Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

Gumatj

Family
Pama-Nyungan
Region
Australia
ISO 639-3
guf
Location
-12.25°, 136.80°
Notes
Features
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Ethnographic Information
Data Sources
none


Flora Fauna Vocabulary (129)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Linnean Name Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Etymology Notes Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Range of Term Word Structure Word Structure Notes Classifier Classifier Notes Hypernym Source Association with Social Categories Ritual/Mythologically Significant Ritual Notes Food Source Food Notes Medicinal Medicinal Notes How Collected Who Collects How Prepared Psychotropic Psychotropic Notes Traded Trade Notes Distribution Habitat Dangerous Ethnobiology Notes Species Notes General Notes
grasshopper flora-fauna Caelifera missing missing 2 1 0 0 0 no
agile wallaby, river wallaby flora-fauna Macropus agilis missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
ant (generic) hormiga formiga flora-fauna Formicidae ŋäṯi(') ga:lkal inheritance reduplicated 0 0 0 0 0 no
Australian pelican flora-fauna Pelecanus conspicillatus gäḻumay(') ga:ḻumay(') inheritance underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
Australian snubfin dolphin flora-fauna Orcaella heinsohnii wuyunuŋu(') wuyunuŋu(') inheritance underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
baler shell flora-fauna Melo amphora ŋaḻamay(') ŋaḻamay(') unique 0 0 0 0 0 no
bandicoot flora-fauna Peramelemorphia missing 0 0 0 0 0
barn owl flora-fauna Tyto alba missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
barramundi flora-fauna Lates calcarifer watjarrkaḻi(') balin inheritance underived 1 1 0 0 0 no
bat murciélago morcego flora-fauna Chiroptera spp lämbiny la:mbiny unique 0 1 0 0 0 no
bindii, caltrop flora-fauna Tribulus terrestris missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
bird pajaro, ave passaro flora-fauna djikay(') dyikay(') inheritance underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
black-breasted buzzard flora-fauna Hamirostra melanosternon missing rdamala inheritance 0 0 0 0 0 no
black-faced cuckoo-shrike flora-fauna Coracina novaehollandiae bewiyik bewiyik inheritance underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
black-headed python flora-fauna Aspidites melanocephalus missing missing 0 2 0 0 0 no
black-soil yam flora-fauna Ipomoea diamantinensis missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
bloodwood flora-fauna Eucalyptus (Corymbia) bleeseri wäwuru(') baḻwurr inheritance underived 0 1 1 0 0 no
blowfly maggots flora-fauna Diptera, Sarcophagidae gathiŋaḻi(') gathiŋaḻi(') inheritance underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
blue-tongue lizard flora-fauna Tiliqua species guŋaluŋ(') dhamiḻiny inheritance underived 0 1 0 0 0 no
blue-winged kookaburra flora-fauna Dacelo leachii garrukal(') garrukal(') inheritance underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
bluebone flora-fauna Choerodon cyanodus missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
brolga flora-fauna Grus rubicunda guḏurrku(') ḏaŋgultyi(') inheritance Central Yolngu; also gurdurrku underived 1 0 0 0 0 no
brown goshawk flora-fauna Accipiter fasciatus missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
brush-tailed possum flora-fauna Trichosurus vulpecula missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
bush cockroach flora-fauna (many species) missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
bush stone-curlew flora-fauna Burhinus grallarius missing missing 1 0 0 0 0 no
bush tobacco flora-fauna Lobelia quadrangularis missing missing 0 0 0 1 0 no
bush turkey, Australian bustard flora-fauna Ardeotis australis wayathul' wayathul' unique 0 1 0 0 0 no
bush yam flora-fauna Vigna lanceolata var. lanceolata missing yukuwa(7) inheritance 0 1 2 0 1 no
butterfly, moth mariposa borboleta flora-fauna Lepidoptera missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
carpet snake flora-fauna Morelia spilota missing 0 1 0 0 0
caterpillar flora-fauna Lepidoptera ḏapal(') ḏapal(') inheritance underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
catfish flora-fauna (many species) missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
centipede ciempiés centopéia flora-fauna Chilopoda, Myriapoda djaṯam dyaṯam inheritance underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
