Bunuba

Family
Bunuban
Region
Australia
ISO 639-3
bck
Location
-17.69°, 125.60°
Notes
Features
Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Grammatical Data
Ethnographic Information
Data Sources
none


Basic Vocabulary (186)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
1pl.excl nosotros (exclusivo) nós (exclusivo) grammar [missing] missing
1pl.incl nosotros (inclusivo) nós (inclusivo) grammar [missing] missing
1sg yo eu grammar [missing] missing
2pl ustedes vocês grammar [missing] missing
2sg xx xx grammar [missing] missing
3pl ellos/ellas eles/elas grammar [missing] missing
3sg el/ella ele/ela grammar [missing] missing
above encima, arriba acima location rawurra
again de nuevo, otra vez de novo grammar [missing] missing
all todo todos other [missing] missing
and y e grammar ngana
ankle tobillo tornozelo body luwu unknown
armpit axila, sobaco axila body garri loan
ashamed xx xx mental [missing] missing
ashes xx xx environment [missing] missing
at en, a em, a location yuwa
back espalda costas body thanybarna inheritance
bad mal mal quality [missing] missing
be alive xx xx body [missing] missing
belly barriga barriga body gurda unknown
below abajo, debajo abaixo location baburru inheritance
big grande grande quality nyarna inheritance
bite morder morder body nganja- unknown
black negro preto colour gurngurnu unknown
blood sangre sangue body girliy inheritance
blow soplar soprar body bu- inheritance?
blunt xx xx quality [missing] missing
bone hueso osso body guju doubtful loan
boomerang xx xx manufacture [missing] missing
breast pecho, seno peito body ngamu inheritance
breathe respirar respirar body [missing] missing
burn quemar queimar environment dywiya?? unknown
chew masticar, mascar mastigar body minjala doubtful loan
child niño, niña criança human jugu fC, mS inheritance
climb subir subir motion bara- unknown
cloud nube nuvem environment ngumurru inheritance
cold frío frio quality ngirrilya unknown
come venir vir motion ward- briy- doubtful loan
cook cocinar cozinhar impact wug- wuba- inheritance
count contar contar mental [missing] missing
cry llorar chorar mental wala- inheritance
cut xx xx impact [missing] missing
die/be dead morir morrer state [missing] missing
dig cavar cavar impact wirriyga- inheritance
dingo/wolf fauna [missing] missing
dirty sucio sujo quality [missing] missing
dream soñar sonhar mental yajili- inheritance
drink beber, tomar beber body wulug- unknown
dry seco seco quality jumbulu unknown
dust polvo poeira environment thuninyi unknown
ear oreja orelha body bina loan
earth/soil tierra terra environment [missing] missing
eat comer comer body nga(g) inheritance
egg huevo ovo fauna gsmbinyi loan
eye ojo olho body murlu inheritance
faeces heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol fezes body gawaru unknown
fall caer cair motion jira-wu- unknown
far lejos longe quality jarraa unknown
fat/grease grasa gordura body [missing] missing
father padre, papá pai kinship ngawungu unknown
fear miedo medo mental yirabanngu unknown
feather pluma pena fauna jalmarra 'wing feather' loan
fire fuego fogo environment winthali unknown
fish xx xx fauna gawiy doubtful loan
flow fluir fluir motion lurru unknown
flower flor flor environment wirruwu unknown
fly volar voar motion [missing] missing
fog niebla, neblina nevoeira, bruma, neblina environment manybu unknown
foot pie body thinga inheritance
fruit fruta fruta flora [missing] missing
good bueno bom quality jalungurru doubtful loan
grow crecer crescer state dalja- unknown
hair (of head) cabello cabelo body [missing] missing
hand mano mão body mingali unknown
head cabeza cabeça body gungurlu loan
hear oír ouvir mental winyi- doubtful loan
heavy pesado pesado quality minthini, dirrili unknown
hide esconder esconder motion winyin.ga unknown
hit golpear, pegar bater impact duwa- unknown
hit (with hand) xx xx impact [missing] missing
hold correr, asegurar, sostener segurar other goorrij(ga) inheritance
how? como como grammar [missing] missing
if si se grammar [missing] missing
in/inside dentro, adentro dentro location [missing] missing
intestines intestinos intestinos body lirriy 'large intestine' inheritance
itch hormiguear, sentir comezón coçar body warirr unknown
kill matar matar impact dangayga- unknown
know/be knowledgeable saber, conecer saber, conhecer mental [missing] missing
lake lago lago environment [missing] missing
laugh reír rir mental gargarla- inheritance
leaf hoja folha environment wanjali unknown
left/left hand izquierdo esquerdo location/body [missing] missing
leg/foot pierna perna body [missing] missing
lie down acostarse, echarse deitar motion baga- inheritance
lightning rayo, relámpago relampago environment malngirri thunder.lightning doubtful loan
liver hígado figado body mirliy loan
long largo comprido, longo quality girrabu, girrabunngarri inheritance
louse piollo, piojo piolho fauna lun.ga unknown
lung pulmón pulmão body gawu loan
man/male hombre homem human [missing] missing
meat/flesh carne carne fauna mulha
moon luna lua environment girlinymana unknown
mother madre, mamá mãe kinship ngarranyi doubtful loan
mouth boca boca body thangarni inheritance
name nombre nome human yingiy doubtful loan
nape base del cuello, nuca nuca body [missing] missing
near/close cerca de perto quality [missing] missing
neck cuello pescoço body winyi unknown
new nuevo novo quality yaninggaya inheritance
night noche noite time maaningga inheritance
no/not no não grammar [missing] missing
nose nariz nariz body wura unknown
old viejo velho quality jiraliga unknown
one uno um number yuwarna inheritance
open/uncover abrir abrir other [missing] missing
other otro outro grammar ngaala unknown
person/human being persona pessoa human [missing] missing
pimple xx xx body [missing] missing
rain lluvia chuva environment winjiy unknown
red rojo vermelho colour marlmarli unknown
right/right hand derecha direita location/body jada loan
road/path camino caminho manufacture [missing] missing
roof xx xx manufacture [missing] missing
root raíz raiz flora wanamirndi unknown
rotten podrido podre quality muthura unknown
sand arena areia environment walyarra loan
say decir dizer mental ra, wurla unique
scratch rascar rasgar impact warirr- unknown
see ver ver mental mila- inheritance
sharp afilado, filudo, filoso afiado quality nayirri unknown
shoot tirar, disparar, balear atirar impact bantha-, baynga- unknown
short corto curto quality nada doubtful loan
shoulder hombro ombro body girlirli unknown
sick xx xx body [missing] missing
sit sentar(se) sentar state yatha- wurrba 'sit down unknown
skin piel pele body birlina unknown
sky cielo céu environment birrinyi doubtful loan
sleep dormir dormir body nyungga unknown
small pequeño pequeno quality mabilyi unknown
smell (tr/intr) xx xx body [missing] missing
smoke humo fumaça environment binja unknown
spit escupir cuspir body [missing] missing
split partir, dividir rachar, dividir, partir impact [missing] missing
squeeze estrujar, exprimir espremer impact julya- unknown
stab/pierce apuñalar, acuchillar apunhalar impact [missing] missing
stand estar de pié ficar em pé state wara- inheritance
star estrella estrela environment wardanyi loan
steal robar roubar other bananggarra-, wuruga- unknown
stone piedra pedra environment rarrgi unknown
suck chupar chupar body [missing] missing
sun sol sol time [missing] missing
sweat sudar suor, suar body nguyulu unknown
swell hincharse inchar body [missing] missing
swim nadar nadar motion bayala- inheritance
tail cola, rabo rabo body nyawa doubtful loan
that ese/esa esse grammar ngurru inheritance
thick grueso, gordo, espeso grosso quality [missing] missing
thin delgado fino quality minybali, munybal unknown
think pensar pensar mental liga- unknown
this este/esta este grammar ngirnda(ji) unknown
three tres tres number ngarlgurru unknown
throat garganta garganta body winyi unknown
throw tirar, lanzar atirar, jogar impact garra- unknown
thunder truenos trovão environment malngirri (also lightning) unknown
tie up/fasten atar, amarrar amarrar impact [missing] missing
