Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

Siona

Family: Tukanoan
Region: South America
ISO 639-3: snn
Location: 0.32°, -76.02°
Notes
Features: Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Grammatical Data

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Data Sources: Chacon, Thiago. 2014. A Revised Proposal of Proto-Tukanoan Consonants and Tukanoan Family Classification. International Journal of American Linguistics 80.3: 275-322. Huber, Randall and Reed, Robert. 1992. Vocabulario comparativo. Palabras selectas de lenguas de Colombia. ILV, Santafé de Bogotá. Key, Mary Ritchie. 2007. Siona. Intercontinental Dictionary Series, ed. Mary Ritchie Key. http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/ids/. Rodriguez, José Vicente, compiler, and others. 1995. Mamíferos colombianos: sus nombres comunes e indígenas. Bogotá: Conservation International, Fundación Mario Santo Domingo. Vickers & Plowman. 1984. Useful Plants of the Siona and Secoya Indians of Eastern Ecuador. Botany 15. Wheeler, Alva. 1970. Grammar of the Siona language, Colombia. Ph.D. diss. Berkeley: University of California. Wheeler, Alva. 1987a. El Pueblo Siona del río Putumayo, Colombia, Tomo I. Meta, Editorial Townsend. Wheeler, Alva. 1987b. El pueblo Siona del río Putumayo, Colombia. Tomo II. Meta, Editorial Townsend. Wheeler, Alva and de Wheeler, Margaret A. 1962. Siona phonemics (Western Tucanoan). Studies in Ecuadorean Indian Languages (M.C. Peeke et al., comp.) I. 96-111. Norman: Summer Institute of Linguistics of the University of Oklahoma.

Basic Vocabulary (191)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Etymology Code	Loan Source	General Notes	Source
1pl.excl	nosotros (exclusivo)	nós (exclusivo)	grammar	yɨkɨna	jɨkɨna	inheritance			See Language page
1pl.incl	nosotros (inclusivo)	nós (inclusivo)	grammar	mai	mai	inheritance		no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted	See Language page
1sg	yo	eu	grammar	yɨʔɨ	jɨʔɨ	inheritance		For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms	See Language page
2pl	ustedes	vocês	grammar	mɨ̃ʔɨ̃-sa-koʔa; mɨ̃sakʷa	mɨ̃ʔɨ̃-sa-koʔa; mɨ̃sakʷa	inheritance			See Language page
2sg	xx	xx	grammar	mɨ̃ʔɨ̃	mɨ̃ʔɨ̃	inheritance			See Language page
3pl	ellos/ellas	eles/elas	grammar	pˀakʷa	pˀakʷa	unknown			See Language page
3sg	el/ella	ele/ela	grammar	pˀa-kˀɨ; pˀakˀo; pˀakˀu	pˀa-kˀɨ; pˀakˀo; pˀakˀu	inheritance			See Language page
above	encima, arriba	acima	location	ëmëje'en	ɨmɨheʔen	inheritance			See Language page
again	de nuevo, otra vez	de novo	grammar			missing			See Language page
all	todo	todos	other	beoru, si'a	beoru, siʔa	inheritance; doubtful loan, direction unknown	Ocaina		See Language page
and	y	e	grammar						See Language page
ankle	tobillo	tornozelo	body	jëo beto	hɨo beto	inheritance			See Language page
armpit	axila, sobaco	axila	body	co'rera	koʔrera	inheritance			See Language page
ash	ceniza(s)	cinzas	environment	yë'të	jɨʔtɨ	unknown			See Language page
at	en, a	em, a	location						See Language page
back	espalda	costas	body	guërëbë	gɨrɨbɨ	unique			See Language page
bad	mal	mal	quality	kˀuʔahi	kˀuʔahi	inheritance			See Language page
bark	corteza	casca	environment	kˀaʔni	kˀaʔni	inheritance			See Language page
belly	barriga	barriga	body	kˀɨta; wokopˀɨ	kˀɨta; wokopˀɨ				See Language page
below	abajo, debajo	abaixo	location	yijacua	jihakua	unique			See Language page
big	grande	grande	quality	hai; ai	hai; ai	inheritance			See Language page
bite	morder	morder	body	të'caji, cu'inji	tɨʔkahi, kuʔinhi	inheritance			See Language page
black	negro	preto	colour	sˀi; sˀiheihi	sˀi; sˀiheihi	inheritance			See Language page
blood	sangre	sangue	body	sˀie	sˀie	inheritance			See Language page
blow	soplar	soprar	body	tutuji, cuisaji	tutuhi, kuisahi	inheritance; unknown			See Language page
boil/pimple	espinilla, granos	espinha, borbulha	body			missing			See Language page
bone	hueso	osso	body	kˀoʔã; kˀuʔã	kˀoʔã; kˀuʔã	inheritance			See Language page
breast	pecho, seno	peito	body	čučupˀɨ; ohepˀɨ; oheyo	tʃutʃupˀɨ; ohepˀɨ; ohejo	inheritance			See Language page
breathe	respirar	respirar	body	yi'eji	jiʔehi	inheritance			See Language page
burn	quemar	queimar	environment	ëoji	ɨohi	inheritance			See Language page
chew	masticar, mascar	mastigar	body	sanquiji	sankihi	inheritance			See Language page
child	niño, niña	criança	human	mami	mami	inheritance			See Language page
climb	subir	subir	motion	mëaji	mɨahi	inheritance			See Language page
cloud	nube	nuvem	environment			missing			See Language page
cold	frío	frio	quality	sɨsɨ	sɨsɨ	inheritance			See Language page
come	venir	vir	motion	raiji	raihi	inheritance			See Language page
cook	cocinar	cozinhar	impact	cua'cuji	kuaʔkuhi	inheritance			See Language page
correct/true	verdad, de veras	verdade	quality	te'e ruiñe	teʔe ruiɲe	unknown			See Language page
count	contar	contar	mental	cuencueji, quëaji	kuenkuehi, kɨahi	inheritance			See Language page
cry	llorar	chorar	mental	oiji	oihi	inheritance			See Language page
cut/hack	cortar	cortar	impact	te'nteji, tẽ'caji	teʔntehi, tẽʔkahi	unknown			See Language page
day	día	dia	time	mõkˀo; u-mukˀu-se	mõkˀo; u-mukˀu-se	inheritance			See Language page
die/be dead	morir	morrer	state	huesëji, ju'inji	wesɨhi, wʔinhi	inheritance; inheritance			See Language page
dig	cavar	cavar	impact	cua'reji, no'aji	kuaʔrehi, noʔahi	unknown			See Language page
dingo/wolf			fauna						See Language page
dirty	sucio	sujo	quality	si'si	siʔsi	inheritance			See Language page
dream	soñar	sonhar	mental	suñaji	suɲahi	loan	Spanish		See Language page
drink	beber, tomar	beber	body	ʔũku-hi	ʔũku-hi	inheritance			See Language page
dry	seco	seco	quality	kʷenahi; hãhuhi	kʷenahi; hãhuhi	inheritance			See Language page
dull/blunt	sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo	maçante, desamolado, não afiado	quality	chunchubë	tʃuntʃubɨ				See Language page
dust	polvo	poeira	environment	pico, ya'o	piko, jaʔo				See Language page
ear	oreja	orelha	body	kˀãho-tˀo	kˀãho-tˀo	inheritance			See Language page
earth/soil	tierra	terra	environment	yiha; yaʔo	jiha; jaʔo	inheritance			See Language page
eat	comer	comer	body	ʔaĩ-hi; ʔ̃ukʷe-hi	ʔaĩ-hi; ʔ̃ukʷe-hi	inheritance			See Language page
egg	huevo	ovo	fauna	sˀia; sˀia-pˀɨ	sˀia; sˀia-pˀɨ	inheritance			See Language page
eye	ojo	olho	body	yãko-ka	jãko-ka	inheritance			See Language page
faeces	heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol	fezes	body			missing			See Language page
fall	caer	cair	motion	guruji, tainji	guruhi, tainhi	unknown; inheritance			See Language page
far	lejos	longe	quality	so'o, quẽa'huẽa	soʔo, kẽaʔwẽa	inheritance			See Language page
fat/grease	grasa	gordura	body	wiʔyapˀe; maha	wiʔjapˀe; maha	inheritance			See Language page
father	padre, papá	pai	kinship	taita (Quechua loan), pë'caguë	taita, pɨʔkaguɨ	loan; inheritance	Quechua		See Language page
fear	miedo	medo	mental	wa'hɨ jɨ-hi	wa'hɨ jɨ-hi	inheritance			See Language page
feather	pluma	pena	fauna	ma	ma	unique			See Language page
fingernail	uña	unha	body	ko-wɨ	ko-wɨ	inheritance			See Language page
fire	fuego	fogo	environment	toa	toa	inheritance			See Language page
flow	fluir	fluir	motion			missing			See Language page
flower	flor	flor	environment	chachahua, coro, rojo	tʃatʃawa, koro, roho	unique			See Language page
fly	volar	voar	motion	kˀãwã-hĩ	kˀãwã-hĩ	inheritance			See Language page
fog	niebla, neblina	nevoeira, bruma, neblina	environment	pi'ko	pi'ko				See Language page
foot	pie	pé	body	kˀɨõ	kˀɨõ	inheritance			See Language page
fruit	fruta	fruta	flora	ta'nto	taʔnto	inheritance; unknown			See Language page
good	bueno	bom	quality	re'oji (to be good)	reʔohi (to be good)	inheritance			See Language page
green	verde	verde	quality		sɨ̃ʔ´jo-hei	inheritance?			See Language page
grow	crecer	crescer	state	iroji	irohi	inheritance			See Language page
hair (of head)	cabello	cabelo	body	tˀãyã; tˀayapˀa	tˀãjã; tˀajapˀa	inheritance			See Language page
hand	mano	mão	body	ʔɨ̃tɨpˀɨ; kˀã hopˀɨ	ʔɨ̃tɨpˀɨ; kˀã hopˀɨ	inheritance			See Language page
head	cabeza	cabeça	body	sĩho; sĩhopˀɨ; sˀĩ-hõ	sĩho; sĩhopˀɨ; sˀĩ-hõ	inheritance			See Language page
hear	oír	ouvir	mental	ača; kˀãho	atʃa; kˀãho	inheritance			See Language page
heart	corazón	coração	body	awɨ; tˀekojo	awɨ; tˀekoyo	inheritance; unknown			See Language page
heavy	pesado	pesado	quality	rëquëji	rɨkɨhi	inheritance			See Language page
hide	esconder	esconder	motion	yahueji	jawehi	inheritance			See Language page
hit	golpear, pegar	bater	impact	jë'caji, je'njuji	hɨʔkahi, heʔnwhi	unknown			See Language page
hold	correr, asegurar, sostener	segurar	other	rëonji	rɨonhi	unique			See Language page
hot	caliente	quente	quality	haʔsu-hi	haʔsu-hi	unknown			See Language page
how?	como	como	grammar	queaca	keaka	inheritance			See Language page
if	si	se	grammar						See Language page
in/inside	dentro, adentro	dentro	location	sa'nahuë	saʔnawɨ	inheritance			See Language page
intestines	intestinos	intestinos	body	guëta tu'u	guɨta tuʔu	inheritance			See Language page
itch	hormiguear, sentir comezón	coçar	body	huanquiji	wankihi				See Language page
