Chemehuevi
- Family
- Uto-Aztecan
- Region
- North America
- ISO 639-3
- ute
- Location
- 40.10°, -110.31°
- Notes
- Features
-
Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Grammatical Data
Ethnographic Information
- Data Sources
- none
Basic Vocabulary (185)
| English | Spanish | Portuguese | Semantic Field | Part of Speech | Orthographic Form | Phonemicized Form | Gloss as in Source | Etymology Code | Proto-Form | Proto-Language | Loan Source | Wanderwort Status | Etyma Set | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| above | encima, arriba | acima | location | -va7a-na "on top of" (loc) | inheritance | Press 1979 unless otherwise noted | ||||||||||
| again | de nuevo, otra vez | de novo | grammar | missing | ||||||||||||
| all | todo | todos | other | manO | inheritance | |||||||||||
| and | y | e | grammar | haita “and then”, | unknown | Press 1979 | ||||||||||
| ankle | tobillo | tornozelo | body | missing | ||||||||||||
| armpit | axila, sobaco | axila | body | so:vI (same as “lungs”) | unknown | JPH | ||||||||||
| ash | ceniza(s) | cinzas | environment | kuca-p(y) | inheritance | Press 1979 | ||||||||||
| at | en, a | em, a | location | -va(a) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| back | espalda | costas | body | ho(a) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| bad | mal | mal | quality | yvy-j | inheritance | |||||||||||
| belly | barriga | barriga | body | sap(y) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| below | abajo, debajo | abaixo | location | -ruka "under" (loc) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| big | grande | grande | quality | hoko/ V | unknown | |||||||||||
| bite | morder | morder | body | ky7(i) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| black | negro | preto | colour | tupa/-ga | inheritance | |||||||||||
| blood | sangre | sangue | body | pay-p(), pay/-w(a) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| blow | soplar | soprar | body | pukwi/ | inheritance | |||||||||||
| boil/pimple | espinilla, granos | espinha, borbulha | body | missing | ||||||||||||
| bone | hueso | osso | body | oho/v(y); hoho/vY | inheritance | JPH | ||||||||||
| breast | pecho, seno | peito | body | pih(i)/(vI) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| breathe | respirar | respirar | body | suwa/-ka | inheritance | |||||||||||
| burn | quemar | queimar | environment | kuci/ki | inheritance | |||||||||||
| chew | masticar, mascar | mastigar | body | missing | ||||||||||||
| child | niño, niña | criança | human | piso/7oc(i) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| climb | subir | subir | motion | ma-ruka-n7a “climb on that” | unique | |||||||||||
| cloud | nube | nuvem | environment | pagy/nav(y) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| cold | frío | frio | quality | sy-ja/7i (V), | inheritance | |||||||||||
| come | venir | vir | motion | -gi (sg), | inheritance | |||||||||||
| cook | cocinar | cozinhar | impact | tygu/7uni | unknown | |||||||||||
| correct/true | verdad, de veras | verdade | quality | tyvi/samp(a) V | inheritance | |||||||||||
| count | contar | contar | mental | nii/nga “count, read” | inheritance | |||||||||||
| cry | llorar | chorar | mental | jaga/ | inheritance | |||||||||||
| cut/hack | cortar | cortar | impact | cikwy/ | inheritance | |||||||||||
| day | día | dia | time | tava/j(y) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| die/be dead | morir | morrer | state | ja7i/ (sg) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| dig | cavar | cavar | impact | hoo/ra | inheritance | |||||||||||
| dingo/wolf | fauna | tyva/c(i) “wolf” | inheritance | |||||||||||||
| dirty | sucio | sujo | quality | tuca/-ga(i) V | inheritance | |||||||||||
| dream | soñar | sonhar | mental | nono/siga7i JPH | inheritance | |||||||||||
| drink | beber, tomar | beber | body | hivi/ | inheritance | |||||||||||
| dry | seco | seco | quality | tava/sy “dry” V”, | inheritance | |||||||||||
| dull/blunt | sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo | maçante, desamolado, não afiado | quality | missing | ||||||||||||
| dust | polvo | poeira | environment | hukum/p(y) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| ear | oreja | orelha | body | nanka/-v(y) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| earth/soil | tierra | terra | environment | tyvi/p(y) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| eat | comer | comer | body | tyka/ | inheritance | |||||||||||
| egg | huevo | ovo | fauna | nopa/v(i) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| eye | ojo | olho | body | pu7i/v(i) “eye, seed” | inheritance | |||||||||||
| faeces | heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol | fezes | body | kwitsa/pY “manure” | inheritance | JPH | ||||||||||
| fall | caer | cair | motion | wy7i/-ku (sg) fall, drop | inheritance | |||||||||||
| far | lejos | longe | quality | mijo/ (V) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| fat/grease | grasa | gordura | body | juhu/-v(i) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| father | padre, papá | pai | kinship | mo/(a) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| fear | miedo | medo | mental | ija/vaga | inheritance | |||||||||||
| feather | pluma | pena | fauna | wisi/a-v(i) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| fire | fuego | fogo | environment | kun(a)/ | inheritance | |||||||||||
| fish | xx | xx | fauna | pagy/-c(i) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| flow | fluir | fluir | motion | missing | ||||||||||||
| flower | flor | flor | environment | sy7i/p(i) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| fly | volar | voar | motion | wici/-ku “fly off, sg” | loan direction unknown | |||||||||||
| fog | niebla, neblina | nevoeira, bruma, neblina | environment | missing | ||||||||||||
| foot | pie | pé | body | namp(a)/, ta- | inheritance | |||||||||||
| fruit | fruta | fruta | flora | missing | ||||||||||||
| good | bueno | bom | quality | ha7y/-c(i) V | inheritance | |||||||||||
| grow | crecer | crescer | state | nana/ | inheritance | |||||||||||
| hair (of head) | cabello | cabelo | body | toci/vy7a-v(y) head hair | loan into protolanguage | |||||||||||
| hand | mano | mão | body | mo7o/v(i) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| 3sg | el/ella | ele/ela | grammar | mang(a)/ (vis) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| head | cabeza | cabeça | body | to/tsI | loan into protolanguage | JPH | ||||||||||
| hear | oír | ouvir | mental | nanka/ | inheritance | |||||||||||
| heavy | pesado | pesado | quality | pyty/ja (V) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| hide | esconder | esconder | motion | aa/gapwacy, | unique | |||||||||||
| hit | golpear, pegar | bater | impact | kwipa/ “hit, fall, sting” | inheritance | |||||||||||
| hold | correr, asegurar, sostener | segurar | other | jawi/ni7i | inheritance | |||||||||||
| how? | como | como | grammar | haga/niga(i) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| 1sg | yo | eu | grammar | nyy, nyyni | inheritance | |||||||||||
| if | si | se | grammar | missing | ||||||||||||
| in/inside | dentro, adentro | dentro | location | -agav | inheritance | |||||||||||
| intestines | intestinos | intestinos | body | sagwi/v(y) “guts” | inheritance | |||||||||||
| itch | hormiguear, sentir comezón | coçar | body | pija/gank(y) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| kill | matar | matar | impact | paka/ (sg obj) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| know/be knowledgeable | saber, conecer | saber, conhecer | mental | putu/cuga | inheritance | |||||||||||
| lake | lago | lago | environment | paga/ry-r(y) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| laugh | reír | rir | mental | kija/ni7i | inheritance | |||||||||||
| leaf | hoja | folha | environment | nanka/-v(a) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| left/left hand | izquierdo | esquerdo | location/body | kwii- | inheritance | |||||||||||
| leg/foot | pierna | perna | body | ju7(u)/ | inheritance | |||||||||||
| lie down | acostarse, echarse | deitar | motion | ha-ha/vi (sg) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| lightning | rayo, relámpago | relampago | environment | missing | ||||||||||||
| live/be alive | vivir | viver, morar | body | nywy/-ga7i | inheritance | |||||||||||
| liver | hígado | figado | body | nywy/mp(i) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| long | largo | comprido, longo | quality | pa7a/ntoga (V) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| louse | piollo, piojo | piolho | fauna | atsi/vI “piojo” | inheritance | JPH | ||||||||||
| lung | pulmón | pulmão | body | soo/v(i), soo/g(y) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| man/male | hombre | homem | human | taw7a/-ci “man” | loan direction unknown | |||||||||||
| meat/flesh | carne | carne | fauna | tuku/av(i) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| moon | luna | lua | environment | mija/rogopic(i) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| mother | madre, mamá | mãe | kinship | pi/(a) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| mouth | boca | boca | body | tyy/mp(a) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| name | nombre | nome | human | ni/a-vi | inheritance | |||||||||||
| nape | base del cuello, nuca | nuca | body | hojo/kotsogWAi nuca? | unique | JPH | ||||||||||
| near/close | cerca de | perto | quality | cagi/(a) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| neck | cuello | pescoço | body | kur(a) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| new | nuevo | novo | quality | ay/-ga | inheritance | |||||||||||
| night | noche | noite | time | tuwa/n(u) “night-time” | inheritance | |||||||||||
| no/not | no | não | grammar | kac(u)/ | inheritance | |||||||||||
| nose | nariz | nariz | body | muv(i)/ | inheritance | |||||||||||
| old | viejo | velho | quality | yity-pyw V; | unknown | |||||||||||
| one | uno | um | number | suu | inheritance | |||||||||||
| open/uncover | abrir | abrir | other | taty/win7a | unknown | |||||||||||
| other | otro | outro | grammar | kyy/maanc(i) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| pain/painful/sick | dolor, doloroso, enfermo | dor, doloroso, doente | body | paka/ngkyrY “the hurting, the pain” | inheritance | JPH | ||||||||||
| person/human being | persona | pessoa | human | nyw(y)/ | inheritance | |||||||||||
| pound/beat | machacar, golpear | bater | impact | missing | ||||||||||||
| rain | lluvia | chuva | environment | ywa/-r(y) (N) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| red | rojo | vermelho | colour | anga/-ga (V) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| right/right hand | derecha | direita | location/body | pyra/-mitu(a) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| road/path | camino | caminho | manufacture | po7(o)/ | inheritance | |||||||||||
| root | raíz | raiz | flora | tyryna-v(y) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| rotten | podrido | podre | quality | piki/ V “to rot” | inheritance | |||||||||||
| sand | arena | areia | environment | ota/v(y) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| say | decir | dizer | mental | mai | inheritance | |||||||||||
| scratch | rascar | rasgar | impact | coo/n7a | unknown | |||||||||||
| see | ver | ver | mental | puu/nii | inheritance | |||||||||||
| sharp | afilado, filudo, filoso | afiado | quality | kywa/gai (V) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| shoot | tirar, disparar, balear | atirar | impact | kukwi/ “shoot, sting”, | inheritance | |||||||||||
| short | corto | curto | quality | tovi/-ci (V) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| shoulder | hombro | ombro | body | missing | ||||||||||||
| shy/ashamed | tímido, vergonzoso | timido, com vergonha | mental | missing | ||||||||||||
| sit | sentar(se) | sentar | state | kary (sg), | inheritance | |||||||||||
| skin | piel | pele | body | asi/7a, asi/v(y) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| sky | cielo | céu | environment | tugu/mp(a) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| sleep | dormir | dormir | body | ypyi/ (sg), | inheritance | |||||||||||
| small | pequeño | pequeno | quality | mi7au/nci | inheritance | |||||||||||
| smoke | humo | fumaça | environment | kwihi/p(y) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| sniff/smell | olfatear, oler | cheirar | body | ugwi/-ka(i), ugwi/ | loan into protolanguage, direction unknown | |||||||||||
| spit | escupir | cuspir | body | kyci/jon(a) | unique | |||||||||||
| split | partir, dividir | rachar, dividir, partir | impact | tapa/ki “split asunder” | inheritance | |||||||||||
| squeeze | estrujar, exprimir | espremer | impact | mancu/ | inheritance | |||||||||||
| stab/pierce | apuñalar, acuchillar | apunhalar | impact | topo/siki-nky | inheritance | |||||||||||
| stand | estar de pié | ficar em pé | state | wyny/ (sg), | inheritance | |||||||||||
| star | estrella | estrela | environment | puu/civ(y) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| steal | robar | roubar | other | yjy/ngi | inheritance | |||||||||||
| stick/wood | palo | pau, vara | flora | kukwa/p(i) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| stone | piedra | pedra | environment | tymp(i)/ | inheritance | |||||||||||
| suck | chupar | chupar | body | picy (suck, suckle) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| sweat | sudar | suor, suar | body | paka/-ja7aiga7i “to sweat”, lit to sweat-die” | inheritance | JPH | ||||||||||
