Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

snake (generic)

Semantic Field: flora-fauna
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish: culebra, serpiente
Meaning Portuguese: cobra

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Language	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

Language	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Traded	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	General Notes
Achagua	áapi (dp91),ái	á:pi (dp91), ái		inheritance												See Language page
Aché		mebo		unknown												See Language page
Aguaruna	dápi	dápi		inheritance												See Language page
Akawaio	ögöi	ögöɪ		inheritance		Northern Carib?										See Language page		0		1		0				0	0			no
Andoke	poʌtaʌ			unique												See Language page
Apalai	okoi	okoi		inheritance												See Language page
Arabana	alakura			unique
Araona		ba'kʷa														See Language page															Cf. 'child' 02.270. Tacn form is baka.
Ashuar	nápi	napi														See Language page
Ayoreo		u'gaai														See Language page															A poisonous s. is nasaa'miroi. Tobité dialect is asaa'rio. A black s. is u'gaa-gadooi, lit. 's. that goes'.
Baniwa	áapi, ããpi (hr01)	áapi, ããpi (hr01)		inheritance		Proto-Arawak (North and South)						uncoded				See Language page		0		1		0				0	0			no
Bankalachi Toloim	nah'-tis		snake (any)	loan			Yokuts	Yowlumne not'-tit; nŏt'-titCH “rattlesnake”; Chukchansi nah'-sis “rattlesnake, any snake”; Proto-NimYokuts *naThiTh “rattlesnake” (Golla 1964:64)			same	underived				C. H. Merriam 60-463		0		1		0				0	0			no
Barasano	ãjã	ãjã														See Language page
Bardi	juurru	juurru		inheritance								underived						0		1		0				0	0			N/A
Bardi	djur%	jurr		inheritance
Bare	mawaya	mawaja														See Language page
Bará		ã'jã														See Language page
Barí		čiidu														See Language page															Colombia: čiduurə. Chibchan form is takabi.
Baure	ki'woṛ̌; 'peropi	ki'woṛ̌; 'peropi		inheritance			S. Arawak									See Language page
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone	tokoa		snake (generic), rattlesnake	inheritance	tɨ-koNwa	Numic		Stubbs 2009 (2008:279), prefix only in Numic			same	underived	etymologicall a phrase, rock-snake			Crapo 1976:179		0		1		0				0	0			no
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone	tokoa “rattlesnake, snake (generic)”			inheritance
Bora	íínyimye	íínjimjɛ		inheritance												See Language page
Bunuba	bilanyi	bilanyi		inheritance	pirlanyi	Bunuban		cf. Jam. Pulany	WW	%pulany		underived						0		1		0				0	0			N/A
Bunuba	birlanyi			inheritance
Burarra	missing			missing								missing						0		1		0				0	0			N/A
Burarra	ana-bericha			unknown
Cahuilla	séwet	ˈsewet	snakes	inheritance	*sɨwɨn-	Takic		S2011a (Stubbs 2009:280); not Stubbs' reconstruction, but Kitanemuk, Serrano are conservative in retaining these nasals.			same	other complex	sewe-t	-7aʃ "pet"	possessive classifier -7aʃ (probably)	Bean 1972:61	no info	0	Moon gaves snakes their colors; they are her paintings (Seiler 1970:44)	1		no info	hunted	Men	boiled, roasted	0	0	Americas	Diverse habitats	yes
Cahuilla	sewet (rattlesnake)			inheritance												S&H 1979
Camsa	mɨtɕkuáje	mɨtɕkuáje														See Language page
Candoshi-Shapra	góyogópshi	nkóyonkópʃi		unique												See Language page
Canela		kaaŋə; pat														See Language page															Jê form is kaŋã. Maxacalí form is kãɲã-noc̷.
Carapana	ãña	ãɲã, 'ãjã (H&R), pĩno (FS)														See Language page
Carijona	əkəi	aka'i (H&R)		inheritance		Northern Carib?		H&R aka'i								See Language page		0		1		0				0	0			no
Cavineña	bakʷa; bakwa (G71)	bakʷa; bakwa (G71)														See Language page
Cayuvava		čɔčɔ														See Language page
Central Aymara	asiru, katari	asiru														See Language page
Central Sierra Miwok	lah'-wah-te		snake (any)	inheritance		Sierra Miwokan only		In Miss				underived	must be etymologically complex			Merriam 57:463		0		1		0				0	0			no
Central Sierra Miwok	lo:paT:i-			inheritance
Cha'palaa		'piɲi														See Language page
Chemehuevi	kwe-ets	kwiijaatsi	snake (any)	unique							same	other complex	has -ci ABS			Merriam 59:535		0		1		0				0	0			no
Chemehuevi	kogO snake sp			inheritance												JPH
Chipaya		šḳora														See Language page															Uru-J form is šḳora.
