Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

Wai Wai

Family: Cariban
Region: South America
ISO 639-3: waw
Location: 1.51°, -59.14°
Notes
Features: Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary

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Data Sources: Cardozo, Ivaneide Bandeira and Israel Correa do Vale Junior (eds.). 2012. Etnozoneamento da Porção Paraense das Terras Indígenas Trombetas-Mapuera e Nhamundá-Mapuera. Porto Velho - RO: EDUFRO. Hawkins, Robert. 2007. Wai Wai. In Mary R. Key, Intercontinental Dictionary Series. Meira, Sérgio. Wordlist.

Basic Vocabulary (191)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Etymology Code	Loan Source	General Notes	Source
1pl.excl	nosotros (exclusivo)	nós (exclusivo)	grammar	amna	amna	inheritance			See Language page
1pl.incl	nosotros (inclusivo)	nós (inclusivo)	grammar	kɨɨwɨ; kɨwyam	kɨɨwɨ; kɨwyam	inheritance		no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted	See Language page
1sg	yo	eu	grammar	owɨ	owɨ	inheritance		For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms	See Language page
2pl	ustedes	vocês	grammar	amyamro	amyamro	inheritance			See Language page
2sg	xx	xx	grammar	amoro	amoro	inheritance			See Language page
3pl	ellos/ellas	eles/elas	grammar	mošam (near); ɲešamro (distant)	mošam (near); ɲešamro (distant)	inheritance			See Language page
3sg	el/ella	ele/ela	grammar	noro; noro; ero	noro; noro; ero	inheritance			See Language page
above	encima, arriba	acima	location	eΦoyi; kahsɨ en-ko	eΦoyi; kahsɨ en-ko	inheritance			See Language page
again	de nuevo, otra vez	de novo	grammar	ša hara	ša hara	unknown			See Language page
all	todo	todos	other	ahnoro	ahnoro	inheritance			See Language page
and	y	e	grammar	marha	marha				See Language page
ankle	tobillo	tornozelo	body	o-hrak-nu	o-hrak-nu	inheritance			See Language page
armpit	axila, sobaco	axila	body	oy-eyata-rɨ	oy-eyata-rɨ	inheritance			See Language page
ash	ceniza(s)	cinzas	environment	wemronho ~ wermonho	wemronho ~ wermonho	inheritance			See Language page
at	en, a	em, a	location						See Language page
back	espalda	costas	body	∅-maši-rɨ	∅-maši-rɨ	unique			See Language page
bad	mal	mal	quality	kičičme	kičičme	unique			See Language page
bark	corteza	casca	environment	weewe Φičho	weewe Φičho	inheritance			See Language page
belly	barriga	barriga	body	o-wetho-∅	o-wetho-∅	inheritance			See Language page
below	abajo, debajo	abaixo	location	rooΦore ɲhe	rooΦore ɲhe	unique			See Language page
big	grande	grande	quality	Φorinme; Φorin	Φorinme; Φorin	unique			See Language page
bite	morder	morder	body	eska-kɨ	eska-kɨ	inheritance			See Language page
black	negro	preto	colour	či-čwi-ye	či-čwi-ye	unique			See Language page
blood	sangre	sangue	body	kamšuku	kamšuku	unique			See Language page
blow	soplar	soprar	body	Φuu kas-ko	Φuu kas-ko	unknown			See Language page
boil/pimple	espinilla, granos	espinha, borbulha	body	erekɨ	erekɨ	unknown			See Language page
bone	hueso	osso	body	o-yočho-∅	o-yočho-∅	unknown			See Language page
breast	pecho, seno	peito	body	∅-manatɨ-rɨ	∅-manatɨ-rɨ	inheritance			See Language page
breathe	respirar	respirar	body	oy-aΦeΦe-n	oy-aΦeΦe-n	unique			See Language page
burn	quemar	queimar	environment	transitive: akɲi-ko, intransitive: ečakɨ-ra	transitive: akɲi-ko, intransitive: ečakɨ-ra	inheritance			See Language page
chew	masticar, mascar	mastigar	body	amčikɨ-ra	amčikɨ-ra	inheritance			See Language page
child	niño, niña	criança	human	rikomo	rikomo	unique			See Language page
climb	subir	subir	motion	kayi-na-sɨ	kayi-na-sɨ	unique			See Language page
cloud	nube	nuvem	environment						See Language page
cold	frío	frio	quality	t-wot-me	t-wot-me	inheritance			See Language page
come	venir	vir	motion	k-mok-∅	k-mok-∅	inheritance			See Language page
cook	cocinar	cozinhar	impact	yo (SM)	yo (SM)	inheritance			See Language page
correct/true	verdad, de veras	verdade	quality	t-akɨh-so / yaaro	t-akɨh-so / yaaro	unknown			See Language page
count	contar	contar	mental	yu-kukno-ma-kɨ	yu-kukno-ma-kɨ	inheritance			See Language page
cry	llorar	chorar	mental	yɨ-wrata-ra	yɨ-wrata-ra	unique			See Language page
cut/hack	cortar	cortar	impact	wɨ-hkoto-∅,w-aama-∅	wɨ-hkoto-∅,w-aama-∅	inheritance			See Language page
day	día	dia	time	enmarɨ	enmarɨ	unknown			See Language page
die/be dead	morir	morrer	state	t-wayh-so	t-wayh-so	unique			See Language page
dig	cavar	cavar	impact	ahto-ko	ahto-ko	inheritance?			See Language page
dingo/wolf			fauna						See Language page
dirty	sucio	sujo	quality	tu-smu-y	tu-smu-y	unique			See Language page
dream	soñar	sonhar	mental	o-woso-to wenwo	o-woso-to wenwo	inheritance			See Language page
drink	beber, tomar	beber	body	erɨ-hra	erɨ-hra	inheritance			See Language page
dry	seco	seco	quality	turΦe	turΦe	inheritance			See Language page
dull/blunt	sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo	maçante, desamolado, não afiado	quality						See Language page
dust	polvo	poeira	environment						See Language page
ear	oreja	orelha	body	o-Φana-rɨ	o-Φana-rɨ	inheritance			See Language page
earth/soil	tierra	terra	environment	roowo, aΦačak-rɨ (mud)	roowo, aΦačak-rɨ (mud)	inheritance?; unique			See Language page
eat	comer	comer	body	tono-hra; aΦu-hra	tono-hra; aΦu-hra	unknown			See Language page
egg	huevo	ovo	fauna	yuhme	yuhme	inheritance?			See Language page
eye	ojo	olho	body	oy-ew-ru	oy-ew-ru	inheritance			See Language page
faeces	heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol	fezes	body			missing			See Language page
fall	caer	cair	motion	eΦɨrka-ra	eΦɨrka-ra	inheritance			See Language page
far	lejos	longe	quality	meye; mooše	meye; mooše	inheritance			See Language page