kill	matar	matar	impact	wai-hi; wahi	wai-hi; wahi	inheritance			See Language page
know/be knowledgeable	saber, conecer	saber, conhecer	mental	masiji	masihi	inheritance			See Language page
lake	lago	lago	environment	zitara	zitara	inheritance			See Language page
laugh	reír	rir	mental	choji	tʃohi	inheritance			See Language page
leaf	hoja	folha	environment	haʔo	haʔo	inheritance			See Language page
left/left hand	izquierdo	esquerdo	location/body	ari	ari	unique			See Language page
leg/foot	pierna	perna	body	guënso	gɨnso	inheritance			See Language page
lie down	acostarse, echarse	deitar	motion	umeji	umehi	inheritance			See Language page
lightning	rayo, relámpago	relampago	environment	jue'neji (to make lightning)	weʔnehi (to make lightning)	inheritance			See Language page
live/be alive	vivir	viver, morar	body	ba'iji	baʔihi	inheritance			See Language page
liver	hígado	figado	body	sˀeme-pˀɨ	sˀeme-pˀɨ	inheritance			See Language page
long	largo	comprido, longo	quality	zoaji	zoahi	inheritance			See Language page
louse	piollo, piojo	piolho	fauna	guë'ën	gɨʔɨn	inheritance		order Phtiraptera	See Language page
lung	pulmón	pulmão	body	sãɨ̃-bɨ	sãɨ̃-bɨ	unique			See Language page
man/male	hombre	homem	human	ɨmɨkˀɨ	ɨmɨkˀɨ	inheritance			See Language page
meat/flesh	carne	carne	fauna	waʔi	waʔi	inheritance			See Language page
moon	luna	lua	environment	yãyãkɨ	jãjãkɨ	inheritance			See Language page
mother	madre, mamá	mãe	kinship	mama, pë'cago	mama, pɨʔkago	inheritance			See Language page
mountain/hill	montaña, colina, loma, cerro	morro, serra	environment	kupˀɨ; ku	kupˀɨ; ku	unknown			See Language page
mouth	boca	boca	body	yiʔo	jiʔo	inheritance			See Language page
name	nombre	nome	human	mami	mami	loan into protolanguage, direction unknown	Boran, Witotoan, Tukanoan		See Language page
nape	base del cuello, nuca	nuca	body	ñaje, ñaje tëca	ɲahe, ɲahe tɨka				See Language page
near/close	cerca de	perto	quality	kwe'jẽ	kwe'jẽ	inheritance			See Language page
neck	cuello	pescoço	body	ñaje	ɲahe	inheritance			See Language page
new	nuevo	novo	quality	seʔe; ma-me-hi	seʔe; ma-me-hi	unique; inheritance			See Language page
night	noche	noite	time	yami	jami	inheritance			See Language page
no/not	no	não	grammar	beo-hi	beo-hi	inheritance			See Language page
nose	nariz	nariz	body	ũkʷepˀɨ; sɨowɨ	ũkʷepˀɨ; sɨowɨ	inheritance			See Language page
old	viejo	velho	quality	ahuero	awero	inheritance			See Language page
one	uno	um	number	teʔe; teʔe-kˀɨ	teʔe; teʔe-kˀɨ	inheritance			See Language page
open/uncover	abrir	abrir	other			missing			See Language page
other	otro	outro	grammar	tin, yequë	tin, jekɨ	inheritance			See Language page
pain/painful/sick	dolor, doloroso, enfermo	dor, doloroso, doente	body			missing			See Language page
person/human being	persona	pessoa	human	waʔkˀɨ; wãĩkˀɨ; wãĩkˀo	waʔkˀɨ; wãĩkˀɨ; wãĩkˀo	inheritance			See Language page
pound/beat	machacar, golpear	bater	impact	paonji, quëonji	paonhi, kɨonhi				See Language page
rain	lluvia	chuva	environment	oco	oko	inheritance			See Language page
red	rojo	vermelho	colour	ma; mahei-hi	ma; mahei-hi	inheritance			See Language page
right/right hand	derecha	direita	location/body	jëja	hɨha	unique			See Language page
road/path	camino	caminho	manufacture	ma'a	maʔa	inheritance			See Language page
root	raíz	raiz	flora	sita; sita-mo	sita; sita-mo	inheritance			See Language page
rotten	podrido	podre	quality	pũʔka-hi	pũʔka-hi	inheritance			See Language page
sand	arena	areia	environment	mẽhã	mẽhã	inheritance			See Language page
say	decir	dizer	mental	ka-hi, 'kɨa-hi	ka-hi, 'kɨa-hi	doubtful loan	Carib, e.g. Carijona?		See Language page
scratch	rascar	rasgar	impact			missing			See Language page
see	ver	ver	mental	ʔɨ̃yã-hi	ʔɨ̃jã-hi	inheritance			See Language page
sharp	afilado, filudo, filoso	afiado	quality	së'iji	sɨʔihi	inheritance			See Language page
shoot	tirar, disparar, balear	atirar	impact	juiji	wihi	unknown			See Language page
short	corto	curto	quality	bë'jeji	bɨʔhehi	unique			See Language page
shoulder	hombro	ombro	body	tanta cabë, tantahua	tanta kabɨ, tantawa	inheritance			See Language page
shy/ashamed	tímido, vergonzoso	timido, com vergonha	mental			missing			See Language page
sit	sentar(se)	sentar	state	bëaji	bɨahi	unique			See Language page
skin	piel	pele	body	kˀãʔni-wɨ	kˀãʔni-wɨ	inheritance			See Language page
sky	cielo	céu	environment	guënamëma'tëmë	gɨnamɨmaʔtɨmɨ	inheritance			See Language page
sleep	dormir	dormir	body	kãĩ-hi	kãĩ-hi	inheritance			See Language page
small	pequeño	pequeno	quality	čoa; sˀĩ	čoa; sˀĩ	doubtful loan, direction unknown	Kokama		See Language page
smoke	humo	fumaça	environment	piko	piko	inheritance			See Language page
sniff/smell	olfatear, oler	cheirar	body	yi'eji	jiʔehi	inheritance		primarily transitive	See Language page
spit	escupir	cuspir	body	tutuji	tutuhi	inheritance			See Language page
split	partir, dividir	rachar, dividir, partir	impact	hua'huaji, joiji	waʔwahi, hoihi	inheritance			See Language page
squeeze	estrujar, exprimir	espremer	impact	gueonji, queonji	geonhi, keonhi	inheritance			See Language page
stab/pierce	apuñalar, acuchillar	apunhalar	impact	hua-hi	hua-hi	inheritance			See Language page
stand	estar de pié	ficar em pé	state	nëcaji	nɨkahi	inheritance			See Language page
star	estrella	estrela	environment	maʔčoko	maʔtʃoko	inheritance			See Language page
steal	robar	roubar	other	jianji	hianhi	unknown			See Language page
stick/wood	palo	pau, vara	flora	huanso, tëca	wanso, tɨka	inheritance			See Language page
stone	piedra	pedra	environment	kˀata	kˀata	inheritance			See Language page
suck	chupar	chupar	body	zu'nzuji, chuchuji	zuʔnzuhi, tʃutʃuhi	unknown	possible loan? onomatopoeia		See Language page
sun	sol	sol	time	ɨ̃sɨ-kˀɨ	ɨ̃sɨ-kˀɨ	inheritance			See Language page
sweat	sudar	suor, suar	body	ja'su, yajiji	haʔsu, jahihi	inheritance			See Language page
swell	hincharse	inchar	body	ja'juji, meji	haʔhuhi, mehi	unknown; inheritance	cognate Macuna?		See Language page
swim	nadar	nadar	motion	yiʔwa-hi	jiʔwa-hi	inheritance			See Language page
tail	cola, rabo	rabo	body	ʔĩko-yo	ʔĩko-jo	inheritance			See Language page
that	ese/esa	esse	grammar	ja'an	haʔan	inheritance			See Language page
thick	grueso, gordo, espeso	grosso	quality	dɨi-hi	dɨi-hi	inheritance			See Language page
thin	delgado	fino	quality	beanji	beanhi	inheritance			See Language page
think	pensar	pensar	mental	ro'taji	roʔtahi	unique			See Language page
this	este/esta	este	grammar	ën, ëñe	ɨn, ɨɲe	inheritance			See Language page
three	tres	tres	number	samute	samute	unique			See Language page
throat	garganta	garganta	body			missing			See Language page
throw	tirar, lanzar	atirar, jogar	impact	juiji	wihi	unique			See Language page
thunder	truenos	trovão	environment	mëjo	mɨho	inheritance			See Language page
tie up/fasten	atar, amarrar	amarrar	impact	gueonji, queonji	geonhi, keonhi	inheritance			See Language page
tongue	lengua	lingua	body	sˀemeyo	sˀemejo	inheritance			See Language page
tooth	diente	dente	body	kˀũhi	kˀũhi	inheritance			See Language page
turn	girar, volter, torcer	virar	other	quëhuijeiji	kɨwiheihi	inheritance		may be transitive or intransitive	See Language page
two	dos	dois	number	samõ	samõ	doubtful loan	Arawak		See Language page
vomit	vomitar	vomitar	body	sisoji	sisohi	inheritance			See Language page
walk	caminar, andar	andar	motion	sa-i-hi	sa-i-hi	inheritance			See Language page
water	agua	agua	environment	ʔoko	ʔoko	inheritance			See Language page
wet	mojado	molhado	quality	sˀɨo-hi; sˀɨhi; yaki-hi	sˀɨo-hi; sˀɨhi; jaki-hi	unique; inheritance			See Language page
what?	que, qué	que	grammar	hado, 'ke (Spanish loan?)	hado, 'ke (Spanish loan?)	unknown; doubtful loan	Spanish		See Language page
when?	cuando	quando	grammar	quejeito	keheito	inheritance			See Language page
where?	donde	onde	grammar	onde (Spanish loan)	onde (Spanish loan)	loan	Spanish		See Language page
white	blanco	branco	colour	po; pohei-hi	po; pohei-hi	inheritance			See Language page
who?	quien, quién	quem	grammar	kˀekˀɨ; ne	kˀekˀɨ; ne	inheritance			See Language page
wife	esposa	esposa	kinship	ënjo	ɨnho	inheritance			See Language page
wind	viento	vento	environment	tutu	tutu	inheritance			See Language page
wing	ala	asa	body	cabë	kabɨ	inheritance			See Language page
woman/female	mujer	mulher	human	tˀomi-kˀo	tˀomi-kˀo	inheritance			See Language page
work	trabajar	trabalhar	other	yo'oji	joʔohi	inheritance			See Language page
yawn	bostezar	bocejar	body	ya'aji	jaʔahi	inheritance			See Language page
yellow	amarillo	amarelo	colour	sɨʔyo-heʔi; tapˀa	sɨʔjo-heʔi; tapˀa	inheritance; loan	Tupi-Guarani		See Language page


1pl.excl
1pl.incl
1sg
2pl
2sg
3pl
3sg
above
again
all
and
ankle
armpit
ash
at
back
bad
bark
belly
below
big
bite
black
blood
blow
boil/pimple
bone
breast
breathe
burn
chew
child
climb
cloud
cold
come
cook
correct/true
count
cry
cut/hack
day
die/be dead
dig
dingo/wolf
dirty
dream
drink
dry
dull/blunt
dust
ear
earth/soil
eat
egg
eye
faeces
fall
far
fat/grease
father
fear
feather
fingernail
fire
flow
flower
fly
fog
foot
fruit
good
green
grow
hair (of head)
hand
head
hear
heart
heavy
hide
hit
hold
hot
how?