Chiriguano		ᵐboi		inheritance												See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja		xuppa														See Language page
Chumash Barbareno	c'iqHiy'		snake	unique								underived				Beeler 1978:175		0		1		0				0	0			no
Chumash Barbareno	xshap “rattlesnake”			inheritance												Ono 1996:26
Chumash Ineseno	i-yu-wes'-sĕ		snake (any)	unique								other complex	I'll bet this is an 7al form misheard by CHM			Merriam 55:17		0		1		0				0	0			no
Chumash Ineseno	xshap “rattlesnake”			inheritance												A76:279
Chumash Obispeno	tʃo		vibora	unique								underived				Harrington III:1:0085		0		1		0				0	0			no
Chumash Obispeno	tqwa(y)hiqwa7, kwayhiqwa7 rattlesnake(?			loan												Klar 1977
Chumash Ventureno	pʃoʃ		snake	inheritance	*pSoSo	Proto-Chumash						underived				Heizer/Pinart I:58		0		1		0				0	0			no
Chumash Ventureno	xshap “rattlesnake”			unknown												JPH
Chácobo	rono	rono		inheritance												See Language page
Cocopa	ɂawí		appears in other snake names, always in phrase	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		Note Kiliwa ?+wi?			same	underived				Crawford 1989		0		1		0				0	0			no
Cocopa	7awi/ “rattlesnake”			inheritance
Cofán	anttanfasi iyo															See Language page															phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
Comanche	kwasinaboo?		snake (general)	unique							same	finite clause?	kwasi-naboo? tail-is.striped/spotted/patterned			Robinson & Armagost 1990:163		0		1		0				0	0			no
Comanche	kwasinaboo7			unique
Cubeo	no generic term	ã'jã́		inheritance		Proto-Tukanoan						uncoded				See Language page		0		1		0				0	0			no
Cuiva		hómo														See Language page
Cupeño	missing			missing								missing						0		1		0				0	0			no
Cupeño	sewe-t	[sɨwɨt]		inheritance
Desano	ã'jã́	ã'jã́		inheritance				Several ET languages use 'snake' root in both forms				uncoded				See Language page		0		1		0				0	0			no
Dhangu	missing			missing								missing						0		1		0				0	0			N/A
Dhangu	djäḻki(')			unknown
Dhay’yi	missing			missing														0		1		0				0	0			N/A
Dhuwal	missing			missing								missing						0		1		0				0	0			N/A
Dhuwal	mundukuḻ(')
Dhuwala	djäḻki(')			unknown
Diyari	wanku			inheritance
DiyariREU	[missing]			missing
Djambarrpuyngu	[missing]			missing
Djapu	mundukuḻ(')			unknown
Djeoromitxi	mẽ	mẽ														See Language page
Djinang	missing			missing								missing						0		1		0				0	0			N/A
Djinang	minarr			unknown
Dâw	rẽér	hæ̃̌h		inheritance								missing				See Language page		0		1		0				0	0			no
Epena		'taama														See Language page
Ese Ejja		peeyo; -ɓakʷa-														See Language page
Ese Ejja/Huarayo	akwišo peo	akwišo peo														See Language page
Esselen	missing			missing								missing						0		1		0				0	0			no
Esselen	tse/tselkmati “rattlesnake”			unknown												Henshaw in Shaul 1995:200 and voc
Eñepa	ake, Var. ajke (MM)	ake, Var. ahke (MM)		inheritance		Northern Carib?										See Language page		0		1		0				0	0			no
Gabrielino	ta:hur, ta:xor (281)	ˈta:hur	la culebra, gopher snake	inheritance	*tahu-	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S2015 (Stubbs 2009:280)			narrower (does not include rattlesnakes)	other complex	ˈta:hu-r snake-npn	-ʔaʧ “pet	possessive classifier for animals	Harrington 161	no info	0		1	McC p. 116	no info	hunted	all	no info	0	0	Americas	Diverse habitats	no
Gabrielino	$o:t “snake”; $o:wot “rattlesnake”;			inheritance
Gajirrabeng	nganjoowarrng	nganjuwarrng		semantic shift	nganjuwarr	N.Jarragan		original meaning 'King Brown snake'				underived						0		1		0				0	0			N/A
Gajirrabeng	nganjoowarrng			inheritance
Gooniyandi	barlanyi	barlanyi		inheritance	pirlanyi	Bunuban						underived						0		1		0				0	0			N/A
Gooniyandi	barlanyi			inheritance
Guayabero	hom	hom		inheritance								uncoded				See Language page		0		1		0				0	0			no
Gumatj	missing			missing														0		1		0				0	0			N/A
Gupapuyngu	missing			missing								missing						0		1		0				0	0			N/A
Gupapuyngu	djäḻki(')			unknown
Gurindji	kuljany	kuljany		semantic shift	kuljany	python		also wari; kuljany 'carpet snake' in Jaru				underived						0		1		0				0	0			N/A
Gurindji	kuljany			loan			Jaru
Guugu Yimidhirr	thaarba & thunggul	thaarba & thunggul		unique				To KYal /thaarba/ 'snake'; poss. a loan in KYal from GYim.				underived						0		1		0				0	0
Hodï	ih'ko	iʰkʷo		unique			cf. Carib	But compare Carib, e.g.Eñepa ajke				uncoded				See Language page		0		1		0				0	0			no
Huambisa	napi	napi														See Language page
Hup	[no generic]	[no generic]		missing								missing				See Language page		0		1	some kinds and some people only	0	hunted?			0	0			no
Ignaciano		epačepare; pačepare														See Language page															Also kičare.