fat/grease	grasa	gordura	body	katɨ	katɨ	inheritance			See Language page
father	padre, papá	pai	kinship	yɨɨm; aa-mo	yɨɨm; aa-mo	inheritance			See Language page
fear	miedo	medo	mental	erasɨ (SM)	erasɨ (SM)	unknown			See Language page
feather	pluma	pena	fauna	yɨ-hΦo-či	yɨ-hΦo-či	unknown			See Language page
fingernail	uña	unha	body	oy-amo-šošo-n	oy-amo-šošo-n	inheritance			See Language page
fire	fuego	fogo	environment	wehto	wehto	inheritance			See Language page
flow	fluir	fluir	motion	nɨ-hč-e-sɨ	nɨ-hč-e-sɨ	unknown			See Language page
flower	flor	flor	environment	∅-eΦermutu-n	∅-eΦermutu-n	inheritance			See Language page
fly	volar	voar	motion	ari-m-ra	ari-m-ra	inheritance			See Language page
fog	niebla, neblina	nevoeira, bruma, neblina	environment	kaweresɨ	kaweresɨ				See Language page
foot	pie	pé	body	o-hta-rɨ	o-hta-rɨ	inheritance			See Language page
fruit	fruta	fruta	flora	o-nah-rɨ	o-nah-rɨ	unique			See Language page
good	bueno	bom	quality	kir̃waɲhe	kir̃waɲhe	inheritance			See Language page
green	verde	verde	quality	tu-škukuyu-re	tu-škukuyu-re	inheritance			See Language page
grow	crecer	crescer	state	∅-Φor̃mam-∅	∅-Φor̃mam-∅	unknown			See Language page
hair (of head)	cabello	cabelo	body	o-hΦo-či	o-hΦo-či	inheritance			See Language page
hand	mano	mão	body	oy-amo-rɨ	oy-amo-rɨ	inheritance			See Language page
head	cabeza	cabeça	body	o-htɨΦɨ-rɨ	o-htɨΦɨ-rɨ	inheritance			See Language page
hear	oír	ouvir	mental	w-enta-∅	w-enta-∅	inheritance			See Language page
heart	corazón	coração	body	čoro	čoro	unique			See Language page
heavy	pesado	pesado	quality	n-awsɨ-na-sɨ	n-awsɨ-na-sɨ	unique			See Language page
hide	esconder	esconder	motion	eyam-ko	eyam-ko	inheritance			See Language page
hit	golpear, pegar	bater	impact	w-etaΦa-∅	w-etaΦa-∅	unique			See Language page
hold	correr, asegurar, sostener	segurar	other	ahsɨ-ko	ahsɨ-ko	inheritance			See Language page
hot	caliente	quente	quality	očoro	očoro	inheritance			See Language page
how?	como	como	grammar	ahče wa	ahče wa	unique			See Language page
if	si	se	grammar	tan aw-eši-taw	tan aw-eši-taw				See Language page
in/inside	dentro, adentro	dentro	location	ero yaw	ero yaw	inheritance			See Language page
intestines	intestinos	intestinos	body	∅-weškiriri-n	∅-weškiriri-n	inheritance			See Language page
itch	hormiguear, sentir comezón	coçar	body	o-skɨ-skɨ-m-e-sɨ	o-skɨ-skɨ-m-e-sɨ				See Language page
kill	matar	matar	impact	∅-wayh-ka-kɨ	∅-wayh-ka-kɨ	inheritance			See Language page
know/be knowledgeable	saber, conecer	saber, conhecer	mental	w-eeɲa-sɨ	w-eeɲa-sɨ	doubtful loan	Arawak		See Language page
lake	lago	lago	environment	ɲikitho	ɲikitho	inheritance			See Language page
laugh	reír	rir	mental	ewre-ra	ewre-ra	unknown			See Language page
leaf	hoja	folha	environment	∅-yaa-rɨ	∅-yaa-rɨ	inheritance			See Language page
left/left hand	izquierdo	esquerdo	location/body	Φowame	Φowame	inheritance			See Language page
leg/foot	pierna	perna	body	hrefu (SM)	hrefu (SM)	inheritance			See Language page
lie down	acostarse, echarse	deitar	motion	etɨ-raΦo-ko	etɨ-raΦo-ko	unique			See Language page
lightning	rayo, relámpago	relampago	environment	ΦeΦe ka-ɲe	ΦeΦe ka-ɲe	unique			See Language page
live/be alive	vivir	viver, morar	body	wayΦɨ-ra	wayΦɨ-ra	unique			See Language page
liver	hígado	figado	body	oy-ere-rɨ	oy-ere-rɨ	inheritance			See Language page
long	largo	comprido, longo	quality	kaw; ehyatkaw	kaw; ehyatkaw	unique			See Language page
louse	piollo, piojo	piolho	fauna	oyomo	oyomo	inheritance		order Phtiraptera	See Language page
lung	pulmón	pulmão	body	soso	soso	inheritance			See Language page
man/male	hombre	homem	human	kɨɨrɨ	kɨɨrɨ	inheritance			See Language page
meat/flesh	carne	carne	fauna	yu-Φu-n	yu-Φu-n	inheritance			See Language page
moon	luna	lua	environment	nuuɲi	nuuɲi	inheritance			See Language page
mother	madre, mamá	mãe	kinship	yɨ-son; noro yon	yɨ-son; noro yon	inheritance			See Language page
mountain/hill	montaña, colina, loma, cerro	morro, serra	environment	ɨɨΦɨ; matɨwɨ-n	ɨɨΦɨ; matɨwɨ-n	inheritance; unique			See Language page
mouth	boca	boca	body	o-mta-rɨ	o-mta-rɨ	inheritance			See Language page
name	nombre	nome	human	oy-osotɨ	oy-osotɨ	inheritance			See Language page
nape	base del cuello, nuca	nuca	body						See Language page
near/close	cerca de	perto	quality	meye-hra	meye-hra	unknown			See Language page
neck	cuello	pescoço	body	o-Φɨmɨ-rɨ	o-Φɨmɨ-rɨ	inheritance			See Language page
new	nuevo	novo	quality	yašan	yašan	inheritance			See Language page
night	noche	noite	time	kosope	kosope	inheritance			See Language page
no/not	no	não	grammar	Φɨra	Φɨra	inheritance			See Language page
nose	nariz	nariz	body	oy-ewna-rɨ	oy-ewna-rɨ	inheritance			See Language page
old	viejo	velho	quality			missing			See Language page
one	uno	um	number	čewɲe	čewɲe	inheritance			See Language page
open/uncover	abrir	abrir	other	ahru-nka-kɨ	ahru-nka-kɨ	unknown			See Language page
other	otro	outro	grammar	anarɨ (SM)	anarɨ (SM)	inheritance			See Language page
pain/painful/sick	dolor, doloroso, enfermo	dor, doloroso, doente	body	n-amoto-ya-∅	n-amoto-ya-∅	unknown			See Language page
person/human being	persona	pessoa	human	tooto	tooto	inheritance			See Language page
pound/beat	machacar, golpear	bater	impact	wetaΦa oyamorɨ ke	wetaΦa oyamorɨ ke				See Language page
rain	lluvia	chuva	environment	tuuna	tuuna	inheritance			See Language page
red	rojo	vermelho	colour	ču-ču-re	ču-ču-re	inheritance			See Language page
right/right hand	derecha	direita	location/body	kar̃me	kar̃me	unique			See Language page
road/path	camino	caminho	manufacture	esama	esama	inheritance			See Language page
root	raíz	raiz	flora	yi-miči-n	yi-miči-n	inheritance			See Language page
rotten	podrido	podre	quality	t-mata-ši	t-mata-ši	loan	Arawak		See Language page
