Morphological marking of inalienable possession
- Category
- Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability
- Notes
- Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the former takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun)
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | yes | unpossessed affix for inalienable nouns, alienable nouns can take a derivational affix to become inalienable | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 20 | |||
| Aché | no info | |||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | No | 59 | 0 | |||
| Aguaruna | no info | Overall 2007:261-2 | more likely no | |||
| Alyawarr | no | 118-9 | 0 | |||
| Andoke | yes | takes person pns | Landaburu 1979: 132-133 | |||
| Apurinã | no | Unpossessed inalienable nouns require the "unposession" marker -txi, but no marking necessary to occur in possessed form. | Facundes, 2000: 152 | |||
| Arabana | no | 95 | 0 | |||
| Arrernte | Yes | 150 | 1 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | yes | They both take morphological marking. A possessed (alienable) noun with no person prefix must have a non-possessive suffix . A possessed (inalianable) noun with a possessive suffix must have a person prefix. | Payne 1981:4953 | |||
| Añun | no | no difference, alianable may or may not be marked with same person prefixes | Patte 1989:53 | |||
| Bandjalang | No | 70 | 0 | |||
| Baniwa | no | Ramirez 2001 | ||||
| Barasano | no | Jones & Jones 1991, p.61 | ||||
| Bardi | yes | 1 | ||||
| Bare | yes | Unpossessed inalienable nouns have suffix, alienables are unmarked | Aikhenvald, 1995: 13 | |||
| Batyala | no info | x | ||||
| Baure | yes | Danielsen 2007: p118 | ||||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | no info | x | ||||
| Bilinarra | no | 4.7.2 | 0 | |||
| Biri | no | 55 | 0 | |||
| Bora | no | Seifart - 2005:64 | ||||
| Bularnu | no | 38 | 0 | |||
| Bunuba | no | 0 | ||||
| Cabecar | no info | |||||
| Cahuilla | ||||||
| Central Aymara | no info | |||||
| Chemehuevi | ||||||
| Comanche | ||||||
| Cubeo | no | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 91 | ||||
| Cupeño | ||||||
| Damana | no | |||||
| Darkinyung | no | 30-31 | 0 | |||
| Desano | no | Miller 1999, p. 49 | ||||
| Dharawal | no info | x | ||||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | no | 138-139; 140 | 0 | |||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | no | 122-7 | 0 | |||
| Djinang | No | 199 | 0 | |||
| Duungidjawu | no | 98-99 | 0 | |||
| Dyirbal | No | 61 | 0 | |||
| Dâw | no | little info apparently there is no inalienable/alienable difference | Martins 2004 | |||
| Eñepa | yes | inalianable possessed nouns take person prefixes and possessive suffixes | Payne 2012:74-80 | |||
| Gabrielino | ||||||
| Garrwa | no | 25 | 0 | |||
| Githabul | N/A | 34 | 0 | |||
| Gooniyandi | yes | 1 | ||||
| Guaymí | no info | |||||
| Gugu-Badhun | no | 0 | ||||
| Gumbaynggirr | yes | 261 | 1 | |||
| Guna | no | Smith texts | ||||
| Gunya | No | 308 | 0 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | yes | 57 | 1 | |||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | no | 33 | 0 | |||
| Hup | no | Epps 2008 | ||||
| Idaho Shoshone | ||||||
| Ika | no | Frank 1985:55-7 | ||||
| Ingá | yes | This is a nominal suffix which is used for inalienable possession | Levinson 1976b:54 | |||
| Jaru | no | 194-6 | 0 | |||
| Jingulu | no | 0 | ||||
| Kaingang | no info | Goncalves 2011:12 | ||||
| Kakua | yes | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
| Kalkatungu | no info | x | ||||
| Karajarri | No | 309 | 0 | |||
| Karitiana | no | Everett 2006:296, 303-4 | ||||
| Katthang | yes | 66 | 1 | |||
| Kaurna | No info | x | ||||
| Kawaiisu | ||||||
| Kinikinau | yes | Inalienable nouns show three different forms: non-possessed, possessed non-specific and possessed specific. | Souza 2008:74 | |||
| Kitanemuk | ||||||
| Kogi | no info | |||||
| Kokama | no info | Vallejos 2010:274-276 | ||||
| Kokatha | No | 55 | 0 | |||
| Koreguaje | no | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.45 | no info/not expected | |||
| Kotiria | no | Stenzel 2004, p. 197 | ||||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | No | 428 | 0 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | yes | 51 | 1 | |||
| Kunjen | yes | 38-39 | 1 | |||
| Kurrama | no | 37; cf 35, 2.29 | 0 | |||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | Yes | 325 | 1 | |||
| Luiseño | ||||||
| Macaguan | no info | Buenaventura 1993 | ||||
| Maipure | yes | same set of agreement prefixes on active verbs | Zamponi 2003:24 | |||
| Makiritare | no | Hall 1988: 288-289 | ||||
| Makuna | no | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.40-41 | ||||
| Makushi | no | "The possession suffix must occur on alienably posessed items…. The inalienably possessed item never, except in past possession, occurs with the posession suffix, but only with the possessor prefix." The possessor prefix is a pronominal form. | Abbott 1991: 85 | |||
| Mapudungun | no info | most likely not | Zúñiga 2006, p. 87-102 | |||
| Marrgany | No | 308 | 0 | |||
| Martuthunira | no | 91 | 0 | |||
| Mathi-Mathi | yes | 82 | 1 | |||
| Matses | no info | |||||
| Mayi-Yapi | No | 45, 48 | 0 | |||