Iipay 'Aa	han-nă-kor'		snake (any)	unique							same	underived	a wild guess			Merriam 55:213		0		1		0				0	0			no
Iipay 'Aa	'ewii	[Ɂəˈwiˑ]		inheritance
Ingá	amarun	kulíbra (SP loan, H&R)														See Language page
Iquito	cúni	kúni		loan, direction unknown			Yagua kondij									See Language page
Itonama		biluwa														See Language page															Fer-de-lance' is upakˀa; boa constrictor is uyula; 'boyé' is opori.
Jabirr-Jabirr	djur%	jurr		inheritance
Jaru	muntiny	muntiny		semantic shift	muntiny	Ngumpin		black-headed python > muntuty by Nasal Cluster Dissimilation. Doublet?				uncoded						0		1		0				0	0			N/A
Jaru	lingga			semantic shift
Jawi	tora	dorra		inheritance
Jingulu	mikintyi	mikintyi		unknown								underived						0		1		0				0	0			N/A
Kabiyari	apí (dp91)	apí (dp91)														See Language page
Kaingang	pỹn	pə̃n														See Language page
Kakataibo		rono; pis'ka														See Language page															Also ru'nĩ 'anaconda'; si'taru, si'tarunu (dial.); pis'ka; kanarũ, kanaru (dial.); ka'moṣ̌ 'kind of snake'. Panoan rono; *pisika.
Kakua	~bâj	~bâj		inheritance								underived				See Language page		0		1		0				0	0			no
Kalapalo	eke	eke		inheritance												See Language page
Kamayurá	mõj (M2000)	mõj (M2000)		inheritance												See Language page
Kanamarí	hihpam	hihpam	cobra da terra (em geral)													Magalhães 2018:356
Karajarri	djuṛu	djuṛu		loan			Nyulnyulan					underived						0		1		0				0	0			N/A
Karajarri	jurru			inheritance
Karajá		hemɨlala														See Language page
Kariña	nohkan	nohkan	snake													Yamada 2010:780														no
Karitiana	moroja	moɾoja		inheritance												See Language page
Katukina		rono														See Language page
Kawaiisu	to-go'-wah			inheritance	tɨ-koNwa	Proto-Numic		Stubbs 2009 but with this prefix only Numic				unknown				Merriam 59:375		0		1		0				0	0			no
Kawaiisu	togowa “rattlesnake”			inheritance
Kija	ngamarrany	ngamarrany		unique				As with the other root King Brown is extended to snake life-form				underived						0		1		0				0	0			N/A
Kija	ngamarra-			inheritance
Kiliwa	?+wi?		snake, viper	inheritance		Proto-Yuman					same	underived				Mixco 1985		0		1		0				0	0			no
Kiliwa	7-wi7			inheritance
Kitanemuk	hɨŋt	hɨŋt	snake, rattlesnake	inheritance	*sɨwɨn-	Takic		S2011a (Stubbs 2009:280); not Stubbs' reconstruction, but Kitanemuk, Serrano are conservative in retaining these nasals.			broader (also generic for snake)	other complex	hɨŋ-t rattlesnake-npn	-ʔacit "pet"	possessive classifier for animals	Anderton 1988:312	no info	0		1		no info	no info	no info	no info	0	0	Americas	Diverse habitats	yes
Kitanemuk	hyngt			inheritance
Kokama	mui	mui		inheritance												See Language page
Koko-Bera	missing			missing
Koreguaje	aña	ˈaɲa		inheritance												See Language page
Kotiria	~phido	ã'gã (H&R), ~pʰido		inheritance				Means 'boa, anaconda' in most other ET languages. Also ã'gã (H&R)				uncoded				See Language page		0		1		0				0	0			no
Kuku-Thaypan	missing			missing								missing						0		1		0				0	0			N/A
Kuku-Yalanji	jarba	jarba		loan			Guugu Yimidhirr	To GYim /thaarba/ 'snake'; judged a loan from GYim because of loss of vowel length distinction.				underived						0		1		0				0	0			N/A
Kurtjar	missing			missing								missing						0		1		0				0	0			N/A
Kuuk Thaayorre	yak	yak		unique								underived						0		1		0				0	0			N/A
Kwazá	-djay	-djay														See Language page
Lake Miwok	p'ódwaj		snake	loan			Hill Patwin	“probably from Hill Patwin porwan “snake”” with -aj by analogy” (1965:117)				other complex	-aj			Callaghan 1965		0		1		0				0	0			no
Lake Miwok	p'o/dwaj			loan
Lengua		yewa														See Language page
Lokono	ori	oɾi	snake													Pet 1987:371														no
Luiseño	píiqwala	ʹpi:qʷala	snake (any kind) (but not rattlesnakes, see Species notes JHH)	unique							narrower (does not include rattlesnakes)	other complex	ʹpi:qʷa-la (root may be derived)	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla	Elliott 1999: 714	no info	0		1	lizards not eaten, so snakes may also be proscribed	no info	no info	no info	no info	0	0	Americas	diverse habitats	no
Luiseño	pi:qwa-la			unknown
Maca		ḳˀoy-ḳˀoy (m.)														See Language page															Many varieties. Cf. 'worm' 03.840.