sand	arena	areia	environment	ašawa	ašawa	inheritance			See Language page
say	decir	dizer	mental			missing			See Language page
scratch	rascar	rasgar	impact	furiki (SM)	furiki (SM)	unknown			See Language page
see	ver	ver	mental	enɨ-hra	enɨ-hra	inheritance			See Language page
sharp	afilado, filudo, filoso	afiado	quality	t-Φot-ke	t-Φot-ke	unknown			See Language page
shoot	tirar, disparar, balear	atirar	impact	wɨ-two	wɨ-two	inheritance			See Language page
short	corto	curto	quality	kaw-ra	kaw-ra	unique			See Language page
shoulder	hombro	ombro	body	o-mota-rɨ	o-mota-rɨ	inheritance			See Language page
shy/ashamed	tímido, vergonzoso	timido, com vergonha	mental	yɨ-hyaΦam-ra	yɨ-hyaΦam-ra	unique			See Language page
sit	sentar(se)	sentar	state	erema-kɨ	erema-kɨ	inheritance			See Language page
skin	piel	pele	body	o-hčɨΦɨ-rɨ; Φičho	o-hčɨΦɨ-rɨ; Φičho	inheritance			See Language page
sky	cielo	céu	environment	kaaΦu	kaaΦu	inheritance			See Language page
sleep	dormir	dormir	body	yɨ-wɨnkɨ-ra	yɨ-wɨnkɨ-ra	inheritance			See Language page
small	pequeño	pequeno	quality	wahra; wahray	wahra; wahray	unique			See Language page
smoke	humo	fumaça	environment	yɨ-sɨn	yɨ-sɨn	inheritance			See Language page
sniff/smell	olfatear, oler	cheirar	body	w-esunku-∅ / ∅-koto-wa-sɨ	w-esunku-∅ / ∅-koto-wa-sɨ	unknown		primarily transitive	See Language page
spit	escupir	cuspir	body	kučΦi kasko	kučΦi kasko	loan	Portuguese		See Language page
split	partir, dividir	rachar, dividir, partir	impact	wɨ-raka-∅	wɨ-raka-∅	inheritance			See Language page
squeeze	estrujar, exprimir	espremer	impact	w-atmunk-o	w-atmunk-o				See Language page
stab/pierce	apuñalar, acuchillar	apunhalar	impact	∅-Φaraška-∅	∅-Φaraška-∅	inheritance			See Language page
stand	estar de pié	ficar em pé	state	Φiiri awom-ko	Φiiri awom-ko	unique			See Language page
star	estrella	estrela	environment	šir̃ko	šir̃ko	inheritance			See Language page
steal	robar	roubar	other	ɲeɲeΦana	ɲeɲeΦana	inheritance			See Language page
stick/wood	palo	pau, vara	flora	weewe	weewe	inheritance			See Language page
stone	piedra	pedra	environment	tooΦu	tooΦu	inheritance			See Language page
suck	chupar	chupar	body			missing			See Language page
sun	sol	sol	time	kaamo	kaamo	loan	Arawak		See Language page
sweat	sudar	suor, suar	body	k-Φeramk-wa-sɨ	k-Φeramk-wa-sɨ	inheritance			See Language page
swell	hincharse	inchar	body	tu-Φuruk-ye	tu-Φuruk-ye	unknown			See Language page
swim	nadar	nadar	motion	Φere-na-sɨ	Φere-na-sɨ	inheritance			See Language page
tail	cola, rabo	rabo	body	∅-matkɨ-rɨ	∅-matkɨ-rɨ	inheritance			See Language page
that	ese/esa	esse	grammar			missing			See Language page
thick	grueso, gordo, espeso	grosso	quality	yahčo-me	yahčo-me	unique			See Language page
thin	delgado	fino	quality	pana-pe	pana-pe	unknown			See Language page
think	pensar	pensar	mental	k-es-ehtɨno-toΦo	k-es-ehtɨno-toΦo	inheritance			See Language page
this	este/esta	este	grammar	see (SM)	see (SM)	inheritance			See Language page
three	tres	tres	number			loan	From 'two' on, the numbers are borrowed from Portuguese, English, Dutch, according to which nation the group is dwelling in.		See Language page
throat	garganta	garganta	body	∅-eeše-∅	∅-eeše-∅	inheritance			See Language page
throw	tirar, lanzar	atirar, jogar	impact	ar̃ma-kɨ	ar̃ma-kɨ	inheritance			See Language page
thunder	truenos	trovão	environment	tarayi	tarayi	inheritance			See Language page
tie up/fasten	atar, amarrar	amarrar	impact	wi-mi-u	wi-mi-u	inheritance			See Language page
tongue	lengua	lingua	body	∅-ɲu-ru	∅-ɲu-ru	inheritance			See Language page
tooth	diente	dente	body	o-yo-rɨ	o-yo-rɨ	inheritance			See Language page
turn	girar, volter, torcer	virar	other	aknama-kɨ	aknama-kɨ	unknown		may be transitive or intransitive	See Language page
two	dos	dois	number	From 'two' on, the numbers are borrowed from Portuguese, English, Dutch, according to which nation the group is dwelling in.		missing			See Language page
vomit	vomitar	vomitar	body	wenarɨ	wenarɨ	inheritance			See Language page
walk	caminar, andar	andar	motion	etar̃-ko	etar̃-ko	inheritance			See Language page
water	agua	agua	environment	tuuna	tuuna	inheritance			See Language page
wet	mojado	molhado	quality	tukre	tukre	inheritance			See Language page
what?	que, qué	que	grammar	ahče	ahče	inheritance			See Language page
when?	cuando	quando	grammar	ahče-maw	ahče-maw	unique			See Language page
where?	donde	onde	grammar	ahto	ahto	inheritance			See Language page
white	blanco	branco	colour	tu-mut-we	tu-mut-we	inheritance			See Language page
who?	quien, quién	quem	grammar	onoke	onoke	inheritance			See Language page
wife	esposa	esposa	kinship	yi-Φi-či	yi-Φi-či	inheritance			See Language page
wind	viento	vento	environment	očowo	očowo	unique			See Language page
wing	ala	asa	body	∅-aΦo-rɨ	∅-aΦo-rɨ	inheritance			See Language page
woman/female	mujer	mulher	human	woošam	woošam	inheritance			See Language page
work	trabajar	trabalhar	other	et-aΦička-ra	et-aΦička-ra	unique			See Language page
yawn	bostezar	bocejar	body	emčaΦɨ-ra	emčaΦɨ-ra	inheritance			See Language page
yellow	amarillo	amarelo	colour	tɨ-šewe-ke	tɨ-šewe-ke	inheritance			See Language page


1pl.excl
1pl.incl
1sg
2pl
2sg
3pl
3sg
above
again
all
and
ankle
armpit
ash
at
back
bad
bark
belly
below
big
bite
black
blood
blow
boil/pimple
bone
breast
breathe
burn
chew
child
climb
cloud
cold
come
cook
correct/true
count
cry
cut/hack
day
die/be dead
dig
dingo/wolf
dirty
dream
drink
dry
dull/blunt
dust
ear
earth/soil
eat
egg
eye
faeces
fall
far
fat/grease
father
fear
feather
fingernail
fire
flow
flower
fly
fog
foot
fruit
good
green
grow
hair (of head)
hand
head
hear
heart
heavy
hide
hit
hold
hot
how?