| swell | hincharse | inchar | body | pooca “swell, inflate”, | inheritance | |||||||||||
| swim | nadar | nadar | motion | nava/ky | inheritance | |||||||||||
| tail | cola, rabo | rabo | body | kwas(i)/ | inheritance | |||||||||||
| that | ese/esa | esse | grammar | ma- | inheritance | |||||||||||
| 3pl | ellos/ellas | eles/elas | grammar | ma-m(y) (vis) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| thick | grueso, gordo, espeso | grosso | quality | tunku/ka V | inheritance | |||||||||||
| thin | delgado | fino | quality | ci7au/c(i) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| think | pensar | pensar | mental | mugua/ru, | inheritance | |||||||||||
| this | este/esta | este | grammar | i-ka/, i-c(i)/, i- | inheritance | |||||||||||
| 2sg | xx | xx | grammar | ym(i) sg | inheritance | |||||||||||
| three | tres | tres | number | pahi | inheritance | |||||||||||
| throat | garganta | garganta | body | pa/kWA | loan direction unknown | JPH | ||||||||||
| throw | tirar, lanzar | atirar, jogar | impact | tyra/vi | inheritance | |||||||||||
| thunder | truenos | trovão | environment | missing | ||||||||||||
| tie up/fasten | atar, amarrar | amarrar | impact | tapic(a) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| tongue | lengua | lingua | body | ago/mp(i) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| tooth | diente | dente | body | tawa/mp(i) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| turn | girar, volter, torcer | virar | other | koto/7o-ngu “turn around, return”, | unknown | |||||||||||
| two | dos | dois | number | waha/ | inheritance | |||||||||||
| vomit | vomitar | vomitar | body | pipi/tan7(a) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| walk | caminar, andar | andar | motion | u-ru/a (sg), | unknown | |||||||||||
| water | agua | agua | environment | paa | inheritance | |||||||||||
| 1pl.excl | nosotros (exclusivo) | nós (exclusivo) | grammar | nym(i)/ | inheritance | |||||||||||
| 1pl.incl | nosotros (inclusivo) | nós (inclusivo) | grammar | taw(y), (pl) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| wet | mojado | molhado | quality | paso:/tsitu7wiga7i “to wet”, | unknown | |||||||||||
| what? | que, qué | que | grammar | hani/(a) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| when? | cuando | quando | grammar | hano/k(o) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| where? | donde | onde | grammar | haga/-va (loc) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| white | blanco | branco | colour | tosa/ga- V | inheritance | |||||||||||
| who? | quien, quién | quem | grammar | hang(a)/ | inheritance | |||||||||||
| wife | esposa | esposa | kinship | piw(a)/ | inheritance | |||||||||||
| wind | viento | vento | environment | nyga/r(y) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| wing | ala | asa | body | ka/sA (JPH) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| woman/female | mujer | mulher | human | mama/7u(u); | inheritance | JPH | ||||||||||
| work | trabajar | trabalhar | other | tyvi/jawi | unique | |||||||||||
| yawn | bostezar | bocejar | body | missing | ||||||||||||
| yellow | amarillo | amarelo | colour | owa/sia-ka (V) | inheritance | |||||||||||
| 2pl | ustedes | vocês | grammar | mym(i)/ (pl) | inheritance |
Flora Fauna Vocabulary (130)
| English | Spanish | Portuguese | Semantic Field | Part of Speech | Linnean Name | Orthographic Form | Phonemicized Form | Gloss as in Source | Etymology Code | Proto-Form | Proto-Language | Loan Source | Etymology Notes | Wanderwort Status | Etyma Set | Range of Term | Word Structure | Word Structure Notes | Classifier | Classifier Notes | Hypernym | Source | Association with Social Categories | Ritual/Mythologically Significant | Ritual Notes | Food Source | Food Notes | Medicinal | Medicinal Notes | How Collected | Who Collects | How Prepared | Psychotropic | Psychotropic Notes | Traded | Trade Notes | Distribution | Habitat | Dangerous | Ethnobiology Notes | Species Notes | General Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| abalone | flora-fauna | Haliotis spp. | pú·taravə | shell of any kind | unique | pu:- probably from *powa (see Mono “olivella” powa); taravV <*ta-ta-pɨ | same | other complex | has -pɨ ABS, stem probably complex | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ant (generic) | hormiga | formiga | flora-fauna | Formicidae | ɂaŋá·vI | ɂaŋá·vI (JPH); | Ant | inheritance | *anɨN | Proto-Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 44 (2008:44) | same | other complex | has -pi ABS | Merriam 59:537 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||
| antelope | flora-fauna | Antilocapra americana | wántsI | Antelope (Antilocapra) | inheritance | *wan-tsi | Proto-Numic | Note T. Shoshone wanzi | same | other complex | has -ci ABS | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| badger | flora-fauna | Taxidea taxus | húnA | Badger (Taxidea) | inheritance | *huLa | Proto-Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 132 (2008:59) | same | underived | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| bald eagle | flora-fauna | Haliaeetus leucocephalus | pah'-wung; pah'-wik; no-no'-nov | paˈwəŋI JPH | Bald eagle (Halioeetus) | inheritance | Southern Numic only | See Kawaiisu “muhni” “eagle” (Merriam transcription); this is pa-wuhni with lenited /m/ after pa-S (spirantizing transition) | same | phrase | paˈ-wəŋI < pa pa-ˈməŋI water-eagle | Merriam 59:525 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| band-tail pigeon | flora-fauna | Patagioenas fasciata | mah-ki'-ŭv, mah-kah'- hi-uv | makáhijovI JPH | Band-tail pigeon (Columba fasciata) | inheritance | *ma'kawV-*hayɨwi | Proto-Uto-Aztecan | Combines Stubbs 676 *ma'kawV and Stubbs 675 hayowi (2008:126); compound is Southern Numic | same | underived | old compound but maka appears only in this word | Merriam 59:527 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| bat | murciélago | morcego | flora-fauna | Chiroptera spp | pahts'-ats | pá·tsaɂatsI JPH | Bat (Molossus type) | inheritance | *pati'a/paCti'a | Proto-Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 124 (2008:56) | narrower (kind of bat) | other complex | pá·tsaɂa-tsI bat-ABSolutive (non-possessed noun) | Merriam 59:521 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||
| beaver | flora-fauna | Castor | ɂipí·na | Beaver (Castor) | loan | Mojave | Mojave ɂapen; 'Iipay Aa āp-pin'; and note Resemblant C. kpiny | same | underived | Merriam 59:523 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| beetle | flora-fauna | Coleoptera spp | we-po'-sat | Beetle (13-line) | inheritance | *pippusi | Numic | Stubbs 311 (2008:83) | same | underived | etymologically wi = pi, perhaps “backside” IP; CHM's final -t may be -tsI but he usually hears that OK | Merriam 59:537 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| big round tule | flora-fauna | Schoenoplectus acutus | sáimpI, sáimpivə | voiceless schwa | round tule | inheritance | *sɨyi | Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan | I think this goes with Takic Stubbs 1735 (shown in reconstruction) which needs to be fixed since Numic is clearly sayi, see T. Shoshone | same | other complex | has -pɨ ABS | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| big skunk | flora-fauna | Mephitis mephitis | poní^a | Big skunk (Mephitis) | inheritance | *po(C)ni | Proto-Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 1983 (2008:275; problematic, may be from “stink” verb) | same | underived | Merriam 59:521 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| big wolf (gray wolf) | flora-fauna | Canis lupus | tɨvácI | wolf | inheritance | *tu'apa | Proto-Numic | Stubbs 2503 (2008:235) | same | other complex | tɨvá-cI wolf-ABS | Press 1979 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | yes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| bighorn sheep | flora-fauna | Ovis canadensis | nágA | Bighorn (Ovis) | semantic shift | *nakV “meat” | Proto-Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 1392 (1008:209) | same | underived | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| bird | pajaro, ave | passaro | flora-fauna | we-tseets, we-cheets | wicíɂicI (Press) | A bird | inheritance | *wi(t)tiki | Proto-Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 205 (2008:67) | narrower (does not include large raptors) | other complex | wicíɂi-cI bird-ABS (and note related “FLY” verb | Merriam 59:533 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| black ant | flora-fauna | Camponotus pennsylvanicus/Lasius niger | on'-tat' | Black ant | inheritance | Southern Numic only | Note Kawaiisu Ɂoodɨ-ci “black ant” | same | underived | note Press 'onto-ka BROWN (V) | Merriam 59:537 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| black bear | flora-fauna | Ursus americanus | papáwA | Bear | loan | *paha(wa) | Proto-Numic | unknown | Stubbs 135 (2008:59); probably linked to Mono pahabici, Tsh pahamicci, NP padua | WW | %paha | broader (probably any bear) | underived | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | yes | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| black-tail Jackrabbit | flora-fauna | Lepus californicus | kámə | (schwa voiceless) | Black-tail jackrabbit (Lepus texianus group CHM) | inheritance | *kaNmu | Proto-Numic | Stubbs 1710 (2008:243) | same | underived | Merriam 59:523 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| blackberry | flora-fauna | Rubus ursinus | missing | missing | missing | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| blue grouse | flora-fauna | Dendrogapus? | missing | missing | missing | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| bobcat, lynx | flora-fauna | Lynx rufus | túkU | Bobcat (Lynx californicus CHM) | inheritance | *tukkuC | Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 1306 (2008:200); this is an ancient loan | WW | %tuku | same | underived | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| butterfly, moth | mariposa | borboleta | flora-fauna | Lepidoptera | ɂá·sivoɂotsI | Butterfly | inheritance | *asipu- | Numic | Stubbs 326 (2008:85) Central and Southern Numic | same | other complex | has -tsi DIM; stem probably compound, but elements unidentified | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| California condor | flora-fauna | Gymnogyps californianus | pah-wāk we-koo'-puts | pawíkU JPH | California condor (Gymnogyps) | inheritance | Southern Numic only | also in Kawaiisu | same | phrase | pa-'wikU big-buzzard | Merriam 59:525 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| California jay | flora-fauna | Aphelocoma californica? | ahng | ɂá·ŋA JPH | California jay (Aphelocoma) | inheritance | Proto-Numic | Stubbs 220 (2008:69); Colorado River Southern Numic; Stubbs 220 (2008:69), but also Yerington anga “Pinyon Jay”! Add to Stubbs. | same | underived | Merriam 59:527 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| California woodpecker | flora-fauna | Melanerpes formicivorus? | po-pa'-po-wunz; pe-pe'-poo-wants | pipípuŋɂŋwatsI JPH | California woodpecker (Melanerpes formicivorus bairdi) | unique | Colorado River Numic; same as Southern Paiute | same | other complex | pipípuŋɂŋ-watsI DUP-knock??-ngwa??-tsi | Merriam 59:527 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| chia | flora-fauna | Salvia columbariae | pah-sĕCH | pasily | Chia (Salvia columbariae) | loan | Cupan | Stubbs 1599 (2008:2333), Cupan, Gab, Sr, Tb; TS probably a loan; this may be cognate, so TS good??). But this is clearly the Cupan word | WW | %pasv | same | underived | Merriam 59:543 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Merriam notes “medicine” Merriam 59:543 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| chipmunk | flora-fauna | Tamias spp. | taváɂatsI | Chipmunk (Eutamias) | inheritance | *tapa- | Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 2095 (2008:288) | same | other complex | has -ci ABS | Merriam 59:523 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| cliff swallow | flora-fauna | Petrochelidon pyrrhonota | teví-Kagaivə | (final schwa voiceless) | golondrina | unique | same | phrase | lit. “earth-necklace”, | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| coot | flora-fauna | Fulica americana | shă'-bits, sah'-put/ts | 'saapɨcI | Coot (Fulica) | inheritance | *saya | Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 217 (2008:69) | same | other complex | 'saa-pɨ-cI coot-?-ABS | Merriam 59:533 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| cottontail rabbit | flora-fauna | Sylvilagus audobonii | tavútsI | Cottontail rabbit (Lepus auduboni) | inheritance | *tapuC/*taput | Proto-Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 1707 (2008:242) | same | other complex | has -ci ABS | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| cottonwood | flora-fauna | Populus spp. | so'-vimp, sah'-vip' | só·vimpə (voiceless schwa) JPH | Cottonwood (Populus) | inheritance | *sohopin | Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 42a (2008:111), only Numic and Hopi | same | other complex | has -pɨ ABS | Merriam 59:539 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| coyote | flora-fauna | Canis latrans | sin-nav', se-nav' | sənáɂavI JPH | Coyote (Canis lestes or ochropus) | inheritance | *sɨnaɁa | Proto-Numic | Stubbs 554 (2008:113); I think Comanche may be a Ute loan so may just be Southern Numic | same | other complex | *sɨnaɁa-vi coyote-ABS | Merriam 59:521 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| crow | flora-fauna | Corvus brachyrhynchos | ă-tăt'-tuts | ɂatápɘtsI (JPH) | Crow (Corvus americanus) | inheritance | *atta-wɨ-ta | unknown | Stubbs 582 (2009:116), this version with -ka in Southern Numic only: Southern Ute taq'o-ci (Givon); Southern Paiute 'ata-G, 'ataqwotsi “crow”; note Mojave 'atqaaq “type of crow” | same | other complex | ɂatá-pɘ-tsI crow-?-ABS | Merriam 59:527 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| datura | flora-fauna | Datura wrightii | momómpə (Schwa voiceless) | Toloache, jimsonweed | loan | Takic | Not cognate with Numic words with mui “drunk”; presumably from Luiseno or Gabrielino *moya “moon” | WW | %moji ~ %moni | same | other complex | has -pɨ ABS, reduplication in stem | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| deer, mule | flora-fauna | Odocoileus hemionus | təhíjA | Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) | inheritance | *tɨkɨya | Proto-Numic | Stubbs 625a (2008:121) | same | underived | Merriam 59:523 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| digger pine | flora-fauna | Pinus sabiniana | juvímpə | (Schwa voiceless) | Pine sp. | inheritance | *yuwiN | Southern Numic only | Stubbs 1580b (2008:231), perhaps related to Cupan *yuyi-la | same | other complex | has -pɨ ABS | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| dog (camp, domestic) | perro | cachorro | flora-fauna | Canis familiaris | poon'-goots', pun'-goots | puŋkútsI JPH | Dog (small, “ears up”) | inheritance | *puNku | Proto-Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 38 (2008:43) | same | other complex | puŋkú-tsI dog/peg-ABS | Merriam 59:525 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||