Macaguan	jom	hom		inheritance								uncoded				See Language page		0		1		0				0	0			no
Maidu	húsky		snake (general)	unique								underived				Shipley 1963		0		1		0				0	0			no
Maidu	hu/sky (does not appear alone)			unknown
Maihiki	aña aguɨ	aɲa agɨ, ãjã		inheritance		Proto-Tukanoan						uncoded		agɨ	agɨ = masculine animate	See Language page		0		1		0				0	0			no
Makiritare	əkə̄yu (IDS) (Also tadādwēmə); ökö:yu (KH)	əkə:ju		inheritance												See Language page
Makuna	ãña	ãɲa, ãjã		inheritance												See Language page
Makushi	ikɨ́í	ikɨ́í		inheritance		Northern Carib?										See Language page		0		1		0				0	0			no
Malyangapa	thurru			inheritance
Mangala	kalakata (T)			unknown
Mapoyo	ëkëi (ëkkëi)	ɛkɛi (ɛkkɛi)														See Language page
Mapudungun		filu														See Language page															Ranquel form is čoča.
Matses	nisi	nisi		unknown												See Language page
Mbabaram	agerr	agerr		unique								underived						0		1		0				0	0			N/A
Minica Witoto	hái.o	hái.o														See Language page
Miriwung	ngandjuwarrng	ngandjuwarrng		inheritance	ngantyuwarr	Jarragan		King Brown>snake				underived						0		1		0				0	0			N/A
Miriwung	nganjoowarrng			inheritance
Mithaka	pardi			inheritance?
Mocoví		nan-aik														See Language page															Lit. 'coil-adj (masc)'.
Mojave	ɂave		snake	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		Note Kiliwa ?+wi? ; Maricopa ɂave; Yuma 7a.ve/ Halpern 1:30			same	underived				Munro et al.1992		0		1		0				0	0			no
Mojave	7ave			inheritance
Mosetén-Chimané		'nas														See Language page
Movima	čaβoʔo (J62)	tʃaβoʔo														See Language page
Mudburra	wari
Mudburra	wari			doubtful loan
Muinane	xíinimo; íttɨ {small snake}	xíinimo; íttɨ {small snake}														See Language page
Muisca	muyso aquyca gue	muɨso akuɨka γe														See Language page
Murui Witoto	hai.o	hai.o		inheritance/Witoto												See Language page
Mutsun	ko:Tehwa		snake (any) Merriam confirms	inheritance		Yok-Utian		Cf. Pynim xo:THongiTH (and ko:langkHil “king snake”), Pmis *ho.tong-ja-; Callaghan 1997:60				other complex	-wa is "serpent" suffix Okrand p. 142			Merriam 55:417		0		1		0				0	0			no
Mutsun	7ippi "rattlesnake",ippih "rattlesnake" (a turned-around one)			loan												O77:145;
Nadëb/Roçado dialect		ʔawɯ̱:		doubtful loan			Arawak *owi									See Language page
Napo Lowland Quichua	palu	palu														See Language page
Ngamini	nganytyi			unique
Ngandi	missing			missing								missing						0		1		0				0	0			N/A
Ngandi	a-dharlarra			inheritance
Ngarinyin	langkut	langkut		inheritance	*rlangku-	proto-Worrorran						uncoded						0		1		0				0	0			N/A
Ngarluma	warlu
Ngumbarl	tchooroo	tchooroo		inheritance								underived						0		1		0				0	0			N/A
Ngumbarl	tchooroo	jurru		inheritance
Nheengatu	buya	buja		inheritance		Proto-Tupi-Guarani		Reconstructed PTG Mello 2000				underived				See Language page		0		1		0				0	0			no
Nhirrpi	kathikathi			semantic shift
Nimanburru	djur%	djur%		inheritance								underived						0		1		0				0	0			N/A
Nimanburru	djur%	jurr		inheritance
Ninam	rosik (gom), orɨk (EM72)	rosik (gom), oɾɨk		inheritance								uncoded				See Language page		0		1		0				0	0			no
Nisenan	kojmo		Merriam confirms snake (any); also haw'-tot	unique								underived				Merriam 57:241		0		1		0				0	0			no
Nisenan	hi:k'i (big)			unknown
Nivaclé		tos														See Language page
Northern Emberá	daamá	daːmá, tamá (H&R)														See Language page
Northern Mangarla	jurru
Northern Nyangumarta	jikatany			inheritance
Northern Paiute	nooyooadu		Snake	unique							same	derived	nuyua-dɨ “crawl-er”			Merriam 61:147		0		1		0				0	0			no
Northern Paiute	togokwa “rattlesnake”			inheritance												Thornes 03:298
