Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

Macaguan

Family: Guahiban
Region: South America
ISO 639-3: mbn
Location: 6.35°, -71.27°
Notes
Features: Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Grammatical Data
Ethnographic Information

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Data Sources: Buenaventura V., Edgar 1993. Observaciones preliminares acerca del idioma macaguán: apuntes culturales, fonología, apuntes gramaticales, vocabulario macaguán-español. Bogotá: ILV. Huber, R.; Reed, R. 1992. Comparative vocaulary: selected words in indigenous languages of Colombia. Bogotá: Instituto Linguistico de Verano.

Basic Vocabulary (191)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Etymology Code	Loan Source	General Notes	Source
1pl.excl	nosotros (exclusivo)	nós (exclusivo)	grammar		pakhan [Queix1993]	inheritance	Central+Macaguan subgroup		See Language page
1pl.incl	nosotros (inclusivo)	nós (inclusivo)	grammar	kemʉkát	kemɨkát, wakhan [Queix1993]	inheritance	Central+Macaguan subgroup	no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted	See Language page
1sg	yo	eu	grammar	kan	kan	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban	For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms	See Language page
2pl	ustedes	vocês	grammar			missing			See Language page
2sg	xx	xx	grammar		kam	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
3pl	ellos/ellas	eles/elas	grammar		isnɨ́	unique			See Language page
3sg	el/ella	ele/ela	grammar		punú [he, she]	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
above	encima, arriba	acima	location			missing			See Language page
again	de nuevo, otra vez	de novo	grammar	ichí	itʃí	unknown			See Language page
all	todo	todos	other		ánɨbe	unique			See Language page
and	y	e	grammar			missing			See Language page
ankle	tobillo	tornozelo	body	atá	atá	unknown			See Language page
armpit	axila, sobaco	axila	body	kór(a)	kór(a)	inheritance	Central+Macaguan subgroup		See Language page
ash	ceniza(s)	cinzas	environment	ismár	ismár	unique			See Language page
at	en, a	em, a	location		hót, at, t	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
back	espalda	costas	body		hepʧí	unique			See Language page
bad	mal	mal	quality		abé	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
bark	corteza	casca	environment	bokát	bokát	inheritance			See Language page
belly	barriga	barriga	body		pe-kuéter	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
below	abajo, debajo	abaixo	location			missing			See Language page
big	grande	grande	quality	pekná	pekná	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
bite	morder	morder	body		nikát	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
black	negro	preto	colour	tsebí	tsebí	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
blood	sangre	sangue	body	ján(a)	hán(a)	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
blow	soplar	soprar	body		papápeha ('soplar fogón' - 'blow on coals', pũpṹhẽ 'soplar para comer' - 'blow to eat')	unique			See Language page
boil/pimple	espinilla, granos	espinha, borbulha	body			missing			See Language page
bone	hueso	osso	body	-chit	-tʃit	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
breast	pecho, seno	peito	body	-apú-chipar, mit	-apú-tʃipar, mit	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
breathe	respirar	respirar	body		piɨ́t	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
burn	quemar	queimar	environment		títpa ('quemar' - 'burn')	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
chew	masticar, mascar	mastigar	body	tsatsakó-ja, tsatsakó-pe	tsatsakó-ja, tsatsakó-pe	unknown			See Language page
child	niño, niña	criança	human		sútio	unique			See Language page
climb	subir	subir	motion	junín	hunín	unknown			See Language page
cloud	nube	nuvem	environment		mɨ̃tẽ́	doubtful loan, direction unknown	Hodɨ bĩʰtu		See Language page
cold	frío	frio	quality	akén, pi-akáineje	akén, pi-akáinehe	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
come	venir	vir	motion		nít	unique			See Language page
cook	cocinar	cozinhar	impact	tset		unique			See Language page
correct/true	verdad, de veras	verdade	quality		wɨ́ne	unknown			See Language page
count	contar	contar	mental			missing			See Language page
cry	llorar	chorar	mental	ẽ́jãn	ẽ́hãn	inheritance	Central+Macaguan subgroup		See Language page
cut/hack	cortar	cortar	impact		ukápet	doubtful loan	Carib		See Language page
day	día	dia	time	matkái	matkái	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
die/be dead	morir	morrer	state	tʉp, tʉpé-	tɨp, tɨpé-	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
dig	cavar	cavar	impact		ukuá	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
dingo/wolf			fauna			missing			See Language page
dirty	sucio	sujo	quality		ʧɨbí	unknown			See Language page
dream	soñar	sonhar	mental			missing			See Language page
drink	beber, tomar	beber	body	ap, apí-	ap, apí-	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
dry	seco	seco	quality	pʉ́rre	pɨ́re	unique			See Language page
dull/blunt	sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo	maçante, desamolado, não afiado	quality		bɨr-ahí ('sin filo' - 'not sharp')	inheritance	Central+Macaguan subgroup		See Language page
dust	polvo	poeira	environment		puwúmpeha ('polvo de tierra' - 'earth dust')	unique			See Language page
ear	oreja	orelha	body	-m(o)kórat	-m(o)kórat	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
earth/soil	tierra	terra	environment	as	as	inheritance			See Language page
eat	comer	comer	body	kan	kan	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
egg	huevo	ovo	fauna	tabʉ́(t)	tabɨ́(t)	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
eye	ojo	olho	body	itpút	itpút	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
faeces	heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol	fezes	body			missing			See Language page
fall	caer	cair	motion		bókuna	inheritance	Central+Macaguan subgroup		See Language page
far	lejos	longe	quality		tɨnakua	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
fat/grease	grasa	gordura	body	penítsa	penítsa	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
father	padre, papá	pai	kinship	até(i), áit, áti	até(i), áit, áti	unique			See Language page
fear	miedo	medo	mental		huná	inheritance	Central+Macaguan subgroup		See Language page
feather	pluma	pena	fauna	-korchít	-kortʃít	inheritance	Central+Macaguan subgroup		See Language page
fingernail	uña	unha	body	kuíbat	kuíbat	inheritance			See Language page
fire	fuego	fogo	environment	-pe-narrútab-ia, -pe-narrúb-ia	-pe-narútab-ia, -pe-narúb-ia	unique			See Language page
flow	fluir	fluir	motion			missing			See Language page
flower	flor	flor	environment		pe-mátan	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
fly	volar	voar	motion	yapúnra	japúnra	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
fog	niebla, neblina	nevoeira, bruma, neblina	environment		nóp (In Huber and Reed, after this word they had a question mark)	inheritance	Central+Macaguan subgroup		See Language page
foot	pie	pé	body		pe-tkut	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
fruit	fruta	fruta	flora		pe-bɨ, pe-pútan	unique			See Language page
good	bueno	bom	quality	wʉ́ne	wɨ́ne	unique			See Language page
green	verde	verde	quality			missing			See Language page
grow	crecer	crescer	state			missing			See Language page
hair (of head)	cabello	cabelo	body	mat-nát	mat-nát	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
hand	mano	mão	body	-ko(p)	-ko(p)	doubtful loan (into proto-language?)	Arawak ka:pi		See Language page
head	cabeza	cabeça	body	matbók	matbók	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
hear	oír	ouvir	mental	nakuét, nakuéchi	nakuét, nakuétʃi	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
heart	corazón	coração	body	átbʉtat	átbɨtat	inheritance			See Language page
heavy	pesado	pesado	quality		arré	inheritance	Central+Macaguan subgroup		See Language page
hide	esconder	esconder	motion			missing			See Language page
hit	golpear, pegar	bater	impact		unkuír (imp)	unique			See Language page
hold	correr, asegurar, sostener	segurar	other	nét(a)	nét(a)	unique			See Language page
hot	caliente	quente	quality			missing			See Language page
how?	como	como	grammar		banekía	inheritance			See Language page
if	si	se	grammar			missing			See Language page
in/inside	dentro, adentro	dentro	location		at, -t	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
intestines	intestinos	intestinos	body		pe-kuíti	unique			See Language page
itch	hormiguear, sentir comezón	coçar	body			missing			See Language page
kill	matar	matar	impact	up, upí-	up, upí-	unknown			See Language page
know/be knowledgeable	saber, conecer	saber, conhecer	mental	kóp-kua-	kóp-kua-	unique			See Language page
lake	lago	lago	environment		pemátpep	unique			See Language page
laugh	reír	rir	mental	kakáp ('laugh loudly, shout')	kakáp	inheritance	Central+Macaguan subgroup		See Language page
leaf	hoja	folha	environment	nópat	nópat	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
left/left hand	izquierdo	esquerdo	location/body		tsén	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
leg/foot	pierna	perna	body		pe-bémɨtɨ	unique			See Language page
lie down	acostarse, echarse	deitar	motion		bók	inheritance	Central+Macaguan subgroup		See Language page
lightning	rayo, relámpago	relampago	environment		ninínpeha	unique			See Language page
live/be alive	vivir	viver, morar	body	nar ('live, reside')	nar	unknown			See Language page
liver	hígado	figado	body		pi-apat	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
long	largo	comprido, longo	quality		apiá	inheritance	Central+Macaguan subgroup		See Language page
louse	piollo, piojo	piolho	fauna	taarát	taaɾát	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban	order Phtiraptera	See Language page
lung	pulmón	pulmão	body		pe-kopi	unique			See Language page
man/male	hombre	homem	human	pébi	pébi	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
meat/flesh	carne	carne	fauna		pe-wít	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
moon	luna	lua	environment	jomét	homét	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
mother	madre, mamá	mãe	kinship	enána	enána	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
mountain/hill	montaña, colina, loma, cerro	morro, serra	environment	tserít	tseɾít	unknown			See Language page
mouth	boca	boca	body	kíboat	kíboat	inheritance	Central+Macaguan subgroup		See Language page
name	nombre	nome	human		wɨ́n	inheritance	Central+Macaguan subgroup		See Language page
nape	base del cuello, nuca	nuca	body			missing			See Language page
near/close	cerca de	perto	quality		kéwa	unique			See Language page
neck	cuello	pescoço	body		pe-wú-ʧit	inheritance	Central+Macaguan subgroup		See Language page
new	nuevo	novo	quality		pehená	inheritance			See Language page
night	noche	noite	time	merí(o)	meɾí(o)	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
no/not	no	não	grammar		ahí, jahí	unique			See Language page
nose	nariz	nariz	body	pum	pum	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
