Morphologically marked switch-reference system
- Category
- Simple Clauses - Other
- Notes
- There are special markers to indicate same vs. different subject when two clauses are combined
Sorry, we have no imagery here.
Sorry, we have no imagery here.
Sorry, we have no imagery here.
Sorry, we have no imagery here.
Sorry, we have no imagery here.
Sorry, we have no imagery here.
Sorry, we have no imagery here.
Sorry, we have no imagery here.
Sorry, we have no imagery here.
Sorry, we have no imagery here.
Sorry, we have no imagery here.
Sorry, we have no imagery here.
Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | no | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 154 | ||||
| Aché | no info | |||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | No | 97 | 0 | |||
| Aguaruna | yes | Overall 2007:390-404 | ||||
| Alyawarr | no | 0 | ||||
| Andoke | no info | |||||
| Apurinã | no | Facundes, 2000: 560-612 | ||||
| Arabana | yes | 266-82 | 1 | |||
| Arrernte | Yes | 358 | 1 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | no | Payne 1981; Payne 1982; Payne 1983 | ||||
| Añun | no info | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Bandjalang | yes | 118 | 1 | |||
| Baniwa | no | Ramirez 2001 | ||||
| Barasano | yes | The same-subject switch reference morphemes are the animate nominalizers, which show agreement in gender and number with the subject of the main clause. | Jones & Jones 1991, p.138 | Switch reference of the subject is expressed either by overt markers or by no markers. In the second case, the construction is pragmatically interpreted by the hearer based on the lexical content of the verbs and the general context. | ||
| Bardi | no | 0 | ||||
| Bare | no info | Aikhenvald, 1995 | ||||
| Batyala | no info | x | ||||
| Baure | no | "As there are no other switch-reference markers, the position of the subject os the pragmatic means of marking the change of the subject." | Danielsen 2007: p333 | |||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | no info | x | ||||
| Bilinarra | yes | 8.1999999999999992895 | 1 | |||
| Biri | no | 61-4 | 0 | |||
| Bora | no | Instead, the classifier of the suejct is used as a reference. No special marker. | Seifart - 2005:248-257 | |||
| Bularnu | no info | x | ||||
| Bunuba | no info | x | ||||
| Cabecar | no info | |||||
| Cahuilla | ||||||
| Central Aymara | no | Huayhua Pari 2001: 308 | ||||
| Chemehuevi | ||||||
| Comanche | ||||||
| Cubeo | no info | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 148 | ||||
| Cupeño | ||||||
| Damana | no info | |||||
| Darkinyung | no info | x | ||||
| Desano | yes | Miller 1999, p. 157 | ||||
| Dharawal | no info | x | ||||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | yes | 189; 193; 204; 221 | 1 | |||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | no info | x | ||||
| Djinang | Yes | 64 | 1 | |||
| Duungidjawu | no | 102 | 0 | |||
| Dyirbal | yes | 77-9 | 1 | |||
| Dâw | no | Martins 2004 | ||||
| Eñepa | no | Payne 2012:204-421 | ||||
| Gabrielino | ||||||
| Garrwa | yes? | 87-91 | 1 | |||
| Githabul | No | 24-25 | 0 | |||
| Gooniyandi | no info | x | ||||
| Guaymí | no | Quesada 2008:99-146 | ||||
| Gugu-Badhun | no info | x | ||||
| Gumbaynggirr | yes | 347 | 1 | |||
| Guna | no | Smith texts | ||||
| Gunya | No | 339 | 0 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | No | 135 | 0 | |||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | no | 202 | 0 | |||
| Hup | no | Epps 2008 | ||||
| Idaho Shoshone | ||||||
| Ika | yes | Frank 1990:91-5 | ||||
| Ingá | yes | Levinson 1987:27-9 | ||||
| Jaru | no info | x | ||||
| Jingulu | yes | 1 | ||||
| Kaingang | no info | Silva 2011 | ||||
| Kakua | yes | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
| Kalkatungu | no | 110-3 | 0 | |||
| Karajarri | No | 404 | 0 | |||
| Karitiana | no info | |||||
| Katthang | no | 95-101 | 0 | |||
| Kaurna | No info | x | ||||
| Kawaiisu | ||||||
| Kinikinau | no info | |||||
| Kitanemuk | ||||||
| Kogi | no info | |||||
| Kokama | no | Vallejos 2010:567-665 | ||||
| Kokatha | No | 67 | 0 | |||
| Koreguaje | yes | -na marks a change in subject | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.90 | |||
| Kotiria | yes | Stenzel 2007:320 | ||||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | No | 434 | 0 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | no | 0 | ||||
| Kunjen | No | 18 | 0 | |||
| Kurrama | no info | cf 266, 8.2 | x | |||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | No | 567 | 0 | |||
| Luiseño | ||||||
| Macaguan | no info | Buenaventura - 1993 | ||||
| Maipure | no | Zamponi 2003:54-58 | ||||
| Makiritare | no info | Hall 1988:349 | "There is generally an assumption that the subject of the first verb will be the subject of verbs that have the same person/number agreement in subsequent clauses unless otherwise indicated." | |||
