal construction		no		Martins 2004
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: other marking		no		Martins 2004
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: affix on verb	Modal expressing hypothesis	no		Martins 2004
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: verbal construction		no		Martins 2004
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: other marking		yes	independent morphemes following the verb. Martins 2005:481. The author calls it experimentativo	Martins 2004
Verbal Categories - Mood	Marking of expected/unexpected action or result	There is inflectional marking of expected/unexpected	no		Martins 2004
Verbal Categories - Mood	Verbal frustrative	Modal expressing frustration ("in vain")	yes		Martins 2004
Verbal Categories - Mood	Verbal habitual	Modal expressing habituality	yes		Martins 2004
Verbal Categories - Mood	Apprehensive construction	There is a single morpheme or verb form to mean '(be careful lest) X happens'	no		Martins 2004
Verbal Categories - Mood	Reality status marking on verbs	There are dedicated morpheme(s) for realis/irrealis 'actualized/unactualized events'	no		Martins 2004
Verbal Categories - Mood	Affect markers (positive/negative)	Note whether these inflectional markers are positive or negative	no		Martins 2004
Verbal Categories - Directionals	Directional elements affixed to the verb	There are grammaticalized elements indicating movement away, toward, there and back, etc.	yes		Martins 2004
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized visual	Indicates information has been witnessed visually - indicate only if an overt marker	no		Martins 2004
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized nonvisual	Indicates information has been sensed firsthand but not visually (usually heard; also smelled, tasted, felt)	no		Martins 2004
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized inferential	Indicates information has not been experienced firsthand, but inferred from some kind of evidence - indicate only if an overt marker.	no		Martins 2004
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized reportive	Indicates speaker is not responsible for veracity of statement, merely reporting; 'allegedly'	yes		Martins 2004
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized quotative	Indicate presence of adjacent representation of repeated discourse	no		Martins 2004
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Other evidential	Any other evidential values not represented above	no		Martins 2004
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: verb affix or clitic		no		Martins 2004
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: part of tense system	Includes portmanteau morphs	no		Martins 2004
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: separate particle		yes		Martins 2004
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: modal morpheme		no	syntactic position is flexible.	Martins 2005:487
Verbal Categories - Verbal number	Verbal number suppletion		no		Martins 2004
Verbal Categories - Other	Social interaction markers	Note the type of interaction	yes	Collective	Martins 2004
Word Order	No fixed basic constituent order		no	SVO	Martins 2004
Word Order	VS in intransitive clauses	Verb precedes subject	no	SV	Martins 2005:521
Word Order	VS in transitive clauses		no	SV	Martins 2005:521
Word Order	VO in transitive clauses	Verb precedes object	yes	but the position of the object is not actually fixed as long as it doesn't intervene between the SV	Martins 2005:521
Word Order	OS in transitive clauses	Object precedes subject	no	but the position of the object is not actually fixed as long as it doesn't intervene between the SV	Martins 2005:521
Word Order	Preposition-Noun		no applicable	no prepositions	Martins 2004
Word Order	Noun-Postposition or case suffix		yes	affected' case suffix (non-subject)	Martins 2004
Word Order	Gen-Noun	Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessor first (e.g. John's book)	no		Martins 2004
Word Order	Noun-Gen	Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessum first (e.g. 'book of John')	yes	genetive marked only on alienable Nouns. Suffixed	Martins 2004
Word Order	Adj-Noun	Adjective precedes the noun	no		Martins 2004
Word Order	Noun-Adj	Adjective follows the noun	yes	Martins does not view these as an adjective class, but there is a class of adjective-like modifiers that follow nouns	Martins 2004
Word Order	Dem-Noun		yes		Martins 2004
Word Order	Noun-Dem		no		Martins 2004
Word Order	Num-Noun		yes		Martins 2004
Word Order	Noun-Num		no		Martins 2004
Word Order	Noun-Rel	Relative clause follows noun that it modifies	yes		Martins 2004
Word Order	Rel-Noun	Relative clause precedes noun that it modifies	no		Martins 2004
Word Order	Re<Noun>l (internally headed relative)	e.g. 'the dog cat chased-NMZR got away' ('the cat that the dog chased got away')	no		Martins 2004
Word Order	Relative clause is correlative or adjoined	e.g. 'what is running, the dog chased that cat'	no		Martins 2004
Word Order	Question word is clause initial	'what', 'who', etc. come first in interrogative clause	yes		Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked accusative	Objects of transitive clauses ('P') have a unique marker, while subjects of transitive ('A') and intransitive ('S') clauses are unmarked or share a different marker from that occurring on objects	yes	('P') argument gets an 'affected' marker: -ɯ̃́jʔ	Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked nominative	Subjects of transitive and intransitive clauses share a marker, while objects of transitives are unmarked	no		Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: ergative-absolutive	Subjects of intransitive clauses and objects of transitives share a unique marker, while subjects of transitive clauses are unmarked or have a different marker	no		Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: tripartite	Intransitive subjects, transitive subjects, and transitive objects all receive distinct case markers	no		Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: active-inactive	Subjects of intransitive clauses are treated two different ways: like subjects of transitives if they are more agent-like (e.g. he jumped), and like objects of transitives if they are more patient-like (e.g. he fell asleep)	no		Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked accusative		yes	same 