tongue lengua lingua body thalanyi loan
tooth diente dente body minju inheritance
true xx xx quality [missing] missing
turn girar, volter, torcer virar other gurnaga- inheritance
two dos dois number thurranda unknown
vomit vomitar vomitar body gulmurr- unknown
walk caminar, andar andar motion warara- inheritance
water agua agua environment garuwa unknown
wet mojado molhado quality jirri unknown
what? que, qué que grammar nginjaga unknown
when? cuando quando grammar nginjayha unknown
where? donde onde grammar ngaa unknown
white blanco branco colour nginangara unknown
who? quien, quién quem grammar ngunda inheritance
wife esposa esposa kinship manggay unknown
wind viento vento environment giriywa unknown
wing ala asa body jalmarra wing feather loan
woman/female mujer mulher human [missing] missing
work trabajar trabalhar other [missing] missing
yawn bostezar bocejar body gambay- unknown
yellow amarillo amarelo colour gumbarri loan


Flora Fauna Vocabulary (138)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Linnean Name Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Etymology Notes Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Range of Term Word Structure Word Structure Notes Classifier Classifier Notes Hypernym Source Association with Social Categories Ritual/Mythologically Significant Ritual Notes Food Source Food Notes Medicinal Medicinal Notes How Collected Who Collects How Prepared Psychotropic Psychotropic Notes Traded Trade Notes Distribution Habitat Dangerous Ethnobiology Notes Species Notes General Notes
agile wallaby, river wallaby flora-fauna Macropus agilis wangay wangay unique or could be wanjirri; Gooniyandi no info underived 0 1 0 0 0 no
ant (generic) hormiga formiga flora-fauna Formicidae thawunu thawunu inheritance thawurnu Bunuban Gooniyandi miki loan underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
Australian pelican flora-fauna Pelecanus conspicillatus mayada mayada loan Worrorran Also >Nyikina,Walmajarri WW %mayarta underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
Australian snubfin dolphin flora-fauna Orcaella heinsohnii missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
baler shell flora-fauna Melo amphora missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
bandicoot flora-fauna Peramelemorphia missing 0 0 0 0 0
barn owl flora-fauna Tyto alba duwumbu duwumbu loan into protolanguage tumpu Bunuban Worrorran also in Kija WW %dumbi underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
barramundi flora-fauna Lates calcarifer balga balga inheritance palka Bunuban loan into Walmajarri, Jaru WW %palka underived 1 1 0 0 0 no
bat murciélago morcego flora-fauna Chiroptera spp bangali parnkali loan Jarragan loan into various; Worrorra parnkalya - source? WW %parnkal underived 0 1 0 0 0 no
bindii, caltrop flora-fauna Tribulus terrestris gili gili inheritance kirli Bunuban loan into Nyikina WW %kirli underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
bird pajaro, ave passaro flora-fauna jirigi tyiriki loan into protolanguage tyiriki Bunuban Jarragan tyirek>tyurlak - WW WW %tyiriki underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
black-breasted buzzard flora-fauna Hamirostra melanosternon ganjali ganjali inheritance Gooniyandi unknown underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
black-faced cuckoo-shrike flora-fauna Coracina novaehollandiae missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
black-headed python flora-fauna Aspidites melanocephalus buwunyungu buwunyungu inheritance puwunyungu Bunuban Gooniyandi unknown underived 0 2 0 0 0 no
black-soil yam flora-fauna Ipomoea diamantinensis yinngani yinngani unique underived 0 1 0 0 0 no
bloodwood flora-fauna Eucalyptus (Corymbia) bleeseri muraga muraga inheritance muraka Bunaban underived 0 1 1 0 0 no
blowfly maggots flora-fauna Diptera, Sarcophagidae bininyi bininyi loan into protolanguage piyin Bunuban Nyulnyulan WW %pininy underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
blue-tongue lizard flora-fauna Tiliqua species lunggura lunggura loan Jaru WW %lungkurt underived 0 1 0 0 0 no
blue-winged kookaburra flora-fauna Dacelo leachii jawawurru jawawurru loan into protolanguage tyawawurru Bunaban S.Jarragan WW %tyalkururru underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
bluebone flora-fauna Choerodon cyanodus missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
brolga flora-fauna Grus rubicunda gurranda kurranta loan into protolanguage kurrantal Bunaban Jarragan WW %kurrantal underived 1 0 0 0 0 no
brown goshawk flora-fauna Accipiter fasciatus ganjali unknown kite hawk missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
brush-tailed possum flora-fauna Trichosurus vulpecula missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
bush cockroach flora-fauna (many species) bininyi bininyi loan into protolanguage piyin Bunaban Jarragan WW %pininy underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
bush stone-curlew flora-fauna Burhinus grallarius missing missing 1 0 0 0 0 no
bush tobacco flora-fauna Lobelia quadrangularis missing missing 0 0 0 1 0 no
bush turkey, Australian bustard flora-fauna Ardeotis australis galamuda kalamuta inheritance kalamuta Bunuban also given for blacksoil yam underived 0 1 0 0 0 no
bush yam flora-fauna Vigna lanceolata var. lanceolata yinngani yinngani unique underived 0 1 2 0 1 no
butterfly, moth mariposa borboleta flora-fauna Lepidoptera walimarrgu walimarrgu loan S.Jarragan underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
carpet snake flora-fauna Morelia spilota missing 0 1 0 0 0
caterpillar flora-fauna Lepidoptera nurangarri nurangarri inheritance nurangarri Bunuban but nura-ngarri having ? derived? 0 0 0 0 0 no
catfish flora-fauna (many species) mulurru mulurru inheritance mulurru Bunuban underived 0 1 0 0 0 no
centipede ciempiés centopéia flora-fauna Chilopoda, Myriapoda ganbarri ganbarri inheritance kanparri Bunuban underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
channel-billed cuckoo flora-fauna Scythops novaehollandiae gulara unknown cuckoo'sp uncertain missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
crested pigeon flora-fauna Ocyphaps lophotes balarara balarara inheritance palarara Bunuban loan into Proto-Language from Nyikina? reduplicated partial 0 0 0 0 0 no
darter/cormorant flora-fauna Anhinga melanogaster, Phalacrocorax species missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
death adder, five-minute snake flora-fauna Acanthophis praelongus ngalana ngalana inheritance ngalana Bunuban underived 0 0 0 0 0 yes
dingo flora-fauna Canis familiaris dingo yawurragi yawurragi inheritance yawurraki Bunuban underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
dog (camp, domestic) perro cachorro flora-fauna Canis familiaris tharra tharra inheritance tharra Bunuban underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
duck pato pato, marreco flora-fauna Anatidae jibilyugu jibilyugu loan into protolanguage tyipilyuku Bunuban Jarragan WW WW %tyipily underived 0 1 0 0 0 no
dugong flora-fauna Dugon dugong missing missing 1 1 0 0 0 no
earthworm flora-fauna Annelida, Oligochaeta missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
emu flora-fauna Dromaius novaehollandiae gananganja gananganja loan into protolanguage karnanganytyja Bunuban Walmajarri WW also in Queensland (Wambaya, Warluwarric) Marrngu further? WW %karnanganytya underived 2 1 2 0 0 no
fish (generic) pez peixe flora-fauna gawiy gawiy loan into protolanguage kawi Bunuban Jarragan kapi 'water' in N. Jarragan , 'fish' in Walmajarri WW %kapi underived 0 1 0 0 0 N/A
flower flora-fauna (NA) wirruwu wirruwu unique underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
blowfly/housefly mosca mosca flora-fauna Diptera ngirrinyi ngirrinyi loan into protolanguage ngirrinyi Bunuban Walmajarri WW %ngurriny underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
flying-fox (generic) flora-fauna (many species) jarringgi tyarringgi loan tyarrinyki Jarragan underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
