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Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors
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Languages
Ethnographic Features
Lexical Features
Grammatical Features
Lexical Features
752 features in 3 categories
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
(342)
abalone
açai palm
achiote, anatto
agile wallaby, river wallaby
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti)
alligator, black caiman
amazon dolphin
amazon tree-grape
anaconda
angleworm
ant (generic)
anteater
antelope
armadillo
arrow cane, wildcane
australian pelican
australian snubfin dolphin
avocado
badger
bald eagle
baler shell
banana, plantain
band-tail pigeon
bandicoot
barn owl
barramundi
bat
beans
beaver
beetle
big round tule
big skunk
big wolf (gray wolf)
bighorn sheep
bindii, caltrop
bird
bitterwood
black ant
black bear
black palm
black-breasted buzzard
black-faced cuckoo-shrike
black-headed python
black-soil yam
black-tail jackrabbit
blackberry
bloodwood
blowfly maggots
blowfly/housefly
blue grouse
blue-tongue lizard
blue-winged kookaburra
bluebone
boa
bobcat, lynx
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree)
brazil nut
brolga
brown goshawk
brown woolly monkey
brush-tailed possum
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant
bush cockroach
bush stone-curlew
bush tobacco
bush turkey, australian bustard
bush yam
butterfly, moth
california condor
california jay
california woodpecker
capybara
cará tuber, purple or white
carpet snake
cashew
cat
caterpillar
catfish
centipede
channel-billed cuckoo
chia
chicken
chipmunk
cicada
cipó vine
cliff swallow
coca
cockroach
collared peccary
coot
cotamundi, coatimundi
cotton
cottontail rabbit
cottonwood
coyote
crab
crested pigeon
cricket
crow
cunuri (tree)
curassow
darter/cormorant
datura
death adder, five-minute snake
deer
deer, mule
digger pine
dingo
dog (camp, domestic)
dog (wild; bush dog)
dogbane
dove
duck
dugong
earthworm
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil)
elder
electric eel
elk
emu
firefly, lightning bug
fish (generic)
fish (large type)
fish poison, barbasco
flea
flicker
flower
flying-fox (generic)
foothills yucca
fox
freshwater crocodile
freshwater mussel
freshwater prawn
frill-necked lizard
frog (generic)
galah
genipap
ghost gum
giant otter
goanna (generic) or sand goanna
golden eagle
gooseberry
gopher snake, bull snake
grass
grasshopper
gray ground squirrel
gray tree squirrel
gray-winged trumpeter
great bowerbird
great egret
great horned owl
green acouchi
green ant
green sea turtle
green tree snake
grizzly bear
guan
hallucinogenic snuff
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca
hawk
head/body lice
honeybee
horned toad
horse
hot pepper
howler monkey (red-handed)
hummingbird
humpback whale
iguana
inga
insect (generic)
jabiru
jaguar
japurá
junco
jungle-fowl (scrub-fowl)
juniper
kangaroo (generic)
kapok
kingfisher
land snail
leaf-cutter ant
louse
macaw
magpie goose
maize, corn
mallard
manatee
mandi catfish
manioc (bitter or generic)
manioc (sweet)
manzanita
military dragon
milkweed, broad leaf
milkweed, narrow leaf
miriti palm
mission tule
mockingbird
mosquito
moth
mountain lion
mountain quail
mouse, rat
mud wasp, hornet
mushroom
mussel
native bee
native cat
neotropical otter (small)
northern brown bandicoot
northern kurrajong
nut tree
octopus
olivella (olive snail)
opossum
owl (large)
paca (lowland)
pacu fish
palm for roof thatch
pandanus palm
paperbark
parrot
paxiuba palm
peaceful dove
peach palm, pejibaye palm
peanut
pearlshell
peewee
pied butcherbird
pike eel
pineapple
pinyon jay
pinyon pine
pirana
pismo clam
pocket gopher
poison oak
porcupine
potato
potato, sweet potato
praying mantis, stick insects
prickle bush
quail (generic)
rattlesnake
red ant
red river gum
red-shouldered blackbird
red-tailed black-cockatoo
red-tailed hawk
riflefish, archerfish
river mangrove
roadrunner
rock fig
rubber tree (sorva)
ruddy duck
sacred kingfisher
sage herb
salmon/steelhead
saltwater crocodile
saltwater mussel
sawfish
scaly lizard
scorpion
seje palm
shark (generic)
shell (generic)
short-beaked echidna
sloth
small bird
small brown lizard
small lizard
snail
snake (generic)
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake
snappy gum
soaproot
sour berry
sparrow hawk
speckled catfish
spider
spinifex
spoonbills (yellow-billed spoonbill, black-billed spoonbill)
spotted skunk
squash
squirrel
stingray (generic)
stripe-faced dunnart
sugarbag wax
sulphur-crested cockatoo
swamp eel
swamp leech
tannia, yautia
tapir
tawny frogmouth
termite mounds, ant hills
termites, white-ants
ti-tree
tick
tiger shark
tigerfish
tinamou
toad
tobacco
torresian crow
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant)
toucan
tree
tree yucca
tufted capuchin monkey
turkey buzzard
turtle (generic)
ucuqui
valley live oak
valley oak
valley quail
vulture
washington clam
wasp
waterlily
wattle
wedge-tailed eagle
western canada goose
whale
white pelican
white-fronted capuchin
white-fronted spider monkey
white-lipped peccary
wild grapevine
wild oats
wild rose
wild sunflower
willie wagtail
willow
witchetty grub
woma
wood rat, round-tail
woodpecker
worm, hairy caterpillar
worm, smooth caterpillar
yellow jacket
yellowbird
yerba santa
Basic Vocabulary
(207)
1pl.excl
1pl.incl
1sg
2pl
2sg
3pl
3sg
above
again
alive
all
and
ankle
armpit
ash
ashamed
ashes
at
back
bad
bark
be alive
belly
below
big
bite
black
blood
blow
blunt
boil/pimple
bone
boomerang
breast
breathe
burn
chew
child
climb
cloud
cold
come
cook
correct/true
count
cry
cut
cut/hack
day
die/be dead
dig
dingo/wolf
dirty
dream
drink
dry
dull/blunt
dust
ear
earth/soil
eat
egg
eye
faeces
fall
far
fat/grease
father
fear
feather
fingernail
fire
fish
flow
flower
flower
fly
fog
foot
fruit
good
green
grow
hair (of head)
hand
head
hear
heart
heavy
hide
hit
hit (with hand)
hold
hot
how?