Northern Sierra Miwok	lo:pa:Ti-		snake	inheritance		Sierra Miwokan only		In Mics				other complex	-To					0		1		0				0	0			no
Northern Sierra Miwok	lo:pa:Ti-			inheritance
Nukak	mãĩ4			inheritance								uncoded				See Language page		0		1		0				0	0			no
Nyangumarta	jurru	jurru		loan			Nyulnyulan					underived						0		1		0				0	0			N/A
Nyangumarta	jurru			inheritance
Nyikina	jilbidikoodanyoon	jilbidikoodanyoon		unique								derived						0		1		0				0	0			N/A
Nyikina	juru	juru		inheritance
Nyulnyul	bulgun, juurr	bulgun, juurr		inheritance								underived						0		1		0				0	0			N/A
Nyulnyul	djur%	jurr		inheritance
Nɨpode Witoto	hái.o, iβána	hái.o, iβána														See Language page
Ocaina	gonjóónhinhtsi	gõhṍṍʔĩʔtsi		unique												See Language page
Paakantyi	mulkeri			unique
Pakanh	missing	missing		missing														0		1		0				0	0			N/A
Paraguayan Guaraní		'ᵐboi														See Language page
Paresi	ˈowi	ˈuwi		inheritance												See Language page
Pemon	okoi; ököi (E1980); ököi (M2000)	oko (A1981)i; ököɪ (E1980)		inheritance		Northern Carib?										See Language page		0		1		0				0	0			no
Piapoco	áapi (dp91), àapi	á:pi (dp91), àapi														See Language page
Piaroa	wiriät'erä; ahkáh (K76)	wiriæt'eræ, ahkáh		doubtful loan			Carib									See Language page
Pilagá		nan-aik														See Language page															Lit. 'curl up-masc adj.'.
Pirriya	kathi			semantic shift
Pitta-Pitta	kunderry			loan direction unknown
Plains Miwok	wilo-, wilu-		snake	unique								underived						0		1		0				0	0			no
Plains Miwok	wilo-, wilu-			unknown
Playero		homó														See Language page
Puinave	generic snake: sə̃p	generic snake: sə̃p		unique												See Language page
Páez	ol	ol, ul (H&R)														See Language page
Qawasqar		terḳoyasoḳ														See Language page
Quechua Ayacuchano	machaqway, maqta-uru	matʃaqwaj, maqta-uɾu														See Language page
Rembarrnga	missing			missing								missing						0		1		0				0	0			N/A
Resígaro	oná?kó	onáʔkó		unique		Central North Arawak						uncoded				See Language page		0		1		0				0	0			no
Rirratjingu	mol'ŋu
Ritharrngu	missing			missing								missing						0		1		0				0	0			N/A
Ritharrngu	dharlarra			loan
Salinan A	šk'ot		snake, worm, grub; Merriam's “snake, any” 55”379	unique		Salinan						other complex	s- animal prefix			Mason 1918:123; Turner 1980:83		0		1		0				0	0			no
Salinan A	Ta:li:ye:7 “serpent”			loan direction unknown
Salinan M	ck'ot		snake, worm, grub; (Merriam's “snake, any” 55”379)	unique		Salinan						underived				Mason 1918:123		0		1		0				0	0			no
Salinan M	Tinele/' 'serpent'			loan direction unknown												Mason 1918:125
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité		akyiwa														See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet		nemesma														See Language page
Sanumá	olɨgɨgɨ (edible snakes only), olɨkɨkɨ (EM72)	olɨgɨgɨ (edible snakes only), olɨkɨkɨ (EM72)		inheritance							Narrower (edible snakes only)	uncoded				See Language page		0		1		0				0	0			no
Secoya	aña	ˈã'jã														See Language page
Seri (Comcaac)	ziix coíimaj hant cöquiih	cö is /kw/	snake, general term for non-biting species (biting species change coiimaj for cocazni)	unique							narrower (doesn't include biting snakes/vipers)	relative clause	animal coiler (whipsnake) earththat- lies (?)			Comcaac Dictionary 205		0		1		0				0	0			no
Seri (Comcaac)	coca/zni “rattlesnake”			unknown
Serrano	hyr:ng-t		snake, any (CHM confirms)	inheritance	*sɨwɨn-	Takic		S2011a (Stubbs 2008:280); not Stubbs' reconstruction, but Kitanemuk, Serrano are conservative in retaining these nasals.				other complex	-t NPN			Merriam 60-109		0		1		0				0	0			no
Serrano	hY:ng-t “rattlesnake”			inheritance
Shipibo-Konibo		rono														See Language page															'Anaconda' is ronĩ.
