Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

pound/beat

Semantic Field
impact
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
machacar, golpear
Meaning Portuguese
bater

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone to-ppaih “beat up” inheritance
Cahuilla -tula- inheritance S&H 1979
Central Sierra Miwok lo/pLa- unknown
Chumash Barbareno itatan inheritance Beeler 1976:265
Chumash Cruzeno hiwekH “machucar” inheritance JPH
Chumash Ineseno -tatan inheritance A 58
Chumash Obispeno tsiLmu7 (same as “mortero”) unknown JPH
Chumash Ventureno wiwex “with blows (not instrument)” inheritance JPH
Cocopa kucu/, kusu/l; cuya/Ly (when wet) unknown
Comanche naraajaakypY, tyhraniity unique
Cupeño pux-0 [pux] inheritance
Iipay 'Aa aarrap, wetutt [aˑˈrap], [wəˈt̯ʊt] unknown
Kawaiisu coko- inheritance
Kiliwa h+nya7 (w/ hammer), p+tiiti “pound seeds” unknown Mixco 1985
Kitanemuk pi7 (metate) inheritance
Lake Miwok 7u/Tuk inheritance
Luiseño paqa~i- inheritance
Maidu jo/k inheritance
Mojave saveq=(mash, pound, squish insect), tadiily=,(something hard, usually to about 1/2 former size), talaath= (pound corn to crack a little), talyes= (pound lightly), atoot=(meat, corn, etc.), katoo= (mesquite beans) unknown
Mutsun hutna “pounds (in a mortar) unknown O77:81, 211
Nisenan juluj unknown
Northern Paiute pota “pound acorns” inheritance Stubbs 08
Northern Sierra Miwok mac:a- unknown
Plains Miwok 72:l2-, 7y:ly- unknown
Salinan A (p)T'etoyo (A), “pound, pulverize” unknown
Salinan M *(k)a/nata 'pound, pulverize' unknown Mason 1918:138
Seri (Comcaac) ccaxz (with long thing) unknown
Serrano pO:ng inheritance
Southern Paiute tap:oru7 “to pound w/ stone”; unique
Southern Sierra Miwok lop:a- inheritance
Southern Ute wHchog'wa inheritance
Tübatulabal kohkohwin-at, unique
Tümpisa Shoshone tappaih, inheritance
Wappo wa/Thmi7 “hit or strike several times, beat” unknown
Washo e/tb unknown J497
Western Mono tabi “to pound” inheritance
Wintu palya inheritance
Yavapai (s)peqi, tu/, mqwa_ni unknown
Yokuts Yawdanchi duku “pulverize” 247; unknown K07:247
Yokuts Yowlumne potox “smash” loan direction unknown 293 K 1907
Yuki TuT' unknown S&S 1984
Yuma kaco/ “to pound lightly” H5:93; tawe/ “to grind” H5:95 unknown
Baniwa nãa, kháama, tãime nãa, kháama, tãime inheritance See Language page
Cubeo chĩtoñʉ; pẽ́ðayʉ; piroyʉ ʧĩtojɨ; pẽ́ðajɨ; piɾojɨ unique See Language page
Dâw pam  pam unique See Language page
Desano mutũ-ri (with the hand) mutĩ-ɾi inheritance See Language page
Eñepa -ɨpuʔmo- (IDS) -ɨpuʔmo- (IDS) inheritance See Language page
Hodï ʰwau unique See Language page
Waorani te te ã-po unique See Language page
Hup j’ɔŋ- ~ɟ’ɔg- unique See Language page
Kakua mâw missing See Language page
Makushi iʔpopɨtɨ (SM) iʔpopɨtɨ (SM) unique See Language page
Nheengatu peteka, nupá peteka, nupá unknown See Language page
Ninam pašə (EM72) paʃə inheritance See Language page
Nukak baak2 ('hit', H&R) missing See Language page
