| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
yes |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 107 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
yes |
Past-tense markers seem to be second-position clitics, so they are often phonologically attached to the subject marker. There is no indication of how regular they are, but they often show up in examples. |
Allin, 1976: 342 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
no |
there is a marker which implies the perfect aspect and the past tense) |
Aikhenvald, 1995: 31 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
yes |
Seems to be fused with a perfective aspect marker. Indicates that the event occurred more than three days in the past. |
Galindo, 2002: 170-171 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
yes |
Shauer notes that other in the imperative mood, a verbal suffix marks immediate past tense. |
Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 38, 42-43 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 63-64 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos 2006:167 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
yes |
|
Mansen & Captain 2000: p. 801 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
yes |
The tense system is fused with evidentiality. |
Aikhenvald, 2003: 289 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
|
Facundes, 2000: 513 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
Only aspect markers according to Mihas |
Mihas 2010:128 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
yes |
|
Zamponi 2003:39 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:118 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
no |
"We have to bear in mind that there is no tense marking in Baure."; "Since there is no tense marking in Baure, the interpretation of a situation as past or present depends on the verb's meaning and time adverbs in the clause." |
Danielsen 2007: p273, 175 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 249 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no |
|
Brandão 2010:38-40 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no |
no tense |
Launey 2003 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no |
no tense markers |
Matteson 1965:72-73 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no |
only aspect verb markers |
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
|
Seifart - 2005:62-72 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
yes |
|
Hall 1988: 329 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
yes |
|
Abbott 1991: 116 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
yes |
|
Gildea 1993:45 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
yes |
|
de Armellada 1999: 110 to 120 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
no tense markers |
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no |
Aspect is marked on the verb rather than tense.Ika distinguishes perfective and imperfective aspect. When the verb occurs in its bare form in a sentence, it expresses past tense |
Frank 1990:56-58 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
yes |
|
Stendal 1976:6 |
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
yes |
These are verbal suffixes which also trigger an change in the tematic verbal vowel |
Margery 1985:106-15 |
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
yes |
Inmediate past. There are at least two mophological past tense markers |
Alphonse 1956:29 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
same affix for past and present;usually inferred from the context of the sentence |
de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:17; Queixalós - 2000:218 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no |
|
Buenaventura - 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
yes |
There are six different suffixes marking different past tenses which also encode differences in aspect |
Overall 2007:334 |
|
There are four past tense markers |
|
| Northern Emberá |
yes |
There are at least four different past tenses |
Mortensen 1999:71-4 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
yes |
|
Peeke 1973:38-9 |
|
|
|
| Ingá |
yes |
|
Levinson 1978:14-5 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
yes |
|
Fleck:397-9 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
yes |
However, verbs may be in past tense even when this suffix does not show up. Further, this suffix also expresses other meanings such as adversative in coordinate sentences and "lack of relevance". |
Salas 1992, p.140-1 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no |
However, Paez has "relative tense" which is not obligatory. The "relative tense" morphemes also encode if the subject is similar or not. For this reason, I think that "relative tense" markers are like switch reference morphemes in Paez |
Jung:93-4 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
yes |
It seems that past and future tenses are marked by a combination of the appropiate aspect markes and the "non-present" suffix /-qa/ |
Parker 1965:28, 50-2 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no |
There is not formal marking explicitly used for tense (p.481) |
Olawsky:459-492 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
yes |
Based on the examples. It also seems to be a sort of continuous/non-continuous aspect distinction (Loewen 1954:42) |
Mejía 2000:89; Loewen 1954:66 |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Puinave |
yes |
|
Giron 2008: p277 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
yes |
|
Deza Galinda1992: 92 |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
yes |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
yes |
|
Goncalves 2011:35 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
The verbs for past and present are generally the same distinguished using a temporal word (adverb) |
Minor and Minor 1982. p.22 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
yes |
post verbal particle, not required |
Weir 1984:58 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
yes |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
|
Miller 1999, p. 69 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 40 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no |