Sikuani	jomo (rk83); atsajomo (42), jomo (2), manu (2)(Arawak borrowing)	hómo		inheritance				atsajomo (42), jomo (2), manu (2) (Arawak borrowing)				uncoded				See Language page		0		1		0				0	0			no
Siona	aña	aɲa		inheritance												See Language page
Siriano	ãñá	ãɲá, ã'jã́														See Language page
Sirionó	mei̯; mei̯ kʷaču	mei̯; mei̯ kʷaǩu		inheritance												See Language page
Southern Paiute	kwe-ets' L, M, A; kwe-etch L		snake (any)	unique				this is a western form otherwise unique to Chemehuevi -- loan? Euphemism?			same	other complex	has -tsi ABS			Merriam 59:471		0		1		0				0	0			no
Southern Paiute	togoa-S rattlesnake			inheritance
Southern Sierra Miwok	7ici-		snake (Merriam has law:ati- 57:463	unique								underived				Broadbent 1964:		0		1		0				0	0			no
Southern Sierra Miwok	7ici-			unknown
Southern Ute	togóa-vI		snake, rattlesnake	inheritance	*koNwa	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 2009 (2008:279); this word with the to- prefix is just Numic, however			same	other complex	has -pi ABS			Givon 1979		0		1		0				0	0			no
Southern Ute	no generic tog'oavI “rattlesnake”			inheritance
Suyá	kaŋã, kãná	kaŋã, kãná														See Language page
Sáliva	llacui	ʤakʷi		unknown												See Language page
Tacana		bakʷa														See Language page
Tanimuca	ã'dyã 'ka	ã'ʎã 'ka		inheritance												See Language page
Tariana	api (dp91), mawáli 'cobra, verme'; ʔã́mpi (H&R92)	api (dp91), mawáli 'cobra, verme'		inheritance		Proto-Arawak (North and South)		Also mawáli 'cobra, verme'				uncoded				See Language page		0		1		0				0	0			no
Tatuyo	ˈã'jã	ˈã'jã														See Language page
Tikuna	ãxtape	ãʔtape		unique												See Language page
Tiriyó	əkəi	əkəi		inheritance												See Language page
Tjaapukay	djama	cama	snake (generic)	inheritance	*cama	pYTj		To Yidiny				underived						0		1		0				0	0			N/A
Toba		n-ʔad-aʁan-aḳ														See Language page															Lit. 'prefix-puncture-intrans-agent (masc)'.
Trinitario		ɣɣore; činʸompi														See Language page															Also pač'porepi.
Trumai	kodešɨš	kodešɨš														See Language page
Tukano	pĩrô	ã́jã́, pĩrô		inheritance				In other ET languages, this means boa/anaconda. Also ã́jã́ (cognate with other Tuk)				uncoded				See Language page		0		1		0				0	0			no
Tuyuka	ã'jã́	ã'jã́														See Language page
Tübatulabal	tuhhatt	tuˈhat	water snake (see species notes)	inheritance	*tahu	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S2015 (Stubbs 2009:280); seems reasonable to include in the set			narrower (does not include rattlesnakes)	other complex	tuˈha-t snake-npn			Hill 2010:92	no info	0		1	no reptiles eaten (Voegelin 1938:6)	no info	N/A	N/A	N/A	0	0	Americas	Diverse habitats	no
Tübatulabal	shymmynt “rattlesnake”			inheritance
Tümpisa Shoshone	tokowa		snake, rattlesnake	inheritance	tɨ-koNwa	Proto-Numic		Stubbs 2009; with this prefix only in Numic			same	underived	obviously to-kowa “rock-snake” but I doubt if this is accessible to speakers			Dayley 1989:291		0		1		0				0	0			no
Tümpisa Shoshone	tokowa (rattlesnake)			inheritance
Urarina	akanu	akanu		unique												See Language page
Uw-Olkol	missing	missing		missing														0		1		0				0	0			N/A
Uw-Oykangand	missing	missing		missing														0		1		0				0	0			N/A
Wai Wai	okoyi	okoyi		inheritance												See Language page
Waikhana	ã'jã	ã'jã														See Language page
Waimaja	ãñã́	ãɲã́														See Language page
Waimiri Atroari	kyrywy	kɨrɨwɨ														See Language page
Walmajarri	tyilpirtitjarti	tyilpirtitjarti		unique								compound	guts-HAVING					0		1		0				0	0			N/A
Walmajarri	jilpirtijarti			inheritance
Wangkayutyuru	wama			loan
Waorani	tæ̃tæbó			unique								uncoded				See Language page		0		1		0				0	0			no
Wapishana	generic snake: kʰuwaẓaẓ	generic snake: kʰuwaẓaẓ		unique												See Language page		0		1		0				0	0			no
Wappo	holo:wík'a		snake (CHM confirms 52:577)	unique				Note Lake Miwok holoomaj “rattlesnake”				phrase	holo:- presumably some kind of critter element; see “ant”			Sawyer 1965		0		1		0				0	0			no
Wappo	holo:wi/k'a			loan
Warao	hube															See Language page
Wardaman	linin	linin		unknown								uncoded						0		1		0				0	0			N/A
Wari	emʔ	emʔ														See Language page
Warlpiri	warna	warna		inheritance	warna	Ngumpin-Yapa						underived						0		1		0				0	0			N/A
Warrwa	juurru	juurru		inheritance
Washo	má:k'i7		snake (any)	unique								underived				Merriam 55:311; WPD		0		1		0				0	0			no
Washo	ma/7ki7			unknown												J69
Waurá	uwi	uwi		inheritance												See Language page
Wayampi	mɔy	mɔj		inheritance												See Language page
Wayana	ëkëi	ǝkǝi		inheritance												See Language page
Wayuu		wɨi (~ wɨľi)														See Language page															Cf. 'earthworm' 03.840.