if
in/inside
intestines
itch
kill
know/be knowledgeable
lake
laugh
leaf
left/left hand
leg/foot
lie down
lightning
live/be alive
liver
long
louse
lung
man/male
meat/flesh
moon
mother
mountain/hill
mouth
name
nape
near/close
neck
new
night
no/not
nose
old
one
open/uncover
other
pain/painful/sick
person/human being
pound/beat
rain
red
right/right hand
road/path
root
rotten
sand
say
scratch
see
sharp
shoot
short
shoulder
shy/ashamed
sit
skin
sky
sleep
small
smoke
sniff/smell
spit
split
squeeze
stab/pierce
stand
star
steal
stick/wood
stone
suck
sun
sweat
swell
swim
tail
that
thick
thin
think
this
three
throat
throw
thunder
tie up/fasten
tongue
tooth
turn
two
vomit
walk
water
wet
what?
when?
where?
white
who?
wife
wind
wing
woman/female
work
yawn
yellow

Showing 1 to 191 of 191 entries

Flora Fauna Vocabulary (133)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Loan Source	Source	Distribution	General Notes
achiote, anatto	achiote	urucum	flora-fauna	Bixa orellana	bonsa	bonsa		inheritance		See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	shrub
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti)	Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado	cutia	flora-fauna	Dasyprocta spp.	huë	huɨ		inheritance		See Language page
alligator, black caiman	babilla; cachirre	jacaré	flora-fauna	Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp.	bë'ë	bɨʔɨ		inheritance		See Language page	Throughout Amazonia	Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi
Amazon dolphin	bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco)	boto cor-de-rosa	flora-fauna	Inia geoffrensis	güise	gise		unique		See Language page	Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls
Amazon tree-grape	uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.)	cucura	flora-fauna	Pourouma cecropiifolia	ëyë	ɨjɨ		inheritance		See Language page	grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times	a tree; not a true grape
anaconda	anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande	sucuri	flora-fauna	genus Eunectes	uncucui	unkukui				See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
angleworm	lombriz	minhoca	flora-fauna	order Opisthopora	guibë, ya'ji	gibɨ, jaʔhi		unknown		See Language page
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna	Formicidae	mẽ'ã	mẽ'ã				See Language page
anteater	oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus	tamanduá	flora-fauna	Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater)	mie	mie		inheritance		See Language page	Widespread Amazonian lowlands
armadillo	armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo)	tatu	flora-fauna	family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri	jamu; ʔokó hãmõ (R95)	hamu; ʔokó hãmõ (R95)		inheritance		See Language page	Widespread in Amazonia
arrow cane, wildcane	caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana	cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio	flora-fauna	Gynerium sagittatum	gantë	gantɨ				See Language page	tropical regions, especially river banks	plant
avocado	palta, aguacate	abacate	flora-fauna	Persea americana	wɨo sɨ wẽkineo	wɨo sɨ wẽkineo				See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	tree
açai palm	huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia)	açaí	flora-fauna	Euterpe sp.				missing		See Language page	floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia
banana, plantain	banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano	banana	flora-fauna	Musa sp.	o, noka ( V84)	o, noka ( V84)		semantic shift?	Chacon 2013: markedness shift from sororoca	See Language page		Names for banana/plantain may be derived from bastard plantain by semantic shift.
bat	murciélago	morcego	flora-fauna	Chiroptera spp.	oyo	ojo		inheritance		See Language page
beans	frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas)	feijão	flora-fauna	Phaseolus spp.	burutu (loan)	burutu (loan)		loan	Quechua (via Spanish?)	See Language page		plant
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna		bi'an	biʔan		inheritance		See Language page
bitterwood	tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru)	envira	flora-fauna	Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala						See Language page	secondary forests, native to Brazil	tree
black palm	bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá	bacaba	flora-fauna	Oenocarpus bacaba	toa	toa				See Language page	Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon	may be confused in some entries with O. bataua
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna	Diptera	mi'a	miʔa		loan; inheritance	Carijona? werewere	See Language page
boa	boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura	jiboia	flora-fauna	family Boidae, subf. Boinae	ã'jã pɨ'kɨ	ã'jã pɨ'kɨ		unique		See Language page
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree)	calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara	cabaça	flora-fauna	Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine)	oco ti'in, sansa ('calabaza', Wheeler dict)	oko tiʔin, sansa ('kalabaza', Wheeler dikt)				See Language page	indigenous gardens	plant; tree
brazil nut	castaña	castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis)	flora-fauna	Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia']						See Language page	1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua.	tree
brown woolly monkey	Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt	macaco barrigudo	flora-fauna	Lagothrix lagothricha	yuwi nasõ, guao (R95)	juwi nasõ, wao (R95)		inheritance		See Language page
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant	conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro	tocandira	flora-fauna	Paraponera clavata				missing		See Language page
butterfly, moth	mariposa	borboleta	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera	mumuro, paura	mumuro, paura		inheritance		See Language page
capybara	Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco	capivara	flora-fauna	Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris	güeso	güeso		doubtful loan into protolg	N. Arawak	See Language page
cará tuber, purple or white	camote, sachapapa	cará roxo, branco	flora-fauna	Dioscorea sp.	bo nyaho	bo nyaho				See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings	plant
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium occidentale / giganteum				missing		See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties
centipede	ciempiés	centopéia	flora-fauna	class Chilopoda						See Language page
cicada	cigarra, chicharra	cigarra	flora-fauna	super fam. Cicadoidea				missing		See Language page
cipó vine	tamishi, bejuco, yare	cipó	flora-fauna	Heteropsis spp.						See Language page	secondary forest, floodplain	vine
coca	coca	coca	flora-fauna	Erythroxylum coca				missing		See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes	plant
cockroach	cucaracha	barata-do-mato	flora-fauna	order Blattaria	sari	sari		unknown	cf. Arawak ara- forms?	See Language page
collared peccary	sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar	caititu, caetitu	flora-fauna	Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu	yaʔwɨ (R95)	jaʔwɨ (R95)		inheritance		See Language page
cotamundi, coatimundi	Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache	quati	flora-fauna	genus Nasua	cobe; yai kʷehi (males), wea kʷehi (females) (R95)	kobe; jai kʷehi (males), wea kʷehi (females) (R95)		inheritance		See Language page
cotton	algodón	algodão	flora-fauna	Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers)	yëi	jɨi		semantic shift	original meaning kapok	See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation	plant; some sources may confound with kapok Ceiba pentandra (esp. if a single gloss for 'cotton' is given')
crab	cangrejo	caranguejo	flora-fauna	infraorder Brachyura	ca'mi	kaʔmi		inheritance		See Language page
cricket	saltón, grillo	grilo	flora-fauna	family Gryllidae	bu'nsu	buʔnsu		inheritance		See Language page
curassow	mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini)	mutum	flora-fauna	Crax sp., Nothocrax sp.	sui, bëriri	sui, bɨriri		inheritance		See Language page	Amazonia
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna	family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus	ñama	ɲama		inheritance		See Language page
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna	Canis famililaris	jo'ya yai	hoʔja jai		semantic shift/calque	domesticated jaguar'	See Language page	Not native; widespread
dog (wild; bush dog)	sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta	cachorro-do-mato	flora-fauna	Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis						See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
dove	paloma	pomba	flora-fauna	family Columbidae	jure	hure		unique	possibly related Arawak hulitu forms	See Language page
duck	pato	pato, marreco	flora-fauna	Anatidae family	bete	bete		unknown	prob. inheritance	See Language page
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil)	suri, mojojoy	larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá	flora-fauna	Rhynchophorus sp.				missing		See Language page
electric eel	anguila eléctrica	poraquê	flora-fauna	Electrophorus electricus				missing		See Language page
firefly, lightning bug	lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin)	vagalume	flora-fauna	fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae				missing		See Language page
fish (generic)	pez	peixe	flora-fauna		hua'i	waʔi		inheritance		See Language page
fish poison, barbasco	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	flora-fauna	Lonchocarpus spp.	eo	eo		inheritance		See Language page	secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation	shrub/tree
flea	pulga	pulga	flora-fauna	order Siphonaptera	zi'nga	ziʔnga		inheritance		See Language page
genipap	jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico	genipapo, jenipapo	flora-fauna	Genipapa americana	we'e	we'e		inheritance		See Language page	widespread lowland SA	shrub
giant otter	Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria	ariranha	flora-fauna	Pteronura brasiliensis	kʷah˜e yaʔo (R95)	kʷah˜e jaʔo (R95)				See Language page
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna	(generic)	taya	taja		inheritance		See Language page
gray-winged trumpeter	Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris	jacamim	flora-fauna	Psophia crepitans	yahui	jahui		unknown		See Language page	Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões
great egret	Garza Blanca, Guyratî	Garça-Branca-Grande	flora-fauna	Ardea alba	gao	gao		unique		See Language page	Widespread South America
green acouchi	Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo	cutiara	flora-fauna	Myoprocta pratti	wãʔso (R95)	wãʔso (R95)				See Language page
guan	pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru)	jacu	flora-fauna	Penelope sp.	ta'nmo, uje	taʔnmo, uhe		inheritance		See Language page	Different types have different localized ranges
hallucinogenic snuff	vilca, cebil, yopo	paricá, yopo	flora-fauna	Anadenanthera sp. or virola	ëcomo	ɨkomo				See Language page
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca	ayahuasca, yage	ayahuasca, caapi	flora-fauna	Banisteriopsis caapi	yaje	jahe		loan (into protolanguage?) - WW	%jahe	See Language page	semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW	vine
hawk	halcón, gavilán	gavião	flora-fauna	family Accipitridae	huihue	huihue		inheritance		See Language page
honeybee	abeja	abelha	flora-fauna	Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis	bain o'a	bain oʔa		inheritance		See Language page
horse	caballo	cavalho	flora-fauna	Equus caballus						See Language page
hot pepper	ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru)	pimenta	flora-fauna	Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens	bia	bia		inheritance		See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden	plant
howler monkey (red-handed)	mono aullador, mono coto (Peru)	guariba	flora-fauna	Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.]	ʔemá (R95)	ʔemá (R95)		inheritance		See Language page
hummingbird	colibrí, picaflor (Peru)	beija-flor	flora-fauna	family Trochilidae	mimi	mimi		inheritance		See Language page	Widespread
iguana	iguana, garipiares (Colombia)	camaleão	flora-fauna	Iguana sp.	bëehuë	bɨehuɨ		inheritance		See Language page		iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana
inga	guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru)	inga	flora-fauna	Inga spp.	bẽnẽ, atá bẽnẽ (sweet inga V84)	bẽnẽ, atá bẽnẽ (sweet inga V84)		inheritance		See Language page	Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia)