Pemon ame, tatama, pichaka, kichouka (A1981) ame, tatama, pitʃaka, kitʃouka (A1981) inheritance See Language page
Sanumá pasɨ (EM72) pasɨ inheritance See Language page
Sikuani tafuta (2) tafúta missing See Language page
Tariana túda túda unique See Language page
Kotiria mᵾtana; mᵾtona; ña tihãhna; tihãna; dahra tihãna (between two fingers) (all Waltz) mᵾtana; mᵾtona; ja tihãhna; tihãna; dahɾa tihãna (all Waltz) inheritance E Tuk See Language page
Yanomam pasu (EM72) pasu inheritance See Language page
Yanomami shë-aɨ ʃʃ-aɨ unique See Language page
Yukuna ñatakaje ɲatakahe inheritance See Language page
Gajirrabeng dilybe unique
Gurindji tarl pa- loan Wardaman
Kija taj inheritance
Miriwung daj inheritance
Walmajarri tuka- inheritance
Achagua báaseri báaseri See Language page
Piapoco nunúaca nunúaka See Language page
Yavitero dac̷ika datsika See Language page
Bare wát'uka, watʃuka wát'uka, watʃuka See Language page
Wapishana tʰinikʰa-n tʰinikʰa-n unknown See Language page
Wayuu ašeeta See Language page
Paresi mokotya mokotya See Language page
Waurá maitʸa; tau-ta maitʸa; tau-ta See Language page
Cha'palaa 'ka'tʸa-či 'ke-nu -či, 'by means of'. See Language page
Bora wápaájco, íllaáyo, wádɨrɨhjáco (beat with stick) (T98) kʷápʰaáxkʰo, ítʃaájo, kʷátɨrɨʔxákʰo See Language page
Muinane gánɨɨcɨhi, gávírícuhi, púpúcuhi, úvútúsuhi (W97) gánɨɨkɨʔi, gáβíríkuʔi, púpúkuʔi, úβútúsuʔi See Language page
Akawaio ariipogɨ ari'pɔgɨ unique See Language page
Makiritare -aiʔhuka-dɨɨ (IDS) -aiʔhuka-dɨɨ (IDS) unknown See Language page
Wai Wai wetaΦa oyamorɨ ke wetaΦa oyamorɨ ke See Language page
Yukpa néveksa, núvesta See Language page
Northern Emberá bhĩ́raa huĩ́, berrachíi bhĩ́raː huĩ́, berratʃíi See Language page
Epena sĩ- See Language page
Macaguan tsakít tsakít unknown See Language page
Candoshi-Shapra tpámaama tpámaama See Language page
Páez pequins pekins See Language page
Tikuna na2na3po2 (A58) nanapo See Language page
Urarina fwaufwaa fwaufwaa See Language page
Camsa xuénanana, xáxantɕetana xuénanana, xáxantɕetana See Language page
Andoke -bəʌ (to beat/smash) -bəʌ (to beat/smash) See Language page
Pumé kʰae gua (with fist); bede kʰae-iʊ (strike) See Language page
Puinave [-pou] (strike); [-tãu] (~ with fist pou; tãu See Language page
Ashuar chánatin, chínatin tʃanatin, tʃinatin See Language page
Huambisa chanuatsa, namuktasa tʃanuatsa, namuktasa See Language page
Aguaruna dekéet, initát dɨkɨ:t, initat See Language page
Nadëb/Rio Negro dialect dɨ:k, dɨg, daʃ, da:j, wã:ʃ, gǝ See Language page
Matses chocueshca, mase tʃokueʃka, mase See Language page
Katukina ṣ̌aka- See Language page
Yaminahua mɨ̃kɨ-mã sɨtɨ sɨtɨ akĩ Lit. 'hand-instrumental hit hit do'. See Language page
Chácobo čaka-; pɨc̷a-; tooṣ̌-; raši; čoša-; sɨtia- (the latter two are listed under "pound with fist") čaka-; pɨc̷a-; tooṣ̌-; raši; čoša-; sɨtia- (the latter two are listed under "pound with fist") See Language page
Yagua doya; mara (food item); musiy (as to punish) doja; mara:; musij See Language page