channel-billed cuckoo flora-fauna Scythops novaehollandiae missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
crested pigeon flora-fauna Ocyphaps lophotes missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
darter/cormorant flora-fauna Anhinga melanogaster, Phalacrocorax species wurraṉ wurraṉ inheritance 0 1 0 0 0 no
death adder, five-minute snake flora-fauna Acanthophis praelongus dhambaṉiny dhambaṉiny unique 0 0 0 0 0 yes
dingo flora-fauna Canis familiaris dingo wärraŋ wa:rraŋ inheritance underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
dog (camp, domestic) perro cachorro flora-fauna Canis familiaris waṯu waṯu inheritance underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
duck pato pato, marreco flora-fauna Anatidae muthali(') dakitaki inheritance reduplicated 0 1 0 0 0 no
dugong flora-fauna Dugon dugong djunuŋguyaŋu dyunuŋguyaŋu inheritance 1 1 0 0 0 no
earthworm flora-fauna Annelida, Oligochaeta mewirri(') mewirri(') inheritance underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
emu flora-fauna Dromaius novaehollandiae wurrpaṉ maḻwiya inheritance underived 2 1 2 0 0 no
fish (generic) pez peixe flora-fauna bukurru(') barrarritya inheritance underived 0 1 0 0 0 N/A
flower flora-fauna (NA) buḻpuḻ(') buḻpuḻ(') unique 0 0 0 0 0 no
blowfly/housefly mosca mosca flora-fauna Diptera wurruḻuḻ(') wurruḻuḻ(') inheritance underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
flying-fox (generic) flora-fauna (many species) winyiwinyi warrnyu inheritance underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
freshwater crocodile flora-fauna Crocodylus johnstoni missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
freshwater mussel flora-fauna Velesunio wilsoni djärrwiṯ dya:rrwiṯ inheritance underived 0 1 0 0 0 no
freshwater prawn flora-fauna Macrobrachium rosenbergii missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
frill-necked lizard flora-fauna Chlamydosaurus kingii banbiṉawuy banbiṉawuy unique underived 0 1 0 0 0 no
frog (generic) flora-fauna (many species) garkman garkman inheritance underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
galah flora-fauna Eolophus roseicapilla missing 0 0 0 0 0
turtle (generic) flora-fauna (many species) miyapunu ma:ṯala unique underived 0 1 0 0 0 no
ghost gum flora-fauna Eucalyptus papuana (Corymbia bella) missing missing 2 0 1 0 0 no
goanna (generic) or sand goanna flora-fauna Varanus spp ḏilkam ḏilkam inheritance underived 0 1 2 0 0 no
grass hierba, pasto capim, grama flora-fauna (NA) buḻwutja(') buḻwutya(') unique 0 0 0 0 0 no
great bowerbird flora-fauna Chlamydera nuchalis djurwirr(') dyurwirr(') loan direction unknown WW %tyurwirr 1 0 0 0 0 no
green ant flora-fauna Oecophylla smaragdina ŋämuk ŋa:muk unique 0 2 2 0 0 no
green sea turtle flora-fauna Chelonia mydas dhalwaṯpu dhalwaṯpu inheritance underived 1 1 0 0 0 no
green tree snake flora-fauna Dendrelaphis punctulata garanaŋga(') garanaŋga(') inheritance underived 0 2 0 0 0 no
head/body lice flora-fauna Pediculus capitis, Pediculus humanus djuku dyuku inheritance underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
horse caballo cavalho flora-fauna Equus caballus yarraman' yarraman' inheritance underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
hummingbird colibrí, picaflor (Peru) beija-flor flora-fauna Trochilidae missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
humpback whale flora-fauna Megaptera novaeangliae missing mirinyuŋu unique 1 1 0 0 0 no
insect (generic) insecto insecto flora-fauna generic wuyuwuyu(') murraymurray unique reduplicated Narrower [unidentified beetle] 0 0 0 0 0 no
jabiru flora-fauna Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus gandyi(7) inheritance 0 0 0 0 0
jungle-fowl (scrub-fowl) flora-fauna Megapodius freycinet missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
kangaroo (generic) flora-fauna Macropodidae weṯi(') weṯi(') inheritance 2 1 0 0 0 no
land snail flora-fauna Gastropoda missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
magpie goose flora-fauna Anseranas semipalmata gurrumaṯtji gurrumaṯtyi inheritance underived 0 1 0 0 0 no
military dragon flora-fauna Ctenophorus isolepis, Diporiphora spp., Lophognathus spp. missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