old	viejo	velho	quality	pertʉ́nʉ	peɾtɨ́nɨ	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
one	uno	um	number	ken(ʉ́)	ken(ɨ́)	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
open/uncover	abrir	abrir	other	pátarp, yótarb	pátarp, yótarb	inheritance; unknown			See Language page
other	otro	outro	grammar		isá, is-, itsá	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
pain/painful/sick	dolor, doloroso, enfermo	dor, doloroso, doente	body			missing			See Language page
person/human being	persona	pessoa	human	-kui	-kui	unique			See Language page
pound/beat	machacar, golpear	bater	impact	tsakít	tsakít	unknown			See Language page
rain	lluvia	chuva	environment		em	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
red	rojo	vermelho	colour	tsobí	tsobí	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
right/right hand	derecha	direita	location/body		apiat	unique			See Language page
road/path	camino	caminho	manufacture	namút	namút	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
root	raíz	raiz	flora	petakomét	petakomét	unique			See Language page
rotten	podrido	podre	quality		tutsép	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
sand	arena	areia	environment		tetap	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
say	decir	dizer	mental		ʧipép	inheritance	Central+Macaguan subgroup		See Language page
scratch	rascar	rasgar	impact	kachín		inheritance	Central+Macaguan subgroup		See Language page
see	ver	ver	mental		ten	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
sharp	afilado, filudo, filoso	afiado	quality		bɨr-óbinɨ	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
shoot	tirar, disparar, balear	atirar	impact	pin-	pin-	unknown			See Language page
short	corto	curto	quality		totséko	inheritance	Central+Macaguan subgroup		See Language page
shoulder	hombro	ombro	body		pe-bútar	unique			See Language page
shy/ashamed	tímido, vergonzoso	timido, com vergonha	mental			missing			See Language page
sit	sentar(se)	sentar	state		ék	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
skin	piel	pele	body	pérʉ	pérɨ	inheritance			See Language page
sky	cielo	céu	environment		máteʧi, máto ʧi	unique			See Language page
sleep	dormir	dormir	body	mítrʉk	mítrɨk	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
small	pequeño	pequeno	quality	chir	tʃir	doubtful loan (into protolanguage?), direction unknown	Pemon; but likely sound symbolic		See Language page
smoke	humo	fumaça	environment	bunámbe	bunámbe	unique			See Language page
sniff/smell	olfatear, oler	cheirar	body		túk	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban	primarily transitive	See Language page
spit	escupir	cuspir	body			missing			See Language page
split	partir, dividir	rachar, dividir, partir	impact			missing			See Language page
squeeze	estrujar, exprimir	espremer	impact		pe-jútpiha	unique			See Language page
stab/pierce	apuñalar, acuchillar	apunhalar	impact		isnúpet	unique			See Language page
stand	estar de pié	ficar em pé	state		nuk	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
star	estrella	estrela	environment	jarwát	harwát	unique			See Language page
steal	robar	roubar	other			missing			See Language page
stick/wood	palo	pau, vara	flora		nehá	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
stone	piedra	pedra	environment	ibót	ibót	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
suck	chupar	chupar	body	susbʉ́	susbʉ́	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
sun	sol	sol	time	ikóti	ikóti	inheritance			See Language page
sweat	sudar	suor, suar	body	jainbéjan	hainbéhan	inheritance	Central+Macaguan subgroup		See Language page
swell	hincharse	inchar	body		tsán	inheritance	Central+Macaguan subgroup		See Language page
swim	nadar	nadar	motion	niát	niát	unknown			See Language page
tail	cola, rabo	rabo	body	botsót, -ptsót	botsót, -ptsót	inheritance	Central+Macaguan subgroup		See Language page
that	ese/esa	esse	grammar		hóhe	unknown			See Language page
thick	grueso, gordo, espeso	grosso	quality		íti	inheritance	Central+Macaguan subgroup		See Language page
thin	delgado	fino	quality		totobá	unique			See Language page
think	pensar	pensar	mental			missing			See Language page
this	este/esta	este	grammar	jo	ho, hohe	unknown			See Language page
three	tres	tres	number	jóbeje	hóbehe	unknown			See Language page
throat	garganta	garganta	body	kibló	kibló	unique			See Language page
throw	tirar, lanzar	atirar, jogar	impact		oták	unknown			See Language page
thunder	truenos	trovão	environment		kɨɨkɨrre, juwáo	unique			See Language page
tie up/fasten	atar, amarrar	amarrar	impact	ya-kap	ya-kap	inheritance			See Language page
tongue	lengua	lingua	body	-brat	-brat	inheritance	Central+Macaguan subgroup		See Language page
tooth	diente	dente	body	wan	wan	inheritance	Central+Macaguan subgroup		See Language page
turn	girar, volter, torcer	virar	other	pirárre	pirárre	doubtful loan	Yukuna; Chocoan?	may be transitive or intransitive	See Language page
two	dos	dois	number	yapó	japó	inheritance			See Language page
vomit	vomitar	vomitar	body		nakáp	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
walk	caminar, andar	andar	motion	awiá, awí-ni	awiá, awí-ni	unique			See Language page
water	agua	agua	environment		men	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
wet	mojado	molhado	quality	achík	atʃík	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
what?	que, qué	que	grammar	nekía, nekiája	nekía, nekiáha	unique			See Language page
when?	cuando	quando	grammar		ipokén	inheritance	Central+Macaguan subgroup		See Language page
where?	donde	onde	grammar		ipohát	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
white	blanco	branco	colour		pe-pobiha	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
who?	quien, quién	quem	grammar	nekén(ʉ)	nekén(ɨ)	unique			See Language page
wife	esposa	esposa	kinship	-bárkui	-báɾkui	unique			See Language page
wind	viento	vento	environment		huíp	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
wing	ala	asa	body		pe-korʧít	inheritance	Central+Macaguan subgroup		See Language page
woman/female	mujer	mulher	human	warapénʉ	warapénɨ	doubtful loan	Carib, e.g. Pemon weri; see also N. Embera wẽra		See Language page
work	trabajar	trabalhar	other	nabʉ́rchit	nabʉ́rchit	unknown			See Language page
yawn	bostezar	bocejar	body	newʉ́sap	newʉ́sap	unknown			See Language page
yellow	amarillo	amarelo	colour		tsitsika	unique			See Language page


1pl.excl
1pl.incl
1sg
2pl
2sg
3pl
3sg
above
again
all
and
ankle
armpit
ash
at
back
bad
bark
belly
below
big
bite
black
blood
blow
boil/pimple
bone
breast
breathe
burn
chew
child
climb
cloud
cold
come
cook
correct/true
count
cry
cut/hack
day
die/be dead
dig
dingo/wolf
dirty
dream
drink
dry
dull/blunt
dust
ear
earth/soil
eat
egg
eye
faeces
fall
far
fat/grease
father
fear
feather
fingernail
fire
flow
flower
fly
fog
foot
fruit
good
green
grow
hair (of head)
hand
head
hear
heart
heavy
hide
hit
hold
hot
how?
if
in/inside
intestines
itch
kill
know/be knowledgeable
lake
laugh
leaf
left/left hand
leg/foot
lie down
lightning
live/be alive
liver
long
louse
lung
man/male
meat/flesh
moon
mother
mountain/hill
mouth
name
nape
near/close
neck
new
night
no/not
nose
old
one
open/uncover
other
pain/painful/sick
person/human being
pound/beat
rain
red
right/right hand
road/path
root
rotten
sand
say
scratch
see
sharp
shoot
short
shoulder
shy/ashamed
sit
skin
sky
sleep
small
smoke
sniff/smell
spit
split
squeeze
stab/pierce
stand
star
steal
stick/wood
stone
suck
sun
sweat
swell
swim
tail
that
thick
thin
think
this
three
throat
throw
thunder
tie up/fasten
tongue
tooth
turn
two
vomit
walk
water
wet
what?
when?
where?
white
who?
wife
wind
wing
woman/female
work
yawn
yellow

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Flora Fauna Vocabulary (136)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Source	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Food Source	Medicinal	Psychotropic	Traded	Distribution	Dangerous	General Notes
achiote, anatto	achiote	urucum	flora-fauna	Bixa orellana	jochíja	hotʃíha		inheritance							uncoded	See Language page	1	0	0	0	1	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	shrub
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti)	Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado	cutia	flora-fauna	Dasyprocta spp.	bɨn	bɨn		inheritance							uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
alligator, black caiman	babilla; cachirre	jacaré	flora-fauna	Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp.	makíp	makíp		inheritance							uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Throughout Amazonia	no?	Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi
Amazon dolphin	bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco)	boto cor-de-rosa	flora-fauna	Inia geoffrensis				missing							missing	See Language page	1	0	0	0	0	Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls	no
Amazon tree-grape	uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.)	cucura	flora-fauna	Pourouma cecropiifolia				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times	no	a tree; not a true grape
anaconda	anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande	sucuri	flora-fauna	genus Eunectes		homoéj		loan (into protolanguage?)		Arawak, cf. Piapoco umawali					missing	See Language page	2	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	yes
angleworm	lombriz	minhoca	flora-fauna	order Opisthopora				missing							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna	Formicidae	inhnít	inhnít		unique							uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
anteater	oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus	tamanduá	flora-fauna	Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater)	makút	makút		doubtful loan		Carib: Makiritare, Yabarana mohko	Yabarana mohko (appears in Macaguan only)				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonian lowlands	no
armadillo	armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo)	tatu	flora-fauna	family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri	bonén	bonén		unique							uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread in Amazonia	no
arrow cane, wildcane	caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana	cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio	flora-fauna	Gynerium sagittatum				missing							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	tropical regions, especially river banks	no	plant
avocado	palta, aguacate	abacate	flora-fauna	Persea americana				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	tree
açai palm	huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia)	açaí	flora-fauna	Euterpe sp.				missing							missing	See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia	no
banana, plantain	banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano	banana	flora-fauna	Musa sp.	mantsaná	mantsaná		loan		Spanish 'manzana banana'	manzana 'apple'				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	Names for banana/plantain may be derived from bastard plantain by semantic shift.