'afected' marker used with full NP	Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked nominative		no		Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: ergative-absolutive	yes, no, mixed, other	no		Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: tripartite		no		Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: active-inactive		no		Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: nominative-accusative	Same as above, for pronominal affixes/clitics on verbs	no		Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: ergative-absolutive	yes, no, mixed, other	no		Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: active-inactive		no		Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: hierarchical	Marking of A and P depends on their relative ranking on a hierarchy (usually 1>2>3 or 2>1>3)	no		Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: split	More than one of the above systems is represented in person marking, depending on e.g. person (e.g. 1/2 vs. 3), tense-aspect value, main vs. subordinate clause type, etc.	no		Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: pronouns in subject position	Pronominal subjects are free pronouns that occur in the same position as full NP subjects	yes		Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: prefixes on verb	Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal prefixes (free pronouns may be another option)	no		Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: suffixes on verb	Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal suffixes (free pronouns may be another option)	no		Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: clitics on variable host	Pronominal subjects are clitics that can attach to verbs, nominal constituents, etc.	no		Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: pronouns in non-subject position	Pronominal subjects are free pronouns but do not normally occur in the position expected for full NP subjects	no		Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person marking on intransitive verbs	Intransitive verbs take person-marking clitics/affixes	no		Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person marking (of agents) on transitive verbs	Transitive verbs take subject (A) markers	no		Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person-marking (of objects) on transitive verbs	Transitive verbs take object (P) markers	no		Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	3rd person zero in verbal person marking: subjects	3rd person subjects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system	no		Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	3rd person zero in verbal person marking: objects	3rd person objects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system	no		Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Number can be marked separately from person on the verb	Verbal person marking exists, but number is (or can) be marked separately	no		Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Possessive affixes/clitics on nouns are same as verbal person markers	Where nouns take possessive affixes, these are the same as the person-marking affixes	no	Genitive marker	Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Gender distinguished in verbal person markers	For any person, verbal person markers exhibit different forms depending on the gender (masc/fem, animate/inanimate, etc.) of the referent	no		Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: indirect object	In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives a book to Bill'), the theme (book) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated differently	no		Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: double object	In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives Bill a book'), both the theme (book) and the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives	yes	the benefactive gets the 'affected' marker, however, the affected marker can be on either the direct object or the indirect object, depending on the degree of 'affectancy' of the argument.	Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: secondary object	In ditransitives, the recipient/beneficiary is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the theme (book) is treated differently	no		Martins 2005:199
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reciprocal: dedicated morpheme	Verb becomes reciprocal through use of reciprocal morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is only used to mean reciprocal.	yes	reciprocal pronoun. Precedes the verb root, and forms a single phonological word. Reciprocal is a pronoun	Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reflexive: dedicated morpheme	Verb becomes reflexive through use of reflexive morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is used only to mean reflexive.	yes	reflexive pronoun. Precedes the verb root, and forms a single phonological word.	Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reciprocal/reflexive: same morpheme	Verb becomes reciprocal or reflexive through use of a morpheme that means either reciprocal or reflexive which attaches to the root of the verb	no		Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Passive	Passive voice usually involves a change to the verb, while the object of the active voice verb is promoted to subject in the passive voice, and the former subject is deleted/demoted	yes	The tone on the verb root gets rising tone marking passiveness of the construction. The subject is deleted and the object takes subject position	Martins 2005:518
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Antipassive	Like passive, but deletes or demotes the object of a transitive verb; usually found in ergative languages	no		Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Other intransitivizing morphology	There is/are some other mechanism(s) for reducing valency	yes		Martins 2005:517