insect (generic)	insecto	insecto	flora-fauna	generic						See Language page
jaguar	yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru)	onca	flora-fauna	Panthera onca	toya yai; ʔaíro yai, hai yai, séw yai (R95)	toja jai; ʔaíro jai, hai jai, séw jai (R95)		doubtful loan into protolanguage, direction unknown	Arawak (Chacon reconstructs); cf. TG *jawar	See Language page
japurá	oreja de murcielago	japurá	flora-fauna	Erisma japura						See Language page		large tree
kapok	ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.)	sumaumeira	flora-fauna	Ceiba pentandra	yëhuiñë	jɨwiɲɨ				See Language page	northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas	tree
kingfisher	martín pescador, catalan (Peru)	martim-pescador	flora-fauna	family Alcedinidae	que're	keʔre		unique		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
leaf-cutter ant	Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse	saúva	flora-fauna	Atta sp.	mea	mea		inheritance		See Language page
macaw	ara, guacamaya	Arara	flora-fauna	family Psittacidae; Ara sp.	ma së'nje	ma sɨʔnhe		inheritance		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
maize, corn	mazorca, maiz	milho	flora-fauna	Zea mays	huea	wea		doubtful loan into protolanguage - WW	%bea	See Language page	widespread, esp. in river floodplains	plant
manatee	vaca marina, manatí	peixe-boi	flora-fauna	Trichechus sp.	siáya wêki (R95)	siája wêki (R95)				See Language page
mandi catfish	maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish)	mandi	flora-fauna	Auchenipterus sp.	po hua'i (po=?; hua'i=fish)	po huaʔi (po=?; huaʔi=fish)				See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
manioc (bitter or generic)	yuca brava	mandioca	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	kɨi, ã'só, bo ã'só (white manioc V84)	kɨi, ã'só, bo ã'só (white manioc V84)		inheritance		See Language page	not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition.	Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield
manioc (sweet)	yuca, caribe	macaxeira	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	ja'nso, quëi	haʔnso, kɨi		inheritance		See Language page	Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
miriti palm	moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti	buriti	flora-fauna	Mauritia flexuosa	në'ë	nɨʔɨ		inheritance		See Language page	Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps	trunks contain sago-like starch
mosquito	mosquito, zancudo	mosquito, carapana	flora-fauna	Anopheles sp.	mëte (zancudo)	mɨte (zankudo)		inheritance		See Language page
moth	mariposa nocturna, polilla	mariposa	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera						See Language page
mouse, rat	ratón	camundongo, rata	flora-fauna	Mus musculus	sɨ̃ʔ'sɨ̃	sɨ̃ʔ'sɨ̃		inheritance		See Language page
mushroom	champiñón, hongo	cogumelo	flora-fauna	(any edible generic)	tënti	tɨnti		unknown		See Language page		prioritize generic term that includes any edible species
neotropical otter (small)	Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia)	lontra	flora-fauna	Lontra longicaudis	ya'o güenji, arara	jaʔo güenhi, arara		inheritance		See Language page
opossum	zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo	mucura	flora-fauna	family Didelphidae	ëto së'nsë; sɨʔsi (R95)	ɨto sɨʔnsɨ; sɨʔsi (R95)		unknown		See Language page
owl (large)	búho, lechuza	corujão	flora-fauna	order Strigiformes	gugu, bau	gugu, bau		doubtful loan into protolg - WW? onomatopoeic?	%murukutu / kurukutu	See Language page	Widespread
paca (lowland)	Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana)	paca	flora-fauna	Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.)	seme	seme		inheritance		See Language page
pacu fish	palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru)	pacu	flora-fauna	Mylossoma sp.	pancu	panku				See Language page
palm for roof thatch	pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná	caraná	flora-fauna	Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana				missing		See Language page	Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests	palm
parrot	loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib)	papagaio	flora-fauna	Amazona amazonica	hueco	hueko		inheritance		See Language page	Widespread
paxiuba palm	pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba	paxiuba	flora-fauna	Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea				missing		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia	palm
peach palm, pejibaye palm	chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol)	pupunha	flora-fauna	Bactris gasipaes	ɨne	ɨne	pupunha palm	inheritence		Chacon 2014: Appendix A
peanut	maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete	amendoim	flora-fauna	Arachis hypogaea	soni (loan?)	soni (loan?)				See Language page		plant
pineapple	piña	abacaxi	flora-fauna	Ananas comosus	insi	insi		semantic shift?	from caraua?	See Language page		plant
pirana	piraña, caribe	piranha	flora-fauna	subfamily Serrasalmidae	buñu	buɲu		inheritance		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
porcupine	puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru)	cuandu, porco-espinho	flora-fauna	family Erethizontidae	so'to	soʔto		inheritance		See Language page
potato	papa	batata	flora-fauna	Solanum tuberosum	bi're	biʔre				See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation	compare entries for sweet potato
potato, sweet potato	camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara	batata-doce	flora-fauna	Ipomoea batatas	ñajo	ɲaho		inheritance		See Language page		plant
praying mantis, stick insects	mantis religiosa	louva-a-deus	flora-fauna	order Mantodea, family Mantidae						See Language page
rubber tree (sorva)	caucho, siringa, shiringa	seringa, borracha	flora-fauna	Hevea sp.						See Language page	Widespread Amazonia	tree
scorpion	escorpión; alacran	escorpião	flora-fauna	order Scorpiones	buni	buni		inheritance	from centipede?	See Language page
seje palm	ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá	patoá, patuá	flora-fauna	Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua						See Language page	mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia	may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries
sloth	pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru)	macaco preguica	flora-fauna	Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp.	u'u	uʔu				See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
small lizard	lagartija	calango	flora-fauna	order Squamata	to'ro	toʔro		doubtful loan, direction unknown	Bora tsógooróho, Carib/WaiWai šukurwa, Achagua du:ru	See Language page
snail	caracol, churo (Peru)	caracol	flora-fauna	class Gastropoda	churu	tʃuru		loan - WW	%tʃuru	See Language page
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		aña	aɲa		inheritance		See Language page
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake	víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara	jararaca	flora-fauna	Bothrops jararaca/atrox	aña	aɲa				See Language page	Widespread South America
speckled catfish	surubí, pintadillo	surubim, sorubim	flora-fauna	Pseudoplatystoma sp.						See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna	Arachnidae, Araneae	jënkë	hɨnkɨ		inheritance		See Language page
squash	calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru)	abóbora	flora-fauna	Cucurbita sp.				missing		See Language page		plant
squirrel	ardilla, danta (Ven)	serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo	flora-fauna	family Sciuridae	sësëco	sɨsɨko		inheritance		See Language page
stingray (generic)	rayas látigo, raya	arraia	flora-fauna	Potamotrygon sp.	janame	haname		inheritance		See Language page
tannia, yautia	huitina (Peru), ñame	taioba branca	flora-fauna	Xanthosoma spp.	bo nyaho (V84)	jã 'hõ				See Language page
tapir	sachavaca, danta	anta	flora-fauna	Tapirus terrestris	huequë	huekɨ		inheritance		See Language page
termites, white-ants	comején (Peru), termitas	cupim	flora-fauna	order Isoptera	yuyu	juju		inheritance		See Language page
tick	garrapata	carrapato	flora-fauna	superfam Ixodoidea	co're	koʔre		inheritance		See Language page
tigerfish	taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru)	traíra	flora-fauna	Hoplias sp.						See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
tinamou	tinamu, perdiz, gallineta	inambu, inhambu	flora-fauna	family Tinamidae				missing		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
toad	sapo	sapo	flora-fauna	order Anura	jojo	hoho				See Language page
tobacco	tabaco	tabaco	flora-fauna	Nicotiana tabacum	mëto	mɨto		inheritance		See Language page		plant
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant)	tortuga, morrocoy, motelo	jabutí, tartaruga	flora-fauna	Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria	insi goë	insi goɨ		inheritance		See Language page	Widespread
toucan	tucán, pinsha (Peru)	tucano	flora-fauna	Ramphastos sp.	ñase	ɲase		doubtful loan into protolanguage	North Arawak	See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
tree	árbol	arvore	flora-fauna		sũki-jɨ̃	sũki-yɨ̃		inheritance		See Language page
tufted capuchin monkey	mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero	macaco prego	flora-fauna	Cebus apella	tanque	tanke		inheritance		See Language page
ucuqui	yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru)	ucuqui	flora-fauna	Pouteria ucuqui						See Language page	native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions	other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant
vulture	buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru)	urubu	flora-fauna	family Cathartidae	bë'beri	bɨʔberi		inheritance		See Language page	Widespread South America
wasp	avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa	caba	flora-fauna	order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita	uti	uti		inheritance		See Language page
white-fronted capuchin	Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru)	Caiarara	flora-fauna	Cebus albifrons	po ta'ra, tanque; bo tãké (R95)	po taʔra, tanke; bo tãké (R95)		inheritance		See Language page
white-fronted spider monkey	Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia)	macaco aranha, coatá, quatá	flora-fauna	Ateles belzebuth/paniscus	hua'o; painazo, paí/tãké (R95)	huaʔo; painazo, paí/tãké (R95)		inheritance		See Language page
white-lipped peccary	Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana	queixada	flora-fauna	Tayassu pecari	sense	sense		inheritance		See Language page
woodpecker	pájaro carpintero, carpintero	pica-pau	flora-fauna	family Picidae				missing		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia

Showing 1 to 133 of 133 entries

Cultural Vocabulary (97)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Etymology Code	Loan Source	General Notes	Source
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven	tierra do los muertos	terra dos mortos	culture-mythology						See Language page
arrow	flecha	flecha	subsistence tool	ya'ri	jaʔri	inheritance		hunting, warfare	See Language page
axe/stone axe	hacha (de piedra)	machado (de pedra)	subsistence tool	zu'ubo	zuʔubo	inheritance		especially for clearing fields	See Language page
bait for fishing	cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru)	isca	subsistence tool					can refer to worms; more generic	See Language page
basin/bowl	tazón, plato hondo, taza	tijela	culture-material			missing			See Language page
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	ba'ncabë, jë'e	baʔnkabɨ, hɨʔe	loan - WW; inheritance	%panaku		See Language page
basket, small	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto pequeno, tampado	culture-material						See Language page
bead	abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar	miçanga	culture-material			missing			See Language page
bed	cama	cama	culture-material	cama (Spanish loan)	kama (Spanish loan)	loan	Spanish		See Language page
bench, seat	banco, silla, asiento	banco	culture-material	ënte seihuë	ɨnte seiwɨ	inheritance			See Language page
blowgun	cerbatana, pucuna (Peru)	zarabatana	subsistence tool	jëohuë	hɨowɨ	inheritance		currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region	See Language page
boomerang/throwing stick (generic)			subsistence tool						See Language page
bottle	botella	garrafa	acculturation						See Language page
bottom grinding stone			manufacture					if different word from top grinding stone	See Language page
bow	arco	arco	subsistence tool	ga'hua	gaʔwa	inheritance; inheritance		arco	See Language page
broom	escoba	vassoura	culture-material	yua sibo	jua sibo	inheritance			See Language page