freshwater crocodile flora-fauna Crocodylus johnstoni lalanggarra lalanggarra loan into protolanguage lalangkarra Bunuban Worrorran sea in North WW %lalangkarra underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
freshwater mussel flora-fauna Velesunio wilsoni bambarri bambarri unique underived 0 1 0 0 0 no
freshwater prawn flora-fauna Macrobrachium rosenbergii missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
frill-necked lizard flora-fauna Chlamydosaurus kingii wawili wawili inheritance wawulu Bunuban loan into Jarragan underived 0 1 0 0 0 no
frog (generic) flora-fauna (many species) balngawuna balngawuna loan Jaru underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
galah flora-fauna Eolophus roseicapilla gilinygiliny loan direction unknown 0 0 0 0 0
turtle (generic) flora-fauna (many species) waywurru waywurru loan Jarragan underived 0 1 0 0 0 no
ghost gum flora-fauna Eucalyptus papuana (Corymbia bella) walarri walarri unknown Jarragan WW %walarri underived 2 0 1 0 0 no
goanna (generic) or sand goanna flora-fauna Varanus spp ganbararra ganbararra unique underived 0 1 2 0 0 no
grass hierba, pasto capim, grama flora-fauna (NA) bilgi bilgi inheritance pirlki Bunuban assuming Goon gilirni <thorn word underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
grasshopper flora-fauna Orthoptera gindili kintili unknown Goon missing underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
great bowerbird flora-fauna Chlamydera nuchalis juwijbani juwijbani loan Ngarinyin or Worrorran<Bunuba WW %tyuwity underived 1 0 0 0 0 no
green ant flora-fauna Oecophylla smaragdina missing missing 0 2 2 0 0 no
green sea turtle flora-fauna Chelonia mydas missing missing 1 1 0 0 0 no
green tree snake flora-fauna Dendrelaphis punctulata missing missing 0 2 0 0 0 no
head/body lice flora-fauna Pediculus capitis, Pediculus humanus lun ga lun ga unique underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
horse caballo cavalho flora-fauna Equus caballus yawada yawada loan Marrngu WW from SW Aus 'kangaroo sp' WW %yawarta underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
hummingbird colibrí, picaflor (Peru) beija-flor flora-fauna Trochilidae missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
humpback whale flora-fauna Megaptera novaeangliae missing missing 1 1 0 0 0 no
insect (generic) insecto insecto flora-fauna generic missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
jabiru flora-fauna Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus missing 0 0 0 0 0
jungle-fowl (scrub-fowl) flora-fauna Megapodius freycinet thindijali thindijali unknown underived 0 1 0 0 0 no
kangaroo (generic) flora-fauna Macropodidae walamba walamba inheritance walampa underived 2 1 0 0 0 no
land snail flora-fauna Gastropoda missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
magpie goose flora-fauna Anseranas semipalmata missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
military dragon flora-fauna Ctenophorus isolepis, Diporiphora spp., Lophognathus spp. missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
mosquito mosquito, zancudo mosquito, carapana flora-fauna Anopheles spp, Isoptera gulinyi gulinyi loan into protolanguage kiwiliny Ngumpin-Yapa kiwili in Jaru , kiwiny in others WW %kulinyi underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
mud wasp, hornet flora-fauna (many species) missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
native bee flora-fauna (many species) wida wida inheritance wita underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
native cat flora-fauna Dasyurus missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
northern brown bandicoot flora-fauna Isoodon macrourus missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
northern kurrajong flora-fauna Brachychiton diversifolius missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
nut tree flora-fauna Terminalia grandifolia missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
octopus flora-fauna Octopus australis missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
pandanus palm flora-fauna Pandanus spiralis yarrara yarrara unknown underived 1 1 0 0 1 no
paperbark flora-fauna Melaleuca sericea, Melaleuca stenostachya wulu wulu unique underived 0 0 1 0 0 no
peaceful dove flora-fauna Geopelia placida milwirri milwirri inheritance marrwirli Bunuban underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
pearlshell flora-fauna Pinctada spp jagula jagula loan Worrorran WW %tyakuli underived 1 1 0 0 1 no
peewee flora-fauna Gryllina cyanoleuca diyadiya diyadiya inheritance tiyatiya Bunuban reduplicated 0 0 0 0 0 no
pied butcherbird flora-fauna Cracticus nigrogularis gurriranggul gurriranggul inheritance kurrirangkul Bunuban loan into Jarragan underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
pike eel flora-fauna Muraenesox arabicus missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
praying mantis, stick insects mantis religiosa louva-a-deus flora-fauna Mantodea widigi widigi unknown underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
prickle bush flora-fauna Sclerolaena bicornis missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
quail (generic) flora-fauna Coturnix species, Turnix species missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
red river gum flora-fauna Eucalyptus camaldulensis garringga garringga inheritance karringka Bunuban loan into Kija underived 2 0 1 0 1 no
red-tailed black-cockatoo flora-fauna Calyptorhynchus banksi dirrari dirrari loan Jarragan WW %tirra underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
riflefish, archerfish flora-fauna Toxotes chatareus girrwali girrwali inheritance kirrwali Bunuban underived 0 1 0 0 0 no
river mangrove flora-fauna Aegicera corniculatum mala loan Jarragan missing 0 0 2 0 1 no
rock fig flora-fauna Ficus brachypoda gunanggi gunanggi unknown cfJarragan tyikere - wrong r underived 0 1 0 0 0 no
sacred kingfisher flora-fauna Todiramphus sancta jiyirri jiyirri unknown underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
saltwater crocodile flora-fauna Crocodylus porosus linygurra linygurra loan into protolanguage linykurra Eastern Nyulnyulan WW %linykurra underived 2 2 0 0 0 yes
saltwater mussel flora-fauna Mytilidae missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
sawfish flora-fauna Pristis pectinata missing missing 1 0 0 0 0 yes
scorpion escorpión; alacran escorpião flora-fauna Arachnida, Scorpiones milalani milalani inheritance milaluwa Bunuban underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
shark (generic) flora-fauna Selachimorpha missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 variable
shell (generic) flora-fauna unknown missing 0 1 0 0 1 no
short-beaked echidna flora-fauna Tachyglossus aculeatus gayangurru gayangurru unique underived 0 2 0 0 0 no
snake (generic) culebra, serpiente cobra flora-fauna bilanyi bilanyi inheritance pirlanyi Bunuban cf. Jam. Pulany WW %pulany underived 0 1 0 0 0 N/A
snappy gum flora-fauna Eucalyptus brevifolia walarri walarri inheritance warlarri other related forms not in sheet WW %warlarri underived 0 0 1 0 0 no
spider araña aranha flora-fauna Arachnida, Araneae baanu baanu doubtful loan paarn Bunuban loan from Nyulnyulan 'scorpion' with meaning change or vice versa? WW %paarn underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
spinifex flora-fauna Triodia species missing missing type; also <irri [?<] missing 0 0 2 0 0 no
spoonbills (yellow-billed spoonbill, black-billed spoonbill) flora-fauna Platalea flavipes, Platalea regia bulungbulung bulungbulung unique alt pulumpulung cf Gur pulumpulu WW %pulungpulung reduplicated 0 0 0 0 0 no
stingray (generic) rayas látigo, raya arraia flora-fauna Dasyatidae missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 variable
stripe-faced dunnart flora-fauna Sminthopsis macroura unknown marsupial mouse missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
sugarbag wax flora-fauna missing only spinifex wax in list missing 1 1 0 0 0 no
