Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

Wai Wai

Family
Cariban
Region
South America
ISO 639-3
waw
Location
1.51°, -59.14°
Notes
Features
Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Data Sources
Cardozo, Ivaneide Bandeira and Israel Correa do Vale Junior (eds.). 2012. Etnozoneamento da Porção Paraense das Terras Indígenas Trombetas-Mapuera e Nhamundá-Mapuera. Porto Velho - RO: EDUFRO. Hawkins, Robert. 2007. Wai Wai. In Mary R. Key, Intercontinental Dictionary Series. Meira, Sérgio. Wordlist.


Basic Vocabulary (191)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
above encima, arriba acima location eΦoyi; kahsɨ en-ko eΦoyi; kahsɨ en-ko inheritance See Language page
and y e grammar marha marha See Language page
ash ceniza(s) cinzas environment wemronho ~ wermonho wemronho ~ wermonho inheritance See Language page
at en, a em, a location See Language page
back espalda costas body ∅-maši-rɨ ∅-maši-rɨ unique See Language page
bad mal mal quality kičičme kičičme unique See Language page
belly barriga barriga body o-wetho-∅ o-wetho-∅ inheritance See Language page
below abajo, debajo abaixo location rooΦore ɲhe rooΦore ɲhe unique See Language page
big grande grande quality Φorinme; Φorin Φorinme; Φorin unique See Language page
black negro preto colour či-čwi-ye či-čwi-ye unique See Language page
blood sangre sangue body kamšuku kamšuku unique See Language page
boil/pimple espinilla, granos espinha, borbulha body erekɨ erekɨ unknown See Language page
bone hueso osso body o-yočho-∅ o-yočho-∅ unknown See Language page
breast pecho, seno peito body ∅-manatɨ-rɨ ∅-manatɨ-rɨ inheritance See Language page
child niño, niña criança human rikomo rikomo unique See Language page
cloud nube nuvem environment See Language page
cold frío frio quality t-wot-me t-wot-me inheritance See Language page
correct/true verdad, de veras verdade quality t-akɨh-so / yaaro t-akɨh-so / yaaro unknown See Language page
day día dia time enmarɨ enmarɨ unknown See Language page
dirty sucio sujo quality tu-smu-y tu-smu-y unique See Language page
dingo/wolf fauna See Language page
dry seco seco quality turΦe turΦe inheritance See Language page
dull/blunt sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo maçante, desamolado, não afiado quality See Language page
dust polvo poeira environment See Language page
ear oreja orelha body o-Φana-rɨ o-Φana-rɨ inheritance See Language page
earth/soil tierra terra environment roowo, aΦačak-rɨ (mud) roowo, aΦačak-rɨ (mud) inheritance?; unique See Language page
egg huevo ovo fauna yuhme yuhme inheritance? See Language page
eye ojo olho body oy-ew-ru oy-ew-ru inheritance See Language page
far lejos longe quality meye; mooše meye; mooše inheritance See Language page
fat/grease grasa gordura body katɨ katɨ inheritance See Language page
father padre, papá pai kinship yɨɨm; aa-mo yɨɨm; aa-mo inheritance See Language page
feather pluma pena fauna yɨ-hΦo-či yɨ-hΦo-či unknown See Language page
fire fuego fogo environment wehto wehto inheritance See Language page
flower flor flor environment ∅-eΦermutu-n ∅-eΦermutu-n inheritance See Language page
fog niebla, neblina nevoeira, bruma, neblina environment kaweresɨ kaweresɨ See Language page
fruit fruta fruta flora o-nah-rɨ o-nah-rɨ unique See Language page
good bueno bom quality kir̃waɲhe kir̃waɲhe inheritance See Language page
hair (of head) cabello cabelo body o-hΦo-či o-hΦo-či inheritance See Language page
hand mano mão body oy-amo-rɨ oy-amo-rɨ inheritance See Language page
3sg el/ella ele/ela grammar noro; noro; ero noro; noro; ero inheritance See Language page
head cabeza cabeça body o-htɨΦɨ-rɨ o-htɨΦɨ-rɨ inheritance See Language page
heavy pesado pesado quality n-awsɨ-na-sɨ n-awsɨ-na-sɨ unique See Language page
how? como como grammar ahče wa ahče wa unique See Language page
1sg yo eu grammar owɨ owɨ inheritance For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
if si se grammar tan aw-eši-taw tan aw-eši-taw See Language page
in/inside dentro, adentro dentro location ero yaw ero yaw inheritance See Language page
intestines intestinos intestinos body ∅-weškiriri-n ∅-weškiriri-n inheritance See Language page
lake lago lago environment ɲikitho ɲikitho inheritance See Language page
leaf hoja folha environment ∅-yaa-rɨ ∅-yaa-rɨ inheritance See Language page
left/left hand izquierdo esquerdo location/body Φowame Φowame inheritance See Language page
leg/foot pierna perna body hrefu (SM) hrefu (SM) inheritance See Language page
lightning rayo, relámpago relampago environment ΦeΦe ka-ɲe ΦeΦe ka-ɲe unique See Language page
liver hígado figado body oy-ere-rɨ oy-ere-rɨ inheritance See Language page
long largo comprido, longo quality kaw; ehyatkaw kaw; ehyatkaw unique See Language page
louse piollo, piojo piolho fauna oyomo oyomo inheritance order Phtiraptera See Language page
man/male hombre homem human kɨɨrɨ kɨɨrɨ inheritance See Language page
meat/flesh carne carne fauna yu-Φu-n yu-Φu-n inheritance See Language page
moon luna lua environment nuuɲi nuuɲi inheritance See Language page
mother madre, mamá mãe kinship yɨ-son; noro yon yɨ-son; noro yon inheritance See Language page
mouth boca boca body o-mta-rɨ o-mta-rɨ inheritance See Language page
name nombre nome human oy-osotɨ oy-osotɨ inheritance See Language page
near/close cerca de perto quality meye-hra meye-hra unknown See Language page
nape base del cuello, nuca nuca body See Language page
neck cuello pescoço body o-Φɨmɨ-rɨ o-Φɨmɨ-rɨ inheritance See Language page
new nuevo novo quality yašan yašan inheritance See Language page
night noche noite time kosope kosope inheritance See Language page
no/not no não grammar Φɨra Φɨra inheritance See Language page
nose nariz nariz body oy-ewna-rɨ oy-ewna-rɨ inheritance See Language page
old viejo velho quality missing See Language page
one uno um number čewɲe čewɲe inheritance See Language page
other otro outro grammar anarɨ (SM) anarɨ (SM) inheritance See Language page
pain/painful/sick dolor, doloroso, enfermo dor, doloroso, doente body n-amoto-ya-∅ n-amoto-ya-∅ unknown See Language page
person/human being persona pessoa human tooto tooto inheritance See Language page