| dogbane | flora-fauna | Apocynum cannabinum | missing | missing | missing | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| dove | paloma | pomba | flora-fauna | Zenaida macrocoura | hē'-ŭv' | hiijovI | Dove (Zenaidura) | inheritance | *hayɨwi | Proto-Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 675 (2008:126) | same | underived | probably sound imitative in origin | Merriam 59:527 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||
| duck | pato | pato, marreco | flora-fauna | Anatidae | chŭCH | cɨg(A) (Press 1979) | All ducks; (note “choog” for “all geese”) | inheritance | *cika | Proto-Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 705 (2008:130) | same | underived | Merriam 59:531 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| elder | flora-fauna | Sambucus | ko-no'-wip | Elder (Sambucus) | inheritance | *kunuki | Proto-Numic | Stubbs 180 (2008:64) | same | other complex | has -pɨ ABS | Merriam 59:539 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| elk | flora-fauna | Cervas elaphus | paˈrə^ia | Elk | inheritance | *pa-*tɨkɨya | Proto-Numic | Stubbs 625a (2008:121 (W, S Numic form) | same | phrase | big-deer | Merriam 59:521 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| fish (generic) | pez | peixe | flora-fauna | pah'-gwits, pah-goots' | paˈgə·tsI JPH | fish (any) | inheritance | *paNkwi/pakkwi < pa:-kVyu | Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 865 (2008:148) | same | other complex | paˈgə·-tsI fish-ABS | Merriam 59:535 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| flea | pulga | pulga | flora-fauna | Siphonaptera | pooɂavI | flea, louse | inheritance | *po'a | Southern Numic only | Stubbs 1358b (2008:205), possibly related to the pusi'a “louse” forms in other Numic | broader (flea, louse) | other complex | has -pi ABS | Press 1979 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| flicker | flora-fauna | Colaptes sp. | kwan'-o-wats; kwan'-nah-wantz/wints | kwanáwɂwantsI JPH | Flicker (Colaptes) | unique | kwana “big bird” Southern Numic only, but wantsi appears to be Numic, cf. Stubbs 1041b (2008:167). For “Flicker” also in S. Paiute (same language -- Colorado River Southern Numic dialect continuum) | same | phrase | kwanáwɂ-wantsI big.bird-gray.hair | Merriam 59:527 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| blowfly/housefly | mosca | mosca | flora-fauna | Diptera | mú·pitsI | housefly | inheritance | *muCpi- | Proto-Numic | Stubbs 887 (2008:151) | same | other complex | has -tsI Diminutive | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| foothills yucca | flora-fauna | Yucca whipplei | ɂú·vimpə | schwa voiceless | Spanish bayonet | unique | same | other complex | has -pɨ ABS | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| fox | flora-fauna | Vulpes, Urocyon | hon-ze, hŏn-tsee' | ontsi(A) “kit fox” Press | Gray fox (Urocyon) | unique | same | underived | Merriam 59:521 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| frog (generic) | flora-fauna | wagátatsI | Frog sp. | inheritance | *wakatta/*wakaN-ta | Proto-Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 940 (2008:157) | WW | %wakat | same | other complex | wagáta-tsI | Merriam 59:535 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| golden eagle | flora-fauna | Aquila chrysaetos | mung', mung-ā-puts, mung-im'-puts | ˈməŋI, məŋímpetsI JPH | Golden eagle (Aquila) | inheritance | Southern Numic only | also in Kawaiisu | same | underived | Merriam 59:525 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| gooseberry | flora-fauna | Ribes spp. | missing | missing | missing | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| gopher snake, bull snake | flora-fauna | Pituophis catenifer | kaw' | kaawɨ (final voiceless) | Gopher or bull snake (Pityo-his) | inheritance | *kowa | Proto-Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 2009 *koNwa (2008:279); tis from *kowa-pɨ by regular rule in S. Numic | same | other complex | has -pɨ ABS | Merriam 59:535 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| grass | hierba, pasto | capim, grama | flora-fauna | (NA) | maha | Grass | inheritance | *maha | Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 1614 needs to be corrected (2008:234) | same | underived | Merriam 59:545 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| grasshopper | flora-fauna | Caelifera | ɂá·takapitsI | Grasshopper | inheritance | *attaNkaC | Proto-Numic | Stubbs 1036 (2008:167) | same | other complex | has -pi-tsi ABS-DIM? (In Kawaiisu this counts as a single ABS) | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| gray ground squirrel | flora-fauna | Sphermophilus sp. | sikútsI | Gray ground squirrel (Citellus beecheyi group) | loan into protolanguage | *sika (wV) | Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan | Gabrielino | Stubbs 2094a; I think transparently unitable with his S. Numic *sikkuC (2008:288); an old loan | WW | %sik | same | other complex | has -ci ABS | Merriam 59:523 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||
| gray tree squirrel | flora-fauna | Sciurus spp. | ho-un' tă-vats (not here) | Gray tree squirrel (Sciurus fossor) | unique | probably a nonce formation; I don't know what ho-un would be; Kawaiisu has wogo-dava'a-zi “pine.tree-chipmunk” but Merriam would have heard that) | same | phrase | X-chipmunk | Merriam 59:523 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| great horned owl | flora-fauna | Bubo virginianus | moo-hoo'-puts, mo-hoom'-buts | muhúmpətsI JPH | Great horned owl (Bubo) | inheritance | *muhuN | Proto-Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 1542 (2008:227) | same | other complex | muhúm-pə-tsI owl-?-ABS | Merriam 59:525 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| grizzly bear | flora-fauna | Ursus arctos horribilis | missing | missing | missing | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| horned toad | flora-fauna | Phrynosomatidae | mah-kah'-tsets | ma'kacicI | Horned toad (Phrynosoma) | inheritance | *makaCta | Proto-Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 1333 (2008:202) | same | other complex | ma'kaci-cI horned.toad-ABS (ma- may be “hand” IP) | Merriam 59:535 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| horse | caballo | cavalho | flora-fauna | Equus caballus | war-ar-av, wahr-rav | Horse | loan | Mojave | Zigmond says similar Kawaiisu form is from Mojave 'ahat va'oolve (the latter element from Spanish el burro) | same | underived | Merriam 59:525 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| hummingbird | colibrí, picaflor (Peru) | beija-flor | flora-fauna | Trochilidae | mo'-too-chuts; moo'-too-nints | mú·tutsatsI JPH | Humming bird | inheritance | *muttanaC | Proto-Numic | Stubbs 1181 (2008:185) | same | other complex | mú·tutsa-tsI hummingbird-ABS | Merriam 59:531 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||
| tobacco | tabaco | tabaco | flora-fauna | Nicotiana spp. | ko-ahp”B | koɂwápI JPH | Wild tobacco (Nicotiana) | inheritance | *ko'aC | Southern Numic only | Stubbs 2293 (2008:310); isn't there a similar Hopi word? | same | other complex | has -pɨ ABS | Merriam 59:547 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | yes | |||||||||||||||||||||
| insect (generic) | insecto | insecto | flora-fauna | generic | missing | missing | missing | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | variable | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| junco | flora-fauna | Junco sppp | nu-vă rah'-ko-puts; to-to'-tse | nɨva ra'kopɨcI (?) | Junco (Junco) | inheritance | Southern Numic only | Kawaiisu also has “snow” in word for this bird, but bird word is toko- , not tako-with no etymology | same | phrase | nɨva ra'ko-pɨ-cI (?) snow bird.sp (<takoC-?-ABS (pɨ-cI very common in bird words) | Merriam 59:527 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| juniper | flora-fauna | Juniperus californica | waɂápə | guata, applied to the bush | inheritance | *wa'aC | Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 415 (2008:94) | same | other complex | has -pɨ ABS | Merriam 59:537 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| louse | flora-fauna | order Phtiraptera | ɂatsívI | piojo (headlouse, since po'wavI is body louse) | inheritance | *aCti | Proto-Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 1357 (2008:205) | narrower (head louse only) | other complex | has -pi ABS | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| mallard | flora-fauna | Anas platyrhynchos | koo-rah'-sing | ku'rasɨŋA | Mallard (Anas boschas) | inheritance | Proto-Numic | Note Northern Paiute kooda (Yerington) “Mallard” | same | phrase | ku'ra-sɨŋA neck-coral.snake (?) | Merriam 59:531 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| manzanita | flora-fauna | Arctostaphylos spp. | missing | missing | missing | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| milkweed, broad leaf | flora-fauna | Asclepias eriocarpa | missing | missing | missing | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| milkweed, narrow leaf | flora-fauna | Asclepias fascicularis | wəɂívimpə | schwa voiceless | red milkweed sp. | inheritance | *wiki or *wisi “string” | Proto-Uto-Aztecan | Note Kawaiisu wɨɁivɨbɨ; Stubbs 1796 (2008:254), or Stubbs 1475; I don't like the set but this is where Stubbs has these forms | same | other complex | has -pɨ ABS | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| mission tule | flora-fauna | Juncus | sah-wahm'-măhav | sawaga mahabɨ | Juncus | unique | both NUA words, probably a neologism | same | phrase | sawa maha-bɨ green grass-ABS | Merriam 59:545 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| mockingbird | flora-fauna | Mimus polyglottos | yahmp' | já·mpA JPH | Mockingbird (Mimus) | inheritance | *yampa | Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 216 (2008:68) Numic & Hopi | same | underived | Merriam 59:527 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| mosquito | mosquito, zancudo | mosquito, carapana | flora-fauna | Anopheles spp, Isoptera | muhúwavI | Mosquito | inheritance | *mu-pa | Proto-Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 889 (2008:151) | same | other complex | has -pi ABS | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| moth | mariposa nocturna, polilla | mariposa | flora-fauna | Heterocera | mugúrutsatsI | Moth sp. (CHM says is Sphynx) | unique | same | other complex | has -tsi DIM, stem probably compound | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| mountain lion | flora-fauna | Puma concolor | tukúmumuntsI | Mountain lion (Felis hippolestes CHM) | inheritance | *tukkuC | Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 1306 (2008:200); this is an ancient loan. Tumpisa Shoshone has same compound ( tukkummüüntsi) | WW | %tuku | same | other complex | has -ci ABS ; stem is compound | Merriam 59:521 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | yes | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| mountain quail | flora-fauna | Oreortyx pictus | tahr' | taarA | Mountain quail (Oreortyx) | unique | probably a loan, forms with tata(ka) very common in California. Means “Valley Quail” in Kawaiisu | same | underived | < taata | Merriam 59:527 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| mussel | flora-fauna | Mytilus spp. | pú·taratsI | oyster, such as used to be in the river down by Blythe | unique | pu:- probably from *powa (see Mono “olivella” powa); taraci <*ta-ta-ci | narrower (probably a fresh-water mussel only) | other complex | has -ci ABS, stem probably complex | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| olivella (olive snail) | flora-fauna | Callianax biplicata | missing | missing | missing | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| pinyon jay | flora-fauna | Cyanocitta stelleri? | tsi-yahk | Pinyon jay (Cyanocephalus) | loan into protolanguage | *ca'i | Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan | unknown | S209, Central Numic, Tubatulabal, Takic, always “blue jay” (Stubbs 2009:68). Note similar words in Yokutsan. | WW | %chaj | same | phrase | etymologically complex; ca'i -jagA jay-cry (not a finite clause, verb need more stuff on it for that) | Merriam 59:527 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||