sulphur-crested cockatoo flora-fauna Cacatua galerita gurarri gurarri unique underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
swamp eel flora-fauna Ophisternon gutturale lanyi lanyi inheritance Kija or loan Bun>Kija? underived 0 1 0 0 0 no
swamp leech flora-fauna Annelida, Hirudinea missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
tawny frogmouth flora-fauna Podargus strigoides thiyila thiyila inheritance thiyiilka Bunuban loan into Yawuru tyuli underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
termite mounds, ant hills flora-fauna Isoptera milnggi milnggi unique mungkul cf. Miriwung mungku-ng underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
termites, white-ants comején (Peru), termitas cupim flora-fauna (many species) lamburra lamburra unique underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
ti-tree flora-fauna Melaleuca bracteata jiyinjili jiyinjili loan direction unknown Kija underived 0 0 1 0 0 no
tick garrapata carrapato flora-fauna Arachnida, Acarina missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
tiger shark flora-fauna Galeocerdo cuvier missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 yes
torresian crow flora-fauna Corvus orru wanggura wanggura loan into protolanguage wangkurii Bunuban Miriwung WW WW %wangkurri underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
tree árbol arvore flora-fauna (NA) lurndu lurndu unique underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
waterlily flora-fauna Nymphaea macrosperma gadjari gadjari loan Jarragan underived 0 1 2 0 0 no
wattle flora-fauna Acacia difficilis warrgali warrgali loan into protolanguage warrkarli Bunuban areal underived 0 0 1 0 1 no
wedge-tailed eagle flora-fauna Aquila audax warrana warrana loan Jarragan WW incl warrikana, tiwarna? WW %warrana underived 1 0 0 0 0 no
willie wagtail flora-fauna Rhipidura leucophrys jindiwirrinyi jindiwirrinyi loan into protolanguage tyintiwirrinyi Bunuban WW WW %tyintipirri underived 1 0 0 0 0 no
witchetty grub flora-fauna (many species) lajini lajini loan l Miriwung WW %latyu underived 0 1 2 0 0 no
woma flora-fauna Aspidites ramsayii missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
tree árbol arvore flora-fauna [missing] missing
ant (generic) hormiga formiga flora-fauna thawunu
bird pajaro, ave passaro flora-fauna jirigi doubtful loan
blowfly/housefly mosca mosca flora-fauna [missing] missing
dog (camp, domestic) perro cachorro flora-fauna tharra inheritance
grass hierba, pasto capim, grama flora-fauna birlgi unknown
kangaroo (generic) flora-fauna [missing] missing
snake (generic) culebra, serpiente cobra flora-fauna birlanyi inheritance
spider araña aranha flora-fauna baarnu inheritance


Cultural Vocabulary (111)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Word Structure Word Structure Notes General Notes Source
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven tierra do los muertos terra dos mortos culture-mythology missing
armband dress missing
awl subsistence tool missing
axe/stone axe hacha (de piedra) machado (de pedra) subsistence tool kurra loan Walmajarri WW %kurrwa
bag (string) culture-material wiyitiy unique
bait for fishing cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru) isca subsistence tool missing
basket (general) canasta, canasto, cesta cesto culture-material missing
body feather decorations culture-mythology missing tyalmarra wing feather tyalmarra wing feather
boomerang/throwing stick (generic) subsistence tool paltyarrangi loan Kija WW %paltyarrangi returning; kali non-returning non-returning; paltyarrangi, karli returning
boomerang (number 7) subsistence tool missing
boomerang (small) subsistence tool missing
bowl (coolamon) culture-material yamati inheritance
broom escoba vassoura culture-material missing
canoe canoa canoa transport kalwaya loan Nyikina WW %kalpiya double log raft double log raft
cicatrice culture-mythology missing
clapsticks culture-mythology missing
club (nulla-nulla) subsistence tool muwurru inheritance
cook food food wupa- inheritance
cook in earth oven food missing
damper food mayi inheritance veg food veg food
dance (generic) culture-mythology purity inheritance play, dance play, dance
digging stick subsistence tool kananyi loan Gajirrabeng WW %kana1
dipper (small coolamon) subsistence tool missing
dream sueño, soñar sonho, sonhar culture-mythology yatyili- inheritance VERB
dreaming culture-mythology ngarrangkarni loan direction unknown WW %ngarrangkarni dreamtime dreamtime
drone pipe culture-mythology missing
fire drill subsistence tool kungkala loan Jingulu WW %kungkale
fire-saw other missing
fireplace hogar lareira other pirrki inheritance charcoal charcoal
firewood leña lenha other winthali unique
fish poison barbasco, matapez (Colombia) timbó subsistence tool missing
fish (with fish-poison) pescar con barbasco, barbasquear pescar com timbó; tinguijar food missing
fish (with line) anzuelear, pescar con linea pescar (com linha) food karra-ra inheritance go throwing eg fishing line go throwing eg fishing line
fish (with spear) food missing
fishing line cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze linha de pesca subsistence tool missing
fishtrap (permanent) subsistence tool missing
fishtrap (woven) subsistence tool missing
flour (European) food mayi inheritance
flour (bush) food missing
game animal caza, animal de caza caça, animal de caça food miyha inheritance
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio espirito culture-mythology mamu loan direction unknown WW %mamu perhaps from Western Desert perhaps from Western Desert
glue subsistence tool kantiy unknown spiniex resin spiniex resin
grave tumba, sepultura, sepulcro sepultura, sepulcro, cova culture-mythology missing nawanu hole in ground, cave; use for grave not indicated nawanu hole in ground, cave; use for grave not indicated
grog food karuwa semantic shift < water, unique < water, unique
hair belt dress missing
headband dress missing
healer curandero benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano) culture-mythology tyalngkangurru inheritance
honey miel mel food tyimarni inheritance
house (European) other mayaru loan Walmajarri WW %mayaru
hunt cazar caçar food missing
initiation (circumcision) culture-mythology missing
initiation (circumcision) culture-mythology missing
knife cuchillo faca culture-material missing
loincloth taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla tanga, tapa-sexo dress missing
love song culture-mythology missing
mangrove raft transport kalwaya loan direction unknown WW %kalpiya from language with lenition; <kalpiya from language with lenition; <kalpiya
message stick culture-mythology missing
mortar mortero pilão subsistence tool palanytya unique WW %palawan seed grinding not in north seed grinding not in north
nosepeg other missing
paddle/oar remo remo transport missing
ochre culture-mythology piltyi loan direction unknown WW %piltyi red ochre
paint body, body paint pintura corporal pintura corporal culture-mythology pa-ni- inheritance
pestle pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor mão de pilão subsistence tool missing
pipe for tobacco pipa cachimbo other missing
public song cycle culture-mythology missing
red paint culture-mythology piltyi missing WW %piltyi
resin resina, brea, copal resina, brea, breu subsistence tool kantiy unknown
salt sal sal food missing
shelter (native) other mangana unique also camp, windbreak
song (generic) canción, canto canção culture-mythology missing
song (for entertainment) culture-mythology missing
spear lanza lança subsistence tool tyinali loan Ngarinyin WW %jinal
spear (fighting) subsistence tool missing
spear (fishing) subsistence tool missing
spearthrower subsistence tool ngawalu loan Gajirrabeng WW %ngapale
speartip subsistence tool tyimpila loan direction unknown WW %tyimpila bottle spear' bottle spear'
string (from hair) culture-material missing
string (from vine) culture-material missing tyiliwa -sinew, string
sugar acculturation walyarra semantic shift <sand;loan from Walmajarri?