mosquito mosquito, zancudo mosquito, carapana flora-fauna Anopheles spp, Isoptera gaṉamu gaṉamu inheritance underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
mud wasp, hornet flora-fauna (many species) missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
native bee flora-fauna (many species) missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
native cat flora-fauna Dasyurus barkuma(') barkuma(') inheritance underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
northern brown bandicoot flora-fauna Isoodon macrourus missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
northern kurrajong flora-fauna Brachychiton diversifolius missing missing 0 1 no? 0 0 no
nut tree flora-fauna Terminalia grandifolia missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
octopus flora-fauna Octopus australis mäṉḏa gutatu doubtful loan underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
pandanus palm flora-fauna Pandanus spiralis missing missing 1 1 0 0 1 no
paperbark flora-fauna Melaleuca sericea, Melaleuca stenostachya barrukala(') barrukala(') inheritance 0 0 1 0 0 no
peaceful dove flora-fauna Geopelia placida missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
pearlshell flora-fauna Pinctada spp missing missing 1 1 0 0 1 no
peewee flora-fauna Gryllina cyanoleuca ḏelili ḏelili inheritance 0 0 0 0 0 no
pied butcherbird flora-fauna Cracticus nigrogularis missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
pike eel flora-fauna Muraenesox arabicus missing dyurrayŋaniŋ unique 0 1 0 0 0 no
praying mantis, stick insects mantis religiosa louva-a-deus flora-fauna Mantodea missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
prickle bush flora-fauna Sclerolaena bicornis missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
quail (generic) flora-fauna Coturnix species, Turnix species missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
red river gum flora-fauna Eucalyptus camaldulensis missing missing 2 0 1 0 1 no
red-tailed black-cockatoo flora-fauna Calyptorhynchus banksi missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
riflefish, archerfish flora-fauna Toxotes chatareus missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
river mangrove flora-fauna Aegicera corniculatum missing missing 0 0 2 0 1 no
rock fig flora-fauna Ficus brachypoda missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
sacred kingfisher flora-fauna Todiramphus sancta missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
saltwater crocodile flora-fauna Crocodylus porosus birrkin-birrkin birrkin-birrkin unique semantic shift? reduplicated 2 2 0 0 0 yes
saltwater mussel flora-fauna Mytilidae missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
sawfish flora-fauna Pristis pectinata missing missing 1 0 0 0 0 yes
scorpion escorpión; alacran escorpião flora-fauna Arachnida, Scorpiones buthuŋu buthuŋu inheritance underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
shark (generic) flora-fauna Selachimorpha missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 variable
shell (generic) flora-fauna ŋaraka ŋaraka inheritance cf Gupapuyungu “ŋarakalam(a)” to find or collect underived 0 1 0 0 1 no
short-beaked echidna flora-fauna Tachyglossus aculeatus djirrmaŋa(') dyirrmaŋa(') inheritance 0 2 0 0 0 no
snake (generic) culebra, serpiente cobra flora-fauna missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 N/A
snappy gum flora-fauna Eucalyptus brevifolia missing missing 0 0 1 0 0 no
spider araña aranha flora-fauna Arachnida, Araneae gärr' ga:rr' inheritance underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
spinifex flora-fauna Triodia species missing missing 0 0 2 0 0 no
spoonbills (yellow-billed spoonbill, black-billed spoonbill) flora-fauna Platalea flavipes, Platalea regia garrala garrala inheritance 0 0 0 0 0 no
stingray (generic) rayas látigo, raya arraia flora-fauna Dasyatidae maranydjalk belpil semantic shift also word for “knife” underived 0 1 0 0 0 variable
stripe-faced dunnart flora-fauna Sminthopsis macroura missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
sugarbag wax flora-fauna missing missing 1 1 0 0 0 no
sulphur-crested cockatoo flora-fauna Cacatua galerita baḏikan baḏikan inheritance underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
swamp eel flora-fauna Ophisternon gutturale missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
swamp leech flora-fauna Annelida, Hirudinea missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