Western Mono	toGoqA		“snake (any)” as well as rattlesnake	inheritance	*tɨ-koNwa	Proto-Numic		UA “snake” word *koNwa is S2009, but this form only in Numic			same	unknown				Merriam 59:81 (transcription from Bethle et al.		0		1		0				0	0			no
Western Mono	togo/qA “rattlesnake”			inheritance
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay		ahʷe'c̷ah														See Language page
Wik Ngathan	ngench	ngeñc	snake	unique				per Sutton, to WNgathan /-ngench/ & WMng /ngench/ 'sacred'. Therefore ultimately < pPNyungan *ngalñca				underived			Can be preposed to a species name as a generic.			0		1		0				0	0			N/A
Wintu	La:q		snakes (really, just loses glottalization)	unique								underived				Pitkin 1985		0		1		0				0	0			no
Wintu	lya:q “snake, rattlesnake”			loan direction unknown
Wubuy	lharlarra			inheritance
Yabarana		ə'kəi														See Language page
Yagua	codiy	kondij		doubtful loan, direction unknown			Iquito kuni									See Language page
Yaminahua		rono														See Language page
Yan-nhangu	mol’	mol’		unique								simplex						0		1		0				0	0			N/A
Yan-nhangu	moḻ'			unknown
Yandruwandha	kathikathi, pardi kathikathi			semantic shift
Yanomam	orukɨk (EM72)	oɾukɨk		inheritance								uncoded				See Language page		0		1		0				0	0			no
Yanomami	oru	oɾu		inheritance								underived		kəkɨ is a nominal classifier specifying that things are of the same species		See Language page		0		1		0				0	0			no
Yarluyandi	wangu			inheritance
Yavapai	ɂlwĭ	breve is hachek	snake	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		Note Kiliwa ?+wi?				unknown				Shaterian 1983		0		1		0				0	0			no
Yavapai	?lwi\/, ?lwi/			inheritance
Yavitero	u'meni	u'meni														See Language page
Yawarrawarrka	wonku			inheritance
Yawuru	jurru	jurru		inheritance								underived						0		1		0				0	0			N/A
Yawuru	jurru	jurru		inheritance
Yidiny	jama	jama		inheritance	*cama	pYTj		To Tjaap. /djama/.				underived		minya				0		1		0				0	0			N/A
Yine		himnɨ; pi														See Language page															Piro-Apuriná forms are hɨ'mɨnɨ; *pi.
Yir-Yoront	tholqorr; minh-	minh-thol7orr		unique								underived	tholqorr 'long': minh-tholqorr (like the respect-language equivalent wirqvyvw ('bony one', referring to the many ribs) is a coinage of convenience; there is, properly speaking, no generic term for 'snake'					0		1		0	Post-Wet, peaking in Dry; Pre-Wet. Eggs Post-Wet & Dry			0	0			many spp
Yokuts Palewyami	missing			missing								missing						0		1		0				0	0			no
Yokuts Palewyami	Te7et “rattlesnake”			inheritance												Source? JPH
Yokuts Yawdanchi	e-now'-we-det'		snake (any) (Wik)	unique							same	other complex	I'm sure this is complex form but analysis impossible			Merriam 58:371		0		1		0				0	0			no
Yokuts Yawdanchi	t:OOd “rattlesnake” 242	THO7Ot?		inheritance												K07:242
Yokuts Yowlumne	yax	Kroeber's transcription for Merriam's yah”	snake (any)	inheritance		Yokutsan		usually the word for “water-snake” in Kroeber			same	underived				Merriam 58:561		0		1		0				0	0			no
Yokuts Yowlumne	naTHiTH (rattlesnake)			inheritance												Golla 1964
Yuki	hunk'an'		any snake MW	inheritance	*hunk'an'	Yukian-Wappo		Schlichter 1985				underived				Sawyer & Schlichter 1984		0		1		0				0	0			no
Yuki	lil na,w'en, lil na,7in, lil na,7en, lil na,:7en' “rattlesnake”			unknown												S&S 1984
Yukpa	kiripo	ko'nena														See Language page															Phon only in source
Yukuna	jeina, jeí (rk83); heíŋ (H&R92)	heina		unique								uncoded				See Language page		0		1		0				0	0			no
Yuma	ah-vĭh'		snake (any)	inheritance								unknown				Merriam 61:463		0		1		0				0	0			no
Yuma	7a:ve/ H1:29			inheritance
Yuruti	ã́jã	ã́jã														See Language page


Achagua
Aché
Aguaruna
Akawaio
Andoke
Apalai
Arabana
Araona
Ashuar
Ayoreo
Baniwa
Bankalachi Toloim
Barasano
Bardi