Southern Pastaza Quechua llapina, nitina ʎapina, nitina See Language page
Ingá kapii kapii See Language page
Napo Lowland Quichua tiquina, cutarina tikina, kutaɾina See Language page
Quechua Ayacuchano llapiy ʎapij See Language page
Piaroa pa'tápuɨh paɁtápuɨh See Language page
Carapana tãnirĩqũẽ tãniɾĩkẽ See Language page
Makuna baje-re (could be a loan from Portuguese); ja-re; roca-re ('to punch in the face') (entire lexical entry is identical with hit) baxe-ɾe; xa-ɾe; ɾoka-ɾe See Language page
Koreguaje ja'emʉ xaʔemʉ See Language page
Siona paonji, quëonji paonhi, kɨonhi See Language page
Karitiana mĩ mĩ See Language page
Kokama ayuka ajuka See Language page
Wayampi #NAME? #NAME? See Language page
Aché ǰočo See Language page
Chiriguano ǰoso See Language page
Paraguayan Guaraní ǰoso See Language page
Sirionó kurukʷa; iruã nua; ukʷa (P85) kurukʷa; iruã nua; ukʷa See Language page
Kamayurá nupã nupã See Language page
Ocaina boonm̈a bõõma See Language page
Murui Witoto doberite, donede (comestibles); guàte (golpeando) dobɛritɛ, donɛdɛ (comestibles); guàtɛ (B83) See Language page
Záparo ahiryasutanu ahiɾjasutanu See Language page
Wari to' (E&K97) toʔ (E&K97) See Language page
Araona kʷelihi See Language page
Ese Ejja kʷeakea-nahe See Language page
Ese Ejja/Huarayo poho-kwe (also means "hit") poho-kwe See Language page
Tacana ha-me-poči-ti-; ď̶apo-, paď̶a-, tara- Also me-peðe-. See Language page
Cavineña miri-ya; hari-ya; a-ya, miri-ya; taro-; kac̷a-ya (The first two, miri-ya and hari-ya, mean pounding specifically with a fist; the rest are the same as the entry for "hit") miri-ya; hari-ya; a-ya, miri-ya; taro-; kača-ya See Language page
Central Aymara čˀaku-ɲa See Language page
Kwazá duduñũ-, tãtãi, ahỹ-, babay-, mɛ̃- (first two are pound , last three are beat ) duduñũ-, tãtãi, ahỹ-, babay-, mɛ̃- (first two are pound , last three are beat ) See Language page
Mosetén-Chimané khatʔ'hẽ See Language page
Movima han̉-na han̉-na See Language page
Trumai ha fa (G99) ha fa (G99) See Language page
Kaingang mrãn-mrãn; nə e; kã nə e (IDS) pɔ he; pɔke See Language page
Suyá čičík čičík See Language page
Djeoromitxi päpä, tümi pǝpǝ, tümi See Language page
Mocoví y-aho-te-ʔe n-ašitaʁaɲi Lit. '3p actor-use-direct-obj 3p possessor-fist'. See Language page
Pilagá yi-ʔwaʁan See Language page
Toba y-asaken See Language page
Lengua #NAME? See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité aptikponki apmik See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet neŋelyeetaʔpaykamˀ; nentekpoŋaam eŋmek See Language page
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay i-hnopoh-'ɬi See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja #NAME? See Language page
Maca #NAME? Means to beat repeatedly. See Language page
Nivaclé -tɔxɔx pound with fist https://ids.clld.org/
Ayoreo i'ŋira; u'heeʔ See Language page
Mapudungun [puɲete] From Spanish 'puɲete'. See Language page
Lokono etan etan pound (e.g. cassava) Pet 1987:368
Kariña poponga popoŋa pound Yamada 2010:794