if
in/inside
intestines
itch
kill
know/be knowledgeable
lake
laugh
leaf
left/left hand
leg/foot
lie down
lightning
live/be alive
liver
long
louse
lung
man/male
meat/flesh
moon
mother
mountain/hill
mouth
name
nape
near/close
neck
new
night
no/not
nose
old
one
open/uncover
other
pain/painful/sick
person/human being
pound/beat
rain
red
right/right hand
road/path
root
rotten
sand
say
scratch
see
sharp
shoot
short
shoulder
shy/ashamed
sit
skin
sky
sleep
small
smoke
sniff/smell
spit
split
squeeze
stab/pierce
stand
star
steal
stick/wood
stone
suck
sun
sweat
swell
swim
tail
that
thick
thin
think
this
three
throat
throw
thunder
tie up/fasten
tongue
tooth
turn
two
vomit
walk
water
wet
what?
when?
where?
white
who?
wife
wind
wing
woman/female
work
yawn
yellow

Showing 1 to 191 of 191 entries

Flora Fauna Vocabulary (133)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Source	Distribution	General Notes
achiote, anatto	achiote	urucum	flora-fauna	Bixa orellana	onomto (SM)	onomto (SM)		inheritance			See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	shrub
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti)	Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado	cutia	flora-fauna	Dasyprocta spp.	akri (SM)	akri (SM)		loan into protolg, direction unknown	Tupi-Guarani		See Language page
alligator, black caiman	babilla; cachirre	jacaré	flora-fauna	Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp.	watwa	watwa		unique			See Language page	Throughout Amazonia	Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi
Amazon dolphin	bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco)	boto cor-de-rosa	flora-fauna	Inia geoffrensis				missing			See Language page	Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls
Amazon tree-grape	uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.)	cucura	flora-fauna	Pourouma cecropiifolia	uufa (SM)	uufa (SM)		loan	Portuguese		See Language page	grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times	a tree; not a true grape
anaconda	anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande	sucuri	flora-fauna	genus Eunectes	okoymo (SM)	okoymo (SM)		inheritance	snake-big'		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
angleworm	lombriz	minhoca	flora-fauna	order Opisthopora	kar̃wa (worm)	kar̃wa (worm)		inheritance			See Language page
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna	Formicidae	yawko (ant) (SM)	yawko (ant) (SM)					See Language page
anteater	oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus	tamanduá	flora-fauna	Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater)	waaxi (SM)	waaxi (SM)		inheritance			See Language page	Widespread Amazonian lowlands
armadillo	armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo)	tatu	flora-fauna	family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri	kafayo (SM)	kafayo (SM)		inheritance			See Language page	Widespread in Amazonia
arrow cane, wildcane	caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana	cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio	flora-fauna	Gynerium sagittatum	waywɨ (SM)	waywɨ (SM)					See Language page	tropical regions, especially river banks	plant
avocado	palta, aguacate	abacate	flora-fauna	Persea americana							See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	tree
açai palm	huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia)	açaí	flora-fauna	Euterpe sp.				missing			See Language page	floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia
banana, plantain	banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano	banana	flora-fauna	Musa sp.	tušma y-eΦu-∅	tušma y-eΦu-∅		unknown			See Language page		Names for banana/plantain may be derived from bastard plantain by semantic shift.