canoe	canoa	canoa	transport	yo, yogu	jo, jogu	inheritance			See Language page
cat	gato	gato	acculturation	miči	miči	loan - WW	%miʃi		See Language page
chicken	gallina	galinha	acculturation	kutˀa	kutˀa	loan - WW	%kara		See Language page
chief/leader	jefe, cacique	chefe	culture-mythology	ɨhakˀɨ; ʔɨha pˀaĩ	ɨhakˀɨ; ʔɨha pˀaĩ	loan	Tupi-Guarani pai 'respected man'		See Language page
clothing	ropa	roupa	culture-mythology	can	kan	inheritance			See Language page
club	garrote, cachiporra	clava, porrete	subsistence tool						See Language page
Curupira (spirit type)	Curupira, Madremonte	Curupira	culture-mythology					malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region	See Language page
dart (blowgun)	dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru)	dardo, seta	subsistence tool					hunting and warfare	See Language page
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure	dios(es), deidad	divinidade, figura mítica	culture-mythology	riusu (Spanis loan)	riusu (Spanis loan)	loan	Spanish	In RN region, frequently translates as 'Bone-Son', 'One on the bone', etc.	See Language page
digging stick			subsistence tool						See Language page
dream	sueño, soñar	sonho, sonhar	culture-mythology	kɨyo	kɨjo				See Language page
drum	tambor	tambor	culture-mythology	huatigu	watigu	inheritance			See Language page
drum (large signal)	tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia)	tambor	culture			missing		Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances	See Language page
fan	abanico	abanador, abano	subsistence tool	ba'boyo	baʔbojo	unique		esp. for fanning a cooking fire	See Language page
feather headdress	plumaje, corona de plumas	enfeite/capacete de penas	culture-mythology	mabë, maro	mabɨ, maro				See Language page
fence, palisade	cerco	cerca	other			missing		may be related to defense/warfare?	See Language page
fermented drink	masato, chicha	caxiri, chicha	culture	jo'cha	hoʔtʃa	inheritance/sem shift?	manioc drink'	prioritizes manioc beer where distinction is made	See Language page
fetish, charm	fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga	feitiço, puçanga	culture-mythology						See Language page
fireplace	hogar	lareira	other						See Language page
firewood	leña	lenha	other	enca, jenca	enka, henka	inheritance			See Language page
fish (with fish-poison)	pescar con barbasco, barbasquear	pescar com timbó; tinguijar	food			missing			See Language page
fish (with line)	anzuelear, pescar con linea	pescar (com linha)	food			missing			See Language page
fishing line	cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze	linha de pesca	subsistence tool	witome	witome				See Language page
fishtrap	trampa de peces, trampa	matapi, cacuri	subsistence tool						See Language page
flat bread, cassava bread	pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe	beiju	food	aonga	aonga	inheritance		usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits	See Language page
flour/meal from manioc	fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina	farinha	food			missing		agriculture	See Language page
flute	flauta, quena (Peru)	flauta	culture-mythology	ba'baro, jetu	baʔbaro, hetu	unknown		multiple types? japurutu, deer-bone, etc.	See Language page
game animal	caza, animal de caza	caça, animal de caça	food			missing		Interesting correlation to 'fish' in Tukanoan languages	See Language page
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit	espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio	espirito	culture-mythology	huati, ahuë	wati, awɨ	inheritance			See Language page
gourd (dipper/bowl)	cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo	cuia	subsistence tool	oco ti'in, sansa ('calabaza', Wheeler dict)	oko tiʔin, sansa ('calabaza', Wheeler)	inheritance; unknown			See Language page
grater	rallador, rallo	ralador, ralo	subsistence tool	tara hua'ti	tara waʔti	inheritance		esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well	See Language page
grave	tumba, sepultura, sepulcro	sepultura, sepulcro, cova	culture-mythology	tã yiha; tã kˀohe	tã yiha; tã kˀohe				See Language page
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf)	barbacoa	jirau	subsistence tool			missing			See Language page
griddle for cooking flatbread	tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru)	forno para beiju	subsistence tool	soto të'qui	soto tɨʔki	inheritance		agriculture?	See Language page
gun	arma, escopeta	espingarda, fusil	acculturation	toawɨ	toawɨ	calque?	from 'fire'		See Language page
hammock	hamaca, chinchorro	rede	culture-material	jaon	haon	inheritance			See Language page
hat	sombero	chapéu	dress	tuitˀo	tuitˀo	unknown			See Language page
healer	curandero	benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano)	culture-mythology					Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well.	See Language page
hollow log/trough for beer-making	canoa para chicha	cocho de caxiri	narcotics						See Language page
honey	miel	mel	food	baya	baja	inheritance		only gathered in wild throughout Amazonia?	See Language page
house			other	huë'e	wɨʔe	inheritance			See Language page
hunt	cazar	caçar	food			missing			See Language page
knife	cuchillo	faca	culture-material	hua'ti	waʔti	inheritance			See Language page
loincloth	taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla	tanga, tapa-sexo	dress						See Language page
machete	machete	facão	culture-material	hua'ti	waʔti	semantic shift	see knife		See Language page
mortar	mortero	pilão	subsistence tool			missing			See Language page
paddle/oar	remo	remo	transport	yo hua'ti	jo waʔti	inheritance			See Language page
paint body, body paint	pintura corporal	pintura corporal	culture-mythology						See Language page
panpipe	carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora	caniço, flauta de pã	culture-mythology						See Language page
paper	papel	papel	acculturation	uti	uti	unknown			See Language page
pestle	pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor	mão de pilão	subsistence tool						See Language page
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other						See Language page
plate	plato	prato	culture-material	re'a	reʔa	inheritance			See Language page
policeman	polícia	policía	acculturation						See Language page
pot	olla, pote	panela, vasilha	subsistence tool	guënaro, sotoro	gɨnaro, sotoro	inheritance			See Language page
rattle	matraca, maraca	marico, chocalho	culture-mythology			missing			See Language page
resin	resina, brea, copal	resina, brea, breu	subsistence tool	maja	maha	semantic shift	from beeswax (Arawak/Quechua loan?)		See Language page
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya)	kapiwaya	capiwaya	culture-mythology						See Language page
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture	bisi, yëime	bisi, jɨime	inheritance			See Language page
salt	sal	sal	food	ʔõwa	ʔõwa	inheritance?			See Language page
school	escuela	escola	acculturation	uti yeʔyetˀu	uti yeʔyetˀu				See Language page
shaman, healer	chamán, brujo	xaman, pajé, feiticeiro	culture-mythology	yai	jai	semantic shift	from 'jaguar'	In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
shoes	zapatos	sapatos	dress	kotˀo	kotˀo				See Language page
skirt	falda, saya, fustan, pollera	saia	culture-material			missing			See Language page
soldier	soldado	soldado	acculturation	[sũtˀatˀo]	[sũtˀatˀo]	loan	Span/Port soldado		See Language page
song (generic)	canción, canto	canção	culture-mythology			missing			See Language page
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool	chao perebë	tʃao perebɨ	unique			See Language page
spearthrower			subsistence tool						See Language page
starch (tapioca, other)	almidón	goma de tapioca	food	jo'jo	hoʔho	inheritance			See Language page
stone for lighting fires	piedra para hacer fuego	pedra para acender fogo	culture-material						See Language page
sugarcane/sugar	azúcar, caña de azúcar	açucar (de cana)	acculturation	sˀɨʔsˀɨ	sˀɨʔsˀɨ				See Language page
tapioca drink, mingau	cahuana, caguana	mingau	food			missing		agriculture	See Language page
tattoo	tatuaje, tatu	tatuagem	culture-mythology						See Language page
thatch/roof	crisneja	palha, caraná	culture-material			missing			See Language page
tipiti (manioc squeezer)	tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca	tipiti	food			missing		word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc	See Language page
top grinding stone	metate, mano; piedra de moler	metate, mano	manufacture	toabë	toabɨ			use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone	See Language page
tripod for washing manioc	trípode	tripé	subsistence tool					agriculture	See Language page
venom for darts, poison	veneno	curare	subsistence tool	eo	eo	sem shift? (or incorrect meaning?)	fish-poison	hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?)	See Language page
wax	cera	cera	other	mãhã	mãhã	loan (into protolg?)	Quechua/Arawak?		See Language page
woven strainer/sieve	colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru)	peneira, cumatá	subsistence tool	jë'jebë	hɨʔhebɨ	inheritance		agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour	See Language page
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women)	yurupari	jurupari	culture-mythology					a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women.	See Language page

Showing 1 to 97 of 97 entries

Grammatical Data (226)

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Category	Grammatical Feature	Grammatical Feature: Notes	Feature Status	Grammatical Notes	Source
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive NN compounding	Noun compounds created from two noun phrases are common and systematically produced	no	However, there is a similar process that happens as a result of the intricate noun classification system.	Wheeler - 1987:101-110
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive VV serialization (without compounding)	Verb roots can be combined in a single predicate without markers of subordination (distinct from subordinating construction) or distinct inflection	yes		Wheeler 1987:163
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive VV compounding	Serial verb constructions involve chaining of roots together in one morphophonological word	no		Wheeler - 1987:138-174
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Verb-adjunct (aka light verb) constructions	There is a set of semantically weak verbs used in complex verbal constructions, e.g. 'take a nap'	no info		Wheeler 1987
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Auxiliary verb(s)	There are verbs that accompany main verbs of clauses and take grammatical marking not expressed by main verbs	yes		Wheeler 1987:168-170
Morphology - General	Verbal fusion (2+ categories marked by portmanteau morphemes on verb)	Verb combines two or more categories (tense, aspect, mood, person, number, etc.) in portmanteau morphemes{ [ignore proclitics unless they are fused with values other than person/number]	no		Wheeler - 1987:138-174
Morphology - General	Inflection manifested by replacement of segmental or suprasegmental phonemes	Stem change, tone	yes	stress change, which in turn affects a stressed syllable stop	Wheeler - 1970:162; Wheeler - 1987:89-95
Morphology - General	Verbal synthesis (1+ inflectional categories marked by verbal affixes)	Morphological complexity in verbs - multiple inflectional affixes in a single verb word	yes		Wheeler - 1987:138-174
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly prefixing	There are many more prefixes than suffixes	no		Wheeler - 1987:138-174
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly suffixing	There are many more suffixes than prefixes	yes		Wheeler - 1987:138-174
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: roughly equal or one weakly preferred	The numbers of suffixes and prefixes are not notably different	no		Wheeler - 1987:138-174
Morphology - General	Reduplication: full	The full morpheme is reduplicated	no info		Wheeler 1987
Morphology - General	Reduplication: partial	Only part of the morpheme is reduplicated	no info		Wheeler 1987
Morphology - Incorporation	Incorporation of nouns into verbs is a productive intransitivizing process	Verb contains nominal segment	no info		Wheeler 1987
Morphology - Incorporation	Productive incorporation of other elements (adjectives, locatives, etc.) into verbs	Like noun incorporation, but incorporated elements are not nouns	no info		Wheeler 1987
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Adpositions mark core NPs	Prepositions or postpositions mark subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients	yes	agent, DO	Wheeler - 1987:124, 127