rain lluvia chuva environment tuuna tuuna inheritance See Language page
red rojo vermelho colour ču-ču-re ču-ču-re inheritance See Language page
right/right hand derecha direita location/body kar̃me kar̃me unique See Language page
road/path camino caminho manufacture esama esama inheritance See Language page
root raíz raiz flora yi-miči-n yi-miči-n inheritance See Language page
rotten podrido podre quality t-mata-ši t-mata-ši loan Arawak See Language page
sand arena areia environment ašawa ašawa inheritance See Language page
sharp afilado, filudo, filoso afiado quality t-Φot-ke t-Φot-ke unknown See Language page
short corto curto quality kaw-ra kaw-ra unique See Language page
shoulder hombro ombro body o-mota-rɨ o-mota-rɨ inheritance See Language page
shy/ashamed tímido, vergonzoso timido, com vergonha mental yɨ-hyaΦam-ra yɨ-hyaΦam-ra unique See Language page
skin piel pele body o-hčɨΦɨ-rɨ; Φičho o-hčɨΦɨ-rɨ; Φičho inheritance See Language page
sky cielo céu environment kaaΦu kaaΦu inheritance See Language page
small pequeño pequeno quality wahra; wahray wahra; wahray unique See Language page
smoke humo fumaça environment yɨ-sɨn yɨ-sɨn inheritance See Language page
star estrella estrela environment šir̃ko šir̃ko inheritance See Language page
stick/wood palo pau, vara flora weewe weewe inheritance See Language page
stone piedra pedra environment tooΦu tooΦu inheritance See Language page
tail cola, rabo rabo body ∅-matkɨ-rɨ ∅-matkɨ-rɨ inheritance See Language page
that ese/esa esse grammar missing See Language page
3pl ellos/ellas eles/elas grammar mošam (near); ɲešamro (distant) mošam (near); ɲešamro (distant) inheritance See Language page
thick grueso, gordo, espeso grosso quality yahčo-me yahčo-me unique See Language page
thin delgado fino quality pana-pe pana-pe unknown See Language page
this este/esta este grammar see (SM) see (SM) inheritance See Language page
2sg xx xx grammar amoro amoro inheritance See Language page
throat garganta garganta body ∅-eeše-∅ ∅-eeše-∅ inheritance See Language page
three tres tres number loan From 'two' on, the numbers are borrowed from Portuguese, English, Dutch, according to which nation the group is dwelling in. See Language page
thunder truenos trovão environment tarayi tarayi inheritance See Language page
bite morder morder body eska-kɨ eska-kɨ inheritance See Language page
blow soplar soprar body Φuu kas-ko Φuu kas-ko unknown See Language page
breathe respirar respirar body oy-aΦeΦe-n oy-aΦeΦe-n unique See Language page
burn quemar queimar environment transitive: akɲi-ko, intransitive: ečakɨ-ra transitive: akɲi-ko, intransitive: ečakɨ-ra inheritance See Language page
chew masticar, mascar mastigar body amčikɨ-ra amčikɨ-ra inheritance See Language page
climb subir subir motion kayi-na-sɨ kayi-na-sɨ unique See Language page
come venir vir motion k-mok-∅ k-mok-∅ inheritance See Language page
cook cocinar cozinhar impact yo (SM) yo (SM) inheritance See Language page
count contar contar mental yu-kukno-ma-kɨ yu-kukno-ma-kɨ inheritance See Language page
cry llorar chorar mental yɨ-wrata-ra yɨ-wrata-ra unique See Language page
cut/hack cortar cortar impact wɨ-hkoto-∅,w-aama-∅ wɨ-hkoto-∅,w-aama-∅ inheritance See Language page
die/be dead morir morrer state t-wayh-so t-wayh-so unique See Language page
dig cavar cavar impact ahto-ko ahto-ko inheritance? See Language page
dream soñar sonhar mental o-woso-to wenwo o-woso-to wenwo inheritance See Language page
drink beber, tomar beber body erɨ-hra erɨ-hra inheritance See Language page
eat comer comer body tono-hra; aΦu-hra tono-hra; aΦu-hra unknown See Language page
fall caer cair motion eΦɨrka-ra eΦɨrka-ra inheritance See Language page
fear miedo medo mental erasɨ (SM) erasɨ (SM) unknown See Language page
flow fluir fluir motion nɨ-hč-e-sɨ nɨ-hč-e-sɨ unknown See Language page
fly volar voar motion ari-m-ra ari-m-ra inheritance See Language page
grow crecer crescer state ∅-Φor̃mam-∅ ∅-Φor̃mam-∅ unknown See Language page
hear oír ouvir mental w-enta-∅ w-enta-∅ inheritance See Language page
hide esconder esconder motion eyam-ko eyam-ko inheritance See Language page
hit golpear, pegar bater impact w-etaΦa-∅ w-etaΦa-∅ unique See Language page
hold correr, asegurar, sostener segurar other ahsɨ-ko ahsɨ-ko inheritance See Language page
kill matar matar impact ∅-wayh-ka-kɨ ∅-wayh-ka-kɨ inheritance See Language page
know/be knowledgeable saber, conecer saber, conhecer mental w-eeɲa-sɨ w-eeɲa-sɨ doubtful loan Arawak See Language page
laugh reír rir mental ewre-ra ewre-ra unknown See Language page
lie down acostarse, echarse deitar motion etɨ-raΦo-ko etɨ-raΦo-ko unique See Language page
live/be alive vivir viver, morar body wayΦɨ-ra wayΦɨ-ra unique See Language page
open/uncover abrir abrir other ahru-nka-kɨ ahru-nka-kɨ unknown See Language page
pound/beat machacar, golpear bater impact wetaΦa oyamorɨ ke wetaΦa oyamorɨ ke See Language page
say decir dizer mental missing See Language page
scratch rascar rasgar impact furiki (SM) furiki (SM) unknown See Language page
see ver ver mental enɨ-hra enɨ-hra inheritance See Language page
shoot tirar, disparar, balear atirar impact wɨ-two wɨ-two inheritance See Language page
sit sentar(se) sentar state erema-kɨ erema-kɨ inheritance See Language page
sleep dormir dormir body yɨ-wɨnkɨ-ra yɨ-wɨnkɨ-ra inheritance See Language page
sniff/smell olfatear, oler cheirar body w-esunku-∅ / ∅-koto-wa-sɨ w-esunku-∅ / ∅-koto-wa-sɨ unknown primarily transitive See Language page
spit escupir cuspir body kučΦi kasko kučΦi kasko loan Portuguese See Language page
split partir, dividir rachar, dividir, partir impact wɨ-raka-∅ wɨ-raka-∅ inheritance See Language page
squeeze estrujar, exprimir espremer impact w-atmunk-o w-atmunk-o See Language page
stab/pierce apuñalar, acuchillar apunhalar impact ∅-Φaraška-∅ ∅-Φaraška-∅ inheritance See Language page
stand estar de pié ficar em pé state Φiiri awom-ko Φiiri awom-ko unique See Language page
steal robar roubar other ɲeɲeΦana ɲeɲeΦana inheritance See Language page
suck chupar chupar body missing See Language page
swell hincharse inchar body tu-Φuruk-ye tu-Φuruk-ye unknown See Language page
swim nadar nadar motion Φere-na-sɨ Φere-na-sɨ inheritance See Language page