| pinyon pine | flora-fauna | Pinus monophylla | toov', tuv' | təvápə (last schwa voiceless) JPH pinyon tree; CHM has “nut” | Pinyon or nut pine (Pinus monophylla) | inheritance | *tɨpat | Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 1583 (2008:231, probably a Kiowa-Tanoan loan into PNUA | unknown | Merriam 59:537 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| pismo clam | flora-fauna | Tivella stultorum | wagátapə | voiceless schwa | clamshell | unique | See “frog”; is this a semantic shift of some kind??? Has different ABS | same | other complex | has -pɨ ABS | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| pocket gopher | flora-fauna | Thomomys | ˈməjə | (last schwa voiceless) | Pocket gopher (Thomomys) | inheritance | *mɨyɨN | Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 1009 (2008:164) | same | other complex | has -ci ABS | Merriam 59:523 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| poison oak | flora-fauna | Toxicodendron diversilobum | missing | missing | missing | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| rattlesnake | flora-fauna | Crotalus spp. | kwe-ets; | kwijátsI JPH kwiijaatsI (Press) | Rattlesnake (Crotalus) | unique | broader (generic for snake) | other complex | has -ci ABS | Merriam 59:535 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | yes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| red ant | flora-fauna | Solenopsis spp | wahnts | Red ant (stings) | unique | same as word for “antelope” | same | other complex | has -tsI Diminutive | Merriam 59:537 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| red-shouldered blackbird | flora-fauna | Agelaius phoeniceus | ahn'-gus-se-ap; ahn'-kŏ-sap | ɂaŋka'sapI | Red-shouldered blackbird (Agelaius) | unique | with Numic elements | same | phrase | ɂaŋka-'sapI red-belly | Merriam 59:527 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| red-tailed hawk | flora-fauna | Buteo jamaicensis | kwan-ahn'-zits | kwanántsitsI JPH | Red-tailed hawk (Buteo borealis) | inheritance | *kwana | Southern Numic only | Stubbs 717a (2008:131), really looks like *kwi'na, and like other UA *kwa words, but problems | same | other complex | kwanán-tsi-tsI big.bird-ABS-DIM | Merriam 59:525 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| roadrunner | flora-fauna | Geococcyx californianus | oo'-itch; oo'-its; oo'ts | ʻɂətsA JPH | Road runner (Geococcyx) | unique | Merriam forms look like Yokutsan word, but Harrington form is unique, but note S. Paiute wɨtca | WW | %uji | same | underived | Merriam 59:527 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ruddy duck | flora-fauna | Oxyura jamaicensis | pah-mur'-ră-uts | Ruddy duck (Erismatura) | unique | same | phrase | pah-mur'-ră-uts; pah “water”, and last -ts is < tsI ABS | Merriam 59:531 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| sage herb | flora-fauna | Artemisia californica | murúnavə | the ordinary sage plant [not sagebrush for which JPH has a different term] | unique | NOT in Kawaiisu; S. Paiute has this for “Greasewood”?? Stubbs 1640 (2008:235) | same | other complex | has -pɨ ABS | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| salmon/steelhead | flora-fauna | Oncorhynchus mykiss | missing | missing | missing | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| scaly lizard | flora-fauna | Pygopus lepidopodus? | tsang-ah' | caŋA | Scaly lizard (Sceloporus) | inheritance | *caŋa | Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 1331 (2008;202), may be arealism, cognates are in Chemehuevi, SP, Serrano | unknown | Merriam 59:535 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| small bird | flora-fauna | missing | missing | missing | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| small brown lizard | flora-fauna | missing | missing | missing | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| snake (generic) | culebra, serpiente | cobra | flora-fauna | kwe-ets | kwiijaatsi | snake (any) | unique | same | other complex | has -ci ABS | Merriam 59:535 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| soaproot | flora-fauna | Chlorogalum | missing | missing | missing | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| sour berry | flora-fauna | Rhus trilobata | səˈhəvI | squawbush plant; “this is what they weave baskets of” | inheritance | *sɨʔɨvV | Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan | Luiseño $ooval, Hopi sɨɨvi “sumac”'; S. Paiute cɨɨvɨ, Cup. se'evish | same | underived | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| sparrow hawk | flora-fauna | Falco | pe'-ve-nung'-guts, | Sparrow hawk (Falco sparverius) | unique | Colorado River Southern Numic, note Southern Ute piví-nagá-cI | same | other complex | pe'-ve-nung'-guts, perhaps piivinɨŋgɨ-cI , with final ABS; stem may be complex | Merriam 59:525 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| spider | araña | aranha | flora-fauna | Arachnida, Araneae | hukʷámpI | Spider | inheritance | *hukwaN | Southern Numic only | Stubbs 2059 (2008:285) | narrower (a species, probably Black Widow) | other complex | has -pi ABS | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | variable | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| spotted skunk | flora-fauna | Spilogale gracilis | ká·voni^a | Little spotted skunk (Spilogale) | inheritance | *po(C)ni | Proto-Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 1983 (2008:275); ka- probably from kawa- “rat”?? | same | phrase | mountain skunk (I think) | Merriam 59:521 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| toad | sapo | sapo | flora-fauna | Bufonidae | wah-ah'-tuts; wah-rah-tat, wah-hah-tat | Toad (Bufo) | inheritance | *wata'aci | Proto-Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 943 (2008:157); Chemehuevi is new cognate for forms otherwise only in south | same | other complex | has -tsI ABS; etymologically wa- is probably from *pa “water” | Merriam 59:535 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| tree | árbol | arvore | flora-fauna | (NA) | mah-hahv' | maháv(I) Press | A tree | inheritance | *maha | Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 1614 needs to be corrected (2008:234) | same | other complex | has -pɨ ABS; shows nicely the “individuating” function | Merriam 59:547 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||
| tree yucca | flora-fauna | Yucca schidegera | tsogwárA | tsogwárA JPH, | Yucca; Merriam has Tree yucca (Hesperioyucca arborrescens) | inheritance | Southern Numic only | Kawaiisu cawarabɨ Y. brevifolia (Joshua tree) | same | underived | Merriam 59:543 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| turkey buzzard | flora-fauna | Cathartes aura | week' | wíkU, JPH | Turkey buzzard (Cathartes) | inheritance | *wiLhukuN | Proto-Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 335 is really problematic, but clearly something is going on | same | underived | Merriam 59:525 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| turtle (generic) | flora-fauna | Testudines | i'; pah-i | ɂájA (JPH), paɂájA (JPH) | Turtle | inheritance | *ayaC | Proto-Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 2359 (2008:316) | narrower (tortoises only; with pa- prefix is water turtle) | underived | Merriam 59:535 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| valley live oak | flora-fauna | Quercus agrifolia | we'-am'-pe | Valley live oak (Quercus agrifolia) | inheritance | *wi'aN, *wiyaN | Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 1507b (2008:224) probably a Kiowa-Tanoan loan into PNUA | same | other complex | has -pɨ ABS | Merriam 59:539 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| valley oak | flora-fauna | Quercus lobata | kwijə-va | oak (probably Black Oak, Q. kelloggii JHH) | inheritance | *kwiN/*kwi | Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 1507a (2008:224) probably a Kiowa-Tanoan loan into PNUA | same | other complex | has -pɨ ABS | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| valley quail | flora-fauna | Callipepla californica | kah-kah'-rah; kah-kahr' | ka'karA | Valley quail (Lophortyx) | inheritance | NUA, but such forms very common in California | WW | %kaka | same | underived | probably sound imitative in origin | Merriam 59:527 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Washington clam | flora-fauna | Saxidomus nuttalli | missing | missing | missing | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Western Canada goose | flora-fauna | Branta canadensis | yel'-lahk; yer-rahk | jalá·kI JPH | Western Canada Goose (Branta canadensis occidentalis) | loan | Mojave | Proto-Yuman jala:k | WW | %lala ~ %lak | same | underived | Merriam 59:531 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| whale | flora-fauna | Eschrichtius robustus | missing | missing | missing | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| white pelican | flora-fauna | Pelicanus erythrorhynchos | ɂá·ka | pelican | unique | probably a loan | same | underived | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| wild grapevine | flora-fauna | Vitis californica | ɂijá·vimpə (schwa voiceless) | Wild grape vine or plant | inheritance | *(h)iya- | Numic | Stubbs 187 (2008:65) | same | other complex | has -pɨ ABS | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| wild oats | flora-fauna | Avena (introduction) | hoo-wēv' | Wild oats (Avena sativa) | unique | broader (Merriam gives this for “grass, any”) | other complex | has -pɨ ABS | Merriam 59:545 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| wild rose | flora-fauna | Rosa californica | missing | missing | missing | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| wild sunflower | flora-fauna | Helianthus (and other genera) | missing | missing | missing | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| willow | flora-fauna | Salix spp. | sagávə | (voiceless schwa) | Willow (Salix sp.) | inheritance | *sakat | Proto-Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 1023 (2008:166) | WW | %saka | narrower (a species of willow) | other complex | has -pɨ ABS | Merriam 59:539 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||
| wood rat, round-tail | flora-fauna | Neotoma spp. | ká·tsI | Wood rat, round-tail (Neotoma) | inheritance | *kawa | Proto-Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 1423 (2008:242) | same | other complex | has -ci ABS | Merriam 59:523 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| worm, hairy caterpillar | flora-fauna | Arctiidae (many species) | ɂá·misI | fuzzy black caterpillar | unique | same | underived | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| worm, smooth caterpillar | flora-fauna | Trichoplusia ni (?) cabbage looper | paɂávI | worm | inheritance | *pa'a- | Southern Numic only | Stubbs 2528 (2008:338) | same | other complex | has -pi ABS | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| yellow jacket | flora-fauna | Vespula spp., Dolichovespula spp. | watsávI | Yellow jacket | inheritance | *wa'wa, etc. | Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 162 (2008:62) and see also 894 (2008:152) | same | other complex | has -pi ABS | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| yellowbird | flora-fauna | Dendroica petechia | ho-wo'-we-its | ɂo'wawitsiɂitsI | Yellowbird (Astragalinus) | unique | ɂowa “yellow” is UA | same | phrase | ɂo'wa-witsiɂi-tsI yellow-bird-ABS | Merriam 59:527 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| yerba santa | flora-fauna | Eriodictyon californicum | missing | missing | missing | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ant (generic) | hormiga | formiga | flora-fauna | angaa/-v(i) “small red ant” ( | inheritance | JPH | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| bird | pajaro, ave | passaro | flora-fauna | wici7ic(i) | loan direction unknown | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| blowfly/housefly | mosca | mosca | flora-fauna | muu/pic(i) “housefly” | loan into protolanguage, direction unknown | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| dog (camp, domestic) | perro | cachorro | flora-fauna | punkuu/-c(i) | inheritance | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| grass | hierba, pasto | capim, grama | flora-fauna | tysy/v(i) | inheritance | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| deer | venado | veado, cariacu | flora-fauna | tyhi/j(a) | inheritance | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| snake (generic) | culebra, serpiente | cobra | flora-fauna | kogO snake sp | inheritance | JPH | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| spider | araña | aranha | flora-fauna | hukwa/pI black spider JPH | inheritance |
Cultural Vocabulary (116)
| English | Spanish | Portuguese | Semantic Field | Part of Speech | Orthographic Form | Phonemicized Form | Gloss as in Source | Etymology Code | Proto-Form | Proto-Language | Loan Source | Wanderwort Status | Etyma Set | Etymology Notes | Word Structure | Word Structure Notes | General Notes | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| acorn mush | food | missing | missing | |||||||||||||||