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: number of cases	Note the number of grammatical relations that may be morphologically marked on the noun	1	At least 7 apparent cases.	Wheeler - 1987:124-130
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: only non-core arguments morphologically marked	Subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients NOT marked, but other grammatical relations are	no	Both core and non-core can be marked, depending on the case.	Wheeler - 1987:124-130
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: symmetrical	All NPs marked if in appropriate syntactic relation; no distinction in marking based on semantics (type of entity)	yes	Although animate/inanimate NPs can be treated differently, they both can be marked.	Wheeler - 1987:124-130
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: asymmetrical	Semantically defined subset of NPs marked for case, e.g. animates	no		Wheeler - 1987:124-130
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: suffix or postpositional clitic		yes		Wheeler - 1987:124-130
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: prefix or prepositional clitic		no		Wheeler - 1987:124-130
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: infix or inpositional clitic		no		Wheeler - 1987:124-130
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: stem change		no		Wheeler - 1987:124-130
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: tone		no		Wheeler - 1987:124-130
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: comitative = instrumental	Same marking for 'with a person' and 'with an instrument'	no	Instrument is specifically inanimate.	Wheeler - 1970:50
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Definite or specific articles	Definite = particular referent known to both speaker and addressee; specific = particular referent known to speaker only	no		Wheeler 1987
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Marker of definiteness distinct from demonstratives	Focus on articles/markers whose primary function is to mark definiteness	no	demonstratives mark definiteness	Wheeler 1987:119-120
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Indefinite or non-specific article	or marker	no		Wheeler 1987:119-120
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Inclusive/exclusive: in free pronominals	Inclusive =us + you, exclusive = us but not you	yes	inclusive, exclusive	Wheeler - 1970:141
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Inclusive/exclusive: in verbal inflection (bound)		no		Wheeler - 1987:138-168
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Distance contrasts in demonstratives (number)	Note the number of distances in the demonstrative system	1	Near, distant definite; indefinite.	Wheeler - 1987:134
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Other contrasts in demonstratives (visibility, elevation, etc.)		no		Wheeler - 1987:134, 136
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Noun classes/genders	Nouns are organized into sets with distinct morphological treatment; usually affects all nouns and involves agreement within the NP	yes	Animate/inanimate, spatial/temporal	Wheeler 1987:102-105
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Number of noun classes/genders	Note the (approximate) total number of noun classes/genders	1	Animate/inanimate, spatial/temporal, masculine/feminine	Wheeler - 1970:95-96,140
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Noun classifiers (distinct from noun classes/genders)	Nouns are organized into sets, but only a limited set of nouns may be implicated, with no or limited agreement marking. If only numeral classifiers exist, indicate yes but explain.	yes	noun classifier system for inanimates	Wheeler 1987:106
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for animates	Masculine, feminine, neuter	yes	masc, fem respectively	Wheeler 1987:106
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for inanimates		no		Wheeler - 1970:95-96
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Animacy (w/o reference to sex) is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system	Animate/inanimate, human/non-human	yes	In both class and classification.	Wheeler - 1970:95-96
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex/gender distinction only in 3rd person pronouns	add in notes section whether gender is present in other PNs or not in any PNs; consider with reference to pronouns and person marking only	yes		Wheeler - 1987:135-136
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for animates		no		Wheeler - 1970:95
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for inanimates		yes	Classification.	Wheeler - 1970:96
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	"Repeater" classifiers	Where no distinct classifier exists, a copy of the noun itself may function in the morphosyntactic classifier "slot"	no	The classification system is so intricate and thorough that this is not necessary.	Wheeler - 1987:106-110
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Numeral classifiers (specific to numerals)	Special classifier forms that occur only with numerals	no		Wheeler - 1987:118-119
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Classifiers used as derivational suffixes to derive nouns	Verb + classifier = 'thing for doing V, thing that does V, etc.'	yes		Wheeler - 1987:101-110
Nominal Categories - Number	Singular number may be marked on the noun	Often occurs in a small subset of nouns if a single entity is referred to, e.g. insects that normally occur in groups	no		Wheeler 1987
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural affix on noun		yes		Wheeler - 1970:95; Wheeler - 1987:110
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked by stem change or tone on noun		no		Wheeler - 1970:95; Wheeler - 1987:110
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked by reduplication of noun		no		Wheeler - 1970:95; Wheeler - 1987:110
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural word/clitic		no		Wheeler - 1970:95; Wheeler - 1987:110
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked on human or animate nouns only		no	Also marked on inanimates.	Wheeler - 1970:95; Wheeler - 1987:110
Nominal Categories - Number	Pronominal plural: stem + nominal plural affix	Pronouns use a nominal plural affix not specific to pronouns	no	Each pronoun, including plurals, has its own form. There are no affixes for plurality for pronouns.	Wheeler - 1987:135-136
Nominal Categories - Number	Unique associative plural marker	e.g. 'John and his associates', 'John and them'	no		Wheeler - 1987:135-136
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-2	At least some part of the system involves base-2	no		Wheeler - 1970:79; Wheeler - 1987:119
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-5	At least some part of the system involves base-5	yes	10 and under is a finger-counting system that is base-5.	Wheeler - 1970:79; Wheeler - 1987:119
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-10	At least some part of the system involves base-10	yes		Wheeler - 1970:79; Wheeler - 1987:119
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Other base (specify)	4, 20, etc.	no		Wheeler - 1970:79; Wheeler - 1987:119
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Etymological transparency in any numerals under 5	e.g. two = 'eye-quantity'	yes	5 = "hand"	Wheeler - 1970:79; Wheeler - 1987:119
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Numerals do not go above 5	'Many' or some other non-exact term used	no		Wheeler - 1970:79; Wheeler - 1987:119
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Numerals do not go above 10	'Many' or some other non-exact term used	no		Wheeler - 1970:79; Wheeler - 1987:119
Nominal Categories - Other nominal	Tense or aspect inflection on non-verbal predicates	i.e. nominal or adjectival	no info		Wheeler - 1987:116-176
Nominal Categories - Other nominal	Person inflection on non-verbal predicates	i.e. nominal or adjectival	no info		Wheeler - 1987:116-176
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 3sg pronouns		yes		Wheeler - 1970:141
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 3pl pronouns		no		Wheeler - 1970:141
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 1st and/or 2nd person pronouns		no		Wheeler - 1970:141
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Formal/informal distinction in pronouns	Polite pronominal variants or differential avoidance of pronouns	no	There is a way to achieve politeness, however, by using the an indicative mood instead of general imperative.	Wheeler - 1970:141-142, 157
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Reflexive pronouns	e.g. English 'himself', Spanish 'se'; distinct form(s) from basic (non-reflexive) pronominals; distinct from reflexive verbal affix	no		Wheeler - 1987:141-142
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives	Underived adjectives	There are underived adjectives which do not have counterparts in other word classes	yes	While most of the adjectives are derived from verbs, there is a small set of (possibly borrowed?) underived adjectives.	Wheeler - 1987:117
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives	Gender inflection on adjectives within the NP	There is gender agreement/concord (animate/inanimate or masc/fem, etc.) within the NP, e.g. la casa blanca, el perro blanco	no	Very limited instances. may agree with gender of the inanimate noun it modifies.	Wheeler - 1970:144
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: action/state (arrive/arrival)	There is a morpheme which derives an event from a verb	yes		Wheeler - 1987:114
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: agentive (sing/singer)	There is a morpheme which derives an agent or subject from a verb	yes		Wheeler - 1987:114
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: object (sing/song)	There is a morpheme which derives a patient or object from a verb	yes	The suffix "-ye" is for abstract objects. Concrete, inanimate objects can be formed be adding the appropriate nominal classifier to the verb.	Wheeler - 1987:114
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive verbalizing morphology	There is a morpheme which derives a verb from a noun or adjective	no info		Wheeler - 1970; Wheeler - 1987
Nominal Syntax - Other	NP coordination and comitative phrases marked differently	'John and Mary went to market' is marked differently from 'John went to market with Mary'	no info		Wheeler 1987
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Pronominal possessive affixes: prefix on N	alienable/inalienable?	no		Wheeler - 1987:121-125
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Pronominal possessive affixes: suffix on N	alienable/inalienable?	yes	Can also be a preceding free particle (like "my").	Wheeler - 1987:121-125
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: dependent	e.g. 'the boy-'s dog'	yes		Wheeler - 1970:78
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: head	e.g. 'the boy his-dog'	no		Wheeler - 1970:78
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Possessive classifiers	There are special classifiers that occur with possessed entities	no		Wheeler - 1970:78
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Morphological marking of inalienable possession	Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the former takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun)	no	There is no difference in the marking of possession between alienable/inalienable nouns.	Wheeler - 1987:121-125
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Morphological marking of alienable possession	Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the latter takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun)	no	There is no difference in the marking of possession between alienable/inalienable nouns.	Wheeler - 1987:121-125
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Default marker for inalienably possessed nouns if unpossessed	An inalienable noun that is in an unpossessed state must have a derivational affix or associated form	no	If referring to an unpossessed object/noun, it simply has no marking.	Wheeler - 1987:121-125
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Inalienable possession of kin terms	'my-father' but *father	no	Kin terms are treated no differently than other nouns when it comes to possession marking.	Wheeler - 1987:121-125
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Inalienable possession of body parts (human/animal)	'my-leg' but *leg	no	Body parts are treated no differently than other nouns when it comes to possession marking.	Wheeler - 1987:121-125