think pensar pensar mental k-es-ehtɨno-toΦo k-es-ehtɨno-toΦo inheritance See Language page
throw tirar, lanzar atirar, jogar impact ar̃ma-kɨ ar̃ma-kɨ inheritance See Language page
tie up/fasten atar, amarrar amarrar impact wi-mi-u wi-mi-u inheritance See Language page
turn girar, volter, torcer virar other aknama-kɨ aknama-kɨ unknown may be transitive or intransitive See Language page
vomit vomitar vomitar body wenarɨ wenarɨ inheritance See Language page
walk caminar, andar andar motion etar̃-ko etar̃-ko inheritance See Language page
work trabajar trabalhar other et-aΦička-ra et-aΦička-ra unique See Language page
yawn bostezar bocejar body emčaΦɨ-ra emčaΦɨ-ra inheritance See Language page
tongue lengua lingua body ∅-ɲu-ru ∅-ɲu-ru inheritance See Language page
tooth diente dente body o-yo-rɨ o-yo-rɨ inheritance See Language page
two dos dois number From 'two' on, the numbers are borrowed from Portuguese, English, Dutch, according to which nation the group is dwelling in. missing See Language page
water agua agua environment tuuna tuuna inheritance See Language page
1pl.incl nosotros (inclusivo) nós (inclusivo) grammar kɨɨwɨ; kɨwyam kɨɨwɨ; kɨwyam inheritance no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
1pl.excl nosotros (exclusivo) nós (exclusivo) grammar amna amna inheritance See Language page
wet mojado molhado quality tukre tukre inheritance See Language page
what? que, qué que grammar ahče ahče inheritance See Language page
when? cuando quando grammar ahče-maw ahče-maw unique See Language page
where? donde onde grammar ahto ahto inheritance See Language page
white blanco branco colour tu-mut-we tu-mut-we inheritance See Language page
who? quien, quién quem grammar onoke onoke inheritance See Language page
wife esposa esposa kinship yi-Φi-či yi-Φi-či inheritance See Language page
wind viento vento environment očowo očowo unique See Language page
wing ala asa body ∅-aΦo-rɨ ∅-aΦo-rɨ inheritance See Language page
woman/female mujer mulher human woošam woošam inheritance See Language page
yellow amarillo amarelo colour tɨ-šewe-ke tɨ-šewe-ke inheritance See Language page
2pl ustedes vocês grammar amyamro amyamro inheritance See Language page
foot pie pé body o-hta-rɨ o-hta-rɨ inheritance See Language page
again de nuevo, otra vez de novo grammar ša hara ša hara unknown See Language page
all todo todos other ahnoro ahnoro inheritance See Language page
ankle tobillo tornozelo body o-hrak-nu o-hrak-nu inheritance See Language page
armpit axila, sobaco axila body oy-eyata-rɨ oy-eyata-rɨ inheritance See Language page
faeces heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol fezes body missing See Language page
lung pulmón pulmão body soso soso inheritance See Language page
sweat sudar suor, suar body k-Φeramk-wa-sɨ k-Φeramk-wa-sɨ inheritance See Language page
itch hormiguear, sentir comezón coçar body o-skɨ-skɨ-m-e-sɨ o-skɨ-skɨ-m-e-sɨ See Language page
bark corteza casca environment weewe Φičho weewe Φičho inheritance See Language page
fingernail uña unha body oy-amo-šošo-n oy-amo-šošo-n inheritance See Language page
heart corazón coração body čoro čoro unique See Language page
sun sol sol time kaamo kaamo loan Arawak See Language page
mountain/hill montaña, colina, loma, cerro morro, serra environment ɨɨΦɨ; matɨwɨ-n ɨɨΦɨ; matɨwɨ-n inheritance; unique See Language page
green verde verde quality tu-škukuyu-re tu-škukuyu-re inheritance See Language page
hot caliente quente quality očoro očoro inheritance See Language page


Flora Fauna Vocabulary (133)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Linnean Name Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Etymology Notes Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Range of Term Word Structure Word Structure Notes Classifier Classifier Notes Hypernym Source Association with Social Categories Ritual/Mythologically Significant Ritual Notes Food Source Food Notes Medicinal Medicinal Notes How Collected Who Collects How Prepared Psychotropic Psychotropic Notes Traded Trade Notes Distribution Habitat Dangerous Ethnobiology Notes Species Notes General Notes
bat murciélago morcego flora-fauna Chiroptera spp. rere rere inheritance See Language page
bird pajaro, ave passaro flora-fauna torowo torowo inheritance See Language page
curassow mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini) mutum flora-fauna Crax sp., Nothocrax sp. fawxi (SM) fawxi (SM) inheritance See Language page Amazonia
toucan tucán, pinsha (Peru) tucano flora-fauna Ramphastos sp. yawke (SM) yawke (SM) doubtful loan Arawak, esp. Yavitero jukúwe See Language page Widespread Amazonia
gray-winged trumpeter Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris jacamim flora-fauna Psophia crepitans missing See Language page Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões
guan pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru) jacu flora-fauna Penelope sp. missing See Language page Different types have different localized ranges
tinamou tinamu, perdiz, gallineta inambu, inhambu flora-fauna family Tinamidae missing See Language page Widespread Amazonia
hummingbird colibrí, picaflor (Peru) beija-flor flora-fauna family Trochilidae tukusu (SM) tukusu (SM) inheritance See Language page Widespread
kingfisher martín pescador, catalan (Peru) martim-pescador flora-fauna family Alcedinidae yatura (SM) yatura (SM) inheritance See Language page Widespread Amazonia
owl (large) búho, lechuza corujão flora-fauna order Strigiformes wayakuku (SM) wayakuku (SM) doubtful loan - WW? %murukutu / kurukutu See Language page Widespread
macaw ara, guacamaya Arara flora-fauna family Psittacidae; Ara sp. xaafi (SM) xaafi (SM) unique See Language page Widespread Amazonia
parrot loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib) papagaio flora-fauna Amazona amazonica fanacakay (SM) fanacakay (SM) unknown See Language page Widespread
dove paloma pomba flora-fauna family Columbidae Φotkuku Φotkuku loan - WW %motkuku See Language page
hawk halcón, gavilán gavião flora-fauna family Accipitridae wikoko wikoko doubtful loan, direction unknown see Sanuma kokoi; also Huambisa See Language page
