| Cahuilla |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
yes |
The number and gender depend on animacy, because they can be attached to animate nouns |
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 23 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
Plural marked on all nouns with classifiers, some of which are not animate. |
Allin 1976: 164 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
no |
There are two different plural suffixes, one used mostly with animates and the other with inanimates. |
Aikhenvald, 1995: 19 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
No examples of inanimates are given. However, Galindo notes that only the nominals that express mass quantities do not show the plural. |
Galindo, 2002: 103 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
yes |
Marked only on animate nouns. |
Shauer, 1978: 40 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
Examples of plural marking on janíjli 'house,' and síja 'stone.' |
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 36 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos, 2006: 143 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no |
Examples of inanimates with plural marking. |
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 797 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
Plural is marked on inanimate nouns, although the unmarked form is considered a general or collective sense and plural marking is only obligatory with animate nouns. |
Aikhenvald, 2003: 164-165 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
|
Facundes, 2000: 260-262 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
|
Payne 1983:12; Payne 1981:12 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no |
|
Zamponi 2003:25 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:26-8 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
no |
|
Danielsen 2007: p127 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
Example 6.143 shows plural marker with inanimate. |
Michael, 2008. p. 297 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no info |
|
Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no |
|
Green and Green 1972:54-55 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
yes |
|
Wise 1986:592 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no info |
author doesn't make any claims |
Patte 1989:54 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
no |
|
Seifart - 2005: 56 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
"The plural suffix occurs less often with inanimate nouns" |
Hall 1988: 307 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
no |
|
Carson 1982: 73-75 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
no |
enclitic can mark animate and inanimate plurals |
Payne 2012:68, 131-134 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
yes |
|
de Armellada 1999: 49 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
allows a plural, but not preferred |
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
yes |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no |
|
Frank 1990:29 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no |
|
Bourland 1976:54 |
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no |
|
Quesada 2008:49-54 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
marked on inanimates as well |
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
|
de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000:167-174 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no info |
|
Buenaventura 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no |
|
Overall 2007:124, 195-7 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
no info |
more likely not |
Mortensen 1999:15-6 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no |
marked on all nouns |
Levinson 1978:6 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no |
The plural marker is optional and tends to appear more frequently with animate nouns but it can also appear with inanimates. |
Fleck:272-3 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
yes |
Only animate nouns can get the plural word pu; inanimates are not formally distinguished for number. |
Zúñiga 2006, p. 87-9 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no |
However, when the colectivizer morpheme is used to mark plurality, it can only refer to human nouns |
Jung:131-3 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
|
Parker 1965:26, 39 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
yes |
It seems that for plants and animals different collective suffixes are used |
Montes 2004b:60 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no |
|
Olawsky:157 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
yes |
Plural is only distinguished for humans and certain animals (which are not specified) |
Sánchez and Castro 1977:117 |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no |
|
Giron 2008: p191 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no |
|
Deza Galindo 1992: 77, 78 |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
no |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no info |
|
Silva 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.34 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
yes |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
yes |
but apparently only a subset of these |
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
yes |
with exceptions |
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
no |
|
Miller 1999, p. 52 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
no |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 77 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no |
countable inanimate nouns can be pluralized by a suffix |
Stenzel 2004, p. 139 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
yes |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.34 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
Inanimate nouns are divided into three classes as the plural formation. |
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.26 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
no |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.20-21 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
yes |
There are 3 animate plural markers for numbers; -rã '2', -bãki '2+masc.', -korã 'fem' |
Strom 1992, p.54-56 |
|
Attached to the classifier which procedes the head of the NP. |
|
| Siona |
no |
Also marked on inanimates. |
Wheeler - 1970:95; Wheeler - 1987:110 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
no |
|
West and Welch 2004: 82-84 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
no |
plural can be marked on inanimates also at least using the incorporated number markers |
Ramirez 1994: 195, and other examples throughout text |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
yes |
inanimates marked for plural with partitive/collective suffix |
Goodwin-Gomez, p.79-80 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no info |
|
Borgman 1990 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:296 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
example (23b) marks inanimate |
Vallejos 2010:161 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Worrorra |
no |
|
25 |
|
|
0 |
| Garrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warlpiri |
yes |
|
n130 |
|
|
1 |
| Bardi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no |
|
60 |
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yandruwandha |
yes? |
|
113 |
|
|
1 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
yes |
|
33, 50 |
|
|
1 |
| Woiwurrung |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wirangu |
No |
|
42-3 |
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 27 |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
No |
|
17, 27 |
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
353 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
201 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no |
|
59 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngiyambaa |
yes |
|
102 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngayawang |
No |
|
6 |
|
|
0 |
| Muruwari |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
39 |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
312 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
85 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no |
|
55 |
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
N/A |
|
421 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No |
|
5 |
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
yes? |
|
80-1 |
|
|
1 |
| Jaru |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
55 |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
277-8 |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
43 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
241 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
41 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
86 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bularnu |
no |
|
21 |
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Batyala |
No |
|
4 |
|
|
0 |
| Arabana |
yes |
|
65 |
|
|
1 |
| Alyawarr |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
19 |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
no |
|
71 |
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
74 |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
64 |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
19 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
42, 48 |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
no |
|
149-150 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No |
|
11 |
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
no |
|
51-52 |
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
11 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
312 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| WesternTorres |
no |
|
FO 136 |
|
|
0 |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
no |
|
507 |
|
|
0 |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
39 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
29 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
89 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
54 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
144 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
G 93 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
Yes |
|
33 |
|
|
1 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
35 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
No |
|
25 |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
no |
|
47 |
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wiradjuri |
no |
|
m286 |
|
|
0 |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
48 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No |
|
66 |
|
|
0 |
| Tharrkari |
maybe |
|
23 |
|
|
1 |
| Wajarri |
Yes |
|
68 |
|
|
1 |
| Warungu |
no? |
|
230 |
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no info |
|
Payne and Payne 1990 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
but rare on inanimates; collective -lima, -peda more common w/ inanimates |
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