bat	murciélago	morcego	flora-fauna	Chiroptera spp.	rere	rere		inheritance			See Language page
beans	frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas)	feijão	flora-fauna	Phaseolus spp.	kumasa	kumasa		loan - WW	%kumana		See Language page		plant
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna		torowo	torowo		inheritance			See Language page
bitterwood	tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru)	envira	flora-fauna	Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala							See Language page	secondary forests, native to Brazil	tree
black palm	bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá	bacaba	flora-fauna	Oenocarpus bacaba				missing			See Language page	Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon	may be confused in some entries with O. bataua
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna	Diptera	were-were	were-were		inheritance	cf. Tacanan *we(ře)we(ře), West Tuk were		See Language page
boa	boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura	jiboia	flora-fauna	family Boidae, subf. Boinae	fotwoymo (SM)	fotwoymo (SM)		unknown			See Language page
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree)	calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara	cabaça	flora-fauna	Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine)	tutum (loan Sp 'tutuma'?)	tutum					See Language page	indigenous gardens	plant; tree
brazil nut	castaña	castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis)	flora-fauna	Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia']	tɨtko (SM)	tɨtko (SM)					See Language page	1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua.	tree
brown woolly monkey	Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt	macaco barrigudo	flora-fauna	Lagothrix lagothricha				missing			See Language page
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant	conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro	tocandira	flora-fauna	Paraponera clavata				missing			See Language page
butterfly, moth	mariposa	borboleta	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera	tama-tama	tama-tama		unique			See Language page
capybara	Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco	capivara	flora-fauna	Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris	yɨwɨrɨ (SM)	yɨwɨrɨ (SM)		inheritance			See Language page
cará tuber, purple or white	camote, sachapapa	cará roxo, branco	flora-fauna	Dioscorea sp.	naaΦi	naaΦi					See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings	plant
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium occidentale / giganteum	orosɨ (SM)	orosɨ (SM)		inheritance - WW	%eroi		See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties
centipede	ciempiés	centopéia	flora-fauna	class Chilopoda	maΦeΦe	maΦeΦe					See Language page
cicada	cigarra, chicharra	cigarra	flora-fauna	super fam. Cicadoidea	farawako (SM)	farawako (SM)		unique			See Language page
cipó vine	tamishi, bejuco, yare	cipó	flora-fauna	Heteropsis spp.							See Language page	secondary forest, floodplain	vine
coca	coca	coca	flora-fauna	Erythroxylum coca				missing			See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes	plant
cockroach	cucaracha	barata-do-mato	flora-fauna	order Blattaria	mahčaru	mahčaru		inheritance	possible link? Carib ()masarawa, TG taraBe		See Language page
collared peccary	sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar	caititu, caetitu	flora-fauna	Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu	fakla (small peccary)	fakla (small peccary)		inheritance			See Language page
cotamundi, coatimundi	Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache	quati	flora-fauna	genus Nasua				missing			See Language page
cotton	algodón	algodão	flora-fauna	Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers)	mawrɨ	mawrɨ		inheritance			See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation	plant; some sources may confound with kapok Ceiba pentandra (esp. if a single gloss for 'cotton' is given')
crab	cangrejo	caranguejo	flora-fauna	infraorder Brachyura	xakawa (SM)	xakawa (SM)		unknown			See Language page
cricket	saltón, grillo	grilo	flora-fauna	family Gryllidae	makaka (grasshopper)	makaka (grasshopper)		missing			See Language page
curassow	mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini)	mutum	flora-fauna	Crax sp., Nothocrax sp.	fawxi (SM)	fawxi (SM)		inheritance			See Language page	Amazonia
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna	family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus	kooso; Φiškaru	kooso; Φiškaru		doubtful loan; unique	Arawak		See Language page
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna	Canis famililaris	šaΦari	šaΦari		unique			See Language page	Not native; widespread
dog (wild; bush dog)	sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta	cachorro-do-mato	flora-fauna	Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis	šaΦari	šaΦari					See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
dove	paloma	pomba	flora-fauna	family Columbidae	Φotkuku	Φotkuku		loan - WW	%motkuku		See Language page
duck	pato	pato, marreco	flora-fauna	Anatidae family	yuruma	yuruma		inheritance			See Language page
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil)	suri, mojojoy	larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá	flora-fauna	Rhynchophorus sp.	orko (SM)	orko (SM)		inheritance			See Language page
electric eel	anguila eléctrica	poraquê	flora-fauna	Electrophorus electricus	freshwater eel: kašmi	freshwater eel: kašmi		inheritance			See Language page
firefly, lightning bug	lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin)	vagalume	flora-fauna	fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae				missing			See Language page
fish (generic)	pez	peixe	flora-fauna		generic fish: ootɨ	generic fish: ootɨ		unique	cf. similar form in Makiritare		See Language page
fish poison, barbasco	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	flora-fauna	Lonchocarpus spp.	umawa	umawa		unknown			See Language page	secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation	shrub/tree
flea	pulga	pulga	flora-fauna	order Siphonaptera	kuΦama; sɨɨko	kuΦama; sɨɨko		inheritance			See Language page
genipap	jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico	genipapo, jenipapo	flora-fauna	Genipapa americana				missing			See Language page	widespread lowland SA	shrub
giant otter	Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria	ariranha	flora-fauna	Pteronura brasiliensis	wayawaya (SM)	wayawaya (SM)					See Language page
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna	(generic)	čuuΦu	čuuΦu		unique			See Language page
gray-winged trumpeter	Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris	jacamim	flora-fauna	Psophia crepitans				missing			See Language page	Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões
great egret	Garza Blanca, Guyratî	Garça-Branca-Grande	flora-fauna	Ardea alba	onowa (heron)	onowa (heron)		inheritance			See Language page	Widespread South America
green acouchi	Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo	cutiara	flora-fauna	Myoprocta pratti							See Language page
guan	pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru)	jacu	flora-fauna	Penelope sp.				missing			See Language page	Different types have different localized ranges
hallucinogenic snuff	vilca, cebil, yopo	paricá, yopo	flora-fauna	Anadenanthera sp. or virola							See Language page
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca	ayahuasca, yage	ayahuasca, caapi	flora-fauna	Banisteriopsis caapi				missing			See Language page	semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW	vine
hawk	halcón, gavilán	gavião	flora-fauna	family Accipitridae	wikoko	wikoko		doubtful loan, direction unknown	see Sanuma kokoi; also Huambisa		See Language page
honeybee	abeja	abelha	flora-fauna	Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis	weenu	weenu		inheritance			See Language page