vulture buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru) urubu flora-fauna family Cathartidae kurume (SM) kurumu (SM) inheritance cf. TG urubu See Language page Widespread South America
duck pato pato, marreco flora-fauna Anatidae family yuruma yuruma inheritance See Language page
great egret Garza Blanca, Guyratî Garça-Branca-Grande flora-fauna Ardea alba onowa (heron) onowa (heron) inheritance See Language page Widespread South America
woodpecker pájaro carpintero, carpintero pica-pau flora-fauna family Picidae missing See Language page Widespread Amazonia
dog (camp, domestic) perro cachorro flora-fauna Canis famililaris šaΦari šaΦari unique See Language page Not native; widespread
dog (wild; bush dog) sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta cachorro-do-mato flora-fauna Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis šaΦari šaΦari See Language page Widespread Amazonia
anteater oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus tamanduá flora-fauna Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater) waaxi (SM) waaxi (SM) inheritance See Language page Widespread Amazonian lowlands
armadillo armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo) tatu flora-fauna family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri kafayo (SM) kafayo (SM) inheritance See Language page Widespread in Amazonia
sloth pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru) macaco preguica flora-fauna Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp. wayma (SM) wayma (SM) See Language page Widespread Amazonia
alligator, black caiman babilla; cachirre jacaré flora-fauna Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp. watwa watwa unique See Language page Throughout Amazonia Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi
electric eel anguila eléctrica poraquê flora-fauna Electrophorus electricus freshwater eel: kašmi freshwater eel: kašmi inheritance See Language page
fish (generic) pez peixe flora-fauna generic fish: ootɨ generic fish: ootɨ unique cf. similar form in Makiritare See Language page
pacu fish palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru) pacu flora-fauna Mylossoma sp. See Language page
pirana piraña, caribe piranha flora-fauna subfamily Serrasalmidae missing See Language page Widespread Amazonia
tigerfish taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru) traíra flora-fauna Hoplias sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
mandi catfish maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish) mandi flora-fauna Auchenipterus sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
speckled catfish surubí, pintadillo surubim, sorubim flora-fauna Pseudoplatystoma sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
toad sapo sapo flora-fauna order Anura pororɨ; kuuto (frog) pororɨ; kuuto (frog) See Language page
iguana iguana, garipiares (Colombia) camaleão flora-fauna Iguana sp. kwana (SM) kwana (SM) loan direction unknown - WW %iwana See Language page iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana
small lizard lagartija calango flora-fauna order Squamata šukurwa; kwaana šukurwa; kwaana inheritance cognate Makiritare? See Language page
stingray (generic) rayas látigo, raya arraia flora-fauna Potamotrygon sp. šΦari šΦari doubtful loan - WW note similarity to WW spear/machete (from Span. sable?) See Language page
crab cangrejo caranguejo flora-fauna infraorder Brachyura xakawa (SM) xakawa (SM) unknown See Language page
anaconda anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande sucuri flora-fauna genus Eunectes okoymo (SM) okoymo (SM) inheritance snake-big' See Language page Widespread Amazonia
boa boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura jiboia flora-fauna family Boidae, subf. Boinae fotwoymo (SM) fotwoymo (SM) unknown See Language page
snake (generic) culebra, serpiente cobra flora-fauna okoyi okoyi inheritance See Language page
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara jararaca flora-fauna Bothrops jararaca/atrox okoyi See Language page Widespread South America
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant) tortuga, morrocoy, motelo jabutí, tartaruga flora-fauna Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria wayam, kwači wajam, kwači inheritance See Language page Widespread
Amazon dolphin bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco) boto cor-de-rosa flora-fauna Inia geoffrensis missing See Language page Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls
mushroom champiñón, hongo cogumelo flora-fauna (any edible generic) ašΦi ašΦi unknown See Language page prioritize generic term that includes any edible species
black palm bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá bacaba flora-fauna Oenocarpus bacaba missing See Language page Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon may be confused in some entries with O. bataua
açai palm huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia) açaí flora-fauna Euterpe sp. missing See Language page floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia
miriti palm moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti buriti flora-fauna Mauritia flexuosa missing See Language page Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps trunks contain sago-like starch
palm for roof thatch pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná caraná flora-fauna Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana missing See Language page Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests palm
paxiuba palm pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba paxiuba flora-fauna Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea missing See Language page Widespread Amazonia palm
peach palm, pejibaye palm chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol) pupunha flora-fauna Bactris gasipaes aparpu aparpu pupunha, Bactris gasipaes Kunth missing cf. Lokono, Palikur; Arawak loan - %pipiri? Cardozo 2012:110
seje palm ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá patoá, patuá flora-fauna Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua missing See Language page mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries
coca coca coca flora-fauna Erythroxylum coca missing See Language page secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes plant
cotton algodón algodão flora-fauna Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers) mawrɨ mawrɨ inheritance See Language page secondary scrub vegetation plant; some sources may confound with kapok Ceiba pentandra (esp. if a single gloss for 'cotton' is given')
kapok ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.) sumaumeira flora-fauna Ceiba pentandra See Language page northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas tree
hot pepper ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru) pimenta flora-fauna Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens asɨsɨ (SM) asɨsɨ (SM) loan Arawak See Language page secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden plant
peanut maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete amendoim flora-fauna Arachis hypogaea tɨtkoymo (SM) tɨtkoymo (SM) See Language page plant
pineapple piña abacaxi flora-fauna Ananas comosus afara (SM) afara (SM) unique See Language page plant
arrow cane, wildcane caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio flora-fauna Gynerium sagittatum waywɨ (SM) waywɨ (SM) See Language page tropical regions, especially river banks plant
banana, plantain banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano banana flora-fauna Musa sp. tušma y-eΦu-∅ tušma y-eΦu-∅ unknown See Language page Names for banana/plantain may be derived from bastard plantain by semantic shift.
beans frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas) feijão flora-fauna Phaseolus spp. kumasa kumasa loan - WW %kumana See Language page plant
grass hierba, pasto capim, grama flora-fauna (generic) čuuΦu čuuΦu unique See Language page
maize, corn mazorca, maiz milho flora-fauna Zea mays nasɨ-nasɨ nasɨ-nasɨ inheritance? possible loan into proto-Carib, cf. Arawak mariki and TG aBati See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
tobacco tabaco tabaco flora-fauna Nicotiana tabacum kamahšu kamahšu unknown See Language page plant
tree árbol arvore flora-fauna weewe weewe inheritance See Language page
achiote, anatto achiote urucum flora-fauna Bixa orellana onomto (SM) onomto (SM) inheritance See Language page secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens shrub
inga guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru) inga flora-fauna Inga spp. missing See Language page Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia)
avocado palta, aguacate abacate flora-fauna Persea americana See Language page secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens tree
bitterwood tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru) envira flora-fauna Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala See Language page secondary forests, native to Brazil tree
brazil nut castaña castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis) flora-fauna Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia'] tɨtko (SM) tɨtko (SM) See Language page 1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua. tree
cashew anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela) caju flora-fauna Anacardium occidentale / giganteum orosɨ (SM) orosɨ (SM) inheritance - WW %eroi See Language page secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties
genipap jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico genipapo, jenipapo flora-fauna Genipapa americana missing See Language page widespread lowland SA shrub
japurá oreja de murcielago japurá flora-fauna Erisma japura See Language page large tree
rubber tree (sorva) caucho, siringa, shiringa seringa, borracha flora-fauna Hevea sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia tree
ucuqui yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru) ucuqui flora-fauna Pouteria ucuqui See Language page native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant
Amazon tree-grape uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.) cucura flora-fauna Pourouma cecropiifolia uufa (SM) uufa (SM) loan Portuguese See Language page grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times a tree; not a true grape
manioc (bitter or generic) yuca brava mandioca flora-fauna Manihot esculenta šeere; saraΦu šeere; saraΦu inheritance See Language page not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield
manioc (sweet) yuca, caribe macaxeira flora-fauna Manihot esculenta šeere; saraΦu šeere; saraΦu missing generic? See Language page Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
potato papa batata flora-fauna Solanum tuberosum faari (SM) faari (SM) See Language page secondary scrub vegetation compare entries for sweet potato
potato, sweet potato camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara batata-doce flora-fauna Ipomoea batatas Φaari Φaari loan cf. Yucuna pari 'sweet manioc', other Arawak terms relating to manioc See Language page plant
cará tuber, purple or white camote, sachapapa cará roxo, branco flora-fauna Dioscorea sp. naaΦi naaΦi See Language page secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings plant
tannia, yautia huitina (Peru), ñame taioba branca flora-fauna Xanthosoma spp. See Language page
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree) calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara cabaça flora-fauna Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine) tutum (loan Sp 'tutuma'?) tutum See Language page indigenous gardens plant; tree
squash calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru) abóbora flora-fauna Cucurbita sp. awayama (SM) awayama (SM) inheritance See Language page plant
cipó vine tamishi, bejuco, yare cipó flora-fauna Heteropsis spp. See Language page secondary forest, floodplain vine
fish poison, barbasco barbasco, matapez (Colombia) timbó flora-fauna Lonchocarpus spp. umawa umawa unknown See Language page secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation shrub/tree
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca ayahuasca, yage ayahuasca, caapi flora-fauna Banisteriopsis caapi missing See Language page semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW vine
