Plural marked on human or animate nouns only
- Category
- Nominal Categories - Number
- Notes
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | yes | The number and gender depend on animacy, because they can be attached to animate nouns | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 23 | |||
| Aché | no info | |||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | No | 48 | 0 | |||
| Aguaruna | no | Overall 2007:124, 195-7 | ||||
| Alyawarr | no info | X | ||||
| Andoke | no info | |||||
| Apurinã | no | Facundes, 2000: 260-262 | ||||
| Arabana | yes | 65 | 1 | |||
| Arrernte | No | 89 | 0 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | no | Payne 1983:12; Payne 1981:12 | ||||
| Añun | no info | author doesn't make any claims | Patte 1989:54 | |||
| Bandjalang | No | 39 | 0 | |||
| Baniwa | no | but rare on inanimates; collective -lima, -peda more common w/ inanimates | Ramirez 2001 | |||
| Barasano | no | Jones & Jones 1991, p.20-21 | ||||
| Bardi | yes | 1 | ||||
| Bare | no | There are two different plural suffixes, one used mostly with animates and the other with inanimates. | Aikhenvald, 1995: 19 | |||
| Batyala | No | 4 | 0 | |||
| Baure | no | Danielsen 2007: p127 | ||||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | no | 0 | ||||
| Bilinarra | no info | x | ||||
| Biri | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Bora | no | Seifart - 2005: 56 | ||||
| Bularnu | no | 21 | 0 | |||
| Bunuba | no | 0 | ||||
| Cabecar | no | Bourland 1976:54 | ||||
| Cahuilla | no | |||||
| Central Aymara | no | Deza Galindo 1992: 77, 78 | ||||
| Chemehuevi | no | |||||
| Comanche | yes | |||||
| Cubeo | no | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 77 | ||||
| Cupeño | no | |||||
| Damana | no | marked on inanimates as well | ||||
| Darkinyung | no info | x | ||||
| Desano | no | Miller 1999, p. 52 | ||||
| Dharawal | no info | x | ||||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | no | 0 | ||||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | no | 47 | 0 | |||
| Djinang | No | 86 | 0 | |||
| Duungidjawu | no | 41 | 0 | |||
| Dyirbal | No | 241 | 0 | |||
| Dâw | yes | with exceptions | Martins 2004 | |||
| Eñepa | no | enclitic can mark animate and inanimate plurals | Payne 2012:68, 131-134 | |||
| Gabrielino | no | |||||
| Garrwa | no info | X | ||||
| Githabul | No | 11 | 0 | |||
| Gooniyandi | no | 0 | ||||
| Guaymí | no | Quesada 2008:49-54 | ||||
| Gugu-Badhun | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Gumbaynggirr | no | 277-8 | 0 | |||
| Guna | no | allows a plural, but not preferred | Smith texts | |||
| Gunya | No | 312 | 0 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | No | 55 | 0 | |||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | no | 64 | 0 | |||
| Hup | yes | Epps 2008 | ||||
| Idaho Shoshone | ||||||
| Ika | no | Frank 1990:29 | ||||
| Ingá | no | marked on all nouns | Levinson 1978:6 | |||
| Jaru | no info | x | ||||
| Jingulu | no | 0 | ||||
| Kaingang | no info | Silva 2011 | ||||
| Kakua | no | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
| Kalkatungu | yes? | 80-1 | 1 | |||
| Karajarri | No | 144 | 0 | |||
| Karitiana | no | Everett 2006:296 | ||||
| Katthang | no | 42, 48 | 0 | |||
| Kaurna | No | 5 | 0 | |||
| Kawaiisu | yes | |||||
| Kinikinau | no info | |||||
| Kitanemuk | no | |||||
| Kogi | no info | |||||
| Kokama | no | example (23b) marks inanimate | Vallejos 2010:161 | |||
| Kokatha | No | 54 | 0 | |||
| Koreguaje | no | Inanimate nouns are divided into three classes as the plural formation. | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.26 | |||
| Kotiria | no | countable inanimate nouns can be pluralized by a suffix | Stenzel 2004, p. 139 | |||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | N/A | 421 | 0 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | no | 55 | 0 | |||
| Kunjen | No info | x | ||||
| Kurrama | no | 51-52 | 0 | |||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | No | 85 | 0 | |||
| Luiseño | no | |||||
| Macaguan | no info | Buenaventura 1993 | ||||
| Maipure | no | Zamponi 2003:25 | ||||
| Makiritare | no | "The plural suffix occurs less often with inanimate nouns" | Hall 1988: 307 | |||
| Makuna | yes | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.34 | ||||
| Makushi | no | Carson 1982: 73-75 | ||||
| Mapudungun | yes | Only animate nouns can get the plural word pu; inanimates are not formally distinguished for number. | Zúñiga 2006, p. 87-9 | |||
| Marrgany | No | 312 | 0 | |||
| Martuthunira | no | 0 | ||||
| Mathi-Mathi | no | 74 | 0 | |||
| Matses | no | The plural marker is optional and tends to appear more frequently with animate nouns but it can also appear with inanimates. | Fleck:272-3 | |||
| Mayi-Yapi | No | 39 | 0 | |||
| Minica Witoto | no | Minor and Minor 1982. p.34 | ||||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | no info | x | ||||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | yes | but apparently only a subset of these | Weir 1984 | |||