| ball game | food | wytapu7wipO | shinny game | unique | is this metathesis form of Ka. Tawuupa??? With wy- IP?? | has wy- 'long object' IP | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hll 1969) | |||||||||||
| afterworld, land of dead, Heaven | tierra do los muertos | terra dos mortos | culture-mythology | missing | missing | |||||||||||||
| feather headband | dress | missing | missing | |||||||||||||||
| arrow | flecha | flecha | subsistence tool | huH | arrow, cartridge, bullet, ammunition; sting of insect | inheritance | *huca | Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 63 | simplex | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) | |||||||
| arrow straightener | other | missing | missing | |||||||||||||||
| bait for fishing | cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru) | isca | subsistence tool | missing | missing | |||||||||||||
| school | escuela | escola | acculturation | missing | missing | |||||||||||||
| stone bowl | culture-material | missing | missing | |||||||||||||||
| basket (general) | canasta, canasto, cesta | cesto | culture-material | saguH | a kind of basket | unique | perhaps related to the "tule mat" words? | simplex | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) | |||||||||
| basket, small | canasta, canasto, cesta | cesto pequeno, tampado | culture-material | nyngapivY | basket | inheritance | *nyhaC | Northern Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 2011 120 has only as Takic but see T. Shoshone form | derived, other complex | Press 1979 | |||||||
| basketry hat | culture-material | kaitsogO | basket hat, hat | inheritance | *kaCcokoC | Numic | Stubbs 1151 | simplex | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) | |||||||||
| bead | abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar | miçanga | culture-material | himpY | shell beads of size and shape (cheerios JHH) | inheritance | *hini | Numic | Stubbs 2011 2283; see Chemehuevi "bead"; probably a "belongings" word | other complex | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) | |||||||
| ochre | culture-mythology | 7ompI | almagre | unknown | Southern Numic only; is this same as Gab. 7oyi? | other complex | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) | |||||||||||
| bow | arco | arco | subsistence tool | 7atsY | Y is voiceless schwa | bow | inheritance | *aCta | Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 2011 275 | simplex | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) | ||||||
| canoe | canoa | canoa | transport | missing | missing | |||||||||||||
| carrying net | subsistence tool | ponA | a kind of carrying net which the hunters used to carry meat in. It is like the wanA, but has wider meshes. | unique | simplex | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) | ||||||||||||
| bottle | botella | garrafa | acculturation | 7otsA | basketry jar | inheritance | *hoCca | Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 2011 118 | simplex | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) | |||||||
| paper | papel | papel | acculturation | papilivY | paper | loan | Spanish | WW | %papel | other complex | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) | |||||||
| chief/leader | jefe, cacique | chefe | culture-mythology | togWaintymY | chief | unique | derived, other complex | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) | ||||||||||
| club | garrote, cachiporra | clava, porrete | subsistence tool | tyvO | macana | unknown | could this be the typa 'pestle' word??? | simplex | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) | |||||||||
| loincloth | taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla | tanga, tapa-sexo | dress | missing | missing | |||||||||||||
| cook food | food | tygu7uni | cook | unique | derived | maybe X-fire-do?? Not 'food' with /kk/ | Press 1979 | |||||||||||
| corpse | food | missing | ||||||||||||||||
| dance (generic) | culture-mythology | nykapY | wardance, ghost dance (nykapI) | inheritance | *nykkaC | Numic | Stubbs 633 | derived | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) | |||||||||
| deity/powerful spirit/culture figure | dios(es), deidad | divinidade, figura mítica | culture-mythology | missing | missing | |||||||||||||
| digging stick | subsistence tool | missing | missing | |||||||||||||||
| dipper | subsistence tool | 7ago/tsI | / stress, I voiceless i | pottery dipper | inheritance | *akwo | Numic | Stubbs 2011 1717 N | other complex | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) | ||||||||
| dream | sueño, soñar | sonho, sonhar | culture-mythology | nonosI | dream | inheritance | *nosi | Numic | Stubbs 2011 717 | simplex | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) | |||||||
| drone pipe | culture-mythology | missing | missing | |||||||||||||||
| drum | tambor | tambor | culture-mythology | missing | missing | |||||||||||||
| chicken | gallina | galinha | acculturation | kwarojawI | chicken | loan | Mojave | simplex | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) | |||||||||
| earring | other | nangkA | earring | inheritance | *nangka | Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 2011 752a | simplex | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) | |||||||||
| ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit | espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio | espirito | culture-mythology | 7ynypI | spirit | inheritance | *yny- | Numic | Stubbs 2011 2116 | other complex | ||||||||
| fire drill | subsistence tool | missing | missing | |||||||||||||||
| fire-tender | culture-mythology | missing | missing | |||||||||||||||
| fireplace | hogar | lareira | other | missing | missing | |||||||||||||
| firewood | leña | lenha | other | kukwarI | wood, palo, leña | unknown | *kukkwaC | Stubbs 2011 2410 S. Numic only | other complex | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) | ||||||||
| fish (with fish-poison) | pescar con barbasco, barbasquear | pescar com timbó; tinguijar | food | missing | missing | |||||||||||||
| fish (with line) | anzuelear, pescar con linea | pescar (com linha) | food | missing | missing | |||||||||||||
| fish poison | barbasco, matapez (Colombia) | timbó | subsistence tool | missing | missing | |||||||||||||
| fishing line | cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze | linha de pesca | subsistence tool | missing | missing | |||||||||||||
| fish hook | subsistence tool | missing | missing | tsangkU little rod of iron with hook for hooking chuckwalla out | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) | |||||||||||||
| acorn bread | food | missing | missing | |||||||||||||||
| wheat | food | 7atsi/tA | wheat | loan | Mojave | simplex | Harrington's Chemehuevi Noun List (K. C. Hill 1969) | |||||||||||
| flute | flauta, quena (Peru) | flauta | culture-mythology | missing | missing | |||||||||||||
| gambling sticks | other | missing | missing | |||||||||||||||
| game animal | caza, animal de caza | caça, animal de caça | food | pisava7avI | game animal. Deer, cow, sehep, mountain-sheep, etc. | unknown | Southern Numic only, see Southern Ute | other complex | Harrington's Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) | |||||||||
| ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit | espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio | espirito | culture-mythology | 7ynypI | spirit (spirit, ghost in Press 1979) | inheritance | *yny- | Numic | Stubbs 2011 2116 | other complex | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) | |||||||
| glue | subsistence tool | missing | missing | |||||||||||||||
| grave | tumba, sepultura, sepulcro | sepultura, sepulcro, cova | culture-mythology | nyngkupI | grave | inheritance | *ku7way | Northern Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 2011 322 | compound, other complex | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) | |||||||
| alcohol | food | pavikitu7wipI | whiskey | unique | compound, other complex | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) | ||||||||||||
| Datura wrightii | narcotics | momompY | toloache, Jimsonweed | loan | Takic | WW | %moji ~ %moni | ultimately Takic "moon" | other complex, reduplicated | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) | ||||||||
| shaman, healer | chamán, brujo | xaman, pajé, feiticeiro | culture-mythology | puhWagantY | shaman | inheritance | *puha | Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 2011 1160a | derived, other complex | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) | |||||||
| honey | miel | mel | food | missing | missing | |||||||||||||
| house | other | kanI | house | inheritance | *kaNLi | Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 2011 1213 | simplex | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) | |||||||||
| hunt | cazar | caçar | food | jahi (sg), tyna (pl) | hunt | inheritance | *tynna | Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 2011 1014; *yahi is only S. Numic Stubbs 2011 1239 | simplex | Press 1979 | |||||||
| initiate boy | culture-mythology | missing | missing | |||||||||||||||
| initiate girl | culture-mythology | missing | missing | |||||||||||||||
| knife | cuchillo | faca | culture-material | wihI | knife | inheritance | *wikiC | Northern Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 2011 1267 | simplex | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) | |||||||
| mat | culture-material | sam7mapY | mat, carpet; tendido | unknown | see Southern Paiute form that means 'spread out' (UA *ma, actually) | other complex | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) | |||||||||||
| mortar | mortero | pilão | subsistence tool | pahA | mortar (of any kind) | inheritance | *paha | Northern Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 2011 1085 | simplex | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) | |||||||
| necklace | other | kagAI | necklace | inheritance | *kak(k)i | Numic | Stubbs 2011 1506 | simplex | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) | |||||||||
| needle/awl | subsistence tool | wyjY | awl | inheritance | *wicaC | Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 2011 2296 | simplex | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) | |||||||||
| paddle/oar | remo | remo | transport | missing | missing | |||||||||||||
| pestle | pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor | mão de pilão | subsistence tool | pahaku7U | mano de mortero | inheritance | *paha | Northern Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 2011 1085 | compound | "ku7U cannot be used alone" JPH) | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) | ||||||
| pinole | food | sa7apI | atole, mush | inheritance | *sa7a | Uto-Aztecan | boil | derived | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) | |||||||||
| pipe for tobacco | pipa | cachimbo | other | tsumupI | pipe | inheritance | *cu7mi | Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 2011 2222a | other complex | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) | |||||||
| pitch | food | sanapI | gum, cannot be applied to chewing gum | inheritance | *salaC | Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 2011 1634 | compound | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) | |||||||||
| pot | olla, pote | panela, vasilha | subsistence tool | pago7otsA | olla | unique | papyn7ni 'black pot for cooking, modern pot for cooking" | simplex | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) | |||||||||
| quiver | subsistence tool | hugun7nA | quiver | inheritance | *hu-kuna | Numic | arrow-sack; see Cupan huki-la forms | simplex | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) | |||||||||
| rattle | matraca, maraca | marico, chocalho | culture-mythology | ha7A | gourd of which they make the larger rattles, gourd rattle | unknown | could this be Stubbs 2140 *sawaLa with loss of /w/?? | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) | ||||||||||
| red paint | culture-mythology | missing | missing | probably same as 'ochre' | ||||||||||||||
| salt | sal | sal | food | 7owavI | rock-salt | inheritance | *omCa | Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 2011 1865 | other complex | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) | |||||||
| seed beater | subsistence tool | missing | missing | |||||||||||||||
| clothing | ropa | roupa | culture-mythology | tywarengI | belongings, clothes, furniture, etc. | unique | derived | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) | ||||||||||
| sinew-backed bow | subsistence tool | missing | missing | |||||||||||||||
| skirt | falda, saya, fustan, pollera | saia | culture-material | kwasU | woman's dress | inheritance | *kwasu | Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 2011 483 | simplex | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) | |||||||
| snare | subsistence tool | wantyapI, wantyanumpY | trap | unique | other complex | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) | ||||||||||||
| song (generic) | canción, canto | canção | culture-mythology | huvijavY | song | inheritance | *hupiya | Numic | Stubbs 2011 1985 | other complex | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) | |||||||