| Makuna | no | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.68 | not indicated/expected (order dependent with subject final position) | |||
| Makushi | no | Abbott 1991: 72 | ||||
| Mapudungun | no | Zúñiga 2006, p. 102-94 | ||||
| Marrgany | No | 339 | 0 | |||
| Martuthunira | yes | 251-255 | 1 | |||
| Mathi-Mathi | no | 108 | 0 | |||
| Matses | yes | Fleck:1132 | ||||
| Mayi-Yapi | No | 71 | 0 | |||
| Minica Witoto | yes | Minor and Minor 1982. p.76 | ||||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | no info | x | ||||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | no info | Weir 1984 | ||||
| Nanti | no | Michael, 2008. p. 427-440 | ||||
| Narungga | No info | x | ||||
| Naso | no | Quesada 2000 | ||||
| Ngaatjatjara | yes | 157 | 1 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | No info | x | ||||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | No info | x | ||||
| Ngiyambaa | no info | x | ||||
| Nhanta | no | 120 | 0 | |||
| Nheengatu | no | Cruz 2011 | ||||
| Ninam | no info | |||||
| Northern Emberá | no info | more likely not | Mortensen 1999:59-88 | Catío | ||
| Northern Paiute | ||||||
| Nyangumarta | no info | x | ||||
| Nyikina | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | no info | x | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | no | 214-215 | 0 | |||
| Palikur | no info | Launey 2003 | ||||
| Panyjima | no info | x | ||||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | no info | |||||
| Paresi | no info | Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 | ||||
| Pemon | no info | more likely not | ||||
| Piapoco | no | Galindo, 2002: 150-183 | ||||
| Pintupi | yes | 62-64 | 1 | |||
| Pitjantjatjara | Yes | Y 24 | 1 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | No | 218 | 0 | |||
| Puinave | no | Giron 2008: p216-311 | ||||
| Páez | yes | Jung:165 | ||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | yes | Parker 1965:53 | ||||
| Resígaro | no | Allin, 1976: 370-372 | ||||
| Ritharrngu | Yes | 108 | 1 | |||
| Sanumá | no info | Borgman 1990 | ||||
| Serrano | ||||||
| Shoshone | ||||||
| Sikuani | no | de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000; 49-206 | ||||
| Siona | yes | Attached to verb of second(ary) clause. | Wheeler - 1970:92 | |||
| Southern Paiute | ||||||
| Southern Ute | ||||||
| Surui | no info | |||||
| Tanimuca | no | Strom 1992,p.159-161 | ||||
| Tariana | yes | The same/different subject markers are also differentiated to distinguish between prior and simultaneous clauses. | Aikhenvald, 2003: 516 | |||
| Thanggati | no | 89 | 0 | |||
| Tharrkari | Yes | 43-5 | 1 | |||
| Tikuna | no | Montes 2004b:161 | ||||
| Timbisha | ||||||
| Tukano | yes | Ramirez 1997: 115, 256-8 | ||||
| Uradhi | No info | 380 | x | |||
| Urarina | no | Olawsky:734-ss | ||||
| Wajarri | Yes | 113 | 1 | |||
| Wakaya | yes | 235 | 1 | |||
| Walmajarri | no info | x | ||||
| Wambaya | no info | x | ||||
| Wangkumara | no info | X | ||||
| Waorani | no info | |||||
| Wapishana | no | Santos 2006 | ||||
| Warlpiri | no info | 0 | ||||
| Warluwarra | yes | 923 | 1 | |||
| Warnman | no info | x | ||||
| Warrgamay | Yes | 71 | 1 | |||
| Warrwa | no info | x | ||||
| Warumungu | yes | 51 | 1 | |||
| Warungu | no | 0 | ||||
| Wathawurrung | no info | x | ||||
| Waunana | no info | |||||
| Wayuu | yes | There are particles that do switch-reference and also marks the difference between concurrent and sequential clauses. | Mansen & Mansen, 1976: p. 166-172, Mansen & Captain 2000: p. 804 | |||
| Wemba-Wemba | no | H 50 | 0 | |||
| Western Mono | ||||||
| WesternTorres | no | FO 133 | 0 | |||
| Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
| Wirangu | yes | 128-9 | 1 | |||
| Woiwurrung | no info | x | ||||
| Worrorra | yes? | 118-21 | 1 | |||
| Yagua | no info | Payne and Payne 1990 | ||||
| Yalarnnga | no info | x | ||||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | yes? | 236 | 1 | |||
| Yanesha' | no | Duff-Tripp 1997:189 | ||||
| Yanomami | no info | Ramirez 1994 | ||||
| Yanyuwa | no info | x | ||||
| Yavitero | no | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 93 | ||||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | no | 0 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | no | 175-183 | 0 | |||
| Yindjilindji | no info | x | ||||
| Yine | no | Matteson 1965 | ||||
| Yingkarta | yes | 1 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | no info | x | ||||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | no | No mention in discussion of dependent clauses. | Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 21-23 | |||
| Yulparija | No | 52 | 0 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | No | 120 | 0 |
| Language |
|---|
Showing 1 to 193 of 193 entries