| Nanti | no | Example 6.143 shows plural marker with inanimate. | Michael, 2008. p. 297 | |||
| Narungga | No | 66 | 0 | |||
| Naso | yes | Quesada 2000 | ||||
| Ngaatjatjara | No | 29 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | No | 11 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | No | 6 | 0 | |||
| Ngiyambaa | yes | 102 | 1 | |||
| Nhanta | no | 59 | 0 | |||
| Nheengatu | no | Cruz 2011 | ||||
| Ninam | yes | inanimates marked for plural with partitive/collective suffix | Goodwin-Gomez, p.79-80 | |||
| Northern Emberá | no info | more likely not | Mortensen 1999:15-6 | Catío | ||
| Northern Paiute | yes | |||||
| Nyangumarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyikina | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | no info | x | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | no | 0 | ||||
| Palikur | no | Green and Green 1972:54-55 | ||||
| Panyjima | no | 149-150 | 0 | |||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | no info | |||||
| Paresi | no info | Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 | ||||
| Pemon | yes | de Armellada 1999: 49 | ||||
| Piapoco | no | No examples of inanimates are given. However, Galindo notes that only the nominals that express mass quantities do not show the plural. | Galindo, 2002: 103 | |||
| Pintupi | no info | x | ||||
| Pitjantjatjara | No | G 93 | 0 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | No | 201 | 0 | |||
| Puinave | no | Giron 2008: p191 | ||||
| Páez | no | However, when the colectivizer morpheme is used to mark plurality, it can only refer to human nouns | Jung:131-3 | |||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | no | Parker 1965:26, 39 | ||||
| Resígaro | no | Plural marked on all nouns with classifiers, some of which are not animate. | Allin 1976: 164 | |||
| Ritharrngu | Yes | 33 | 1 | |||
| Sanumá | no info | Borgman 1990 | ||||
| Serrano | no | |||||
| Shoshone | no | |||||
| Sikuani | no | de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000:167-174 | ||||
| Siona | no | Also marked on inanimates. | Wheeler - 1970:95; Wheeler - 1987:110 | |||
| Southern Paiute | yes | |||||
| Southern Ute | yes | |||||
| Surui | no info | |||||
| Tanimuca | yes | There are 3 animate plural markers for numbers; -rã '2', -bãki '2+masc.', -korã 'fem' | Strom 1992, p.54-56 | Attached to the classifier which procedes the head of the NP. | ||
| Tariana | no | Plural is marked on inanimate nouns, although the unmarked form is considered a general or collective sense and plural marking is only obligatory with animate nouns. | Aikhenvald, 2003: 164-165 | |||
| Thanggati | no | 19 | 0 | |||
| Tharrkari | maybe | 23 | 1 | |||
| Tikuna | yes | It seems that for plants and animals different collective suffixes are used | Montes 2004b:60 | |||
| Timbisha | no | |||||
| Tukano | no | West and Welch 2004: 82-84 | ||||
| Uradhi | No | 353 | 0 | |||
| Urarina | no | Olawsky:157 | ||||
| Wajarri | Yes | 68 | 1 | |||
| Wakaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Walmajarri | no | 0 | ||||
| Wambaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Wangkumara | no info | X | ||||
| Waorani | no info | |||||
| Wapishana | no | Santos, 2006: 143 | ||||
| Warlpiri | yes | n130 | 1 | |||
| Warluwarra | no | 0 | ||||
| Warnman | No | 25 | 0 | |||
| Warrgamay | No | 35 | 0 | |||
| Warrwa | no | 0 | ||||
| Warumungu | No | 17, 27 | 0 | |||
| Warungu | no? | 230 | 0 | |||
| Wathawurrung | no | 71 | 0 | |||
| Waunana | yes | Plural is only distinguished for humans and certain animals (which are not specified) | Sánchez and Castro 1977:117 | |||
| Wayuu | no | Examples of inanimates with plural marking. | Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 797 | |||
| Wemba-Wemba | no | H 27 | 0 | |||
| Western Mono | yes | |||||
| WesternTorres | no | FO 136 | 0 | |||
| Wiradjuri | no | m286 | 0 | |||
| Wirangu | No | 42-3 | 0 | |||
| Woiwurrung | no | 0 | ||||
| Worrorra | no | 25 | 0 | |||
| Yagua | no info | Payne and Payne 1990 | ||||
| Yalarnnga | yes | 33, 50 | 1 | |||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | yes? | 113 | 1 | |||
| Yanesha' | no | Duff-Tripp 1997:26-8 | ||||
| Yanomami | no | plural can be marked on inanimates also at least using the incorporated number markers | Ramirez 1994: 195, and other examples throughout text | |||
| Yanyuwa | no info | x | ||||
| Yavitero | no | Examples of plural marking on janíjli 'house,' and síja 'stone.' | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 36 | |||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | no | 0 | ||||
| Yindjilindji | no | 507 | 0 | |||
| Yine | yes | Wise 1986:592 | ||||
| Yingkarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | no | 60 | 0 | |||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | yes | Marked only on animate nouns. | Shauer, 1978: 40 | |||
| Yulparija | No | 19 | 0 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | No | 43 | 0 |
| Language |
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