tea food nalitya loan Mudburra WW %nalitya via intermediate languages via intermediate languages
tobacco (European) narcotics missing
tobacco (native) narcotics missing
spirit child culture-mythology ray loan direction unknown WW %raya
wax cera cera other kantiy unknown spinifex wax
white paint culture-mythology mawurru loan Kija WW %mawurru
windbreak other mangana unique
yandy (n) culture-material missing
school escuela escola acculturation missing
net subsistence tool rampurra inheritance
bottle botella garrafa acculturation missing
paper papel papel acculturation wulu semantic shift <paperbark
corpse food missing
chicken gallina galinha acculturation missing
tree coffin culture-mythology missing
clothing ropa roupa culture-mythology mampu missing
skirt falda, saya, fustan, pollera saia culture-material missing
shoes zapatos sapatos dress missing
medicine narcotics missing
earth oven food karanya inheritance cf. Goon. Karanyi
policeman polícia policía acculturation limpa loan Karajarri WW %limpa
cat gato gato acculturation missing
gun arma, escopeta espingarda, fusil acculturation missing
hat sombero chapéu dress missing
rope/string mecate, cuerda, soga corda culture [missing] missing
bottom grinding stone manufacture balanja 'grinding stone' unknown
digging stick subsistence tool gananyi loan
winnow aventar, tirar (sementes) joeirar manufacture thirridga- unknown
top grinding stone metate, mano; piedra de moler metate, mano manufacture gurra 'stone axe' loan
spearthrower subsistence tool ngawalu inheritance
spear lanza lança subsistence tool jinali inheritance
house other mayaru loan


Grammatical Data (295)
Category Grammatical Feature Grammatical Feature: Notes Feature Status Grammatical Notes Source Etymology Notes General Notes Phylogenetic Code
Phonology - Segmental Pre-/post-nasalized stops Analysis posits that the stop is the most relevant underlying phoneme. Comment in notes on whether the nasal contour is understood as a phonetic (allophonic) effect, or is phonologically contrastive. no 0
Phonology - Segmental Glottalized/ejective consonants Phonemic contrast [NOT counting glottal stop/fricative] no 0
Phonology - Segmental Palatalized stops Phonemic contrast yes 1
Phonology - Segmental Phonemic vowel length Does the language have long and short vowels? yes 1
Phonology - Segmental Phonemic glottalization/laryngealization of vowels no 0
Phonology - Segmental Complex onsets Onset consists of more than one consonant phoneme no 0
Phonology - Segmental No codas *(C)VC [no also equals highly constrained] no 0
Phonology - Segmental Word-final coda required Do all syllables end in a consonant? no 0
Phonology - Suprasegmental Contrastive tones Note how many contrastive tones no 0
Phonology - Suprasegmental Contrastive stress Does stress occur on different syllables with meaning difference? no 0
Phonology - Suprasegmental Nasalization property of morpheme or syllable In contrast to nasalization as a property of segments no 0
Phonology - Suprasegmental Nasal spreading across some morpheme boundaries Do some affixes or other morphemes take the nasal/oral properties of the root they attach to? no 0
Phonology - Suprasegmental Vowel harmony no 0
Morphology - General Verbal fusion (2+ categories marked by portmanteau morphemes on verb) Verb combines two or more categories (tense, aspect, mood, person, number, etc.) in portmanteau morphemes{ [ignore proclitics unless they are fused with values other than person/number] yes 1
Morphology - General Inflection manifested by replacement of segmental or suprasegmental phonemes Stem change, tone no 0
Morphology - General Verbal synthesis (1+ inflectional categories marked by verbal affixes) Morphological complexity in verbs - multiple inflectional affixes in a single verb word yes 1
Morphology - General Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly prefixing There are many more prefixes than suffixes no 0
Morphology - General Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly suffixing There are many more suffixes than prefixes no 0
Morphology - General Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: roughly equal or one weakly preferred The numbers of suffixes and prefixes are not notably different yes 1
Morphology - General Reduplication: full The full morpheme is reduplicated yes 1
Morphology - General Reduplication: partial Only part of the morpheme is reduplicated yes 1
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs Productive NN compounding Noun compounds created from two noun phrases are common and systematically produced no info x
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs Productive VV serialization (without compounding) Verb roots can be combined in a single predicate without markers of subordination (distinct from subordinating construction) or distinct inflection no info x
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs Productive VV compounding Serial verb constructions involve chaining of roots together in one morphophonological word no info x
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs Verb-adjunct (aka light verb) constructions There is a set of semantically weak verbs used in complex verbal constructions, e.g. 'take a nap' yes 1
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs Auxiliary verb(s) There are verbs that accompany main verbs of clauses and take grammatical marking not expressed by main verbs no 0
Morphology - Incorporation Incorporation of nouns into verbs is a productive intransitivizing process Verb contains nominal segment no 0
Morphology - Incorporation Productive incorporation of other elements (adjectives, locatives, etc.) into verbs Like noun incorporation, but incorporated elements are not nouns no 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Noun classes/genders Nouns are organized into sets with distinct morphological treatment; usually affects all nouns and involves agreement within the NP no 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Number of noun classes/genders Note the (approximate) total number of noun classes/genders no 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Noun classifiers (distinct from noun classes/genders) Nouns are organized into sets, but only a limited set of nouns may be implicated, with no or limited agreement marking. If only numeral classifiers exist, indicate yes but explain. no 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for animates Masculine, feminine, neuter no 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for inanimates no 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Animacy (w/o reference to sex) is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system Animate/inanimate, human/non-human no 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Sex/gender distinction only in 3rd person pronouns add in notes section whether gender is present in other PNs or not in any PNs; consider with reference to pronouns and person marking only no 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for animates no 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for inanimates no 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification "Repeater" classifiers Where no distinct classifier exists, a copy of the noun itself may function in the morphosyntactic classifier "slot" no 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Numeral classifiers (specific to numerals) Special classifier forms that occur only with numerals no 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Classifiers used as derivational suffixes to derive nouns Verb + classifier = 'thing for doing V, thing that does V, etc.' no 0
Nominal Categories - Number Singular number may be marked on the noun Often occurs in a small subset of nouns if a single entity is referred to, e.g. insects that normally occur in groups no 0
Nominal Categories - Number Plural affix on noun yes 1
Nominal Categories - Number Plural marked by stem change or tone on noun no 0
Nominal Categories - Number Plural marked by reduplication of noun yes 1
Nominal Categories - Number Plural word/clitic no 0
Nominal Categories - Number Plural marked on human or animate nouns only no 0
Nominal Categories - Number Pronominal plural: stem + nominal plural affix Pronouns use a nominal plural affix not specific to pronouns yes 1
Nominal Categories - Number Unique associative plural marker e.g. 'John and his associates', 'John and them' no info x
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity Definite or specific articles Definite = particular referent known to both speaker and addressee; specific = particular referent known to speaker only no 0
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity Marker of definiteness distinct from demonstratives Focus on articles/markers whose primary function is to mark definiteness no 0
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity Indefinite or non-specific article or marker no 0
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity Inclusive/exclusive: in free pronominals Inclusive =us + you, exclusive = us but not you yes 1
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity Inclusive/exclusive: in verbal inflection (bound) yes 1
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity Distance contrasts in demonstratives (number) Note the number of distances in the demonstrative system yes 1
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity Other contrasts in demonstratives (visibility, elevation, etc.) no 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Gender in 3sg pronouns no 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Gender in 3pl pronouns no 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Gender in 1st and/or 2nd person pronouns no 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Formal/informal distinction in pronouns Polite pronominal variants or differential avoidance of pronouns no 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Reflexive pronouns e.g. English 'himself', Spanish 'se'; distinct form(s) from basic (non-reflexive) pronominals; distinct from reflexive verbal affix no 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Adpositions mark core NPs Prepositions or postpositions mark subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients no 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: number of cases Note the number of grammatical relations that may be morphologically marked on the noun yes 1