if
in/inside
intestines
itch
kill
know/be knowledgeable
lake
laugh
leaf
left/left hand
leg/foot
lie down
lightning
live/be alive
liver
long
louse
louse
lung
man/male
meat/flesh
moon
mother
mountain/hill
mouth
name
nape
near/close
neck
new
night
no/not
nose
old
one
open/uncover
other
pain/painful/sick
person/human being
pimple
pound/beat
rain
red
right/right hand
road/path
roof
root
rotten
sand
say
scratch
see
sharp
shoot
short
shoulder
shy/ashamed
sick
sit
skin
sky
sleep
small
smell (tr/intr)
smoke
sniff/smell
spit
split
squeeze
stab/pierce
stand
star
steal
stick/wood
stone
suck
sun
sweat
swell
swim
tail
that
thick
thin
think
this
three
throat
throw
thunder
tie up/fasten
tongue
tooth
true
turn
two
vomit
walk
water
wet
what?
when?
where?
white
who?
wife
wind
wing
woman/female
work
yawn
yellow
Culture Vocabulary
(203)
acorn bread
acorn mush
afterworld, land of dead, heaven
alcohol
armband
arrow
arrow straightener
awl
axe/stone axe
bag (string)
bag, sack
bait for fishing
ball game
basin/bowl
basket (general)
basket, small
basketry hat
bead
beans
bed
bench, seat
blowgun
body feather decorations
boomerang (number 7)
boomerang (small)
boomerang/throwing stick (generic)
bottle
bottom grinding stone
bow
bowl (coolamon)
broom
canoe
carrying net
cat
chicken
chief/leader
cicatrice
clapper
clapsticks
clothing
club
club (nulla-nulla)
coca
coca
cook food
cook in earth oven
corn
corpse
cradleboard
cremate
curupira (spirit type)
damper
dance (generic)
dart (blowgun)
datura wrightii
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure
digging stick
dipper
dipper (small coolamon)
dream
dream
dreaming
drone pipe
drum
drum (large signal)
earring
earth oven
fan
feather headband
feather headdress
fence, palisade
fermented drink
fetish, charm
fire drill
fire-saw
fire-tender
fireplace
firewood
fish (with fish-poison)
fish (with line)
fish (with spear)
fish hook
fish poison
fishing line
fishtrap
fishtrap (permanent)
fishtrap (woven)
flat bread, cassava bread
flour (bush)
flour (european)
flour/meal from manioc
flute
gambling sticks
game animal
genipap
genipap
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit
glue
gourd (dipper/bowl)
grater
grave
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf)
griddle for cooking flatbread
grog
gun
hair belt
hammock
hat
headband
healer
hollow log/trough for beer-making
honey
house
house (european)
hunt
initiate boy
initiate girl
initiation (circumcision)
initiation (circumcision)
knife
loincloth
love song
machete
mangrove raft
mat
medicine
message stick
mortar
necklace
needle/awl
net
nosepeg
ochre
paddle/oar
paint body, body paint
panpipe
paper
pestle
pinole
pipe for tobacco
pitch
plate
policeman
pot
public song cycle
quiver
rattle
red paint
resin
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya)
rope/string
salt
school
seed beater
shaman, healer
shelter (native)
shoes
sinew-backed bow
skirt
snare
soldier
song (for entertainment)
song (generic)
spear
spear (fighting)
spear (fishing)
spearthrower
speartip
spirit child
starch (tapioca, other)
stirring stick
stone bowl
stone for lighting fires
string (from hair)
string (from vine)
string of shell money
sugar
sugarcane/sugar
sweathouse
tapioca drink, mingau
tattoo
tea
tell history
thatch/roof
tipiti (manioc squeezer)
tobacco (european)
tobacco (native)
top grinding stone
totem (conception)
tree coffin
tripod for washing manioc
tule boat
venom for darts, poison
wax
wheat
white paint
windbreak
winnow
winnowing basket
wood tray
woven strainer/sieve
yandy (n)
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women)