| Cahuilla |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
No articles, only demonstratives. |
Allin, 1976: 198-200 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 22 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
|
Galindo, 2002: 183-203 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
yes |
There is a category of "determiner" but no discussion of it. |
Shauer & Shauer, 2000; Shauer & Shauer 1978: p. 29 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
A class of articles is 'inexistent' in Yavitero. |
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 50 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos 2006 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
yes |
Not sure whether these are definite or specific. |
Mansen & Captain, p. 797 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
yes |
Homophonous with third-person free pronouns, but distinguished on distributional criteria. |
Aikhenvald, 2003: 204-205 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
Only demonstratives |
Facundes, 2000: 356 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
no evidence of article |
Mihas 2010, Payne 1981, Payne 1983 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no |
Articles appear to be implied or perceived through context. There are no articles in the language itself. |
Zamponi 2003:21-35 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:23-68 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
no |
"The article does not mark definiteness. It is generally used with proper names and heavenly bodies.." |
Danielsen 2007: p312 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
yes |
“Specific” articles, use the same form as demonstratives. |
Michael, 2008. p. 306 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no info |
|
Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no |
uses demonstrative pronouns |
Launey 2003:102 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no info |
|
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no |
|
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
Article for definite/indefinite is the same. It can be interpreted as definite or indefinite, depending on the context. |
Seifart - 2005:125 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
|
Hall 1988 |
|
No mention in either source of any definite or indefinite articles |
|
| Makushi |
no |
|
Carson 1982; Abbott 1991 |
|
No reference to articles given in source- consistent w/ other Carib lgs; I know there are no articles in Macushi, but can't find a place where this is explicitely stated. |
|
| Eñepa |
no |
no articles |
Payne 2012 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no |
|
de Armellada 1999: 151 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no |
the demonstrative eima "this one" is used as a definiteness marker |
Frank 1990:33 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no |
|
Celedón 1886:7 |
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no |
|
Bourland 1976:53-54 |
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no |
|
Quesada 2008:49-96 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
it doesn't appear that articles exist in Damana |
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
apparent that no articles are used |
Queixalós 1998:68 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no info |
ke- is a numeral prefixed to a noun |
Buenaventura: 1993:51-52 |
|
"ketú" means "one"; bound article is "ke-", meaning "one" or "the" |
|
| Aguaruna |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no |
|
Levinson 1974, 1976, 1976b |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no |
|
Fleck:231-321 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
The author suggets that this category is being grammaticalized in the new genereations of speakers (probably because the influence of Spanish) but this feature does not occur in the traditional language. |
Zúñiga 2006, p. 87-9 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
|
Parker 1965:32-46 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no info |
However, it seems that they do not exist in Urarina since they are not mention anywhere in the source |
|
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Andoke |
yes |
same as 3rd person pronouns, repeated before noun as determiners, presumably definite? |
Landaburu 1979: 155 |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no |
|
Giron 2008: p161-177 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
yes |
|
Deza Galindo 1992: 72 |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
no |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
yes |
no discussion but author glosses /ti/ as a definite masculine article |
Silva 2011:142 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
no existing articles |
Minor and Minor 1982. p.31 |
Many speakers of Huitoto have difficulty using articles in Spanish because they do not exist in their language. |
|
|
| Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
no |
|
Miller 1999, p. 21-34, 169 |
|
Participants are frequently introduced with yuhu- 'one' which seems to mean 'a certain' to indicate that that referent is a definite person or thing, although probably not known to the listener preciously, and that it is going to be salient in the discour |
|
| Cubeo |
no |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 74-95 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no |
|
Stenzel 2007 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.33-36 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.15-17 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
no |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.4 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
There are demonstratives but no definite or indefinite articles. |
Strom 1992, p.51 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
no |
|
Wheeler 1987 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
no |
there is a specific marker -ta used for emphasis, however (this very one, etc.) |
Ramirez 1997: 222-223 |
|
no evidence for this |
|
| Yanomami |
no |
|
Ramirex 1994 |
|
no mention of these |
|
| Ninam |
no info |
|
Goodwin-Gomez |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no |
certain person marking on the noun implies specificity but isn't a specific article |
Borgman 1990: p.144-146 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:296-317 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
However, it seems that the language have began to borrow the articles from Spanish |
Zarratea 2002:166 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Worrorra |
no |
|
ms7.3.1 |
|
|
0 |
| Garrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warlpiri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no |
|
74 |
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no info |
|
71-75 |
|
|
x |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yandruwandha |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Woiwurrung |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wirangu |
No |
|
87-90 |
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 57-8 |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
No |
|
18 |
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
357 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no |
|
76? |
|
|
0 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
193 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no |
|
47, 49, 74 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngiyambaa |
no |
|
128 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
No |
|
3 |
|
|
0 |
| Muruwari |
yes |
|
50, 80, 204 |
|
|
1 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
51-52 |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
yes |
|
105-120 |
|
|
1 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
304 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
287 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
388 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No |
|
9 |
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Jaru |
no |
|
61-3 |
|
|
0 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
72 |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
274 |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
91 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
44-5 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
yes |
|
58 |
|
|
1 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
99 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
98 |
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
no |
|
24-25 |
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
yes |
|
110 |
|
|
1 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
32 |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
no |
|
84 |
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
92 |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
34 |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
30-33 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
50 |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
yes |
|
161 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No |
|
30 |
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
no |
|
82-100 |
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
33 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
304 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
138 |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
70 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
26 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
105 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
49 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
246 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
G 104 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
49 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
44 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
No |
|
41 |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
no |
|
1.1000000000000000888 |
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
no |
|
m286 |
|
|
0 |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
67 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
16 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
81 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no |
|
Payne and Payne 1990:349 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