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: only non-core arguments morphologically marked Subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients NOT marked, but other grammatical relations are no 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: symmetrical All NPs marked if in appropriate syntactic relation; no distinction in marking based on semantics (type of entity) yes 1
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: asymmetrical Semantically defined subset of NPs marked for case, e.g. animates yes 1
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: suffix or postpositional clitic no 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: prefix or prepositional clitic no 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: infix or inpositional clitic yes 1
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: stem change no 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: tone no 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: comitative = instrumental Same marking for 'with a person' and 'with an instrument' no 0
Nominal Categories - Numerals Base-2 At least some part of the system involves base-2 no 0
Nominal Categories - Numerals Base-5 At least some part of the system involves base-5 no 0
Nominal Categories - Numerals Base-10 At least some part of the system involves base-10 no 0
Nominal Categories - Numerals Other base (specify) 4, 20, etc. no 0
Nominal Categories - Numerals Etymological transparency in any numerals under 5 e.g. two = 'eye-quantity' no 0
Nominal Categories - Numerals Numerals do not go above 5 'Many' or some other non-exact term used yes 1
Nominal Categories - Numerals Numerals do not go above 10 'Many' or some other non-exact term used yes 1
Nominal Categories - Other nominal Tense or aspect inflection on non-verbal predicates i.e. nominal or adjectival no 0
Nominal Categories - Other nominal Person inflection on non-verbal predicates i.e. nominal or adjectival no 0
Nominal Syntax - Possession Pronominal possessive affixes: prefix on N alienable/inalienable? no 0
Nominal Syntax - Possession Pronominal possessive affixes: suffix on N alienable/inalienable? no 0
Nominal Syntax - Possession Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: dependent e.g. 'the boy-'s dog' yes 1
Nominal Syntax - Possession Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: head e.g. 'the boy his-dog' no 0
Nominal Syntax - Possession Possessive classifiers There are special classifiers that occur with possessed entities no 0
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability Morphological marking of inalienable possession Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the former takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun) no 0
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability Morphological marking of alienable possession Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the latter takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun) yes 1
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability Default marker for inalienably possessed nouns if unpossessed An inalienable noun that is in an unpossessed state must have a derivational affix or associated form no 0
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability Inalienable possession of kin terms 'my-father' but *father no info x
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability Inalienable possession of body parts (human/animal) 'my-leg' but *leg yes 1
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability Generic human nouns are obligatorily bound/possessed Human nouns must co-occur with another noun (e.g. Hup-man, NonIndian-woman, but *man) no 0
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives Underived adjectives There are underived adjectives which do not have counterparts in other word classes yes 1
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives Gender inflection on adjectives within the NP There is gender agreement/concord (animate/inanimate or masc/fem, etc.) within the NP, e.g. la casa blanca, el perro blanco no 0
Nominal Syntax - Derivation Productive nominalizing morphology: action/state (arrive/arrival) There is a morpheme which derives an event from a verb no info x
Nominal Syntax - Derivation Productive nominalizing morphology: agentive (sing/singer) There is a morpheme which derives an agent or subject from a verb no info x
Nominal Syntax - Derivation Productive nominalizing morphology: object (sing/song) There is a morpheme which derives a patient or object from a verb no info x
Nominal Syntax - Derivation Productive verbalizing morphology There is a morpheme which derives a verb from a noun or adjective no info x
Nominal Syntax - Other NP coordination and comitative phrases marked differently 'John and Mary went to market' is marked differently from 'John went to market with Mary' yes 1
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Dedicated past marker(s) Past tense is regularly morphologically marked on the verb or elsewhere yes 1
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Multiple past tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference e.g. distant vs. recent past no 0
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Multiple future tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference e.g. imminent vs. distant future no 0
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Dedicated future or non-past marker(s) yes 1
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Tense-aspect affixes: prefix yes 1
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Tense-aspect affixes: suffix yes 1
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Tense-aspect affixes: tone or ablaut no 0
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Tense-aspect suppletion no 0
Verbal Categories - Mood Dedicated imperative morpheme or verb form There is a special morpheme (or morphemes, or a bare verb root where inflection is normally expected) used to signal imperative (command) mood no 0
Verbal Categories - Mood Polite imperative morpheme There is a distinct morpheme for polite imperative constructions (specify if it has other functions in the language) no info x
Verbal Categories - Mood Difference between negation in imperative (prohibitive) and declarative clauses There are different strategies for marking negation in imperative and declarative clauses no 0
Verbal Categories - Mood Dedicated hortative morpheme or verb form (1pl or 3rd person imperative) as opposed to imperative; the person in control of desired state of affairs is not the addressee; ex: 'Let's sing' / 'Let him sing' no info x
Verbal Categories - Mood Situational possibility: affix on verb Inflectional marking of capacity to do something no info x
Verbal Categories - Mood Situational possibility: verbal construction no info x
Verbal Categories - Mood Situational possibility: other marking no info x
Verbal Categories - Mood Epistemic possibility: affix on verb Modal expressing hypothesis yes 1
Verbal Categories - Mood Epistemic possibility: verbal construction no info x
Verbal Categories - Mood Epistemic possibility: other marking no info x
Verbal Categories - Mood Marking of expected/unexpected action or result There is inflectional marking of expected/unexpected no info x
Verbal Categories - Mood Verbal frustrative Modal expressing frustration ("in vain") no info x
Verbal Categories - Mood Verbal habitual Modal expressing habituality no info x
Verbal Categories - Mood Apprehensive construction There is a single morpheme or verb form to mean '(be careful lest) X happens' no info x
Verbal Categories - Mood Reality status marking on verbs There are dedicated morpheme(s) for realis/irrealis 'actualized/unactualized events' yes 1
Verbal Categories - Mood Affect markers (positive/negative) Note whether these inflectional markers are positive or negative no info x
Verbal Categories - Directionals Directional elements affixed to the verb There are grammaticalized elements indicating movement away, toward, there and back, etc. yes 1
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Grammaticalized visual Indicates information has been witnessed visually - indicate only if an overt marker no 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Grammaticalized nonvisual Indicates information has been sensed firsthand but not visually (usually heard; also smelled, tasted, felt) no 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Grammaticalized inferential Indicates information has not been experienced firsthand, but inferred from some kind of evidence - indicate only if an overt marker. no 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Grammaticalized reportive Indicates speaker is not responsible for veracity of statement, merely reporting; 'allegedly' no 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Grammaticalized quotative Indicate presence of adjacent representation of repeated discourse no 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Other evidential Any other evidential values not represented above no 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Evidentiality: verb affix or clitic no 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Evidentiality: part of tense system Includes portmanteau morphs no 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Evidentiality: separate particle no 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Evidentiality: modal morpheme no 0
Verbal Categories - Verbal number Verbal number suppletion no 0
Verbal Categories - Other Social interaction markers Note the type of interaction no 0
Word Order No fixed basic constituent order yes 1
Word Order VS in intransitive clauses Verb precedes subject yes 1
Word Order VS in transitive clauses yes 1
Word Order VO in transitive clauses Verb precedes object yes 1
Word Order OS in transitive clauses Object precedes subject yes 1
Word Order Preposition-Noun no 0
Word Order Noun-Postposition or case suffix yes 1
Word Order Gen-Noun Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessor first (e.g. John's book) yes 1