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Generic human nouns are obligatorily bound/possessed	Human nouns must co-occur with another noun (e.g. Hup-man, NonIndian-woman, but *man)	no		Wheeler - 1987:121-125
Phonology - Segmental	Pre-/post-nasalized stops	Analysis posits that the stop is the most relevant underlying phoneme. Comment in notes on whether the nasal contour is understood as a phonetic (allophonic) effect, or is phonologically contrastive.	no		Wheeler 1970
Phonology - Segmental	Glottalized/ejective consonants	Phonemic contrast [NOT counting glottal stop/fricative]	yes	Consonants consist of two series of stops; fortis (aspirated) and lenis (glottalized) W70.	Wheeler - 1970:19
Phonology - Segmental	Palatalized stops	Phonemic contrast	no		Wheeler - 1970:19
Phonology - Segmental	Phonemic vowel length	Does the language have long and short vowels?	no		Siona template form Daniel
Phonology - Segmental	Phonemic glottalization/laryngealization of vowels		yes	Laryngealization occurs thoughout the articulation of adjacent vowels	Wheeler - 1962:103
Phonology - Segmental	Complex onsets	Onset consists of more than one consonant phoneme	no	CV(V)	Wheeler - 1970:21
Phonology - Segmental	No codas	*(C)VC [no also equals highly constrained]	yes	The syllable is described phonemically as: CV(V) and CV‘–. Glottal stops never occur in word final position.	Wheeler - 1970:21
Phonology - Segmental	Word-final coda required	Do all syllables end in a consonant?	no	CV(V)	Wheeler - 1970:21
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Contrastive tones	Note how many contrastive tones	no		Wheeler - 1970:20-21
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Contrastive stress	Does stress occur on different syllables with meaning difference?	yes	It is analyzed as phonemic because of the conditioning effect it has on adjacent vowels and the selection of certain allomorphs of stem inflection	Wheeler - 1970:20
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Nasalization property of morpheme or syllable	In contrast to nasalization as a property of segments	yes		Wheeler - 1970:19-22
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Nasal spreading across some morpheme boundaries	Do some affixes or other morphemes take the nasal/oral properties of the root they attach to?	yes	Nasalization carries through w, y, h, and glottal stop.	Wheeler - 1970:22
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Vowel harmony		no		Wheeler - 1970:19-22
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked accusative	Objects of transitive clauses ('P') have a unique marker, while subjects of transitive ('A') and intransitive ('S') clauses are unmarked or share a different marker from that occurring on objects	no		Wheeler - 1987:124-133
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked nominative	Subjects of transitive and intransitive clauses share a marker, while objects of transitives are unmarked	yes	marked subject with -bi	Wheeler - 1987:124-133
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: ergative-absolutive	Subjects of intransitive clauses and objects of transitives share a unique marker, while subjects of transitive clauses are unmarked or have a different marker	no info		Wheeler - 1987:124-133
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: tripartite	Intransitive subjects, transitive subjects, and transitive objects all receive distinct case markers	no info		Wheeler - 1987:124-133
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: active-inactive	Subjects of intransitive clauses are treated two different ways: like subjects of transitives if they are more agent-like (e.g. he jumped), and like objects of transitives if they are more patient-like (e.g. he fell asleep)	no info		Wheeler - 1987:124-133
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked accusative		yes		Wheeler - 1987:124-136
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked nominative		no		Wheeler - 1987:124-136
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: ergative-absolutive	yes, no, mixed, other	no		Wheeler - 1987:124-136
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: tripartite		no		Wheeler - 1987:124-136
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: active-inactive		no		Wheeler - 1987:124-136
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: nominative-accusative	Same as above, for pronominal affixes/clitics on verbs	yes	In most cases, subjects are unmarked on the verb; objects are always marked.	Wheeler - 1987:124-133
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: ergative-absolutive	yes, no, mixed, other	no		Wheeler - 1987:124-133
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: active-inactive		no		Wheeler - 1987:124-133
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: hierarchical	Marking of A and P depends on their relative ranking on a hierarchy (usually 1>2>3 or 2>1>3)	no		Wheeler - 1987:124-133
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: split	More than one of the above systems is represented in person marking, depending on e.g. person (e.g. 1/2 vs. 3), tense-aspect value, main vs. subordinate clause type, etc.	no		Wheeler - 1987:124-133
Simple Clauses - Desiderative expressions	Grammaticalized verbal desiderative	Indicates that the subject desires to carry out the action denoted by the verb (distinct from verb 'want', but may be grammaticalized from it)	no	Apparent that only the verb for "want" is used.	Wheeler - 1987:138-168
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: interrogative particle	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative particle	yes		Wheeler - 1987:160
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: verb morphology	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative verb morphology	no		Wheeler - 1987:160
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: word order	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion)	no		Wheeler - 1987:160
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: intonation only	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by intonation only	no	However, polar questions always have lower tone along with the interrogative particle.	Wheeler - 1987:160
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Content questions: word order differs from declaratives	Content questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion) as well as by presence of Q-word (who, what, etc.)	yes	Question word is clause-initial, and the subject & verb invert.	Wheeler - 1987:137
Simple Clauses - Negation	Clausal negator is a preposed element	Clausal negator is a preposed element	no		Wheeler - 1987:151
Simple Clauses - Negation	Clausal negator is a postposed element	Clausal negator is a postposed element	yes	suffix	Wheeler - 1987:151
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: affix	Negatives: affix	yes		Wheeler - 1987:151
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: particle	Negatives: particle	no		Wheeler - 1987:151
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: auxiliary verb	Negatives: auxiliary verb	no		Wheeler - 1987:151
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: double	Standard (non-emphatic) negation typically requires two morphemes, e.g. French 'ne V pas'	no		Wheeler - 1987:151
Simple Clauses - Negation	Distinct negative form for 'NP does not exist'		no info		Wheeler - 1970; Wheeler - 1987
Simple Clauses - Negation	Distinct negative expression 'I don't know'	Lexical expression or highly idiomatic phrase	yes		Wheeler - 1987:178
Simple Clauses - Other	Clause chaining	Clauses can be grouped such that only one bears most of the verb morphology, and the others are marked as to whether they share a subject with this reference clause.	yes		Wheeler - 1987:138-178
Simple Clauses - Other	Morphologically marked switch-reference system	There are special markers to indicate same vs. different subject when two clauses are combined	yes	Attached to verb of second(ary) clause.	Wheeler - 1970:92
Simple Clauses - Other	Morphologically marked distinction between simultaneous and sequential clauses	Morphology (usually on verb) distinguishes between clauses denoting events that occur at the same time or in sequence	yes		Wheeler - 1970:92
Simple Clauses - Predication	Predicate adjectives: verbal	Adjectives act like verbs in predicative position	no		Wheeler - 1970:144; Wheeler - 1987
Simple Clauses - Predication	Predicate adjectives: nominal	Adjectives act like nouns in predicative position	yes		Wheeler - 1970:144
Simple Clauses - Predication	Zero copula for predicate nominals is possible	Predicate nominals may occur without a copula (i.e. grammatical in some circumstances, if not all)	yes	indicates permanent state	Wheeler - 1987:170-171
Simple Clauses - Predication	Headless relative clauses	Compare Eng 'the one that fell' (but in Eng 'one' could be considered a head)	yes		Wheeler - 1987:117-118
Simple Clauses - Predication	Headless relative clauses are the dominant or only form of relative clause	Relative clauses that form a constituent with a head noun (in a single noun phrase) are rare or nonexistent; some descriptions may refer to adjoined or correlative clauses.	no	Not the only form of a relative clause, but dominant.	Wheeler - 1987:117-118
Simple Clauses - Predication	Relative clause may occur with a noun classifier/class marker	It may be unclear whether the classifier is the nominal head of the construction or is an agreement marker on the relative clause	no		Wheeler - 1987:117-118
Simple Clauses - Predication	Relativizer is a verbal affix		no		Wheeler - 1987:117-118
Simple Clauses - Predication	Morphological relativizer is homophonous with nominalizer	The same morpheme marks a relative clause and is a nominalizer on verbs (and/or other word classes)	no	There is no marking for a relative clause.	Wheeler - 1987:117-118
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: pronouns in subject position	Pronominal subjects are free pronouns that occur in the same position as full NP subjects	yes		Wheeler - 1970:141
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: prefixes on verb	Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal prefixes (free pronouns may be another option)	no		Wheeler - 1987:170
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: suffixes on verb	Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal suffixes (free pronouns may be another option)	yes		Wheeler - 1987:170
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: clitics on variable host	Pronominal subjects are clitics that can attach to verbs, nominal constituents, etc.	no		Wheeler - 1987:141, 170
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: pronouns in non-subject position	Pronominal subjects are free pronouns but do not normally occur in the position expected for full NP subjects	no		Wheeler - 1970:141
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person marking on intransitive verbs	Intransitive verbs take person-marking clitics/affixes	no	In intransitive cases, only markers of tense, aspect, etc. are apparent.	Wheeler - 1987:124-133
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person marking (of agents) on transitive verbs	Transitive verbs take subject (A) markers	no		Wheeler - 1987:124-133
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person-marking (of objects) on transitive verbs	Transitive verbs take object (P) markers	yes		Wheeler - 1987:124-133
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	3rd person zero in verbal person marking: subjects	3rd person subjects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system	yes	Subjects are not marked verbally overall.	Wheeler - 1987:124-133
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	3rd person zero in verbal person marking: objects	3rd person objects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system	no	There is a systematic, grammatical way of marking 3rd person objects.	Wheeler - 1987:124-133
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Number can be marked separately from person on the verb	Verbal person marking exists, but number is (or can) be marked separately	yes	Plural number can be marked seperately.	Wheeler - 1987:124-133
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Possessive affixes/clitics on nouns are same as verbal person markers	Where nouns take possessive affixes, these are the same as the person-marking affixes	no		Wheeler - 1987:124-141