bat	murciélago	morcego	flora-fauna	Chiroptera spp.	kamíjawat	kamíhawat		doubtful loan into protolanguage, direction unknown		Yanomami	Yanomami hewǝ				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
beans	frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas)	feijão	flora-fauna	Phaseolus spp.				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna		uʔuto	uʔuto		unique							uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
bitterwood	tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru)	envira	flora-fauna	Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala				missing							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	secondary forests, native to Brazil	no	tree
black palm	bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá	bacaba	flora-fauna	Oenocarpus bacaba				missing							missing	See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon	no	may be confused in some entries with O. bataua
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna	Diptera	rin	rin		inheritance							uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
boa	boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura	jiboia	flora-fauna	family Boidae, subf. Boinae	jomoéy	homoéj		unknown		formed from 'snake'; but cf. Piapoco umawali	from 'snake'				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree)	calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara	cabaça	flora-fauna	Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine)	yakuít; rerbɨ ('calabazo'); sorpá ('totuma', Buenaventura)	jakuít; rerbɨ ('gourd', H&R); dere-bɨ (CM72); sorpá ('totuma', Buenaventura)		unique							uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	indigenous gardens	no	plant; tree
brazil nut	castaña	castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis)	flora-fauna	Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia']				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua.	no	tree
brown woolly monkey	Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt	macaco barrigudo	flora-fauna	Lagothrix lagothricha				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant	conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro	tocandira	flora-fauna	Paraponera clavata	títbit	títbit		unknown							uncoded	See Language page	2	0	0	0	0		yes
butterfly, moth	mariposa	borboleta	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera	kokót	kokót		unknown							uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
capybara	Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco	capivara	flora-fauna	Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris	homkói	homkói		inheritance							uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
cará tuber, purple or white	camote, sachapapa	cará roxo, branco	flora-fauna	Dioscorea sp.				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings	no	plant
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium occidentale / giganteum				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium giganteum				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Brazil, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela, Guyana	no
centipede	ciempiés	centopéia	flora-fauna	class Chilopoda	jakiárat	hakiáɾat		unique							uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cicada	cigarra, chicharra	cigarra	flora-fauna	super fam. Cicadoidea				missing							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cipó vine	tamishi, bejuco, yare	cipó	flora-fauna	Heteropsis spp.				missing							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	secondary forest, floodplain	no	vine
coca	coca	coca	flora-fauna	Erythroxylum coca	kókat	kókat		doubtful loan		Spanish	coca				uncoded	See Language page	1	0	0	1	1	secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes	no	plant
cockroach	cucaracha	barata-do-mato	flora-fauna	order Blattaria	kuakuárach	kuakuáɾatʃ		loan		Spanish	cucaracha				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
collared peccary	sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar	caititu, caetitu	flora-fauna	Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu	tsamúl	tsamúl		loan (into protolanguage?)		North Arawak	e.g. Baniwa dzamolíto				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
cotamundi, coatimundi	Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache	quati	flora-fauna	genus Nasua				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
cotton	algodón	algodão	flora-fauna	Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers)	málputat	mol-putát		inheritance		possibly semantic shift					uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	1	secondary scrub vegetation	no	plant; some sources may confound with kapok Ceiba pentandra (esp. if a single gloss for 'cotton' is given')
crab	cangrejo	caranguejo	flora-fauna	infraorder Brachyura	jaknít	haknít		unique							uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cricket	saltón, grillo	grilo	flora-fauna	family Gryllidae				missing							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cunuri (tree)	cunuri	cunuri	flora-fauna	Cunurea spruceana				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Amazonia	no
curassow	mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini)	mutum	flora-fauna	Crax sp., Nothocrax sp.	jit	hit, pabo		unique			also pabo, Spanish loan				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Amazonia	no
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna	family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus	owéibi	owéibi		inheritance							uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna	Canis famililaris	awíl	awíl		loan (into protolanguage?)		Arawak: Achagua/Piapoco	Achagua áuli				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Not native; widespread	no
dog (wild; bush dog)	sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta	cachorro-do-mato	flora-fauna	Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis				missing							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
dove	paloma	pomba	flora-fauna	family Columbidae				missing							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
duck	pato	pato, marreco	flora-fauna	Anatidae family	bobóu	bobóu		doubtful loan		North Arawak	Baniwa póopoña				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil)	suri, mojojoy	larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá	flora-fauna	Rhynchophorus sp.				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
electric eel	anguila eléctrica	poraquê	flora-fauna	Electrophorus electricus	albín, chílit	albín, tʃílit		loan		Carib: e.g. Wayana alimina					uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		yes
firefly, lightning bug	lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin)	vagalume	flora-fauna	fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae				missing							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
fish (generic)	pez	peixe	flora-fauna		bópi	bópi		inheritance							uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
fish (large type)	paiche, pirarucú o arapaima	pirarucu	flora-fauna	Arapaima gigas				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	big rivers only	no
fish poison, barbasco	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	flora-fauna	Lonchocarpus spp.				missing							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation	yes [used to poison people]	shrub/tree
flea	pulga	pulga	flora-fauna	order Siphonaptera	maník, maníp	maník, maníp		inheritance							uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
genipap	jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico	genipapo, jenipapo	flora-fauna	Genipapa americana				missing							missing	See Language page	1	0	0	0	0	widespread lowland SA	no	shrub
giant otter	Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria	ariranha	flora-fauna	Pteronura brasiliensis	bóni	bóni		inheritance							uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna	(generic)	ponáp	ponáp		inheritance							uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
gray-winged trumpeter	Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris	jacamim	flora-fauna	Psophia crepitans				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões	no
great egret	Garza Blanca, Guyratî	Garça-Branca-Grande	flora-fauna	Ardea alba	wakár, jõk	wakáɾ, hõk		loan - WW		%wakara	Source Tupi-Guaran or Arawak? See Cocama wakará; Paresi (Arawak) waka'la; Also Macaguan hõk	WW	%wakar		uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread South America	no
green acouchi	Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo	cutiara	flora-fauna	Myoprocta pratti	bʉn	bɨn		missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
guan	pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru)	jacu	flora-fauna	Penelope sp.	malɨ´r	malɨ´r		loan (into protolg?) - WW		North Arawak	Piapoco malài; see also Yanomami	WW	%mare		uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Different types have different localized ranges	no
hallucinogenic snuff	vilca, cebil, yopo	paricá, yopo	flora-fauna	Anadenanthera sp. or virola	tuípa	tuípa										See Language page
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca	ayahuasca, yage	ayahuasca, caapi	flora-fauna	Banisteriopsis caapi	tuípa	tuípa		loan into protolanguage? direction unknown - WW		%tuipa					uncoded	See Language page	1	0	0	1	0	semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW	no	vine
hawk	halcón, gavilán	gavião	flora-fauna	family Accipitridae	jujúli	huhúli		unique							uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
honeybee	abeja	abelha	flora-fauna	Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis	toniát	toniát		unique							uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
horse	caballo	cavalho	flora-fauna	Equus caballus				missing							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
hot pepper	ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru)	pimenta	flora-fauna	Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens	nojníja	nohníha		inheritance							uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden	no	plant
howler monkey (red-handed)	mono aullador, mono coto (Peru)	guariba	flora-fauna	Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.]				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
hummingbird	colibrí, picaflor (Peru)	beija-flor	flora-fauna	family Trochilidae	chíchibʉr	tʃítʃibɨɾ		inheritance							uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread	no
iguana	iguana, garipiares (Colombia)	camaleão	flora-fauna	Iguana sp.	matí	matí		inheritance							uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana
inga	guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru)	inga	flora-fauna	Inga spp.				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia)	no
insect (generic)	insecto	insecto	flora-fauna	generic				missing							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
jaguar	yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru)	onca	flora-fauna	Panthera onca	newít, newɨ´to	newít, newɨ´to		inheritance							uncoded	See Language page	1	2	0	0	0		yes
japurá	oreja de murcielago	japurá	flora-fauna	Erisma japura				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	large tree
kapok	ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.)	sumaumeira	flora-fauna	Ceiba pentandra				missing							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas	no	tree
kingfisher	martín pescador, catalan (Peru)	martim-pescador	flora-fauna	family Alcedinidae				missing							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
leaf-cutter ant	Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse	saúva	flora-fauna	Atta sp.				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
macaw	ara, guacamaya	Arara	flora-fauna	family Psittacidae; Ara sp.	mája	máha		loan into protolanguage		Tukanoan?	e.g. Tukano maha; See also Arawak: wakámaaja; Barbacoa: wakamaja				uncoded	See Language page	1	1	0	0	1	Widespread Amazonia	no
maize, corn	mazorca, maiz	milho	flora-fauna	Zea mays	jetsá	hetsá		inheritance							uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	widespread, esp. in river floodplains	no	plant
manatee	vaca marina, manatí	peixe-boi	flora-fauna	Trichechus sp.				missing							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
mandi catfish	maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish)	mandi	flora-fauna	Auchenipterus sp.	bunú	bunú		unique							uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