Word Order Noun-Gen Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessum first (e.g. 'book of John') yes 1
Word Order Adj-Noun Adjective precedes the noun yes 1
Word Order Noun-Adj Adjective follows the noun no 0
Word Order Dem-Noun yes 1
Word Order Noun-Dem no 0
Word Order Num-Noun yes 1
Word Order Noun-Num no 0
Word Order Noun-Rel Relative clause follows noun that it modifies no 0
Word Order Rel-Noun Relative clause precedes noun that it modifies yes 1
Word Order Re<Noun>l (internally headed relative) e.g. 'the dog cat chased-NMZR got away' ('the cat that the dog chased got away') no 0
Word Order Relative clause is correlative or adjoined e.g. 'what is running, the dog chased that cat' no 0
Word Order Question word is clause initial 'what', 'who', etc. come first in interrogative clause no info x
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked accusative Objects of transitive clauses ('P') have a unique marker, while subjects of transitive ('A') and intransitive ('S') clauses are unmarked or share a different marker from that occurring on objects no 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked nominative Subjects of transitive and intransitive clauses share a marker, while objects of transitives are unmarked no 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking in full NPs: ergative-absolutive Subjects of intransitive clauses and objects of transitives share a unique marker, while subjects of transitive clauses are unmarked or have a different marker yes 1
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking in full NPs: tripartite Intransitive subjects, transitive subjects, and transitive objects all receive distinct case markers no 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking in full NPs: active-inactive Subjects of intransitive clauses are treated two different ways: like subjects of transitives if they are more agent-like (e.g. he jumped), and like objects of transitives if they are more patient-like (e.g. he fell asleep) no 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked accusative no 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked nominative no 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking of pronouns: ergative-absolutive yes, no, mixed, other yes 1
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking of pronouns: tripartite no 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking of pronouns: active-inactive no 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of verbal person-marking: nominative-accusative Same as above, for pronominal affixes/clitics on verbs yes 1
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of verbal person-marking: ergative-absolutive yes, no, mixed, other no 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of verbal person-marking: active-inactive no 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of verbal person-marking: hierarchical Marking of A and P depends on their relative ranking on a hierarchy (usually 1>2>3 or 2>1>3) no 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of verbal person-marking: split More than one of the above systems is represented in person marking, depending on e.g. person (e.g. 1/2 vs. 3), tense-aspect value, main vs. subordinate clause type, etc. no 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Pronominal subjects: pronouns in subject position Pronominal subjects are free pronouns that occur in the same position as full NP subjects yes 1
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Pronominal subjects: prefixes on verb Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal prefixes (free pronouns may be another option) yes 1
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Pronominal subjects: suffixes on verb Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal suffixes (free pronouns may be another option) no 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Pronominal subjects: clitics on variable host Pronominal subjects are clitics that can attach to verbs, nominal constituents, etc. no 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Pronominal subjects: pronouns in non-subject position Pronominal subjects are free pronouns but do not normally occur in the position expected for full NP subjects no 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Person marking on intransitive verbs Intransitive verbs take person-marking clitics/affixes yes 1
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Person marking (of agents) on transitive verbs Transitive verbs take subject (A) markers yes 1
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Person-marking (of objects) on transitive verbs Transitive verbs take object (P) markers yes 1
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking 3rd person zero in verbal person marking: subjects 3rd person subjects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system yes 1
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking 3rd person zero in verbal person marking: objects 3rd person objects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system yes 1
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Number can be marked separately from person on the verb Verbal person marking exists, but number is (or can) be marked separately yes 1
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Possessive affixes/clitics on nouns are same as verbal person markers Where nouns take possessive affixes, these are the same as the person-marking affixes no 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Gender distinguished in verbal person markers For any person, verbal person markers exhibit different forms depending on the gender (masc/fem, animate/inanimate, etc.) of the referent no 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice Ditransitive constructions: indirect object In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives a book to Bill'), the theme (book) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated differently no info x
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice Ditransitive constructions: double object In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives Bill a book'), both the theme (book) and the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives no info x
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice Ditransitive constructions: secondary object In ditransitives, the recipient/beneficiary is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the theme (book) is treated differently no info x
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Reciprocal: dedicated morpheme Verb becomes reciprocal through use of reciprocal morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is only used to mean reciprocal. no 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Reflexive: dedicated morpheme Verb becomes reflexive through use of reflexive morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is used only to mean reflexive. no 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Reciprocal/reflexive: same morpheme Verb becomes reciprocal or reflexive through use of a morpheme that means either reciprocal or reflexive which attaches to the root of the verb yes 1
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Passive Passive voice usually involves a change to the verb, while the object of the active voice verb is promoted to subject in the passive voice, and the former subject is deleted/demoted no info x
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Antipassive Like passive, but deletes or demotes the object of a transitive verb; usually found in ergative languages no info x
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Other intransitivizing morphology There is/are some other mechanism(s) for reducing valency no info x
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Applicative: benefactive Applicative adds a beneficiary/maleficiary object argument to the verb no info x
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Applicative: other Applicative adds some other object argument to the verb no info x
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Causative: prefix Causative is morphological and is attached before the root of the verb no info x
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Causative: suffix Causative is morphological and is attached after the root of the verb no info x
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Causative marked by circumfix, stem change, or tone Morphological causative other than simple prefix/suffix no info x
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Causative: serial verb or analytical construction Causative construction that involves periphrasis or serialization no info x
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Causative: dedicated 'make do by proxy' Indicates that the causer does not directly cause the action of the verb to be realized, but does so by inducing someone else to carry out the action, e.g. 'John had the house painted.' no info x
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Causative: dedicated sociative Indicates that causer participates in event no info x
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Other transitivizing morphology (adds valence) There is/are some other mechanism(s) for increasing valency no info x
Simple Clauses - Negation Clausal negator is a preposed element Clausal negator is a preposed element yes 1
Simple Clauses - Negation Clausal negator is a postposed element Clausal negator is a postposed element no 0
Simple Clauses - Negation Negatives: affix Negatives: affix no 0
Simple Clauses - Negation Negatives: particle Negatives: particle yes 1
Simple Clauses - Negation Negatives: auxiliary verb Negatives: auxiliary verb no 0
Simple Clauses - Negation Negatives: double Standard (non-emphatic) negation typically requires two morphemes, e.g. French 'ne V pas' no 0
Simple Clauses - Negation Distinct negative form for 'NP does not exist' no info x
Simple Clauses - Negation Distinct negative expression 'I don't know' Lexical expression or highly idiomatic phrase no info x
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives Polar questions: interrogative particle Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative particle no info x