| spear | lanza | lança | subsistence tool | sigisigI | lance, used in fighting | inheritance | *sik | Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 2011 2318 | reduplicated | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) | |||||||
| stirring stick | food | kanU | mush stirrer made of 3 sticks tied together side by side | unique | simplex | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) | ||||||||||||
| rope/string | mecate, cuerda, soga | corda | culture | tunapY | thread, string (p. 45) | unknown | Southern Numic only; Stubbs 2011 1841 | other complex | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) | |||||||||
| bag, sack | culture-material | kunavY | bag | inheritance | *kuna | Northern Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 2011 114a | other complex | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) | |||||||||
| string of shell money | other | missing | missing | |||||||||||||||
| sugarcane/sugar | azúcar, caña de azúcar | açucar (de cana) | acculturation | pihavI | sugar | semantic shift | *pisa(L) | Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 2011 2259 | other complex | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) | |||||||
| sweathouse | other | missing | missing | |||||||||||||||
| tell history | culture-mythology | tewi:naga7I | to tell myths | inheritance | *tykwi | Numic | Stubbs 2011 1876a | derived | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) | |||||||||
| cremate | culture-mythology | missing | missing | |||||||||||||||
| tobacco (native) | narcotics | ko7wa/pI | tobacco | unknown | Stubbs 2011 2351 S. Numic only; I think prob from 'burn' | other complex | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) | |||||||||||
| tule boat | transport | missing | missing | |||||||||||||||
| white paint | culture-mythology | 7avI, 7avimpytsI | white clay | inheritance | *apiN | Numic | Stubbs 2011 2544 | simplex | Harrington's Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) | |||||||||
| winnowing basket | culture-material | tako7O | a kind of basket. Made with flat bottom, with rim two or three inches high all around -- very limber. Used for separating coarse from fine meal. Also "toasting basket" | unknown | S. Numic only see S. Paiute | simplex | Harrington's Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) | |||||||||||
| wood tray | subsistence tool | missing | missing | |||||||||||||||
| shoes | zapatos | sapatos | dress | pagapY | moccasins, shoes | inheritance | *paNcaN | Numic | Stubbs 2011 1957; patsA 'moccasin' | other complex | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) | |||||||
| medicine | narcotics | na-vuaganumpI | medicine | inheritance | *puha | Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 2011 1160a | derived, other complex | Press 1979 | |||||||||
| cradleboard | culture-material | konO | cradle | inheritance | *kono | Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 2011 142 | simplex | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) | |||||||||
| policeman | polícia | policía | acculturation | tapicacI | lawman, police | unknown | same in S. Ute | derived, other complex | tapic 'tie' | Press 1979 | ||||||||
| soldier | soldado | soldado | acculturation | sonta:wI, sunta:wI | soldier | loan | Spanish | WW | %soldado | also su:ljatsI < English | simplex | Harrington's Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) | ||||||
| corn | food | hawivI | corn (the grain) | unique | plant is -mpY | other complex | Harrington's Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) | |||||||||||
| beans | food | muriH | bean | loan | Mojave | unknown | WW | %mun | probably Mojave | simplex | Harrington's Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) | |||||||
| cat | gato | gato | acculturation | pu:sI, pu:sitsI | domestic cat | loan | English | WW | %pussy | tukupukutsI also | simplex | Harrington's Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) | ||||||
| gun | arma, escopeta | espingarda, fusil | acculturation | 7atsY | Y is voiceless schwa | bow (gun, bow in Press 1979) | semantic shift | *aCta | Uto-Aztecan | Stubbs 2011 275 | simplex | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) | ||||||
| hat | sombero | chapéu | dress | kaitsogO | basket hat, hat | inheritance | *kaCcokoC | Numic | Stubbs 2011 1151 | simplex | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) | |||||||
| clapper | acculturation | missing | missing | |||||||||||||||
| rope/string | mecate, cuerda, soga | corda | culture | uru/mp(i) | unknown | |||||||||||||
| rope/string | mecate, cuerda, soga | corda | culture | uru/mp(i) | unknown | |||||||||||||
| thatch/roof | crisneja | palha, caraná | culture-material | taka/(a) | inheritance | |||||||||||||
| bottom grinding stone | manufacture | marA “metate”; | inheritance | JPH | ||||||||||||||
| digging stick | subsistence tool | porO “crook” | inheritance | JPH: John Peabody Harrington's Chemehuevi Noun List, Ditto copy in possession of Jane H. Hill | ||||||||||||||
| winnow | aventar, tirar (sementes) | joeirar | manufacture | missing | ||||||||||||||
| top grinding stone | metate, mano; piedra de moler | metate, mano | manufacture | mu7U “mano de metate” | inheritance | JPH | ||||||||||||
| boomerang/throwing stick (generic) | subsistence tool | missing | JPH | |||||||||||||||
| spearthrower | subsistence tool | ac(y)/ “gun, bow” | inheritance | |||||||||||||||
| spear | lanza | lança | subsistence tool | huu “arrow”; | inheritance | |||||||||||||
| house | other | kan(i)/ | inheritance |
Grammatical Data (226)
| Category | Grammatical Feature | Grammatical Feature: Notes | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phonology - Segmental | Pre-/post-nasalized stops | Analysis posits that the stop is the most relevant underlying phoneme. Comment in notes on whether the nasal contour is understood as a phonetic (allophonic) effect, or is phonologically contrastive. | ||||||
| Phonology - Segmental | Glottalized/ejective consonants | Phonemic contrast [NOT counting glottal stop/fricative] | no | |||||
| Phonology - Segmental | Palatalized stops | Phonemic contrast | ||||||
| Phonology - Segmental | Phonemic vowel length | Does the language have long and short vowels? | ||||||
| Phonology - Segmental | Phonemic glottalization/laryngealization of vowels | |||||||
| Phonology - Segmental | Complex onsets | Onset consists of more than one consonant phoneme | ||||||
| Phonology - Segmental | No codas | *(C)VC [no also equals highly constrained] | ||||||
| Phonology - Segmental | Word-final coda required | Do all syllables end in a consonant? | ||||||
| Phonology - Suprasegmental | Contrastive tones | Note how many contrastive tones | no | |||||
| Phonology - Suprasegmental | Contrastive stress | Does stress occur on different syllables with meaning difference? | ||||||
| Phonology - Suprasegmental | Nasalization property of morpheme or syllable | In contrast to nasalization as a property of segments | ||||||
| Phonology - Suprasegmental | Nasal spreading across some morpheme boundaries | Do some affixes or other morphemes take the nasal/oral properties of the root they attach to? | ||||||
| Phonology - Suprasegmental | Vowel harmony | |||||||
| Morphology - General | Verbal fusion (2+ categories marked by portmanteau morphemes on verb) | Verb combines two or more categories (tense, aspect, mood, person, number, etc.) in portmanteau morphemes{ [ignore proclitics unless they are fused with values other than person/number] | ||||||
| Morphology - General | Inflection manifested by replacement of segmental or suprasegmental phonemes | Stem change, tone | no | |||||
| Morphology - General | Verbal synthesis (1+ inflectional categories marked by verbal affixes) | Morphological complexity in verbs - multiple inflectional affixes in a single verb word | yes | |||||
| Morphology - General | Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly prefixing | There are many more prefixes than suffixes | no | |||||
| Morphology - General | Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly suffixing | There are many more suffixes than prefixes | yes | |||||
| Morphology - General | Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: roughly equal or one weakly preferred | The numbers of suffixes and prefixes are not notably different | no | |||||
| Morphology - General | Reduplication: full | The full morpheme is reduplicated | yes | |||||
| Morphology - General | Reduplication: partial | Only part of the morpheme is reduplicated | yes | |||||
| Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs | Productive NN compounding | Noun compounds created from two noun phrases are common and systematically produced | ||||||
| Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs | Productive VV serialization (without compounding) | Verb roots can be combined in a single predicate without markers of subordination (distinct from subordinating construction) or distinct inflection | ||||||
| Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs | Productive VV compounding | Serial verb constructions involve chaining of roots together in one morphophonological word | ||||||
| Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs | Verb-adjunct (aka light verb) constructions | There is a set of semantically weak verbs used in complex verbal constructions, e.g. 'take a nap' | ||||||
| Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs | Auxiliary verb(s) | There are verbs that accompany main verbs of clauses and take grammatical marking not expressed by main verbs | ||||||
| Morphology - Incorporation | Incorporation of nouns into verbs is a productive intransitivizing process | Verb contains nominal segment | ||||||
| Morphology - Incorporation | Productive incorporation of other elements (adjectives, locatives, etc.) into verbs | Like noun incorporation, but incorporated elements are not nouns | ||||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Noun classes/genders | Nouns are organized into sets with distinct morphological treatment; usually affects all nouns and involves agreement within the NP | yes | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Number of noun classes/genders | Note the (approximate) total number of noun classes/genders | 2 | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Noun classifiers (distinct from noun classes/genders) | Nouns are organized into sets, but only a limited set of nouns may be implicated, with no or limited agreement marking. If only numeral classifiers exist, indicate yes but explain. | ||||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for animates | Masculine, feminine, neuter | ||||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for inanimates | |||||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Animacy (w/o reference to sex) is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system | Animate/inanimate, human/non-human | ||||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Sex/gender distinction only in 3rd person pronouns | add in notes section whether gender is present in other PNs or not in any PNs; consider with reference to pronouns and person marking only | ||||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for animates | |||||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for inanimates | |||||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | "Repeater" classifiers | Where no distinct classifier exists, a copy of the noun itself may function in the morphosyntactic classifier "slot" | ||||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Numeral classifiers (specific to numerals) | Special classifier forms that occur only with numerals | no | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Classifiers used as derivational suffixes to derive nouns | Verb + classifier = 'thing for doing V, thing that does V, etc.' | ||||||
| Nominal Categories - Number | Singular number may be marked on the noun | Often occurs in a small subset of nouns if a single entity is referred to, e.g. insects that normally occur in groups | ||||||
| Nominal Categories - Number | Plural affix on noun | yes | ||||||
| Nominal Categories - Number | Plural marked by stem change or tone on noun | no | ||||||
| Nominal Categories - Number | Plural marked by reduplication of noun | no | ||||||
| Nominal Categories - Number | Plural word/clitic | no | ||||||
| Nominal Categories - Number | Plural marked on human or animate nouns only | no | ||||||
| Nominal Categories - Number | Pronominal plural: stem + nominal plural affix | Pronouns use a nominal plural affix not specific to pronouns | yes | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Number | Unique associative plural marker | e.g. 'John and his associates', 'John and them' | ||||||
| Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity | Definite or specific articles | Definite = particular referent known to both speaker and addressee; specific = particular referent known to speaker only | yes | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity | Marker of definiteness distinct from demonstratives | Focus on articles/markers whose primary function is to mark definiteness | no | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity | Indefinite or non-specific article | or marker | no | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity | Inclusive/exclusive: in free pronominals | Inclusive =us + you, exclusive = us but not you | yes | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity | Inclusive/exclusive: in verbal inflection (bound) | no | ||||||
| Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity | Distance contrasts in demonstratives (number) | Note the number of distances in the demonstrative system | 2 | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity | Other contrasts in demonstratives (visibility, elevation, etc.) | |||||||
| Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories | Gender in 3sg pronouns | yes | ||||||
| Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories | Gender in 3pl pronouns | yes | ||||||
| Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories | Gender in 1st and/or 2nd person pronouns | no | ||||||
| Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories | Formal/informal distinction in pronouns | Polite pronominal variants or differential avoidance of pronouns | no | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories | Reflexive pronouns | e.g. English 'himself', Spanish 'se'; distinct form(s) from basic (non-reflexive) pronominals; distinct from reflexive verbal affix | ||||||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Adpositions mark core NPs | Prepositions or postpositions mark subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients | ||||||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Case: number of cases | Note the number of grammatical relations that may be morphologically marked on the noun | 4 | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Case: only non-core arguments morphologically marked | Subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients NOT marked, but other grammatical relations are | no | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Case: symmetrical | All NPs marked if in appropriate syntactic relation; no distinction in marking based on semantics (type of entity) | yes | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Case: asymmetrical | Semantically defined subset of NPs marked for case, e.g. animates | no | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Case: suffix or postpositional clitic | yes | ||||||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Case: prefix or prepositional clitic | |||||||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Case: infix or inpositional clitic | |||||||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Case: stem change | |||||||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Case: tone | |||||||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Case: comitative = instrumental | Same marking for 'with a person' and 'with an instrument' | no | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Numerals | Base-2 | At least some part of the system involves base-2 | ||||||
| Nominal Categories - Numerals | Base-5 | At least some part of the system involves base-5 | ||||||
| Nominal Categories - Numerals | Base-10 | At least some part of the system involves base-10 | ||||||
| Nominal Categories - Numerals | Other base (specify) | 4, 20, etc. | ||||||
| Nominal Categories - Numerals | Etymological transparency in any numerals under 5 | e.g. two = 'eye-quantity' | ||||||
| Nominal Categories - Numerals | Numerals do not go above 5 | 'Many' or some other non-exact term used | ||||||
| Nominal Categories - Numerals | Numerals do not go above 10 | 'Many' or some other non-exact term used | ||||||
| Nominal Categories - Other nominal | Tense or aspect inflection on non-verbal predicates | i.e. nominal or adjectival | ||||||
| Nominal Categories - Other nominal | Person inflection on non-verbal predicates | i.e. nominal or adjectival | ||||||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession | Pronominal possessive affixes: prefix on N | alienable/inalienable? | no | |||||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession | Pronominal possessive affixes: suffix on N | alienable/inalienable? | yes | |||||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession | Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: dependent | e.g. 'the boy-'s dog' | yes | |||||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession | Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: head | e.g. 'the boy his-dog' | yes | |||||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession | Possessive classifiers | There are special classifiers that occur with possessed entities | ||||||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability | Morphological marking of inalienable possession | Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the former takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun) | ||||||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability | Morphological marking of alienable possession | Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the latter takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun) | ||||||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability | Default marker for inalienably possessed nouns if unpossessed | An inalienable noun that is in an unpossessed state must have a derivational affix or associated form | ||||||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability | Inalienable possession of kin terms | 'my-father' but *father | ||||||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability | Inalienable possession of body parts (human/animal) | 'my-leg' but *leg | ||||||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability | Generic human nouns are obligatorily bound/possessed | Human nouns must co-occur with another noun (e.g. Hup-man, NonIndian-woman, but *man) | ||||||
| Nominal Syntax - Adjectives | Underived adjectives | There are underived adjectives which do not have counterparts in other word classes | ||||||
| Nominal Syntax - Adjectives | Gender inflection on adjectives within the NP | There is gender agreement/concord (animate/inanimate or masc/fem, etc.) within the NP, e.g. la casa blanca, el perro blanco | ||||||
| Nominal Syntax - Derivation | Productive nominalizing morphology: action/state (arrive/arrival) | There is a morpheme which derives an event from a verb | ||||||
| Nominal Syntax - Derivation | Productive nominalizing morphology: agentive (sing/singer) | There is a morpheme which derives an agent or subject from a verb | ||||||
| Nominal Syntax - Derivation | Productive nominalizing morphology: object (sing/song) | There is a morpheme which derives a patient or object from a verb | ||||||
| Nominal Syntax - Derivation | Productive verbalizing morphology | There is a morpheme which derives a verb from a noun or adjective | ||||||
| Nominal Syntax - Other | NP coordination and comitative phrases marked differently | 'John and Mary went to market' is marked differently from 'John went to market with Mary' | yes | |||||
| Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense | Dedicated past marker(s) | Past tense is regularly morphologically marked on the verb or elsewhere | ||||||
| Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense | Multiple past tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference | e.g. distant vs. recent past | yes | |||||
| Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense | Multiple future tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference | e.g. imminent vs. distant future | ||||||
| Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense | Dedicated future or non-past marker(s) | yes | ||||||
| Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense | Tense-aspect affixes: prefix | no | ||||||
| Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense | Tense-aspect affixes: suffix | yes | ||||||
| Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense | Tense-aspect affixes: tone or ablaut | no | ||||||
| Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense | Tense-aspect suppletion | no | ||||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Dedicated imperative morpheme or verb form | There is a special morpheme (or morphemes, or a bare verb root where inflection is normally expected) used to signal imperative (command) mood | yes | |||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Polite imperative morpheme | There is a distinct morpheme for polite imperative constructions (specify if it has other functions in the language) | ||||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Difference between negation in imperative (prohibitive) and declarative clauses | There are different strategies for marking negation in imperative and declarative clauses | no | |||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Dedicated hortative morpheme or verb form (1pl or 3rd person imperative) | as opposed to imperative; the person in control of desired state of affairs is not the addressee; ex: 'Let's sing' / 'Let him sing' | ||||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Situational possibility: affix on verb | Inflectional marking of capacity to do something | yes | |||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Situational possibility: verbal construction | |||||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Situational possibility: other marking | |||||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Epistemic possibility: affix on verb | Modal expressing hypothesis | yes | |||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Epistemic possibility: verbal construction | |||||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Epistemic possibility: other marking | |||||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Marking of expected/unexpected action or result | There is inflectional marking of expected/unexpected | ||||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Verbal frustrative | Modal expressing frustration ("in vain") | ||||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Verbal habitual | Modal expressing habituality | ||||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Apprehensive construction | There is a single morpheme or verb form to mean '(be careful lest) X happens' | ||||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Reality status marking on verbs | There are dedicated morpheme(s) for realis/irrealis 'actualized/unactualized events' | ||||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Affect markers (positive/negative) | Note whether these inflectional markers are positive or negative | ||||||
| Verbal Categories - Directionals | Directional elements affixed to the verb | There are grammaticalized elements indicating movement away, toward, there and back, etc. | ||||||
| Verbal Categories - Evidentiality | Grammaticalized visual | Indicates information has been witnessed visually - indicate only if an overt marker | no | |||||
| Verbal Categories - Evidentiality | Grammaticalized nonvisual | Indicates information has been sensed firsthand but not visually (usually heard; also smelled, tasted, felt) | no | |||||
| Verbal Categories - Evidentiality | Grammaticalized inferential | Indicates information has not been experienced firsthand, but inferred from some kind of evidence - indicate only if an overt marker. | no | |||||
| Verbal Categories - Evidentiality | Grammaticalized reportive | Indicates speaker is not responsible for veracity of statement, merely reporting; 'allegedly' | no | |||||
| Verbal Categories - Evidentiality | Grammaticalized quotative | Indicate presence of adjacent representation of repeated discourse | no | |||||
| Verbal Categories - Evidentiality | Other evidential | Any other evidential values not represented above | no | |||||
| Verbal Categories - Evidentiality | Evidentiality: verb affix or clitic | no | ||||||
| Verbal Categories - Evidentiality | Evidentiality: part of tense system | Includes portmanteau morphs | no | |||||
| Verbal Categories - Evidentiality | Evidentiality: separate particle | no | ||||||
| Verbal Categories - Evidentiality | Evidentiality: modal morpheme | no | ||||||
| Verbal Categories - Verbal number | Verbal number suppletion | yes | ||||||
| Verbal Categories - Other | Social interaction markers | Note the type of interaction | ||||||
| Word Order | No fixed basic constituent order | no | ||||||
| Word Order | VS in intransitive clauses | Verb precedes subject | no | |||||
| Word Order | VS in transitive clauses | |||||||
| Word Order | VO in transitive clauses | Verb precedes object | ||||||
| Word Order | OS in transitive clauses | Object precedes subject | ||||||
| Word Order | Preposition-Noun | no | ||||||
| Word Order | Noun-Postposition or case suffix | yes | ||||||
| Word Order | Gen-Noun | Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessor first (e.g. John's book) | yes | |||||
| Word Order | Noun-Gen | Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessum first (e.g. 'book of John') | no | |||||
| Word Order | Adj-Noun | Adjective precedes the noun | ||||||
| Word Order | Noun-Adj | Adjective follows the noun | ||||||
| Word Order | Dem-Noun | |||||||
| Word Order | Noun-Dem | |||||||
| Word Order | Num-Noun | yes | ||||||
| Word Order | Noun-Num | no | ||||||
| Word Order | Noun-Rel | Relative clause follows noun that it modifies | yes | |||||
| Word Order | Rel-Noun | Relative clause precedes noun that it modifies | no | |||||
| Word Order | Re<Noun>l (internally headed relative) | e.g. 'the dog cat chased-NMZR got away' ('the cat that the dog chased got away') | no | |||||
| Word Order | Relative clause is correlative or adjoined | e.g. 'what is running, the dog chased that cat' | no | |||||