manioc (bitter or generic)	yuca brava	mandioca	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	nejʉ́ja	nehɨ́ha		inheritance							uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition.	no	Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield
manioc (sweet)	yuca, caribe	macaxeira	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	báuja	báuha		inheritance							uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	no	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
miriti palm	moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti	buriti	flora-fauna	Mauritia flexuosa	kuát-bot	kuát-bot		doubtful loan (into protolg?), direction unknown		Guahiban, e.g. Sikuani kuáto; see also Carib kuwai					uncoded	See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps	no	trunks contain sago-like starch
mosquito	mosquito, zancudo	mosquito, carapana	flora-fauna	Anopheles sp.	wésap	wésap		inheritance							uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
moth	mariposa nocturna, polilla	mariposa	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera				missing							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
mouse, rat	ratón	camundongo, rata	flora-fauna	Mus musculus	olít	ir		loan (into protolanguage?_)		Piapoco					uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
mushroom	champiñón, hongo	cogumelo	flora-fauna	(any edible generic)				missing							missing	See Language page	0	2	0	0	0		no	prioritize generic term that includes any edible species
neotropical otter (small)	Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia)	lontra	flora-fauna	Lontra longicaudis		bóni		missing							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
opossum	zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo	mucura	flora-fauna	family Didelphidae				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
owl (large)	búho, lechuza	corujão	flora-fauna	order Strigiformes	jórto	hóɾto		inheritance							uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread	no
paca (lowland)	Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana)	paca	flora-fauna	Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.)	opép	opép		inheritance							uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
pacu fish	palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru)	pacu	flora-fauna	Mylossoma sp.	átak, tatalám	átak, tatalám		unique							uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
palm for roof thatch	pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná	caraná	flora-fauna	Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana				missing							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests	no	palm
parrot	loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib)	papagaio	flora-fauna	Amazona amazonica	kekét	kekét, ón		inheritance							uncoded	See Language page	1	0	0	0	1	Widespread	no
paxiuba palm	pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba	paxiuba	flora-fauna	Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea				missing							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no	palm
peach palm, pejibaye palm	chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol)	pupunha	flora-fauna	Bactris gasipaes	kuájan	kuáhan	chontaduro (fruta)								missing	Buenaventura 1993: 63	2	1	0	0	0		no	Cf. other palm names with kua, e.g. kuá 'palm similar to milpeso' (kuája fruit of this palm); kuát 'moriche palm'
peanut	maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete	amendoim	flora-fauna	Arachis hypogaea				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
pineapple	piña	abacaxi	flora-fauna	Ananas comosus	bochítmʉ, píya	botʃítmɨ, píja		unique			also píja, possibly Spanish loan from piña				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
pirana	piraña, caribe	piranha	flora-fauna	subfamily Serrasalmidae	kuwár	kuwáɾ		inheritance			see also Chocó kʰiɾaɾ				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no [not in this region]
porcupine	puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru)	cuandu, porco-espinho	flora-fauna	family Erethizontidae	mʉkáp	mɨkáp		inheritance							uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
potato	papa	batata	flora-fauna	Solanum tuberosum	rʉ́ta	ɾɨ́ta		unique						Broader (potato in general)	uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation	no	compare entries for sweet potato
potato, sweet potato	camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara	batata-doce	flora-fauna	Ipomoea batatas	rʉ́ta	rɨta		inheritance						Broader (potato in general)	uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
praying mantis, stick insects	mantis religiosa	louva-a-deus	flora-fauna	order Mantodea, family Mantidae	akuéy amúi			missing							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
rubber tree (sorva)	caucho, siringa, shiringa	seringa, borracha	flora-fauna	Hevea sp.				missing							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no	tree
scorpion	escorpión; alacran	escorpião	flora-fauna	order Scorpiones	tʉ́bat	tɨ́bat		unique							uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		yes
seje palm	ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá	patoá, patuá	flora-fauna	Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua				missing							missing	See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia	no	may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries
sloth	pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru)	macaco preguica	flora-fauna	Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp.	jujúl	huhúl		unique							uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
small lizard	lagartija	calango	flora-fauna	order Squamata				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
snail	caracol, churo (Peru)	caracol	flora-fauna	class Gastropoda	kíwat	kíwat		doubtful loan (into protolg?)		Carib, cf. Pemon kuuiwa	e.g. Pemon kuuiwa				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		jom	hom		inheritance							uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake	víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara	jararaca	flora-fauna	Bothrops jararaca/atrox	jatʃit	jatʃit		inheritance							uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread South America	yes
speckled catfish	surubí, pintadillo	surubim, sorubim	flora-fauna	Pseudoplatystoma sp.				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna	Arachnidae, Araneae	jabút	habút		unique							uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
squash	calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru)	abóbora	flora-fauna	Cucurbita sp.	aimút	rerbɨ		unknown							uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
squirrel	ardilla, danta (Ven)	serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo	flora-fauna	family Sciuridae	mátir	mátiɾ		loan (into protolg?)	Cuiva-Sikuani-Macaguan	Achagua/Piapoco	Piapoco matèri, Yavitero mateti				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
stingray (generic)	rayas látigo, raya	arraia	flora-fauna	Potamotrygon sp.	póin	póin		inheritance							uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
tannia, yautia	huitina (Peru), ñame	taioba branca	flora-fauna	Xanthosoma spp.	nojá	nohá		inheritance							uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
tapir	sachavaca, danta	anta	flora-fauna	Tapirus terrestris	métsa	métsa		inheritance							uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
termites, white-ants	comején (Peru), termitas	cupim	flora-fauna	order Isoptera	opát	opát		inheritance							uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
tick	garrapata	carrapato	flora-fauna	superfam Ixodoidea	bóskuet	bóskuet		unique							uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
tigerfish	taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru)	traíra	flora-fauna	Hoplias sp.	ejenáp, jiásap	ehenáp, hiásap		unique							uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
tinamou	tinamu, perdiz, gallineta	inambu, inhambu	flora-fauna	family Tinamidae				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
toad	sapo	sapo	flora-fauna	order Anura	bus	bus		inheritance							uncoded	See Language page	0	2	0	0	0		no
tobacco	tabaco	tabaco	flora-fauna	Nicotiana tabacum	kojá	kohá		inheritance							uncoded	See Language page	1	0	0	0	1		no	plant
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant)	tortuga, morrocoy, motelo	jabutí, tartaruga	flora-fauna	Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria	jar, jayák	haɾ, haják		inheritance							uncoded	See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	Widespread	no
toucan	tucán, pinsha (Peru)	tucano	flora-fauna	Ramphastos sp.	tìá~y	tìá~j		inheritance							uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
tree	árbol	arvore	flora-fauna		nehá, amumú, bibitsá	nehá, amumú, bibitsá		inheritance			also nehá (inheritance)				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
tufted capuchin monkey	mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero	macaco prego	flora-fauna	Cebus apella	itɨnɨ	itɨnɨ		missing						Broader: capuchin	uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
ucuqui	yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru)	ucuqui	flora-fauna	Pouteria ucuqui				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions	no	other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant
vulture	buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru)	urubu	flora-fauna	family Cathartidae	kékar	kékar		inheritance							uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread South America	no
wasp	avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa	caba	flora-fauna	order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita				missing							missing	See Language page	0	2	0	0	0		no
white-fronted capuchin	Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru)	Caiarara	flora-fauna	Cebus albifrons	itɨnɨ	itɨnɨ		unknown						Broader: capuchin	uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
white-fronted spider monkey	Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia)	macaco aranha, coatá, quatá	flora-fauna	Ateles belzebuth/paniscus				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
white-lipped peccary	Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana	queixada	flora-fauna	Tayassu pecari	atʃip	atʃip		loan (into protolanguage?)	Cuiva-Sikuani-Macaguan	Arawak	Piapoco apìtʃa				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
woodpecker	pájaro carpintero, carpintero	pica-pau	flora-fauna	family Picidae	jetsár	hetsáɾ		unique							uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no

Showing 1 to 136 of 136 entries

Cultural Vocabulary (106)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	General Notes	Source
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven	tierra do los muertos	terra dos mortos	culture-mythology				missing								See Language page
arrow	flecha	flecha	subsistence tool	kupálien, orék	kupálien, oɾék		inheritance					Also: kupalién	Simplex	hunting, warfare	See Language page
axe/stone axe	hacha (de piedra)	machado (de pedra)	subsistence tool	chipál	tʃipál		loan - WW	Proto-Guahiban	%sipara/sapere, via Piapoco	WW	%sapara	in other languages this WW means 'machete	Simplex	especially for clearing fields	See Language page
bait for fishing	cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru)	isca	subsistence tool				missing							can refer to worms; more generic	See Language page
basin/bowl	tazón, plato hondo, taza	tijela	culture-material	lantíka	lantíka		unknown						Simplex		See Language page
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	okúa			Unknown						Simplex		See Language page
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	kanás, okúa (large basket)	kanás, kot		loan; inheritance		Spanish						See Language page
basket, small	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto pequeno, tampado	culture-material	kot (small basket)		basket	inheritance	Proto-MSC (Macaguan, Sikuani)					Simplex		See Language page
bead	abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar	miçanga	culture-material	asúlap (necklace)		necklace	unknown								See Language page
bed	cama	cama	culture-material				missing								See Language page
bench, seat	banco, silla, asiento	banco	culture-material	chihiét, jál-ne	tʃiʔiét, hál-ne		unknown	Proto-Guahiban (doubtful)					Simplex		See Language page
blowgun	cerbatana, pucuna (Peru)	zarabatana	subsistence tool	chirpú	tʃiɾpú		loan, direction unknown	Proto-MSC (Macaguan, Sikuani)	Piapoco			Shared Sikuani; could be loan Guahibo > Arawak, but Rivet lists dozens of Arawak lgs with similar words for blowpipe, arrow, and dart.	Simplex	currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region	See Language page