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives Polar questions: verb morphology Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative verb morphology no info x
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives Polar questions: word order Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion) no info x
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives Polar questions: intonation only Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by intonation only no info x
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives Content questions: word order differs from declaratives Content questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion) as well as by presence of Q-word (who, what, etc.) no info x
Simple Clauses - Predication Predicate adjectives: verbal Adjectives act like verbs in predicative position no info x
Simple Clauses - Predication Predicate adjectives: nominal Adjectives act like nouns in predicative position no info x
Simple Clauses - Predication Zero copula for predicate nominals is possible Predicate nominals may occur without a copula (i.e. grammatical in some circumstances, if not all) yes 1
Simple Clauses - Predication Headless relative clauses Compare Eng 'the one that fell' (but in Eng 'one' could be considered a head) no 0
Simple Clauses - Predication Headless relative clauses are the dominant or only form of relative clause Relative clauses that form a constituent with a head noun (in a single noun phrase) are rare or nonexistent; some descriptions may refer to adjoined or correlative clauses. no 0
Simple Clauses - Predication Relative clause may occur with a noun classifier/class marker It may be unclear whether the classifier is the nominal head of the construction or is an agreement marker on the relative clause no 0
Simple Clauses - Predication Relativizer is a verbal affix yes 1
Simple Clauses - Predication Morphological relativizer is homophonous with nominalizer The same morpheme marks a relative clause and is a nominalizer on verbs (and/or other word classes) no info x
Simple Clauses - Desiderative expressions Grammaticalized verbal desiderative Indicates that the subject desires to carry out the action denoted by the verb (distinct from verb 'want', but may be grammaticalized from it) no info x
Simple Clauses - Other Clause chaining Clauses can be grouped such that only one bears most of the verb morphology, and the others are marked as to whether they share a subject with this reference clause. no info x
Simple Clauses - Other Morphologically marked switch-reference system There are special markers to indicate same vs. different subject when two clauses are combined no info x
Simple Clauses - Other Morphologically marked distinction between simultaneous and sequential clauses Morphology (usually on verb) distinguishes between clauses denoting events that occur at the same time or in sequence no info x
Morphology - General Does verb root reduplication have an iterative function? X
Morphology - General Does noun root reduplication have a plural/pluractional function? X
Morphology - General Does adjective root reduplication mean ‘real’ X? X
Morphology - General Does verb root reduplication have a distributive function? X
Morphology - General Does verb root reduplication have a pluractional function? X
Morphology - General Does noun root reduplication have an iterative function? X
Morphology - General Does adjective root reduplication mean ‘fake’ X? X
Morphology - General Does adjective root reduplication mean ‘very’ X? X
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Does the language have ergative and instrumental syncretism? X
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Does the language have a distinct genitive case? X
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Is the locative related to the ergative with vowel change? X
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Is case marked on just one word in an NP? yes 1
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Is case marked on all (non-pronominal) words in an NP? yes 1
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Are any subordinate verbs (or whole clauses) marked with case to indicate their function? X
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Does ergative mark discourse functions of focus/unexpectedness? X
Nominal Categories - Derivation Is there a evidence for derivational morphology being distinct from inflectional on nouns? yes to any of HG 95-97 entails yes to this; yep; this is more general but not just about derivation (would also include proprietive, for example, not necessarily derivation that changes word class) X
Nominal Categories - Number Does the language have a minimal/augment system? yes 1
Nominal Categories - Number Does the language have a unit augment system? yes 1
Nominal Categories - Number Does the language mark dual on nouns? no 0
Nominal Categories - Number Does the language mark plural on nouns? yes? 1
Nominal Categories - Number Does the language have group/collective nominal suffixes? X
Nominal Categories - Number Does the language have suppletive plural verbs? X
Nominal Categories - Number Does the language have suppletive plural adjectives? X
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Does the language have bound pronouns? yes to any of HG 173-175 entails yes to this; not necessarily? - CB yes 1
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Are the bound pronouns distinct from the free pronouns? yes 1
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Does the language mark moiety distinctions in pronouns? no 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Does the language mark generational distinctions in pronouns? no 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Are 'who' and 'what' distinct words? X
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Is there an inclusive/exclusive distinction in the dual? X
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Is there an inclusive/exclusive distinction in the plural? X
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Is there a gender distinction in third person dual pronouns? X
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Are there clitic pronouns? X
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Are there object clitic pronouns? X
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Are there distinct possessive and IO pronouns? X
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories When there are both object and subject clitic pronouns, does the object pronoun follow the subject one? X
Simple Clauses - Discourse Is there a focus position? include the position in the ‘form’ notes X
Simple Clauses - Discourse Is there a topic position? include the position in the ‘form’ notes X
Simple Clauses - Negation Is verbal negation a separate word? related to, and maybe equivalent to, HG 206-207 (not equivalent if verbal negation is being treated separately from clausal negation) X
Simple Clauses - Negation Does the negative marker precede the verb? related to, and maybe equivalent to, HG 203 (not equivalent if verbal negation is being treated separately from clausal negation) X
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Are there second position clausal clitics? X
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Is tense marked on pronouns? no 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Are there predicative clitics (e.g. Darkinyung grammar p35) X
Simple Clauses - Tense Does the language have tense/mood/etc particles (free words)? X
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Is reflexive/reciprocal marked on the verb? =yes to any of HG 188-190; not necessarily; e.g. YN has a reflexive marker but it doesn’t go on the verb. X
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Does reflexive/reciprocal change the conjugation class? X
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Is there a reflexive/reciprocal particle? X
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Is the passive typically used only with adversative semantics? X
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Is there an inchoative suffix? X
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Is there a distinct present tense verbal suffix? X
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Is there a continuous aspect suffix? X
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Is there a punctual aspect suffix? X
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Can tense and aspect cooccur? X
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Is tense marked on nouns? X
Verbal Categories - Mood Do positive commands take the same morphology as negative commands? X
Verbal Categories - Mood Is a negative command formed from a nominalised verb (eg. "no talking!")? X
Verbal Categories - Other Is the verb ‘say’ the same as the verb ‘do’? X
Verbal Categories - Other Does the language have body part compound verbs? X
Verbal Categories - Other Are there verbal agreement clitics? X
Verbal Categories - Other Is there a verb 'be'? X
Verbal Categories - Other Are there verb conjugation classes? X
Verbal Categories - Other Is there a conjugation for uninflecting verbs? X
Verbal Categories - Other Is there a grammatical category of associated motion? X
Verbal Categories - Other Does the language have kinship verbs? That is, are the words which designate kinship relations such as ‘mother’ and ‘father’ verbs in the language? X
Verbal Categories - VerbalNumber Does the language have suppletive plural nouns? X
Word Order Are there discontinuous NP constituents? X
Word Order Is word order fixed in noun phrases? X
Word Order Is word order fixed in verb phrases? X
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Pronominal subjects: second position clitics Pronominal subjects are clitics that can attach to verbs, nominal constituents, etc. X
Phonology - Segmental Prestopped segments list which segments in the ‘form’ column no 0


Ethnographic Information
Current Population (speakers) Former Population Estimate Subsistence Preference Density Sedentism Ecotome Marriage Pattern Notes Source
medium HG low mobile no