hallucinogenic snuff vilca, cebil, yopo paricá, yopo flora-fauna Anadenanthera sp. or virola See Language page
insect (generic) insecto insecto flora-fauna generic See Language page
ant (generic) hormiga formiga flora-fauna Formicidae yawko (ant) (SM) yawko (ant) (SM) See Language page
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro tocandira flora-fauna Paraponera clavata missing See Language page
leaf-cutter ant Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse saúva flora-fauna Atta sp. yawko (ant) (SM) yawko (ant) (SM) inheritance See Language page
honeybee abeja abelha flora-fauna Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis weenu weenu inheritance See Language page
cockroach cucaracha barata-do-mato flora-fauna order Blattaria mahčaru mahčaru inheritance possible link? Carib (*)masarawa, TG *taraBe See Language page
firefly, lightning bug lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin) vagalume flora-fauna fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae missing See Language page
butterfly, moth mariposa borboleta flora-fauna order Lepidoptera tama-tama tama-tama unique See Language page
moth mariposa nocturna, polilla mariposa flora-fauna order Lepidoptera minirmomoso (SM) minirmomoso (SM) See Language page
angleworm lombriz minhoca flora-fauna order Opisthopora kar̃wa (worm) kar̃wa (worm) inheritance See Language page
centipede ciempiés centopéia flora-fauna class Chilopoda maΦeΦe maΦeΦe See Language page
scorpion escorpión; alacran escorpião flora-fauna order Scorpiones čikiri čikiri unique See Language page
cicada cigarra, chicharra cigarra flora-fauna super fam. Cicadoidea farawako (SM) farawako (SM) unique See Language page
flea pulga pulga flora-fauna order Siphonaptera kuΦama; sɨɨko kuΦama; sɨɨko inheritance See Language page
blowfly/housefly mosca mosca flora-fauna Diptera were-were were-were inheritance cf. Tacanan *we(ře)we(ře), West Tuk were See Language page
cricket saltón, grillo grilo flora-fauna family Gryllidae makaka (grasshopper) makaka (grasshopper) missing See Language page
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil) suri, mojojoy larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá flora-fauna Rhynchophorus sp. orko (SM) orko (SM) inheritance See Language page
praying mantis, stick insects mantis religiosa louva-a-deus flora-fauna order Mantodea, family Mantidae See Language page
mosquito mosquito, zancudo mosquito, carapana flora-fauna Anopheles sp. masakɨ masakɨ inheritance See Language page
termites, white-ants comején (Peru), termitas cupim flora-fauna order Isoptera xemeku (SM) xemeku (SM) inheritance See Language page
tick garrapata carrapato flora-fauna superfam Ixodoidea kamuxfa (SM) kamuxfa (SM) inheritance See Language page
wasp avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa caba flora-fauna order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita okomo okomo inheritance See Language page
snail caracol, churo (Peru) caracol flora-fauna class Gastropoda Φooto Φooto unique See Language page
spider araña aranha flora-fauna Arachnidae, Araneae moyosɨ moyosɨ inheritance See Language page
jaguar yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru) onca flora-fauna Panthera onca kamarači (cat) kamarači (cat) unique See Language page
manatee vaca marina, manatí peixe-boi flora-fauna Trichechus sp. ootɨymo (SM) ootɨymo (SM) See Language page
brown woolly monkey Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt macaco barrigudo flora-fauna Lagothrix lagothricha missing See Language page
howler monkey (red-handed) mono aullador, mono coto (Peru) guariba flora-fauna Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.] missing See Language page
tufted capuchin monkey mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero macaco prego flora-fauna Cebus apella missing See Language page
white-fronted capuchin Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru) Caiarara flora-fauna Cebus albifrons missing See Language page
white-fronted spider monkey Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia) macaco aranha, coatá, quatá flora-fauna Ateles belzebuth/paniscus missing See Language page
opossum zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo mucura flora-fauna family Didelphidae yawari yawari inheritance - WW %jawari See Language page
giant otter Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria ariranha flora-fauna Pteronura brasiliensis wayawaya (SM) wayawaya (SM) See Language page
neotropical otter (small) Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia) lontra flora-fauna Lontra longicaudis saroro (SM) saroro (SM) inheritance See Language page
collared peccary sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar caititu, caetitu flora-fauna Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu fakla (small peccary) fakla (small peccary) inheritance See Language page
white-lipped peccary Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana queixada flora-fauna Tayassu pecari foɲko (big peccary) (SM) foɲko (big peccary) (SM) inheritance See Language page
porcupine puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru) cuandu, porco-espinho flora-fauna family Erethizontidae waaro (SM) waaro (SM) doubtful loan, direction unknown cf. Yukuna, ET walo; possibly related to aru forms in other Carib, but 'w~ø' does not appear regular See Language page
cotamundi, coatimundi Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache quati flora-fauna genus Nasua missing See Language page
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti) Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado cutia flora-fauna Dasyprocta spp. akri (SM) akri (SM) loan into protolg, direction unknown Tupi-Guarani See Language page
capybara Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco capivara flora-fauna Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris yɨwɨrɨ (SM) yɨwɨrɨ (SM) inheritance See Language page
green acouchi Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo cutiara flora-fauna Myoprocta pratti See Language page