| Minica Witoto | yes | Minor and Minor 1982. p.42, 90 | ||||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | no info | x | ||||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | no | Weir 1984 | ||||
| Nanti | no | Inalienable nouns must always occur with a possessive prefix. | Michael, 2008. p. 298 | |||
| Narungga | No | 65 | 0 | |||
| Naso | no | Quesada 2000 | ||||
| Ngaatjatjara | No | 41 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | yes | 35 | 1 | |||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | No info | x | ||||
| Ngiyambaa | no | 231 | 0 | |||
| Nhanta | no | 65, 77 | 0 | |||
| Nheengatu | yes | inalienable possession must have possessive prefix | Cruz 2011:156 | |||
| Ninam | yes | different markers used for inalienable | Goodwin-Gomez, p.52-56 | |||
| Northern Emberá | no | Aguirre 1999:79-80 | Chamí | |||
| Northern Paiute | ||||||
| Nyangumarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyikina | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | no | 0 | ||||
| Palikur | no | Launey 2003 | ||||
| Panyjima | no | 195-196 | 0 | |||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | no | Ayala 1996:85-7 | ||||
| Paresi | yes | Brandão 2010:15 | ||||
| Pemon | no info | de Armellada 1999: 13 | ||||
| Piapoco | no | Galindo, 2002: 93-95, 343 | ||||
| Pintupi | no | 0 | ||||
| Pitjantjatjara | No | Y 14 | 0 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | No | 197 | 0 | |||
| Puinave | no | Marking of alienable/inalienable nouns is marked with the samse set of prefixes | Giron 2008: 206 | |||
| Páez | no info | |||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | no | Parker 1965:32-46 | ||||
| Resígaro | no | From the examples, it seems as though possession of an inalienable noun is indicated simply by the use of another preposed nominal. | Allin, 1976: 169-175 | |||
| Ritharrngu | No | 24 | 0 | |||
| Sanumá | no info | Borgman 1990: p.126-128 | ||||
| Serrano | ||||||
| Shoshone | ||||||
| Sikuani | no | No apparent distinction. | de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000 | |||
| Siona | no | There is no difference in the marking of possession between alienable/inalienable nouns. | Wheeler - 1987:121-125 | |||
| Southern Paiute | ||||||
| Southern Ute | ||||||
| Surui | no info | |||||
| Tanimuca | no | Strom 1992, p.66-67 | ||||
| Tariana | no | Obligatorily possessed nouns cannot be used without a cross-referencing prefix, although this is the same set of cross-referencing prefixes that are used for optionally (alienably) possessed nouns. | Aikhenvald, 2003: 127-128 | |||
| Thanggati | no | 20-21, 86-87 | 0 | |||
| Tharrkari | No | 26 | 0 | |||
| Tikuna | yes | Montes 2005:133 | ||||
| Timbisha | ||||||
| Tukano | yes | examples are all with pronominal possessors, marked with "referential" (to, of, toward, etc) suffix -re; this strategy can presumably also be used with some alienable relationships, but Ramirez only says that it is used as a marker of possession "especial | Ramirez 1997: 227-228 | |||
| Uradhi | No | 378 | 0 | |||
| Urarina | no | It seems that the "traditional" language had such a distinction but it is being lost at the time | Olawsky:331-41 | |||
| Wajarri | No | 48 | 0 | |||
| Wakaya | no info | x | ||||
| Walmajarri | no | 0 | ||||
| Wambaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Wangkumara | no | 51 | 0 | |||
| Waorani | no info | |||||
| Wapishana | no | Santos 2006:99 | ||||
| Warlpiri | no info | 0 | ||||
| Warluwarra | no | 898 | 0 | |||
| Warnman | No | 23 | 0 | |||
| Warrgamay | No | 76 | 0 | |||
| Warrwa | yes | 1 | ||||
| Warumungu | yes | 55 | 1 | |||
| Warungu | no | 644 | 0 | |||
| Wathawurrung | no info | x | ||||
| Waunana | yes | In Loewen (1954:82) it is said that kinship and body-part terms take the "indefinite personal possessor" /-mãʃ/ when they appear without a definite possessor. This suggests that the answr to this question is yes. However, Mejia (2000:90) suggests a no an | Loewen 1954:82 | |||
| Wayuu | no | Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 799 | ||||
| Wemba-Wemba | yes | H 34 | 1 | |||
| Western Mono | ||||||
| WesternTorres | yes? | FO 127 | 1 | |||
| Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
| Wirangu | No | 51 | 0 | |||
| Woiwurrung | no info | x | ||||
| Worrorra | yes | ms13.1 | 1 | |||
| Yagua | no | Payne and Payne 1990:348 | ||||
| Yalarnnga | no? | 58 | 0 | |||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | no | 79-80, 118-9 | 0 | |||
| Yanesha' | no | Inalienabl and alienable possession are marked but they may differ in the strategy used | Duff-Tripp 1997:33-4 | |||
| Yanomami | no | no marking in existential sentences w/o verb (Pr-Pd), but inalienably possessed is incorporated in sentences involving a verb | Ramirez 1994: 184-192 | |||
| Yanyuwa | yes | 4 | 1 | |||
| Yavitero | no | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 38 | ||||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | yes | 1 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | no | 143-147 | 0 | |||
| Yindjilindji | no | 506 | 0 | |||
| Yine | no | Matteson 1965 | ||||
| Yingkarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | no | 57 | 0 | |||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | no | Shauer & Shauer, 2000: 520 | ||||
| Yulparija | No | 29 | 0 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | No | 49 | 0 |
| Language |
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