no tense |
Stenzel 2007:255-263 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
yes |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.49 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.62-73 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
yes |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.85 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
yes |
|
Strom 1992, p.73 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
no |
there doesn't seem to be tense |
Wheeler - 1987:147-149 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
|
West and Welch 2004: 12-13, 50 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
yes |
|
Ramirez 1994: 240 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
no |
|
Goodwin-Gomez, p.93 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
yes |
|
Borgman 1990: 169 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
yes |
|
Van der Meer (?):12 |
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
Karitiana distinguishes between future and non-future tense |
Everett 2006:265 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
according to author, no TAM markers in Nheengatu (footnote pg. 36) |
Cruz 2011:36 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
yes |
|
Ayala 1996:317-9 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
yes |
There are two past markers: /-re/ and /-we/ |
Rossler 2008:89 |
|
|
|
| Kokama |
yes |
marked by enclitic |
Vallejos 2010:473 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Jingulu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Wambaya |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Bunuba |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Walmajarri |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Nyulnyul |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Warrwa |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Worrorra |
yes |
|
31 |
|
|
1 |
| Garrwa |
yes |
|
51 |
|
|
1 |
| Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warlpiri |
yes |
|
n40 |
|
|
1 |
| Bardi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
yes |
|
84 |
|
|
1 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
yes |
|
97 |
|
|
1 |
| Yidiny |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yanyuwa |
yes |
|
141 |
|
|
1 |
| Yandruwandha |
yes |
|
126 |
|
|
1 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
yes |
|
39 |
|
|
1 |
| Woiwurrung |
yes |
|
74 |
|
|
1 |
| Wirangu |
yes |
|
115 |
|
|
1 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
yes |
|
H 43 |
|
|
1 |
| Warumungu |
yes |
|
33 |
|
|
1 |
| Wangkumara |
yes |
|
34 |
|
|
1 |
| Uradhi |
Yes |
|
363 |
|
|
1 |
| Paakantyi |
yes |
|
198, 203 |
|
|
1 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
yes |
|
202 |
|
|
1 |
| Pintupi |
yes |
|
168-169; 174-175 |
|
|
1 |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
yes |
|
90-91 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngiyambaa |
yes |
|
158 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngayawang |
yes |
|
15 |
|
|
1 |
| Muruwari |
yes |
|
155 |
|
|
1 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
yes |
|
56 |
|
|
1 |
| Martuthunira |
yes |
|
139 |
|
|
1 |
| Marrgany |
yes |
|
315-316 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
Yes |
|
353 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
yes |
|
92 |
|
|
1 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
yes |
|
407 |
|
|
1 |
| Kaurna |
yes |
|
16 |
|
|
1 |
| Kalkatungu |
yes |
|
45b |
|
|
1 |
| Jaru |
yes |
|
77 |
|
|
1 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
yes |
|
80 |
|
|
1 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
yes |
|
291 |
|
|
1 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
yes |
|
149 |
|
|
1 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
Yes |
|
70 |
|
|
1 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
55 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
yes |
|
70 |
|
|
1 |
| Djinang |
Yes |
|
167 |
|
|
1 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
yes |
|
85 |
|
|
1 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
yes |
|
55 |
|
|
1 |
| Darkinyung |
yes |
|
40 |
|
|
1 |
| Bularnu |
yes |
|
71 |
|
|
1 |
| Biri |
yes |
|
35-6 |
|
|
1 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
yes |
|
91 |
|
|
1 |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
yes |
|
163 |
|
|
1 |
| Alyawarr |
yes |
|
49 |
|
|
1 |
| Nyikina |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
Yes |
|
35 |
|
|
1 |
| Wathawurrung |
yes |
|
77-79 |
|
|
1 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
yes |
|
97 |
|
|
1 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
yes |
|
69 |
|
|
1 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
42-3 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
yes |
|
75 |
|
|
1 |
| Panyjima |
yes |
|
169 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngarinyeri |
yes |
|
42 |
|
|
1 |
| Kurrama |
yes |
|
120 |
|
|
1 |
| Yingkarta |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Githabul |
yes |
|
24 |
|
|
1 |
| Gunya |
yes |
|
325 |
|
|
1 |
| Kunjen |
yes |
|
108 |
|
|
1 |
| WesternTorres |
yes |
|
FO 136-7 |
|
|
1 |
| Wakaya |
yes |
|
209 |
|
|
1 |
| Yindjilindji |
yes |
|
510 |
|
|
1 |
| Bandjalang |
yes |
|
94 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
yes |
|
32 |
|
|
1 |
| Arrernte |
Yes |
|
169 |
|
|
1 |
| Kokatha |
Yes |
|
29 |
|
|
1 |
| Karajarri |
Yes |
|
165 |
|
|
1 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
Yes |
|
Y 8 |
|
|
1 |
| Ritharrngu |
Yes |
|
65 |
|
|
1 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
56 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
yes |
|
912 |
|
|
1 |
| Warnman |
Yes |
|
45 |
|
|
1 |
| Djapu |
yes |
|
71-2 |
|
|
1 |
| Bilinarra |
yes |
|
6.1.2.1 |
|
|
1 |
| Wiradjuri |
yes |
|
15 |
|
|
1 |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
70 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No info |
|
74 |
|
|
x |
| Tharrkari |
Yes |
|
38 |
|
|
1 |
| Wajarri |
Yes |
|
96 |
|
|
1 |
| Warungu |
yes |
|
260 |
|
|
1 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
yes |
|
Payne and Payne 1990:386 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
yes |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