boomerang/throwing stick (generic)			subsistence tool				missing								See Language page
bottle	botella	garrafa	acculturation	limétbʉ			unknown								See Language page
bottom grinding stone			manufacture				missing							if different word from top grinding stone	See Language page
bow	arco	arco	subsistence tool	pitsá-ne	pitsá-ne		inheritance						Simplex	arco	See Language page
broom	escoba	vassoura	culture-material				missing								See Language page
canoe	canoa	canoa	transport	kaná	kaná		loan - WW		%kanawa	WW	%kanawa		Simplex		See Language page
cat	gato	gato	acculturation				missing								See Language page
chicken	gallina	galinha	acculturation	takrá	takrá		loan - WW		%takara	WW	%karaka		Simplex		See Language page
chief/leader	jefe, cacique	chefe	culture-mythology				missing								See Language page
clothing	ropa	roupa	culture-mythology	onsét	onsét		unknown								See Language page
club	garrote, cachiporra	clava, porrete	subsistence tool	kuérbot	kuérbot		loan		Arawak?						See Language page
coca			narcotics	kóka-t			Loan		Local	WW	%koka	Maybe Quechua origin, via Arawak?			See Language page
cook food			food	tset			Unknown						Simplex		See Language page
Curupira (spirit type)	Curupira, Madremonte	Curupira	culture-mythology				missing							malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region	See Language page
dance (generic)			culture-mythology	jawíp			Unknown						Simplex		See Language page
dart (blowgun)	dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru)	dardo, seta	subsistence tool				missing							hunting and warfare	See Language page
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure	dios(es), deidad	divinidade, figura mítica	culture-mythology	márat		mythological personage, creator of the world	unknown						Simplex	In RN region, frequently translates as 'Bone-Son', 'One on the bone', etc.	See Language page
digging stick			subsistence tool				Missing								See Language page
digging stick			subsistence tool				missing								See Language page
dream	sueño, soñar	sonho, sonhar	culture-mythology	míts	míts		inheritance	Proto-MSC					Simplex		See Language page
drum	tambor	tambor	culture-mythology				missing								See Language page
drum (large signal)	tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia)	tambor	culture				missing							Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances	See Language page
fan	abanico	abanador, abano	subsistence tool	wachít	watʃít		doubtful loan (into protolg?)	Proto-Guahiban	cf. Yavitero mahu'ita, Sikuani huata, Kokama wauta			But compare Yavitero mahu'ita	Simplex	esp. for fanning a cooking fire	See Language page
feather headdress	plumaje, corona de plumas	enfeite/capacete de penas	culture-mythology				missing								See Language page
fence, palisade	cerco	cerca	other				missing							may be related to defense/warfare?	See Language page
fermented drink	masato, chicha	caxiri, chicha	culture	mawán	mawán		unique							prioritizes manioc beer where distinction is made	See Language page
fetish, charm	fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga	feitiço, puçanga	culture-mythology				missing								See Language page
fireplace	hogar	lareira	other				missing								See Language page
firewood	leña	lenha	other	isó-t	isó-t		inheritance						Simplex		See Language page
fish (with fish-poison)	pescar con barbasco, barbasquear	pescar com timbó; tinguijar	food	pewánsap	pewánsap		unknown								See Language page
fish (with line)	anzuelear, pescar con linea	pescar (com linha)	food				missing								See Language page
fish poison	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	subsistence tool				Missing								See Language page
fishing line	cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze	linha de pesca	subsistence tool				missing								See Language page
fishtrap	trampa de peces, trampa	matapi, cacuri	subsistence tool				missing								See Language page
flat bread, cassava bread	pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe	beiju	food	pérjía	pérhía		loan (into protolanguage?)		Achagua			Compare also Arawak Tariana, peːthé; Baniwa, peéthe; Shared Guayabero, Sikuani	Simplex	usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits	See Language page
flour/meal from manioc	fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina	farinha	food	matsúka	matsúka		loan - WW		%matsuka	WW	%matsuka	Prob. Achagua source; see also Baniwa, matsóka; Warekena, matsuka; Mandawaka, matʃúka; Puinave, masuká; Nadeb ma	Simplex	agriculture	See Language page
flute	flauta, quena (Peru)	flauta	culture-mythology				missing							multiple types? japurutu, deer-bone, etc.	See Language page
game animal	caza, animal de caza	caça, animal de caça	food	mábʉrat	mábɨɾat		unknown						Simplex	Interesting correlation to 'fish' in Tukanoan languages	See Language page
genipap			culture-mythology				Missing								See Language page
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit	espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio	espirito	culture-mythology	chópinʉ, kayén	tʃópinɨ, kajén		unknown								See Language page
gourd (dipper/bowl)	cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo	cuia	subsistence tool	yakuít; rerbɨ ('calabazo'); sorpá ('totuma', Buenaventura)	jakuít; rerbɨ ('gourd', H&R); dere-bɨ (CM72); sorpá ('totuma', Buenaventura)		unknown					Also: sorbʉ	Simplex		See Language page
grater	rallador, rallo	ralador, ralo	subsistence tool	arpát	aɾpát		doubtful loan	Proto-MSC	Arawak, cf. Warekena ába; Embera ibhárra			Compare Sikuani abalakua; could also be internal loan or loan from Arawak, e.g. Baniwa áada.	Simplex	esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well	See Language page
grave	tumba, sepultura, sepulcro	sepultura, sepulcro, cova	culture-mythology				missing								See Language page
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf)	barbacoa	jirau	subsistence tool	kaníbʉrat	kaníbɨɾat		unknown						Simplex		See Language page
griddle for cooking flatbread	tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru)	forno para beiju	subsistence tool				missing							agriculture?	See Language page
gun	arma, escopeta	espingarda, fusil	acculturation	brúja			doubtful loan		Spanish 'witch'?				Simplex		See Language page
hammock	hamaca, chinchorro	rede	culture-material	hamák			loan		North Arawak	WW	%amaka	Occurs in Arawak, Macaguan, Kakua (?), Urarina (?), Aguaruna. Taylor 9157 argues that origin is in Arawak 'sleep-NMLZ'	Simplex		See Language page
hat	sombero	chapéu	dress	sonbré	sonbré		loan		Spanish sombrero				Simplex		See Language page
healer	curandero	benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano)	culture-mythology				missing							Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well.	See Language page
hollow log/trough for beer-making	canoa para chicha	cocho de caxiri	narcotics				missing								See Language page
honey	miel	mel	food	yatsonálit	jatsonálit		unique							only gathered in wild throughout Amazonia?	See Language page
house			other	mamkɨ	mamkɨ		unique								See Language page
hunt	cazar	caçar	food	wétap, wétbi-	wétap, wétbi-		unique						Simplex		See Language page
knife	cuchillo	faca	culture-material	kochípa	kotʃípa		loan - WW?		%kɨtʃe (or Span cuchillo?)	WW	%kotʃi	Spanish origin; Arawak, e.g. Warekena kotsiyo; found Macaguan kotʃípa, Sikuani, Candoshi, Camsa, Jivaroan, etc.	Simplex		See Language page
loincloth	taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla	tanga, tapa-sexo	dress	marmʉt			missing						Simplex		See Language page
machete	machete	facão	culture-material	matsét	matsét		loan		Spanish	WW	%matset	Spanish source	Simplex		See Language page
mortar	mortero	pilão	subsistence tool	wʉp	wɨp		inheritance	Proto-MSC				Compare Sikuani wahubo	Simplex		See Language page
paddle/oar	remo	remo	transport	témpa	témpa		loan (into protolg?)		Achagua/Piapoco						See Language page
paint body, body paint	pintura corporal	pintura corporal	culture-mythology												See Language page
panpipe	carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora	caniço, flauta de pã	culture-mythology				missing								See Language page
paper	papel	papel	acculturation	papéna	papéna		loan		Span/Port 'papel'	WW	%papera	Spanish/Portuguese > Nheengatu > others? Ninam liplo (metathesis); Arawak (e.g. Yucuna papera); Macaguan papéna; Tukanoan (Cubeo papela, Wanano papera pû, Tukano papéra); Nheengatu papera; Yanomam, papʰeo	Simplex		See Language page
pestle	pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor	mão de pilão	subsistence tool	pemák	pemák		unknown						Simplex		See Language page
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other				Missing								See Language page
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other	chirwí	tʃirwí (for inhaling yopo snuff)		missing								See Language page
plate	plato	prato	culture-material	láto	láto		loan		Spanish			Spanish source	Simplex		See Language page
policeman	polícia	policía	acculturation				missing								See Language page
pot	olla, pote	panela, vasilha	subsistence tool	pelór	pelóɾ		unknown		cf. Arawak puali 'griddle'			Maybe via Arawak?	Simplex		See Language page
rattle	matraca, maraca	marico, chocalho	culture-mythology	chichít	tʃitʃít		doubtful loan (into protolg?)		onomatopoeia, but cf. Arawak, Cayapa, Bora, Jivaroan			Also shared Macaguan	Simplex		See Language page
resin	resina, brea, copal	resina, brea, breu	subsistence tool				missing								See Language page
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya)	kapiwaya	capiwaya	culture-mythology				missing								See Language page
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture		tomɨt		inheritance		Proto-Guahiban						See Language page
salt	sal	sal	food	yója	jóha		loan, direction unknown	Proto-MSC	Saliba ʤeho				Simplex		See Language page
school	escuela	escola	acculturation				missing								See Language page
shaman, healer	chamán, brujo	xaman, pajé, feiticeiro	culture-mythology				missing						Other complex	In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
shoes	zapatos	sapatos	dress	sapát	sapát		loan		Spanish?			Maybe via Arawak?	Simplex		See Language page
skirt	falda, saya, fustan, pollera	saia	culture-material				missing								See Language page
soldier	soldado	soldado	acculturation				missing								See Language page
song (generic)	canción, canto	canção	culture-mythology	najuép	najuép	to sing	unknown						Simplex		See Language page
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool	lats			loan		Spanish			Maybe via Arawak; See e.g. Yavitero lansa	Simplex		See Language page
spearthrower			subsistence tool				missing								See Language page
starch (tapioca, other)	almidón	goma de tapioca	food	petmetá	petmetá		unknown		North Arawak				Other complex		See Language page
stone for lighting fires	piedra para hacer fuego	pedra para acender fogo	culture-material				missing								See Language page
sugarcane/sugar	azúcar, caña de azúcar	açucar (de cana)	acculturation	káihia		sugarcane	unknown						Simplex		See Language page
tapioca drink, mingau	cahuana, caguana	mingau	food				missing							agriculture	See Language page
tattoo	tatuaje, tatu	tatuagem	culture-mythology				missing								See Language page
thatch/roof	crisneja	palha, caraná	culture-material	ja-korchít	pe-jakatarabia		unknown						Complex		See Language page
tipiti (manioc squeezer)	tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca	tipiti	food	wabát			unknown					Similar to Guayabero waa; possible loan?	Simplex	word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc	See Language page
tobacco (native)			narcotics	kohá			Unknown						Simplex		See Language page
top grinding stone	metate, mano; piedra de moler	metate, mano	manufacture				missing							use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone	See Language page
tripod for washing manioc	trípode	tripé	subsistence tool				missing							agriculture	See Language page
venom for darts, poison	veneno	curare	subsistence tool				missing						Simplex	hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?)	See Language page
wax	cera	cera	other				missing								See Language page
woven strainer/sieve	colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru)	peneira, cumatá	subsistence tool	chirʉn	tʃirɨn		loan		North Arawak (*tsiiru-li)				Simplex	agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour	See Language page
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women)	yurupari	jurupari	culture-mythology				missing							a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women.	See Language page