horse	caballo	cavalho	flora-fauna	Equus caballus	kawaru	kawaru					See Language page
hot pepper	ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru)	pimenta	flora-fauna	Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens	asɨsɨ (SM)	asɨsɨ (SM)		loan	Arawak		See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden	plant
howler monkey (red-handed)	mono aullador, mono coto (Peru)	guariba	flora-fauna	Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.]				missing			See Language page
hummingbird	colibrí, picaflor (Peru)	beija-flor	flora-fauna	family Trochilidae	tukusu (SM)	tukusu (SM)		inheritance			See Language page	Widespread
iguana	iguana, garipiares (Colombia)	camaleão	flora-fauna	Iguana sp.	kwana (SM)	kwana (SM)		loan direction unknown - WW	%iwana		See Language page		iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana
inga	guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru)	inga	flora-fauna	Inga spp.				missing			See Language page	Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia)
insect (generic)	insecto	insecto	flora-fauna	generic							See Language page
jaguar	yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru)	onca	flora-fauna	Panthera onca	kamarači (cat)	kamarači (cat)		unique			See Language page
japurá	oreja de murcielago	japurá	flora-fauna	Erisma japura							See Language page		large tree
kapok	ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.)	sumaumeira	flora-fauna	Ceiba pentandra							See Language page	northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas	tree
kingfisher	martín pescador, catalan (Peru)	martim-pescador	flora-fauna	family Alcedinidae	yatura (SM)	yatura (SM)		inheritance			See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
leaf-cutter ant	Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse	saúva	flora-fauna	Atta sp.	yawko (ant) (SM)	yawko (ant) (SM)		inheritance			See Language page
macaw	ara, guacamaya	Arara	flora-fauna	family Psittacidae; Ara sp.	xaafi (SM)	xaafi (SM)		unique			See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
maize, corn	mazorca, maiz	milho	flora-fauna	Zea mays	nasɨ-nasɨ	nasɨ-nasɨ		inheritance?	possible loan into proto-Carib, cf. Arawak mariki and TG aBati		See Language page	widespread, esp. in river floodplains	plant
manatee	vaca marina, manatí	peixe-boi	flora-fauna	Trichechus sp.	ootɨymo (SM)	ootɨymo (SM)					See Language page
mandi catfish	maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish)	mandi	flora-fauna	Auchenipterus sp.							See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
manioc (bitter or generic)	yuca brava	mandioca	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	šeere; saraΦu	šeere; saraΦu		inheritance			See Language page	not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition.	Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield
manioc (sweet)	yuca, caribe	macaxeira	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	šeere; saraΦu	šeere; saraΦu		missing	generic?		See Language page	Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
miriti palm	moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti	buriti	flora-fauna	Mauritia flexuosa				missing			See Language page	Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps	trunks contain sago-like starch
mosquito	mosquito, zancudo	mosquito, carapana	flora-fauna	Anopheles sp.	masakɨ	masakɨ		inheritance			See Language page
moth	mariposa nocturna, polilla	mariposa	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera	minirmomoso (SM)	minirmomoso (SM)					See Language page
mouse, rat	ratón	camundongo, rata	flora-fauna	Mus musculus	mukuku; čawa	mukuku; čawa		unknown			See Language page
mushroom	champiñón, hongo	cogumelo	flora-fauna	(any edible generic)	ašΦi	ašΦi		unknown			See Language page		prioritize generic term that includes any edible species
neotropical otter (small)	Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia)	lontra	flora-fauna	Lontra longicaudis	saroro (SM)	saroro (SM)		inheritance			See Language page
opossum	zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo	mucura	flora-fauna	family Didelphidae	yawari	yawari		inheritance - WW	%jawari		See Language page
owl (large)	búho, lechuza	corujão	flora-fauna	order Strigiformes	wayakuku (SM)	wayakuku (SM)		doubtful loan - WW?	%murukutu / kurukutu		See Language page	Widespread
paca (lowland)	Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana)	paca	flora-fauna	Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.)	wiila (SM)	wiila (SM)		inheritance			See Language page
pacu fish	palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru)	pacu	flora-fauna	Mylossoma sp.							See Language page
palm for roof thatch	pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná	caraná	flora-fauna	Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana				missing			See Language page	Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests	palm
parrot	loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib)	papagaio	flora-fauna	Amazona amazonica	fanacakay (SM)	fanacakay (SM)		unknown			See Language page	Widespread
paxiuba palm	pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba	paxiuba	flora-fauna	Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea				missing			See Language page	Widespread Amazonia	palm
peach palm, pejibaye palm	chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol)	pupunha	flora-fauna	Bactris gasipaes	aparpu	aparpu	pupunha, Bactris gasipaes Kunth	missing		cf. Lokono, Palikur; Arawak loan - %pipiri?	Cardozo 2012:110
peanut	maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete	amendoim	flora-fauna	Arachis hypogaea	tɨtkoymo (SM)	tɨtkoymo (SM)					See Language page		plant
pineapple	piña	abacaxi	flora-fauna	Ananas comosus	afara (SM)	afara (SM)		unique			See Language page		plant
pirana	piraña, caribe	piranha	flora-fauna	subfamily Serrasalmidae				missing			See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
porcupine	puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru)	cuandu, porco-espinho	flora-fauna	family Erethizontidae	waaro (SM)	waaro (SM)		doubtful loan, direction unknown	cf. Yukuna, ET walo; possibly related to aru forms in other Carib, but 'w~ø' does not appear regular		See Language page
potato	papa	batata	flora-fauna	Solanum tuberosum	faari (SM)	faari (SM)					See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation	compare entries for sweet potato
potato, sweet potato	camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara	batata-doce	flora-fauna	Ipomoea batatas	Φaari	Φaari		loan	cf. Yucuna pari 'sweet manioc', other Arawak terms relating to manioc		See Language page		plant
praying mantis, stick insects	mantis religiosa	louva-a-deus	flora-fauna	order Mantodea, family Mantidae							See Language page
rubber tree (sorva)	caucho, siringa, shiringa	seringa, borracha	flora-fauna	Hevea sp.							See Language page	Widespread Amazonia	tree
scorpion	escorpión; alacran	escorpião	flora-fauna	order Scorpiones	čikiri	čikiri		unique			See Language page
seje palm	ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá	patoá, patuá	flora-fauna	Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua				missing			See Language page	mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia	may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries
sloth	pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru)	macaco preguica	flora-fauna	Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp.	wayma (SM)	wayma (SM)					See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
small lizard	lagartija	calango	flora-fauna	order Squamata	šukurwa; kwaana	šukurwa; kwaana		inheritance	cognate Makiritare?		See Language page
snail	caracol, churo (Peru)	caracol	flora-fauna	class Gastropoda	Φooto	Φooto		unique			See Language page
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		okoyi	okoyi		inheritance			See Language page