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Applicative: benefactive	Applicative adds a beneficiary/maleficiary object argument to the verb	no		Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Applicative: other	Applicative adds some other object argument to the verb	no		Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: prefix	Causative is morphological and is attached before the root of the verb	no	The causative morpheme is a verb-root itself but it is considered a dependent verb that functions as a support to other verbs. The causative verb precedes the main verb of the construction.	Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: suffix	Causative is morphological and is attached after the root of the verb	no		Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative marked by circumfix, stem change, or tone	Morphological causative other than simple prefix/suffix	no		Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: serial verb or analytical construction	Causative construction that involves periphrasis or serialization	yes	It can be both, in a serial construction or just preceding a verb.	Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: dedicated 'make do by proxy'	Indicates that the causer does not directly cause the action of the verb to be realized, but does so by inducing someone else to carry out the action, e.g. 'John had the house painted.'	no	not dedicated different causative marker, but constructions of the type 'make someone do X' do exist.	Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: dedicated sociative	Indicates that causer participates in event	no		Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Other transitivizing morphology (adds valence)	There is/are some other mechanism(s) for increasing valency	yes	make the tone on the verb root a falling tone to transitivize the verb.	Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Negation	Clausal negator is a preposed element	Clausal negator is a preposed element	no		Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Negation	Clausal negator is a postposed element	Clausal negator is a postposed element	yes		Martins 2005: 326, example 660
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: affix	Negatives: affix	yes	derived from the verb mɛ̃h, 'not.exist/not.have'	Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: particle	Negatives: particle	no		Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: auxiliary verb	Negatives: auxiliary verb	no		Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: double	Standard (non-emphatic) negation typically requires two morphemes, e.g. French 'ne V pas'	no		Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Negation	Distinct negative form for 'NP does not exist'		yes		Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Negation	Distinct negative expression 'I don't know'	Lexical expression or highly idiomatic phrase	no info		Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: interrogative particle	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative particle	no		Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: verb morphology	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative verb morphology	no		Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: word order	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion)	yes		Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: intonation only	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by intonation only	no		Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Content questions: word order differs from declaratives	Content questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion) as well as by presence of Q-word (who, what, etc.)	yes		Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Predication	Predicate adjectives: verbal	Adjectives act like verbs in predicative position	yes	But arguably no adjective class; descriptive verbs	Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Predication	Predicate adjectives: nominal	Adjectives act like nouns in predicative position	no	verbal predicate for descriptive verbs	Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Predication	Zero copula for predicate nominals is possible	Predicate nominals may occur without a copula (i.e. grammatical in some circumstances, if not all)	yes		Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Predication	Headless relative clauses	Compare Eng 'the one that fell' (but in Eng 'one' could be considered a head)	yes	Martins 509	Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Predication	Headless relative clauses are the dominant or only form of relative clause	Relative clauses that form a constituent with a head noun (in a single noun phrase) are rare or nonexistent; some descriptions may refer to adjoined or correlative clauses.	no info		Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Predication	Relative clause may occur with a noun classifier/class marker	It may be unclear whether the classifier is the nominal head of the construction or is an agreement marker on the relative clause	yes		Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Predication	Relativizer is a verbal affix		no		Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Predication	Morphological relativizer is homophonous with nominalizer	The same morpheme marks a relative clause and is a nominalizer on verbs (and/or other word classes)	no	but a demonstrative and an interrogative PN can function as relativizers	Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Desiderative expressions	Grammaticalized verbal desiderative	Indicates that the subject desires to carry out the action denoted by the verb (distinct from verb 'want', but may be grammaticalized from it)	yes	desiderative is expressed by two modals in the clause; particles, not verbal morphology	Martins 20045:481
Simple Clauses - Other	Clause chaining	Clauses can be grouped such that only one bears most of the verb morphology, and the others are marked as to whether they share a subject with this reference clause.	no info		Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Other	Morphologically marked switch-reference system	There are special markers to indicate same vs. different subject when two clauses are combined	no		Martins 2004
Simple Clauses - Other	Morphologically marked distinction between simultaneous and sequential clauses	Morphology (usually on verb) distinguishes between clauses denoting events that occur at the same time or in sequence	yes	various post-verbal particles	Martins 2004

Ethnographic Information

Current Population (speakers)	Former Population Estimate	Subsistence Preference	Density	Sedentism	Ecotome	Marriage Pattern	Notes	Source
100	small	HG	low	mobile	Interfluvial		currently live in a single small community