paca (lowland) Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana) paca flora-fauna Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.) wiila (SM) wiila (SM) inheritance See Language page
mouse, rat ratón camundongo, rata flora-fauna Mus musculus mukuku; čawa mukuku; čawa unknown See Language page
squirrel ardilla, danta (Ven) serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo flora-fauna family Sciuridae awalku (SM) awalku (SM) unique See Language page
tapir sachavaca, danta anta flora-fauna Tapirus terrestris yayfɨ (SM) yayfɨ (SM) unknown See Language page
deer venado veado, cariacu flora-fauna family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus kooso; Φiškaru kooso; Φiškaru doubtful loan; unique Arawak See Language page
horse caballo cavalho flora-fauna Equus caballus kawaru kawaru See Language page


Cultural Vocabulary (97)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Word Structure Word Structure Notes General Notes Source
basket (general) canasta, canasto, cesta cesto culture-material foxoro, manari (SM) foxoro, manari (SM) doubtful loan into protolg, direction unknown - WW; inheritance %panaku See Language page
basket, small canasta, canasto, cesta cesto pequeno, tampado culture-material foxoro, manari (SM) foxoro, manari (SM) missing See Language page
bead abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar miçanga culture-material kɨričiči kɨričiči unknown cf. %tulikiʃi See Language page
bed cama cama culture-material kuywa kujwa unknown See Language page
hammock hamaca, chinchorro rede culture-material kuywa kujwa unknown See Language page
bench, seat banco, silla, asiento banco culture-material aaΦo aaΦo inheritance See Language page
canoe canoa canoa transport kanawa kanawa doubtful loan (into protolg?) - WW %kanawa See Language page
drum (large signal) tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia) tambor culture missing Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances See Language page
drum tambor tambor culture-mythology samaΦora samaΦora loan Spanish/Portuguese See Language page
shaman, healer chamán, brujo xaman, pajé, feiticeiro culture-mythology physician: k-ehčema-ɲe phjsician: k-ehčema-ɲe unknown In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
healer curandero benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano) culture-mythology inheritance Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well. See Language page
broom escoba vassoura culture-material seʔse (SM) seʔse (SM) unique See Language page
clothing ropa roupa culture-mythology Φoono Φoono inheritance See Language page
fence, palisade cerco cerca other waača waača unknown may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
firewood leña lenha other o-wehto-rɨ o-wehto-rɨ inheritance See Language page
Curupira (spirit type) Curupira, Madremonte Curupira culture-mythology missing malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region See Language page
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio espirito culture-mythology spirit: ekatɨ spirit: ekatɨ inheritance See Language page
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure dios(es), deidad divinidade, figura mítica culture-mythology kaan kaan inheritance In RN region, frequently translates as 'Bone-Son', 'One on the bone', etc. See Language page
flute flauta, quena (Peru) flauta culture-mythology raatɨ raatɨ unknown multiple types? japurutu, deer-bone, etc. See Language page
panpipe carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora caniço, flauta de pã culture-mythology missing See Language page
hollow log/trough for beer-making canoa para chicha cocho de caxiri narcotics missing See Language page
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya) kapiwaya capiwaya culture-mythology missing See Language page
knife cuchillo faca culture-material mariya marija loan (into protolg?), direction unknown - WW %marije See Language page
machete machete facão culture-material kacifara (SM) kacifara (SM) loan - WW %sipara/sapere See Language page
axe/stone axe hacha (de piedra) machado (de pedra) subsistence tool yawaka jawaka inheritance especially for clearing fields See Language page
arrow flecha flecha subsistence tool waywɨ wajwɨ inheritance? hunting, warfare See Language page
spear lanza lança subsistence tool raaΦu raaΦu inheritance See Language page
bow arco arco subsistence tool kraΦa kraΦa inheritance arco See Language page
paddle/oar remo remo transport wayaΦu wajaΦu unique See Language page
plate plato prato culture-material paayu paaju loan Spanish/Portuguese See Language page
pot olla, pote panela, vasilha subsistence tool tahrem, er̃Φoči tahrem, er̃Φoči inheritance?; unknown See Language page
basin/bowl tazón, plato hondo, taza tijela culture-material tutum tutum unknown See Language page
griddle for cooking flatbread tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru) forno para beiju subsistence tool inheritance agriculture? See Language page
rattle matraca, maraca marico, chocalho culture-mythology maraka maraka loan (into protolg?), direction unknown Tupi-Guarani See Language page
resin resina, brea, copal resina, brea, breu subsistence tool maaɲi (SM) maaɲi (SM) loan Arawak See Language page
wax cera cera other missing See Language page
honey miel mel food weenu weenu inheritance only gathered in wild throughout Amazonia? See Language page
stone for lighting fires piedra para hacer fuego pedra para acender fogo culture-material missing See Language page
rope/string mecate, cuerda, soga corda culture ruuΦu ruuΦu unique See Language page
tattoo tatuaje, tatu tatuagem culture-mythology missing See Language page
thatch/roof crisneja palha, caraná culture-material mɨɨmo Φo-či mɨɨmo Φo-či unknown See Language page
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women) yurupari jurupari culture-mythology missing a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women. See Language page
fetish, charm fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga feitiço, puçanga culture-mythology See Language page
feather headdress plumaje, corona de plumas enfeite/capacete de penas culture-mythology aroko aroko missing See Language page