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake	víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara	jararaca	flora-fauna	Bothrops jararaca/atrox		okoyi					See Language page	Widespread South America
speckled catfish	surubí, pintadillo	surubim, sorubim	flora-fauna	Pseudoplatystoma sp.							See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna	Arachnidae, Araneae	moyosɨ	moyosɨ		inheritance			See Language page
squash	calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru)	abóbora	flora-fauna	Cucurbita sp.	awayama (SM)	awayama (SM)		inheritance			See Language page		plant
squirrel	ardilla, danta (Ven)	serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo	flora-fauna	family Sciuridae	awalku (SM)	awalku (SM)		unique			See Language page
stingray (generic)	rayas látigo, raya	arraia	flora-fauna	Potamotrygon sp.	šΦari	šΦari		doubtful loan - WW	note similarity to WW spear/machete (from Span. sable?)		See Language page
tannia, yautia	huitina (Peru), ñame	taioba branca	flora-fauna	Xanthosoma spp.							See Language page
tapir	sachavaca, danta	anta	flora-fauna	Tapirus terrestris	yayfɨ (SM)	yayfɨ (SM)		unknown			See Language page
termites, white-ants	comején (Peru), termitas	cupim	flora-fauna	order Isoptera	xemeku (SM)	xemeku (SM)		inheritance			See Language page
tick	garrapata	carrapato	flora-fauna	superfam Ixodoidea	kamuxfa (SM)	kamuxfa (SM)		inheritance			See Language page
tigerfish	taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru)	traíra	flora-fauna	Hoplias sp.							See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
tinamou	tinamu, perdiz, gallineta	inambu, inhambu	flora-fauna	family Tinamidae				missing			See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
toad	sapo	sapo	flora-fauna	order Anura	pororɨ; kuuto (frog)	pororɨ; kuuto (frog)					See Language page
tobacco	tabaco	tabaco	flora-fauna	Nicotiana tabacum	kamahšu	kamahšu		unknown			See Language page		plant
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant)	tortuga, morrocoy, motelo	jabutí, tartaruga	flora-fauna	Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria	wayam, kwači	wajam, kwači		inheritance			See Language page	Widespread
toucan	tucán, pinsha (Peru)	tucano	flora-fauna	Ramphastos sp.	yawke (SM)	yawke (SM)		doubtful loan	Arawak, esp. Yavitero jukúwe		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
tree	árbol	arvore	flora-fauna		weewe	weewe		inheritance			See Language page
tufted capuchin monkey	mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero	macaco prego	flora-fauna	Cebus apella				missing			See Language page
ucuqui	yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru)	ucuqui	flora-fauna	Pouteria ucuqui							See Language page	native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions	other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant
vulture	buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru)	urubu	flora-fauna	family Cathartidae	kurume (SM)	kurumu (SM)		inheritance	cf. TG urubu		See Language page	Widespread South America
wasp	avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa	caba	flora-fauna	order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita	okomo	okomo		inheritance			See Language page
white-fronted capuchin	Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru)	Caiarara	flora-fauna	Cebus albifrons				missing			See Language page
white-fronted spider monkey	Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia)	macaco aranha, coatá, quatá	flora-fauna	Ateles belzebuth/paniscus				missing			See Language page
white-lipped peccary	Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana	queixada	flora-fauna	Tayassu pecari	foɲko (big peccary) (SM)	foɲko (big peccary) (SM)		inheritance			See Language page
woodpecker	pájaro carpintero, carpintero	pica-pau	flora-fauna	family Picidae				missing			See Language page	Widespread Amazonia

Showing 1 to 133 of 133 entries

Cultural Vocabulary (97)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Etymology Code	Loan Source	General Notes	Source
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven	tierra do los muertos	terra dos mortos	culture-mythology			missing			See Language page
arrow	flecha	flecha	subsistence tool	waywɨ	wajwɨ	inheritance?		hunting, warfare	See Language page
axe/stone axe	hacha (de piedra)	machado (de pedra)	subsistence tool	yawaka	jawaka	inheritance		especially for clearing fields	See Language page
bait for fishing	cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru)	isca	subsistence tool	karaΦa	karaΦa	inheritance		can refer to worms; more generic	See Language page
basin/bowl	tazón, plato hondo, taza	tijela	culture-material	tutum	tutum	unknown			See Language page
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	foxoro, manari (SM)	foxoro, manari (SM)	doubtful loan into protolg, direction unknown - WW; inheritance	%panaku		See Language page
basket, small	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto pequeno, tampado	culture-material	foxoro, manari (SM)	foxoro, manari (SM)	missing			See Language page
bead	abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar	miçanga	culture-material	kɨričiči	kɨričiči	unknown	cf. %tulikiʃi		See Language page
bed	cama	cama	culture-material	kuywa	kujwa	unknown			See Language page
bench, seat	banco, silla, asiento	banco	culture-material	aaΦo	aaΦo	inheritance			See Language page
blowgun	cerbatana, pucuna (Peru)	zarabatana	subsistence tool			missing		currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region	See Language page
boomerang/throwing stick (generic)			subsistence tool						See Language page
bottle	botella	garrafa	acculturation						See Language page
bottom grinding stone			manufacture					if different word from top grinding stone	See Language page
bow	arco	arco	subsistence tool	kraΦa	kraΦa	inheritance		arco	See Language page
broom	escoba	vassoura	culture-material	seʔse (SM)	seʔse (SM)	unique			See Language page
canoe	canoa	canoa	transport	kanawa	kanawa	doubtful loan (into protolg?) - WW	%kanawa		See Language page
cat	gato	gato	acculturation	kamarači	kamarači	unknown			See Language page
chicken	gallina	galinha	acculturation	kapikara	kapikara	loan - WW	%kara		See Language page
chief/leader	jefe, cacique	chefe	culture-mythology	kayaritomo	kajaritomo	unknown			See Language page
clothing	ropa	roupa	culture-mythology	Φoono	Φoono	inheritance			See Language page
club	garrote, cachiporra	clava, porrete	subsistence tool	watma	watma	missing			See Language page
Curupira (spirit type)	Curupira, Madremonte	Curupira	culture-mythology			missing		malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region	See Language page
dart (blowgun)	dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru)	dardo, seta	subsistence tool					hunting and warfare	See Language page
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure	dios(es), deidad	divinidade, figura mítica	culture-mythology	kaan	kaan	inheritance		In RN region, frequently translates as 'Bone-Son', 'One on the bone', etc.	See Language page
digging stick			subsistence tool						See Language page
dream	sueño, soñar	sonho, sonhar	culture-mythology	woso (vb.)		inheritance			See Language page
drum	tambor	tambor	culture-mythology	samaΦora	samaΦora	loan	Spanish/Portuguese		See Language page
drum (large signal)	tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia)	tambor	culture			missing		Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances	See Language page
fan	abanico	abanador, abano	subsistence tool	wayaΦamsɨ	wajaΦamsɨ	unknown		esp. for fanning a cooking fire	See Language page
feather headdress	plumaje, corona de plumas	enfeite/capacete de penas	culture-mythology	aroko	aroko	missing			See Language page
fence, palisade	cerco	cerca	other	waača	waača	unknown		may be related to defense/warfare?	See Language page