Showing 1 to 106 of 106 entries

Grammatical Data (226)

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Category	Grammatical Feature	Grammatical Feature: Notes	Feature Status	Grammatical Notes	Source	General Notes
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive NN compounding	Noun compounds created from two noun phrases are common and systematically produced	yes		Buenaventura - 1993:51
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive VV serialization (without compounding)	Verb roots can be combined in a single predicate without markers of subordination (distinct from subordinating construction) or distinct inflection	no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive VV compounding	Serial verb constructions involve chaining of roots together in one morphophonological word	yes	Last sentence on the page gives an example of serialization	Buenaventura 1993:86
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Verb-adjunct (aka light verb) constructions	There is a set of semantically weak verbs used in complex verbal constructions, e.g. 'take a nap'	no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Auxiliary verb(s)	There are verbs that accompany main verbs of clauses and take grammatical marking not expressed by main verbs	yes	author suggests that the language has auxiliaries, but the example he shows does not seem like one	Buenaventura - 1993:52
Morphology - General	Verbal fusion (2+ categories marked by portmanteau morphemes on verb)	Verb combines two or more categories (tense, aspect, mood, person, number, etc.) in portmanteau morphemes{ [ignore proclitics unless they are fused with values other than person/number]	no info		Buenaventura - 1993:42-43	only 1S, 2S, 3S, 3Inclusive for person
Morphology - General	Inflection manifested by replacement of segmental or suprasegmental phonemes	Stem change, tone	no		Buenaventura - 1993
Morphology - General	Verbal synthesis (1+ inflectional categories marked by verbal affixes)	Morphological complexity in verbs - multiple inflectional affixes in a single verb word	yes		Buenaventura - 1993:91-101
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly prefixing	There are many more prefixes than suffixes	no		Buenaventura - 1993
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly suffixing	There are many more suffixes than prefixes	no		Buenaventura - 1993
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: roughly equal or one weakly preferred	The numbers of suffixes and prefixes are not notably different	yes	prefixes: pl on verb, object, reflexive, etc.; suffixes: tense, subject	Buenaventura - 1993:41-45
Morphology - General	Reduplication: full	The full morpheme is reduplicated	no		Buenaventura - 1993
Morphology - General	Reduplication: partial	Only part of the morpheme is reduplicated	no		Buenaventura - 1993
Morphology - Incorporation	Incorporation of nouns into verbs is a productive intransitivizing process	Verb contains nominal segment	yes	example: wi-kán, "meat-eat", "eat meat"	Buenaventura - 1993:51
Morphology - Incorporation	Productive incorporation of other elements (adjectives, locatives, etc.) into verbs	Like noun incorporation, but incorporated elements are not nouns	no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Adpositions mark core NPs	Prepositions or postpositions mark subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients	no		Buenaventura - 1993:52
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: number of cases	Note the number of grammatical relations that may be morphologically marked on the noun	no info	author only mentions one locative -t	Buenaventura - 1993
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: only non-core arguments morphologically marked	Subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients NOT marked, but other grammatical relations are	yes	core arguments not marked, at least locative is marked	Buenaventura - 1993:52
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: symmetrical	All NPs marked if in appropriate syntactic relation; no distinction in marking based on semantics (type of entity)	no info	same suffix attached to noun and its possessive pronoun (depending on the noun's class)	Buenaventura - 1993:50
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: asymmetrical	Semantically defined subset of NPs marked for case, e.g. animates	no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: suffix or postpositional clitic		yes		Buenaventura - 1993
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: prefix or prepositional clitic		no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: infix or inpositional clitic		no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: stem change		no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: tone		no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: comitative = instrumental	Same marking for 'with a person' and 'with an instrument'	no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Definite or specific articles	Definite = particular referent known to both speaker and addressee; specific = particular referent known to speaker only	no info	ke- is a numeral prefixed to a noun	Buenaventura: 1993:51-52	"ketú" means "one"; bound article is "ke-", meaning "one" or "the"
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Marker of definiteness distinct from demonstratives	Focus on articles/markers whose primary function is to mark definiteness	no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Indefinite or non-specific article	or marker	no		Buenaventura - 1993
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Inclusive/exclusive: in free pronominals	Inclusive =us + you, exclusive = us but not you	yes		Buenaventura - 1993:44
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Inclusive/exclusive: in verbal inflection (bound)		yes	inclusive only a suffix -ch, exclusive a prefix pa- and a suffix -ᵾ	Buenaventura - 1993:43
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Distance contrasts in demonstratives (number)	Note the number of distances in the demonstrative system	no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Other contrasts in demonstratives (visibility, elevation, etc.)		no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Noun classes/genders	Nouns are organized into sets with distinct morphological treatment; usually affects all nouns and involves agreement within the NP	no	doesn't seem likely	Buenaventura 1993
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Number of noun classes/genders	Note the (approximate) total number of noun classes/genders	no		Buenaventura - 1993:43-45
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Noun classifiers (distinct from noun classes/genders)	Nouns are organized into sets, but only a limited set of nouns may be implicated, with no or limited agreement marking. If only numeral classifiers exist, indicate yes but explain.	yes	not clear what the first two classify, -ia animates, -ja animates	Buenaventura - 1993:50
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for animates	Masculine, feminine, neuter	no		Buenaventura - 1993
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for inanimates		no		Buenaventura - 1993
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Animacy (w/o reference to sex) is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system	Animate/inanimate, human/non-human	yes		Buenaventura - 1993:50
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex/gender distinction only in 3rd person pronouns	add in notes section whether gender is present in other PNs or not in any PNs; consider with reference to pronouns and person marking only	no	no distinction in any form	Buenaventura - 1993:43
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for animates		no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for inanimates		no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	"Repeater" classifiers	Where no distinct classifier exists, a copy of the noun itself may function in the morphosyntactic classifier "slot"	no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Numeral classifiers (specific to numerals)	Special classifier forms that occur only with numerals	no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Classifiers used as derivational suffixes to derive nouns	Verb + classifier = 'thing for doing V, thing that does V, etc.'	yes	animate and inanimate classifiers suffixed to verb derive nouns	Buenaventura - 1993:50
Nominal Categories - Number	Singular number may be marked on the noun	Often occurs in a small subset of nouns if a single entity is referred to, e.g. insects that normally occur in groups	no info	ke- could be a quantifier instead of a singular marker	Buenaventura - 1993:52	from "ken," meaning "one"
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural affix on noun		no info	strangely, author never shows example of a plural noun. Pa- marks plural subject on verb	Buenaventura 1993:44
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked by stem change or tone on noun		no info		Buenaventura 1993
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked by reduplication of noun		no info		Buenaventura 1993
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural word/clitic		no info		Buenaventura 1993
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked on human or animate nouns only		no info		Buenaventura 1993
Nominal Categories - Number	Pronominal plural: stem + nominal plural affix	Pronouns use a nominal plural affix not specific to pronouns	no info		Buenaventura 1993
Nominal Categories - Number	Unique associative plural marker	e.g. 'John and his associates', 'John and them'	no info		Buenaventura 1993
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-2	At least some part of the system involves base-2	no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-5	At least some part of the system involves base-5	no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-10	At least some part of the system involves base-10	no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Other base (specify)	4, 20, etc.	no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Etymological transparency in any numerals under 5	e.g. two = 'eye-quantity'	no		Buenaventura - 1993
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Numerals do not go above 5	'Many' or some other non-exact term used	no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Numerals do not go above 10	'Many' or some other non-exact term used	no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Nominal Categories - Other nominal	Tense or aspect inflection on non-verbal predicates	i.e. nominal or adjectival	no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Nominal Categories - Other nominal	Person inflection on non-verbal predicates	i.e. nominal or adjectival	no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 3sg pronouns		no		Buenaventura - 1993
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 3pl pronouns		no		Buenaventura - 1993
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 1st and/or 2nd person pronouns		no		Buenaventura - 1993
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Formal/informal distinction in pronouns	Polite pronominal variants or differential avoidance of pronouns	no		Buenaventura - 1993
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Reflexive pronouns	e.g. English 'himself', Spanish 'se'; distinct form(s) from basic (non-reflexive) pronominals; distinct from reflexive verbal affix	no	there exists only a reflexive verbal prefix	Buenaventura - 1993:45
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives	Underived adjectives	There are underived adjectives which do not have counterparts in other word classes	yes		Buenaventura - 1993
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives	Gender inflection on adjectives within the NP	There is gender agreement/concord (animate/inanimate or masc/fem, etc.) within the NP, e.g. la casa blanca, el perro blanco	no		Buenaventura - 1993