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Gender distinguished in verbal person markers	For any person, verbal person markers exhibit different forms depending on the gender (masc/fem, animate/inanimate, etc.) of the referent	yes	Gender of 3rd person has different forms. Animate/inanimate have unique markers.	Wheeler - 1987:124-133
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: indirect object	In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives a book to Bill'), the theme (book) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated differently	yes		Wheeler - 1970:49
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: double object	In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives Bill a book'), both the theme (book) and the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives	no		Wheeler - 1970:49
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: secondary object	In ditransitives, the recipient/beneficiary is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the theme (book) is treated differently	no		Wheeler - 1970:49
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reciprocal: dedicated morpheme	Verb becomes reciprocal through use of reciprocal morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is only used to mean reciprocal.	no		Wheeler - 1987:138-158
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reflexive: dedicated morpheme	Verb becomes reflexive through use of reflexive morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is used only to mean reflexive.	no		Wheeler - 1987:138-158
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reciprocal/reflexive: same morpheme	Verb becomes reciprocal or reflexive through use of a morpheme that means either reciprocal or reflexive which attaches to the root of the verb	no	There are no morphemes for these verb forms.	Wheeler - 1987:138-158
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Passive	Passive voice usually involves a change to the verb, while the object of the active voice verb is promoted to subject in the passive voice, and the former subject is deleted/demoted	no	The word order and marking systems would make this unnecessary and unproductive.	Wheeler - 1970; Wheeler - 1987
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Antipassive	Like passive, but deletes or demotes the object of a transitive verb; usually found in ergative languages	no		Wheeler - 1970; Wheeler - 1987
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Other intransitivizing morphology	There is/are some other mechanism(s) for reducing valency	no info		Wheeler - 1970; Wheeler - 1987
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Applicative: benefactive	Applicative adds a beneficiary/maleficiary object argument to the verb	yes		Wheeler - 1987:127-130
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Applicative: other	Applicative adds some other object argument to the verb	yes	Can also add simple recipient, place of reference, or object/person of reference.	Wheeler - 1987:127-130
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: prefix	Causative is morphological and is attached before the root of the verb	no		Wheeler - 1987:145-147
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: suffix	Causative is morphological and is attached after the root of the verb	no		Wheeler - 1987:145-147
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative marked by circumfix, stem change, or tone	Morphological causative other than simple prefix/suffix	yes	Stem change.	Wheeler - 1987:145-147
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: serial verb or analytical construction	Causative construction that involves periphrasis or serialization	no		Wheeler - 1987:145-147
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: dedicated 'make do by proxy'	Indicates that the causer does not directly cause the action of the verb to be realized, but does so by inducing someone else to carry out the action, e.g. 'John had the house painted.'	yes	Makes use of a detachment suffix "-yã́." This same construction can also convey alienation from a subject or the subject's intent ("She's laughing…but I don't know who she is" or "I don't know where he's gone").	Wheeler - 1970:107
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: dedicated sociative	Indicates that causer participates in event	yes	Can also convey that the speaker identifies with or is related to what is going on.	Wheeler - 1970:104
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Other transitivizing morphology (adds valence)	There is/are some other mechanism(s) for increasing valency	no info		Wheeler - 1970; Wheeler - 1987
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Dedicated past marker(s)	Past tense is regularly morphologically marked on the verb or elsewhere	no	there doesn't seem to be tense	Wheeler - 1987:147-149
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Multiple past tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference	e.g. distant vs. recent past	yes	Distant ("not relevant to present circumstances") and recent past.	Wheeler - 1970:107
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Multiple future tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference	e.g. imminent vs. distant future	no		Wheeler - 1987:138-174
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Dedicated future or non-past marker(s)		no	prospective aspect instead	Wheeler 1987:149
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: prefix		no		Wheeler - 1987:170
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: suffix		yes		Wheeler - 1987:170
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: tone or ablaut		no		Wheeler - 1987:170
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect suppletion		no		Wheeler - 1987:170
Verbal Categories - Directionals	Directional elements affixed to the verb	There are grammaticalized elements indicating movement away, toward, there and back, etc.	no	These elements do exist, but they are nominal classifiers and demonstratives rather than verbal affixes.	Wheeler - 1987:134, 136
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized visual	Indicates information has been witnessed visually - indicate only if an overt marker	no info	Conveyed with word choice/semantics.	Wheeler 1987
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized nonvisual	Indicates information has been sensed firsthand but not visually (usually heard; also smelled, tasted, felt)	no info	Conveyed with word choice/semantics.	Wheeler 1987
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized inferential	Indicates information has not been experienced firsthand, but inferred from some kind of evidence - indicate only if an overt marker.	no info	Conveyed with word choice/semantics.	Wheeler 1987
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized reportive	Indicates speaker is not responsible for veracity of statement, merely reporting; 'allegedly'	no info	Conveyed with word choice/semantics.	Wheeler 1987
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized quotative	Indicate presence of adjacent representation of repeated discourse	no info	Conveyed with word choice/semantics.	Wheeler 1987
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Other evidential	Any other evidential values not represented above	no info		Wheeler 1987
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: verb affix or clitic		no info		Wheeler 1987
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: part of tense system	Includes portmanteau morphs	no info		Wheeler 1987
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: separate particle		no info		Wheeler 1987
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: modal morpheme		no info		Wheeler 1987
Verbal Categories - Mood	Dedicated imperative morpheme or verb form	There is a special morpheme (or morphemes, or a bare verb root where inflection is normally expected) used to signal imperative (command) mood	no	Instead, there are individual imperative suffixes for each person/number/gender as well as aspect.	Wheeler - 1970:93,104-105; Wheeler - 1987:158
Verbal Categories - Mood	Polite imperative morpheme	There is a distinct morpheme for polite imperative constructions (specify if it has other functions in the language)	no		Wheeler - 1970:93,104-105
Verbal Categories - Mood	Difference between negation in imperative (prohibitive) and declarative clauses	There are different strategies for marking negation in imperative and declarative clauses	no	Both use the negative affix.	Wheeler - 1987:151, 156
Verbal Categories - Mood	Dedicated hortative morpheme or verb form (1pl or 3rd person imperative)	as opposed to imperative; the person in control of desired state of affairs is not the addressee; ex: 'Let's sing' / 'Let him sing'	yes	Further, each form can also carry differing "reasons" for the action to be done, such as moral obligation or urgency out of necessity.	Wheeler - 1987:158-159
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: affix on verb	Inflectional marking of capacity to do something	yes		Wheeler - 1987:149
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: verbal construction		no		Wheeler - 1987:149
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: other marking		no		Wheeler - 1987:149
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: affix on verb	Modal expressing hypothesis	no	Does not appear as a dedicated affix.	Wheeler - 1987:173-174
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: verbal construction		yes	Requires two sets of suffixes: one very similar to the subjunctive form, and one negation.	Wheeler - 1987:173-174
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: other marking		no		Wheeler - 1987:173-174
Verbal Categories - Mood	Marking of expected/unexpected action or result	There is inflectional marking of expected/unexpected	no info		Wheeler - 1970; Wheeler - 1987
Verbal Categories - Mood	Verbal frustrative	Modal expressing frustration ("in vain")	yes		Wheeler - 1970:93
Verbal Categories - Mood	Verbal habitual	Modal expressing habituality	no info		Wheeler - 1970; Wheeler - 1987
Verbal Categories - Mood	Apprehensive construction	There is a single morpheme or verb form to mean '(be careful lest) X happens'	yes	Suffix meaning (roughly) "doubt."	Wheeler - 1970:93
Verbal Categories - Mood	Reality status marking on verbs	There are dedicated morpheme(s) for realis/irrealis 'actualized/unactualized events'	yes		Wheeler - 1987:170
Verbal Categories - Mood	Affect markers (positive/negative)	Note whether these inflectional markers are positive or negative	no info		Wheeler - 1970; Wheeler - 1987
Verbal Categories - Other	Social interaction markers	Note the type of interaction	no info		Wheeler - 1970; Wheeler - 1987
Verbal Categories - Verbal number	Verbal number suppletion		yes		Wheeler 1987
Word Order	No fixed basic constituent order		yes	S(O)V	Wheeler - 1970; Wheeler - 1987
Word Order	VS in intransitive clauses	Verb precedes subject	no		Wheeler - 1987:140-141
Word Order	VS in transitive clauses		no		Wheeler - 1987:140
Word Order	VO in transitive clauses	Verb precedes object	no		Wheeler - 1987:140
Word Order	OS in transitive clauses	Object precedes subject	no		Wheeler - 1987:140-141
Word Order	Preposition-Noun		no		Wheeler - 1987:124-130
Word Order	Noun-Postposition or case suffix		yes		Wheeler - 1987:124-130
Word Order	Gen-Noun	Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessor first (e.g. John's book)	yes		Wheeler - 1987:121-125
Word Order	Noun-Gen	Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessum first (e.g. 'book of John')	no		Wheeler - 1987:121-125
Word Order	Adj-Noun	Adjective precedes the noun	yes		Wheeler - 1987:117, 133
Word Order	Noun-Adj	Adjective follows the noun	no		Wheeler - 1987:117, 133
Word Order	Dem-Noun		yes		Wheeler - 1987:133
Word Order	Noun-Dem		no		Wheeler - 1987:133
Word Order	Num-Noun		yes		Wheeler - 1987:133
Word Order	Noun-Num		no		Wheeler - 1987:133
Word Order	Noun-Rel	Relative clause follows noun that it modifies	no		Wheeler - 1987:117
Word Order	Rel-Noun	Relative clause precedes noun that it modifies	yes		Wheeler - 1987:117
Word Order	Re<Noun>l (internally headed relative)	e.g. 'the dog cat chased-NMZR got away' ('the cat that the dog chased got away')	no info		Wheeler 1987
Word Order	Relative clause is correlative or adjoined	e.g. 'what is running, the dog chased that cat'	no info		Wheeler 1987
Word Order	Question word is clause initial	'what', 'who', etc. come first in interrogative clause	yes		Wheeler - 1987:137

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