| Word Order | Question word is clause initial | 'what', 'who', etc. come first in interrogative clause | no | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked accusative | Objects of transitive clauses ('P') have a unique marker, while subjects of transitive ('A') and intransitive ('S') clauses are unmarked or share a different marker from that occurring on objects | yes | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked nominative | Subjects of transitive and intransitive clauses share a marker, while objects of transitives are unmarked | no | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of case marking in full NPs: ergative-absolutive | Subjects of intransitive clauses and objects of transitives share a unique marker, while subjects of transitive clauses are unmarked or have a different marker | no | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of case marking in full NPs: tripartite | Intransitive subjects, transitive subjects, and transitive objects all receive distinct case markers | no | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of case marking in full NPs: active-inactive | Subjects of intransitive clauses are treated two different ways: like subjects of transitives if they are more agent-like (e.g. he jumped), and like objects of transitives if they are more patient-like (e.g. he fell asleep) | no | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked accusative | yes | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked nominative | no | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of case marking of pronouns: ergative-absolutive | yes, no, mixed, other | no | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of case marking of pronouns: tripartite | no | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of case marking of pronouns: active-inactive | no | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of verbal person-marking: nominative-accusative | Same as above, for pronominal affixes/clitics on verbs | no | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of verbal person-marking: ergative-absolutive | yes, no, mixed, other | no | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of verbal person-marking: active-inactive | no | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of verbal person-marking: hierarchical | Marking of A and P depends on their relative ranking on a hierarchy (usually 1>2>3 or 2>1>3) | no | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of verbal person-marking: split | More than one of the above systems is represented in person marking, depending on e.g. person (e.g. 1/2 vs. 3), tense-aspect value, main vs. subordinate clause type, etc. | no | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Pronominal subjects: pronouns in subject position | Pronominal subjects are free pronouns that occur in the same position as full NP subjects | yes | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Pronominal subjects: prefixes on verb | Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal prefixes (free pronouns may be another option) | no | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Pronominal subjects: suffixes on verb | Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal suffixes (free pronouns may be another option) | no | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Pronominal subjects: clitics on variable host | Pronominal subjects are clitics that can attach to verbs, nominal constituents, etc. | no | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Pronominal subjects: pronouns in non-subject position | Pronominal subjects are free pronouns but do not normally occur in the position expected for full NP subjects | no | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Person marking on intransitive verbs | Intransitive verbs take person-marking clitics/affixes | no | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Person marking (of agents) on transitive verbs | Transitive verbs take subject (A) markers | no | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Person-marking (of objects) on transitive verbs | Transitive verbs take object (P) markers | no | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | 3rd person zero in verbal person marking: subjects | 3rd person subjects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system | yes | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | 3rd person zero in verbal person marking: objects | 3rd person objects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system | yes | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Number can be marked separately from person on the verb | Verbal person marking exists, but number is (or can) be marked separately | no | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Possessive affixes/clitics on nouns are same as verbal person markers | Where nouns take possessive affixes, these are the same as the person-marking affixes | no | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Gender distinguished in verbal person markers | For any person, verbal person markers exhibit different forms depending on the gender (masc/fem, animate/inanimate, etc.) of the referent | no | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice | Ditransitive constructions: indirect object | In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives a book to Bill'), the theme (book) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated differently | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice | Ditransitive constructions: double object | In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives Bill a book'), both the theme (book) and the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives | yes | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice | Ditransitive constructions: secondary object | In ditransitives, the recipient/beneficiary is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the theme (book) is treated differently | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing | Reciprocal: dedicated morpheme | Verb becomes reciprocal through use of reciprocal morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is only used to mean reciprocal. | no | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing | Reflexive: dedicated morpheme | Verb becomes reflexive through use of reflexive morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is used only to mean reflexive. | no | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing | Reciprocal/reflexive: same morpheme | Verb becomes reciprocal or reflexive through use of a morpheme that means either reciprocal or reflexive which attaches to the root of the verb | yes | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing | Passive | Passive voice usually involves a change to the verb, while the object of the active voice verb is promoted to subject in the passive voice, and the former subject is deleted/demoted | yes | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing | Antipassive | Like passive, but deletes or demotes the object of a transitive verb; usually found in ergative languages | no | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing | Other intransitivizing morphology | There is/are some other mechanism(s) for reducing valency | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing | Applicative: benefactive | Applicative adds a beneficiary/maleficiary object argument to the verb | yes | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing | Applicative: other | Applicative adds some other object argument to the verb | yes | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing | Causative: prefix | Causative is morphological and is attached before the root of the verb | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing | Causative: suffix | Causative is morphological and is attached after the root of the verb | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing | Causative marked by circumfix, stem change, or tone | Morphological causative other than simple prefix/suffix | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing | Causative: serial verb or analytical construction | Causative construction that involves periphrasis or serialization | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing | Causative: dedicated 'make do by proxy' | Indicates that the causer does not directly cause the action of the verb to be realized, but does so by inducing someone else to carry out the action, e.g. 'John had the house painted.' | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing | Causative: dedicated sociative | Indicates that causer participates in event | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing | Other transitivizing morphology (adds valence) | There is/are some other mechanism(s) for increasing valency | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Negation | Clausal negator is a preposed element | Clausal negator is a preposed element | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Negation | Clausal negator is a postposed element | Clausal negator is a postposed element | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Negation | Negatives: affix | Negatives: affix | yes | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Negation | Negatives: particle | Negatives: particle | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Negation | Negatives: auxiliary verb | Negatives: auxiliary verb | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Negation | Negatives: double | Standard (non-emphatic) negation typically requires two morphemes, e.g. French 'ne V pas' | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Negation | Distinct negative form for 'NP does not exist' | |||||||
| Simple Clauses - Negation | Distinct negative expression 'I don't know' | Lexical expression or highly idiomatic phrase | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Interrogatives | Polar questions: interrogative particle | Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative particle | yes | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Interrogatives | Polar questions: verb morphology | Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative verb morphology | no | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Interrogatives | Polar questions: word order | Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion) | no | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Interrogatives | Polar questions: intonation only | Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by intonation only | no | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Interrogatives | Content questions: word order differs from declaratives | Content questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion) as well as by presence of Q-word (who, what, etc.) | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Predication | Predicate adjectives: verbal | Adjectives act like verbs in predicative position | yes | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Predication | Predicate adjectives: nominal | Adjectives act like nouns in predicative position | yes | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Predication | Zero copula for predicate nominals is possible | Predicate nominals may occur without a copula (i.e. grammatical in some circumstances, if not all) | yes | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Predication | Headless relative clauses | Compare Eng 'the one that fell' (but in Eng 'one' could be considered a head) | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Predication | Headless relative clauses are the dominant or only form of relative clause | Relative clauses that form a constituent with a head noun (in a single noun phrase) are rare or nonexistent; some descriptions may refer to adjoined or correlative clauses. | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Predication | Relative clause may occur with a noun classifier/class marker | It may be unclear whether the classifier is the nominal head of the construction or is an agreement marker on the relative clause | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Predication | Relativizer is a verbal affix | |||||||
| Simple Clauses - Predication | Morphological relativizer is homophonous with nominalizer | The same morpheme marks a relative clause and is a nominalizer on verbs (and/or other word classes) | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Desiderative expressions | Grammaticalized verbal desiderative | Indicates that the subject desires to carry out the action denoted by the verb (distinct from verb 'want', but may be grammaticalized from it) | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Other | Clause chaining | Clauses can be grouped such that only one bears most of the verb morphology, and the others are marked as to whether they share a subject with this reference clause. | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Other | Morphologically marked switch-reference system | There are special markers to indicate same vs. different subject when two clauses are combined | ||||||
| Simple Clauses - Other | Morphologically marked distinction between simultaneous and sequential clauses | Morphology (usually on verb) distinguishes between clauses denoting events that occur at the same time or in sequence |
Ethnographic Information
| Current Population (speakers) | Former Population Estimate | Subsistence Preference | Density | Sedentism | Ecotome | Marriage Pattern | Notes | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| small | HG | low | sedentary | no |