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: action/state (arrive/arrival)	There is a morpheme which derives an event from a verb	no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: agentive (sing/singer)	There is a morpheme which derives an agent or subject from a verb	no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: object (sing/song)	There is a morpheme which derives a patient or object from a verb	no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive verbalizing morphology	There is a morpheme which derives a verb from a noun or adjective	no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Nominal Syntax - Other	NP coordination and comitative phrases marked differently	'John and Mary went to market' is marked differently from 'John went to market with Mary'	no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Pronominal possessive affixes: prefix on N	alienable/inalienable?	yes		Buenaventura - 1993:50
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Pronominal possessive affixes: suffix on N	alienable/inalienable?	no		Buenaventura - 1993
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: dependent	e.g. 'the boy-'s dog'	no		Buenaventura - 1993
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: head	e.g. 'the boy his-dog'	yes	not obligatory, often just use pronouns	Buenaventura - 1993
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Possessive classifiers	There are special classifiers that occur with possessed entities	yes		Buenaventura 1993:50
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Morphological marking of inalienable possession	Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the former takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun)	no info		Buenaventura 1993
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Morphological marking of alienable possession	Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the latter takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun)	no info		Buenaventura 1993
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Default marker for inalienably possessed nouns if unpossessed	An inalienable noun that is in an unpossessed state must have a derivational affix or associated form	no info		Buenaventura 1993
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Inalienable possession of kin terms	'my-father' but *father	no info		Buenaventura 1993
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Inalienable possession of body parts (human/animal)	'my-leg' but *leg	no info		Buenaventura 1993
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Generic human nouns are obligatorily bound/possessed	Human nouns must co-occur with another noun (e.g. Hup-man, NonIndian-woman, but *man)	no info		Buenaventura 1993
Phonology - Segmental	Pre-/post-nasalized stops	Analysis posits that the stop is the most relevant underlying phoneme. Comment in notes on whether the nasal contour is understood as a phonetic (allophonic) effect, or is phonologically contrastive.	no		Buenaventura 1993
Phonology - Segmental	Glottalized/ejective consonants	Phonemic contrast [NOT counting glottal stop/fricative]	no	glottalized stop is separate phoneme	Buenaventura - 1993:30
Phonology - Segmental	Palatalized stops	Phonemic contrast	no		Buenaventura - 1993
Phonology - Segmental	Phonemic vowel length	Does the language have long and short vowels?	no		Buenaventura - 1993
Phonology - Segmental	Phonemic glottalization/laryngealization of vowels		no		Buenaventura - 1993
Phonology - Segmental	Complex onsets	Onset consists of more than one consonant phoneme	yes	C1C2VC3	Buenaventura - 1993:28
Phonology - Segmental	No codas	*(C)VC [no also equals highly constrained]	no		Buenaventura - 1993:28
Phonology - Segmental	Word-final coda required	Do all syllables end in a consonant?	no		Buenaventura - 1993:28
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Contrastive tones	Note how many contrastive tones	no		Buenaventura - 1993
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Contrastive stress	Does stress occur on different syllables with meaning difference?	yes		Buenaventura - 1993:27
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Nasalization property of morpheme or syllable	In contrast to nasalization as a property of segments	no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Nasal spreading across some morpheme boundaries	Do some affixes or other morphemes take the nasal/oral properties of the root they attach to?	no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Vowel harmony		no		Buenaventura - 1993
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked accusative	Objects of transitive clauses ('P') have a unique marker, while subjects of transitive ('A') and intransitive ('S') clauses are unmarked or share a different marker from that occurring on objects	no		Buenaventura - 1993:91-101
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked nominative	Subjects of transitive and intransitive clauses share a marker, while objects of transitives are unmarked	no		Buenaventura - 1993:91-101
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: ergative-absolutive	Subjects of intransitive clauses and objects of transitives share a unique marker, while subjects of transitive clauses are unmarked or have a different marker	no info		Buenaventura - 1993:91-101
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: tripartite	Intransitive subjects, transitive subjects, and transitive objects all receive distinct case markers	no info		Buenaventura - 1993:91-101
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: active-inactive	Subjects of intransitive clauses are treated two different ways: like subjects of transitives if they are more agent-like (e.g. he jumped), and like objects of transitives if they are more patient-like (e.g. he fell asleep)	no		Buenaventura - 1993:91-101
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked accusative		no		Buenaventura - 1993:91-101
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked nominative		no		Buenaventura - 1993:91-101
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: ergative-absolutive	yes, no, mixed, other	no		Buenaventura - 1993:91-101
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: tripartite		no		Buenaventura - 1993:91-101
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: active-inactive		no		Buenaventura - 1993:91-101
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: nominative-accusative	Same as above, for pronominal affixes/clitics on verbs	yes		Buenaventura - 1993:91-101
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: ergative-absolutive	yes, no, mixed, other	no		Buenaventura - 1993:91-101
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: active-inactive		no		Buenaventura - 1993:91-101
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: hierarchical	Marking of A and P depends on their relative ranking on a hierarchy (usually 1>2>3 or 2>1>3)	no info		Buenaventura - 1993:91-101
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: split	More than one of the above systems is represented in person marking, depending on e.g. person (e.g. 1/2 vs. 3), tense-aspect value, main vs. subordinate clause type, etc.	no info		Buenaventura - 1993:91-101
Simple Clauses - Desiderative expressions	Grammaticalized verbal desiderative	Indicates that the subject desires to carry out the action denoted by the verb (distinct from verb 'want', but may be grammaticalized from it)	no		Buenaventura - 1993
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: interrogative particle	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative particle	yes		Buenaventura 1993:46
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: verb morphology	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative verb morphology	yes		Buenaventura - 1993:45
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: word order	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion)	no		Buenaventura - 1993:45
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: intonation only	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by intonation only	no	Intonation is an indication, just not the only one.	Buenaventura - 1993:45
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Content questions: word order differs from declaratives	Content questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion) as well as by presence of Q-word (who, what, etc.)	yes	question word comes first; subject-verb inversion	Buenaventura - 1993:45
Simple Clauses - Negation	Clausal negator is a preposed element	Clausal negator is a preposed element	yes		Buenaventura - 1993:48
Simple Clauses - Negation	Clausal negator is a postposed element	Clausal negator is a postposed element	no		Buenaventura - 1993:48
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: affix	Negatives: affix	yes		Buenaventura - 1993:48
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: particle	Negatives: particle	no		Buenaventura - 1993:48
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: auxiliary verb	Negatives: auxiliary verb	no		Buenaventura - 1993:48
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: double	Standard (non-emphatic) negation typically requires two morphemes, e.g. French 'ne V pas'	yes		Buenaventura - 1993:48
Simple Clauses - Negation	Distinct negative form for 'NP does not exist'		no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Simple Clauses - Negation	Distinct negative expression 'I don't know'	Lexical expression or highly idiomatic phrase	no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Simple Clauses - Other	Clause chaining	Clauses can be grouped such that only one bears most of the verb morphology, and the others are marked as to whether they share a subject with this reference clause.	no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Simple Clauses - Other	Morphologically marked switch-reference system	There are special markers to indicate same vs. different subject when two clauses are combined	no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Simple Clauses - Other	Morphologically marked distinction between simultaneous and sequential clauses	Morphology (usually on verb) distinguishes between clauses denoting events that occur at the same time or in sequence	no		Buenaventura - 1993
Simple Clauses - Predication	Predicate adjectives: verbal	Adjectives act like verbs in predicative position	no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Simple Clauses - Predication	Predicate adjectives: nominal	Adjectives act like nouns in predicative position	no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Simple Clauses - Predication	Zero copula for predicate nominals is possible	Predicate nominals may occur without a copula (i.e. grammatical in some circumstances, if not all)	yes		Buenaventura - 1993:91-101
Simple Clauses - Predication	Headless relative clauses	Compare Eng 'the one that fell' (but in Eng 'one' could be considered a head)	no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Simple Clauses - Predication	Headless relative clauses are the dominant or only form of relative clause	Relative clauses that form a constituent with a head noun (in a single noun phrase) are rare or nonexistent; some descriptions may refer to adjoined or correlative clauses.	no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Simple Clauses - Predication	Relative clause may occur with a noun classifier/class marker	It may be unclear whether the classifier is the nominal head of the construction or is an agreement marker on the relative clause	no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Simple Clauses - Predication	Relativizer is a verbal affix		no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Simple Clauses - Predication	Morphological relativizer is homophonous with nominalizer	The same morpheme marks a relative clause and is a nominalizer on verbs (and/or other word classes)	no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: pronouns in subject position	Pronominal subjects are free pronouns that occur in the same position as full NP subjects	yes	can occur, can also be marked on verb	Buenaventura - 1993
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: prefixes on verb	Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal prefixes (free pronouns may be another option)	no	Before consonants: ta- (1st), ne- (2nd), pe- (3rd). Before vowel "a": t- (1st), ni- (2nd), pi- (3rd).	Buenaventura - 1993:49
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: suffixes on verb	Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal suffixes (free pronouns may be another option)	yes		Buenaventura - 1993
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: clitics on variable host	Pronominal subjects are clitics that can attach to verbs, nominal constituents, etc.	no		Buenaventura - 1993