paint body, body paint pintura corporal pintura corporal culture-mythology yɨ-sΦo-ma-čho jɨ-sΦo-ma-čho See Language page
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven tierra do los muertos terra dos mortos culture-mythology missing See Language page
school escuela escola acculturation eskora eskora unique See Language page
bottle botella garrafa acculturation See Language page
paper papel papel acculturation karita karita loan Span/Port 'carta' See Language page
dream sueño, soñar sonho, sonhar culture-mythology woso (vb.) inheritance See Language page
chicken gallina galinha acculturation kapikara kapikara loan - WW %kara See Language page
grave tumba, sepultura, sepulcro sepultura, sepulcro, cova culture-mythology iyočho y-ewta-rɨ ijočho j-ewta-rɨ missing See Language page
pipe for tobacco pipa cachimbo other unknown See Language page
sugarcane/sugar azúcar, caña de azúcar açucar (de cana) acculturation Φaranči Φaranči inheritance See Language page
skirt falda, saya, fustan, pollera saia culture-material saaya saaya loan Port/Span saia See Language page
shoes zapatos sapatos dress kɨ-hta-rɨ kɨ-hta-rɨ loan Spanish/Portuguese See Language page
policeman polícia policía acculturation missing See Language page
soldier soldado soldado acculturation [sowtatu]; [soča]; [surati] [sowtatu]; [soča]; [surati] loan Span/Port soldado See Language page
cat gato gato acculturation kamarači kamarači unknown See Language page
gun arma, escopeta espingarda, fusil acculturation uhre 'weapon' uhre 'weapon' semantic shift from 'weapon' See Language page
hat sombero chapéu dress šaΦika šaΦika loan? Port chapeu See Language page
chief/leader jefe, cacique chefe culture-mythology kayaritomo kajaritomo unknown See Language page
club garrote, cachiporra clava, porrete subsistence tool watma watma missing See Language page
loincloth taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla tanga, tapa-sexo dress unknown See Language page
fireplace hogar lareira other missing See Language page
fishing line cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze linha de pesca subsistence tool xapopo ʃapopo inheritance See Language page
salt sal sal food yɨmɨtɨ jɨmɨtɨ unique See Language page
song (generic) canción, canto canção culture-mythology waano waano inheritance shared Eñepa See Language page
blowgun cerbatana, pucuna (Peru) zarabatana subsistence tool missing currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region See Language page
dart (blowgun) dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru) dardo, seta subsistence tool hunting and warfare See Language page
fan abanico abanador, abano subsistence tool wayaΦamsɨ wajaΦamsɨ unknown esp. for fanning a cooking fire See Language page
fish (with line) anzuelear, pescar con linea pescar (com linha) food anɨmɨ (SM) anɨmɨ (SM) inheritance See Language page
fish (with fish-poison) pescar con barbasco, barbasquear pescar com timbó; tinguijar food missing See Language page
hunt cazar caçar food k-es-etak-e-sɨ k-es-etak-e-sɨ inheritance See Language page
game animal caza, animal de caza caça, animal de caça food wooto (SM) wooto (SM) inheritance Interesting correlation to 'fish' in Tukanoan languages See Language page
gourd (dipper/bowl) cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo cuia subsistence tool tutum tutum unknown Carib source of Spanish totuma? See Language page
grater rallador, rallo ralador, ralo subsistence tool xmaari (SM) xmaari (SM) inheritance esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well See Language page
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf) barbacoa jirau subsistence tool missing See Language page
mortar mortero pilão subsistence tool aaku aaku inheritance See Language page
pestle pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor mão de pilão subsistence tool ak ɲiyo ak ɲijo missing See Language page
fermented drink masato, chicha caxiri, chicha culture Φučukwa, kawaši-ye-m Φučukwa, kawaši-je-m unknown; inheritance prioritizes manioc beer where distinction is made See Language page
flour/meal from manioc fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina farinha food kwašarɨ kwašarɨ unique agriculture See Language page
flat bread, cassava bread pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe beiju food čuure čuure semantic shift cf. 'manioc' usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits See Language page
starch (tapioca, other) almidón goma de tapioca food šeere; saraΦu šeere; saraΦu semantic shift cf. 'manioc' See Language page
tapioca drink, mingau cahuana, caguana mingau food missing agriculture See Language page
tipiti (manioc squeezer) tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca tipiti food kwahsɨ kwahsɨ inheritance? shared Eñepa word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc See Language page
tripod for washing manioc trípode tripé subsistence tool missing agriculture See Language page
venom for darts, poison veneno curare subsistence tool missing hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?) See Language page
woven strainer/sieve colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru) peneira, cumatá subsistence tool manari; tuuwa manari; tuuwa inheritance; unknown agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour See Language page
bait for fishing cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru) isca subsistence tool karaΦa karaΦa inheritance can refer to worms; more generic See Language page
fishtrap trampa de peces, trampa matapi, cacuri subsistence tool kamina; šiika kamina; šiika inheritance See Language page
bottom grinding stone manufacture if different word from top grinding stone See Language page
digging stick subsistence tool See Language page
top grinding stone metate, mano; piedra de moler metate, mano manufacture use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone See Language page
boomerang/throwing stick (generic) subsistence tool See Language page
spearthrower subsistence tool See Language page
house other mɨɨmo mɨɨmo inheritance cf. Makiritare See Language page