Bardi
Bare
Bará
Barí
Baure
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone
Bora
Bunuba
Bunuba
Burarra
Burarra
Cahuilla
Cahuilla
Camsa
Candoshi-Shapra
Canela
Carapana
Carijona
Cavineña
Cayuvava
Central Aymara
Central Sierra Miwok
Central Sierra Miwok
Cha'palaa
Chemehuevi
Chemehuevi
Chipaya
Chiriguano
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja
Chumash Barbareno
Chumash Barbareno
Chumash Ineseno
Chumash Ineseno
Chumash Obispeno
Chumash Obispeno
Chumash Ventureno
Chumash Ventureno
Chácobo
Cocopa
Cocopa
Cofán
Comanche
Comanche
Cubeo
Cuiva
Cupeño
Cupeño
Desano
Dhangu
Dhangu
Dhay’yi
Dhuwal
Dhuwal
Dhuwala
Diyari
DiyariREU
Djambarrpuyngu
Djapu
Djeoromitxi
Djinang
Djinang
Dâw
Epena
Ese Ejja
Ese Ejja/Huarayo
Esselen
Esselen
Eñepa
Gabrielino
Gabrielino
Gajirrabeng
Gajirrabeng
Gooniyandi
Gooniyandi
Guayabero
Gumatj
Gupapuyngu
Gupapuyngu
Gurindji
Gurindji
Guugu Yimidhirr
Hodï
Huambisa
Hup
Ignaciano
Iipay 'Aa
Iipay 'Aa
Ingá
Iquito
Itonama
Jabirr-Jabirr
Jaru
Jaru
Jawi
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Kamayurá
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Kariña
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Kawaiisu
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Kija
Kija
Kiliwa
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Kitanemuk
Kitanemuk
Kokama
Koko-Bera
Koreguaje
Kotiria
Kuku-Thaypan
Kuku-Yalanji
Kurtjar
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Kwazá
Lake Miwok
Lake Miwok
Lengua
Lokono
Luiseño
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Maca
Macaguan
Maidu
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Miriwung
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Mojave
Mojave
Mosetén-Chimané
Movima
Mudburra
Mudburra
Muinane
Muisca
Murui Witoto
Mutsun
Mutsun
Nadëb/Roçado dialect
Napo Lowland Quichua
Ngamini
Ngandi
Ngandi
Ngarinyin
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Ngumbarl
Nheengatu
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Ninam
Nisenan
Nisenan
Nivaclé
Northern Emberá
Northern Mangarla
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Northern Paiute
Northern Paiute
Northern Sierra Miwok
Northern Sierra Miwok
Nukak
Nyangumarta
Nyangumarta
Nyikina
Nyikina
Nyulnyul
Nyulnyul
Nɨpode Witoto
Ocaina
Paakantyi
Pakanh
Paraguayan Guaraní
Paresi
Pemon
Piapoco
Piaroa
Pilagá
Pirriya
Pitta-Pitta
Plains Miwok
Plains Miwok
Playero
Puinave
Páez
Qawasqar
Quechua Ayacuchano
Rembarrnga
Resígaro
Rirratjingu
Ritharrngu
Ritharrngu
Salinan A
Salinan A
Salinan M
Salinan M
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet
Sanumá
Secoya
Seri (Comcaac)
Seri (Comcaac)
Serrano
Serrano
Shipibo-Konibo
Sikuani
Siona
Siriano
Sirionó
Southern Paiute
Southern Paiute
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Southern Sierra Miwok
Southern Ute
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Suyá
Sáliva
Tacana
Tanimuca
Tariana
Tatuyo
Tikuna
Tiriyó
Tjaapukay
Toba
Trinitario
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Tukano
Tuyuka
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal
Tümpisa Shoshone
Tümpisa Shoshone
Urarina
Uw-Olkol
Uw-Oykangand
Wai Wai
Waikhana
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Waimiri Atroari
Walmajarri
Walmajarri
Wangkayutyuru
Waorani
Wapishana
Wappo
Wappo
Warao
Wardaman
Wari
Warlpiri
Warrwa
Washo
Washo
Waurá
Wayampi
Wayana
Wayuu
Western Mono
Western Mono
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay
Wik Ngathan
Wintu
Wintu
Wubuy
Yabarana
Yagua
Yaminahua
Yan-nhangu
Yan-nhangu
Yandruwandha
Yanomam
Yanomami
Yarluyandi
Yavapai
Yavapai
Yavitero
Yawarrawarrka
Yawuru
Yawuru
Yidiny
Yine
Yir-Yoront
Yokuts Palewyami
Yokuts Palewyami
Yokuts Yawdanchi
Yokuts Yawdanchi
Yokuts Yowlumne
Yokuts Yowlumne
Yuki
Yuki
Yukpa
Yukuna
Yuma
Yuma
Yuruti

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