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: pronouns in non-subject position	Pronominal subjects are free pronouns but do not normally occur in the position expected for full NP subjects	no		Buenaventura - 1993
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person marking on intransitive verbs	Intransitive verbs take person-marking clitics/affixes	yes	suffixes	Buenaventura - 1993:43-46
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person marking (of agents) on transitive verbs	Transitive verbs take subject (A) markers	yes	suffixes	Buenaventura - 1993:43-46
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person-marking (of objects) on transitive verbs	Transitive verbs take object (P) markers	yes	prefix, only for 1s	Buenaventura - 1993:43-46
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	3rd person zero in verbal person marking: subjects	3rd person subjects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system	yes	Must be marked in object is ø.	Buenaventura - 1993:43-46
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	3rd person zero in verbal person marking: objects	3rd person objects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system	yes	Must be marked in subject is ø.	Buenaventura - 1993:43-46
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Number can be marked separately from person on the verb	Verbal person marking exists, but number is (or can) be marked separately	yes	plural prefix pa- for first person	Buenaventura - 1993:43-46
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Possessive affixes/clitics on nouns are same as verbal person markers	Where nouns take possessive affixes, these are the same as the person-marking affixes	no		Buenaventura - 1993
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Gender distinguished in verbal person markers	For any person, verbal person markers exhibit different forms depending on the gender (masc/fem, animate/inanimate, etc.) of the referent	no		Buenaventura - 1993
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: indirect object	In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives a book to Bill'), the theme (book) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated differently	no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: double object	In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives Bill a book'), both the theme (book) and the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives	no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: secondary object	In ditransitives, the recipient/beneficiary is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the theme (book) is treated differently	no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reciprocal: dedicated morpheme	Verb becomes reciprocal through use of reciprocal morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is only used to mean reciprocal.	no		Buenaventura - 1993
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reflexive: dedicated morpheme	Verb becomes reflexive through use of reflexive morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is used only to mean reflexive.	yes		Buenaventura - 1993:45
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reciprocal/reflexive: same morpheme	Verb becomes reciprocal or reflexive through use of a morpheme that means either reciprocal or reflexive which attaches to the root of the verb	no		Buenaventura - 1993
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Passive	Passive voice usually involves a change to the verb, while the object of the active voice verb is promoted to subject in the passive voice, and the former subject is deleted/demoted	no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Antipassive	Like passive, but deletes or demotes the object of a transitive verb; usually found in ergative languages	no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Other intransitivizing morphology	There is/are some other mechanism(s) for reducing valency	no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Applicative: benefactive	Applicative adds a beneficiary/maleficiary object argument to the verb	no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Applicative: other	Applicative adds some other object argument to the verb	no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: prefix	Causative is morphological and is attached before the root of the verb	no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: suffix	Causative is morphological and is attached after the root of the verb	no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative marked by circumfix, stem change, or tone	Morphological causative other than simple prefix/suffix	no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: serial verb or analytical construction	Causative construction that involves periphrasis or serialization	no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: dedicated 'make do by proxy'	Indicates that the causer does not directly cause the action of the verb to be realized, but does so by inducing someone else to carry out the action, e.g. 'John had the house painted.'	no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: dedicated sociative	Indicates that causer participates in event	no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Other transitivizing morphology (adds valence)	There is/are some other mechanism(s) for increasing valency	no		Buenaventura - 1993
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Dedicated past marker(s)	Past tense is regularly morphologically marked on the verb or elsewhere	no		Buenaventura - 1993
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Multiple past tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference	e.g. distant vs. recent past	no		Buenaventura - 1993
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Multiple future tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference	e.g. imminent vs. distant future	no		Buenaventura - 1993
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Dedicated future or non-past marker(s)		yes	suffix, indicates future	Buenaventura - 1993:42
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: prefix		no		Buenaventura - 1993
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: suffix		yes		Buenaventura - 1993
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: tone or ablaut		no		Buenaventura - 1993
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect suppletion		yes		Buenaventura - 1993
Verbal Categories - Directionals	Directional elements affixed to the verb	There are grammaticalized elements indicating movement away, toward, there and back, etc.	no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized visual	Indicates information has been witnessed visually - indicate only if an overt marker	no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized nonvisual	Indicates information has been sensed firsthand but not visually (usually heard; also smelled, tasted, felt)	no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized inferential	Indicates information has not been experienced firsthand, but inferred from some kind of evidence - indicate only if an overt marker.	no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized reportive	Indicates speaker is not responsible for veracity of statement, merely reporting; 'allegedly'	no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized quotative	Indicate presence of adjacent representation of repeated discourse	no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Other evidential	Any other evidential values not represented above	no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: verb affix or clitic		no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: part of tense system	Includes portmanteau morphs	no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: separate particle		no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: modal morpheme		no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Verbal Categories - Mood	Dedicated imperative morpheme or verb form	There is a special morpheme (or morphemes, or a bare verb root where inflection is normally expected) used to signal imperative (command) mood	yes		Buenaventura - 1993
Verbal Categories - Mood	Polite imperative morpheme	There is a distinct morpheme for polite imperative constructions (specify if it has other functions in the language)	no		Buenaventura - 1993
Verbal Categories - Mood	Difference between negation in imperative (prohibitive) and declarative clauses	There are different strategies for marking negation in imperative and declarative clauses	no		Buenaventura - 1993
Verbal Categories - Mood	Dedicated hortative morpheme or verb form (1pl or 3rd person imperative)	as opposed to imperative; the person in control of desired state of affairs is not the addressee; ex: 'Let's sing' / 'Let him sing'	no info		Buenaventura 1993
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: affix on verb	Inflectional marking of capacity to do something	no info		Buenaventura 1993
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: verbal construction		no info		Buenaventura 1993
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: other marking		no info		Buenaventura 1993
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: affix on verb	Modal expressing hypothesis	no info		Buenaventura 1993
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: verbal construction		no info		Buenaventura 1993
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: other marking		no info		Buenaventura 1993
Verbal Categories - Mood	Marking of expected/unexpected action or result	There is inflectional marking of expected/unexpected	no info		Buenaventura 1993
Verbal Categories - Mood	Verbal frustrative	Modal expressing frustration ("in vain")	no info		Buenaventura 1993
Verbal Categories - Mood	Verbal habitual	Modal expressing habituality	no info		Buenaventura 1993
Verbal Categories - Mood	Apprehensive construction	There is a single morpheme or verb form to mean '(be careful lest) X happens'	no info		Buenaventura 1993
Verbal Categories - Mood	Reality status marking on verbs	There are dedicated morpheme(s) for realis/irrealis 'actualized/unactualized events'	no info		Buenaventura 1993
Verbal Categories - Mood	Affect markers (positive/negative)	Note whether these inflectional markers are positive or negative	no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Verbal Categories - Other	Social interaction markers	Note the type of interaction	no		Buenaventura - 1993
Verbal Categories - Verbal number	Verbal number suppletion		no		Buenaventura - 1993
Word Order	No fixed basic constituent order		no	subject-verb-complement	Buenaventura - 1993
Word Order	VS in intransitive clauses	Verb precedes subject	no		Buenaventura - 1993
Word Order	VS in transitive clauses		no		Buenaventura - 1993
Word Order	VO in transitive clauses	Verb precedes object	yes		Buenaventura - 1993
Word Order	OS in transitive clauses	Object precedes subject	no		Buenaventura - 1993
Word Order	Preposition-Noun		no		Buenaventura - 1993
Word Order	Noun-Postposition or case suffix		yes		Buenaventura - 1993
Word Order	Gen-Noun	Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessor first (e.g. John's book)	no		Buenaventura - 1993
Word Order	Noun-Gen	Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessum first (e.g. 'book of John')	yes		Buenaventura - 1993:50
Word Order	Adj-Noun	Adjective precedes the noun	yes		Buenaventura - 1993
Word Order	Noun-Adj	Adjective follows the noun	no		Buenaventura - 1993
Word Order	Dem-Noun		no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Word Order	Noun-Dem		no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Word Order	Num-Noun		yes	only example with numeral one	Buenaventura - 1993
Word Order	Noun-Num		no		Buenaventura - 1993
Word Order	Noun-Rel	Relative clause follows noun that it modifies	no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Word Order	Rel-Noun	Relative clause precedes noun that it modifies	no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Word Order	Re<Noun>l (internally headed relative)	e.g. 'the dog cat chased-NMZR got away' ('the cat that the dog chased got away')	no info		Buenaventura - 1993
Word Order	Relative clause is correlative or adjoined	e.g. 'what is running, the dog chased that cat'	no		Buenaventura - 1993
Word Order	Question word is clause initial	'what', 'who', etc. come first in interrogative clause	yes	also attach prefix (ba-) to verbs	Buenaventura - 1993:46

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