fermented drink	masato, chicha	caxiri, chicha	culture	Φučukwa, kawaši-ye-m	Φučukwa, kawaši-je-m	unknown; inheritance		prioritizes manioc beer where distinction is made	See Language page
fetish, charm	fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga	feitiço, puçanga	culture-mythology						See Language page
fireplace	hogar	lareira	other			missing			See Language page
firewood	leña	lenha	other	o-wehto-rɨ	o-wehto-rɨ	inheritance			See Language page
fish (with fish-poison)	pescar con barbasco, barbasquear	pescar com timbó; tinguijar	food			missing			See Language page
fish (with line)	anzuelear, pescar con linea	pescar (com linha)	food	anɨmɨ (SM)	anɨmɨ (SM)	inheritance			See Language page
fishing line	cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze	linha de pesca	subsistence tool	xapopo	ʃapopo	inheritance			See Language page
fishtrap	trampa de peces, trampa	matapi, cacuri	subsistence tool	kamina; šiika	kamina; šiika	inheritance			See Language page
flat bread, cassava bread	pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe	beiju	food	čuure	čuure	semantic shift	cf. 'manioc'	usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits	See Language page
flour/meal from manioc	fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina	farinha	food	kwašarɨ	kwašarɨ	unique		agriculture	See Language page
flute	flauta, quena (Peru)	flauta	culture-mythology	raatɨ	raatɨ	unknown		multiple types? japurutu, deer-bone, etc.	See Language page
game animal	caza, animal de caza	caça, animal de caça	food	wooto (SM)	wooto (SM)	inheritance		Interesting correlation to 'fish' in Tukanoan languages	See Language page
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit	espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio	espirito	culture-mythology	spirit: ekatɨ	spirit: ekatɨ	inheritance			See Language page
gourd (dipper/bowl)	cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo	cuia	subsistence tool	tutum	tutum	unknown	Carib source of Spanish totuma?		See Language page
grater	rallador, rallo	ralador, ralo	subsistence tool	xmaari (SM)	xmaari (SM)	inheritance		esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well	See Language page
grave	tumba, sepultura, sepulcro	sepultura, sepulcro, cova	culture-mythology	iyočho y-ewta-rɨ	ijočho j-ewta-rɨ	missing			See Language page
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf)	barbacoa	jirau	subsistence tool			missing			See Language page
griddle for cooking flatbread	tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru)	forno para beiju	subsistence tool			inheritance		agriculture?	See Language page
gun	arma, escopeta	espingarda, fusil	acculturation	uhre 'weapon'	uhre 'weapon'	semantic shift	from 'weapon'		See Language page
hammock	hamaca, chinchorro	rede	culture-material	kuywa	kujwa	unknown			See Language page
hat	sombero	chapéu	dress	šaΦika	šaΦika	loan?	Port chapeu		See Language page
healer	curandero	benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano)	culture-mythology			inheritance		Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well.	See Language page
hollow log/trough for beer-making	canoa para chicha	cocho de caxiri	narcotics			missing			See Language page
honey	miel	mel	food	weenu	weenu	inheritance		only gathered in wild throughout Amazonia?	See Language page
house			other	mɨɨmo	mɨɨmo	inheritance	cf. Makiritare		See Language page
hunt	cazar	caçar	food	k-es-etak-e-sɨ	k-es-etak-e-sɨ	inheritance			See Language page
knife	cuchillo	faca	culture-material	mariya	marija	loan (into protolg?), direction unknown - WW	%marije		See Language page
loincloth	taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla	tanga, tapa-sexo	dress			unknown			See Language page
machete	machete	facão	culture-material	kacifara (SM)	kacifara (SM)	loan - WW	%sipara/sapere		See Language page
mortar	mortero	pilão	subsistence tool	aaku	aaku	inheritance			See Language page
paddle/oar	remo	remo	transport	wayaΦu	wajaΦu	unique			See Language page
paint body, body paint	pintura corporal	pintura corporal	culture-mythology	yɨ-sΦo-ma-čho	jɨ-sΦo-ma-čho				See Language page
panpipe	carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora	caniço, flauta de pã	culture-mythology			missing			See Language page
paper	papel	papel	acculturation	karita	karita	loan	Span/Port 'carta'		See Language page
pestle	pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor	mão de pilão	subsistence tool	ak ɲiyo	ak ɲijo	missing			See Language page
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other			unknown			See Language page
plate	plato	prato	culture-material	paayu	paaju	loan	Spanish/Portuguese		See Language page
policeman	polícia	policía	acculturation			missing			See Language page
pot	olla, pote	panela, vasilha	subsistence tool	tahrem, er̃Φoči	tahrem, er̃Φoči	inheritance?; unknown			See Language page
rattle	matraca, maraca	marico, chocalho	culture-mythology	maraka	maraka	loan (into protolg?), direction unknown	Tupi-Guarani		See Language page
resin	resina, brea, copal	resina, brea, breu	subsistence tool	maaɲi (SM)	maaɲi (SM)	loan	Arawak		See Language page
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya)	kapiwaya	capiwaya	culture-mythology			missing			See Language page
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture	ruuΦu	ruuΦu	unique			See Language page
salt	sal	sal	food	yɨmɨtɨ	jɨmɨtɨ	unique			See Language page
school	escuela	escola	acculturation	eskora	eskora	unique			See Language page
shaman, healer	chamán, brujo	xaman, pajé, feiticeiro	culture-mythology	physician: k-ehčema-ɲe	phjsician: k-ehčema-ɲe	unknown		In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
shoes	zapatos	sapatos	dress	kɨ-hta-rɨ	kɨ-hta-rɨ	loan	Spanish/Portuguese		See Language page
skirt	falda, saya, fustan, pollera	saia	culture-material	saaya	saaya	loan	Port/Span saia		See Language page
soldier	soldado	soldado	acculturation	[sowtatu]; [soča]; [surati]	[sowtatu]; [soča]; [surati]	loan	Span/Port soldado		See Language page
song (generic)	canción, canto	canção	culture-mythology	waano	waano	inheritance	shared Eñepa		See Language page
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool	raaΦu	raaΦu	inheritance			See Language page
spearthrower			subsistence tool						See Language page
starch (tapioca, other)	almidón	goma de tapioca	food	šeere; saraΦu	šeere; saraΦu	semantic shift	cf. 'manioc'		See Language page
stone for lighting fires	piedra para hacer fuego	pedra para acender fogo	culture-material			missing			See Language page
sugarcane/sugar	azúcar, caña de azúcar	açucar (de cana)	acculturation	Φaranči	Φaranči	inheritance			See Language page
tapioca drink, mingau	cahuana, caguana	mingau	food			missing		agriculture	See Language page
tattoo	tatuaje, tatu	tatuagem	culture-mythology			missing			See Language page
thatch/roof	crisneja	palha, caraná	culture-material	mɨɨmo Φo-či	mɨɨmo Φo-či	unknown			See Language page
tipiti (manioc squeezer)	tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca	tipiti	food	kwahsɨ	kwahsɨ	inheritance?	shared Eñepa	word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc	See Language page
top grinding stone	metate, mano; piedra de moler	metate, mano	manufacture					use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone	See Language page
tripod for washing manioc	trípode	tripé	subsistence tool			missing		agriculture	See Language page
venom for darts, poison	veneno	curare	subsistence tool			missing		hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?)	See Language page
wax	cera	cera	other			missing			See Language page
woven strainer/sieve	colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru)	peneira, cumatá	subsistence tool	manari; tuuwa	manari; tuuwa	inheritance; unknown		agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour	See Language page
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women)	yurupari	jurupari	culture-mythology			missing		a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women.	See Language page

Showing 1 to 97 of 97 entries