tawny frogmouth flora-fauna Podargus strigoides missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
termite mounds, ant hills flora-fauna Isoptera djakuḻuḻu(') gunaŋa(') inheritance underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
termites, white-ants comején (Peru), termitas cupim flora-fauna (many species) gunaŋa(') gunaŋa(') inheritance underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
ti-tree flora-fauna Melaleuca bracteata missing missing 0 0 1 0 0 no
tick garrapata carrapato flora-fauna Arachnida, Acarina missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
tiger shark flora-fauna Galeocerdo cuvier missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 yes
torresian crow flora-fauna Corvus orru wäk wa:k inheritance underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
tree árbol arvore flora-fauna (NA) gäyu dharpa inheritance underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
waterlily flora-fauna Nymphaea macrosperma wakwak dhatam(') inheritance underived 0 1 2 0 0 no
wattle flora-fauna Acacia difficilis gaḻayin(') gaḻayin(') inheritance underived 0 0 1 0 1 no
wedge-tailed eagle flora-fauna Aquila audax ḏamala ḏamala inheritance underived 1 0 0 0 0 no
willie wagtail flora-fauna Rhipidura leucophrys djirrwiyirrwi' dyirrwiyirrwi' inheritance reduplicated 1 0 0 0 0 no
witchetty grub flora-fauna (many species) guyita ga:muruŋ inheritance underived 0 1 2 0 0 no
woma flora-fauna Aspidites ramsayii missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no


Cultural Vocabulary (103)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Word Structure Word Structure Notes General Notes Source
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven tierra do los muertos terra dos mortos culture-mythology burralku doubtful inheritance
armband dress wurrwa unique
awl subsistence tool missing
axe/stone axe hacha (de piedra) machado (de pedra) subsistence tool birrarrapi unique
bag (string) culture-material bandak unique
bait for fishing cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru) isca subsistence tool yipaŋ unique
basket (general) canasta, canasto, cesta cesto culture-material missing
body feather decorations culture-mythology buḻuk inheritance
boomerang/throwing stick (generic) subsistence tool gaḻiwaḻi(') inheritance
boomerang (number 7) subsistence tool missing
boomerang (small) subsistence tool missing
bowl (coolamon) culture-material dhaniya(') inheritance
broom escoba vassoura culture-material missing
canoe canoa canoa transport gapala(') unique
cicatrice culture-mythology biḏipi(') inheritance
clapsticks culture-mythology biḻma inheritance
club (nulla-nulla) subsistence tool missing
cook food food dhaḻ' CHECK
cook in earth oven food missing
damper food missing
dance (generic) culture-mythology girityirr(i) inheritance
digging stick subsistence tool bätju(') inheritance
dipper (small coolamon) subsistence tool missing
dream sueño, soñar sonho, sonhar culture-mythology bukaway inheritance
dreaming culture-mythology dya:ybuŋ unique
drone pipe culture-mythology yiḏaki inheritance
fire drill subsistence tool rduttyi(7) inheritance
fire-saw other ḏuttyi(') inheritance
fireplace hogar lareira other dhurrmururl7 inheritance
firewood leña lenha other missing
fish poison barbasco, matapez (Colombia) timbó subsistence tool yuṉḏiti' unique
fish (with fish-poison) pescar con barbasco, barbasquear pescar com timbó; tinguijar food missing
fish (with line) anzuelear, pescar con linea pescar (com linha) food missing
fish (with spear) food binydyarr'yun unique
fishing line cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze linha de pesca subsistence tool raki(') inheritance
fishtrap (permanent) subsistence tool rrurrambu unique
fishtrap (woven) subsistence tool missing
flour (European) food missing
flour (bush) food missing
game animal caza, animal de caza caça, animal de caça food warrakan(') inheritance
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio espirito culture-mythology baḻirrpaḻirr unique
glue subsistence tool gonydyuy(') unique
grave tumba, sepultura, sepulcro sepultura, sepulcro, cova culture-mythology gapany unique
grog food ŋa:nityi loan Makassar
hair belt dress missing
headband dress warambala(') unique
healer curandero benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano) culture-mythology marrŋgity inheritance
honey miel mel food ŋuwa-ŋuwa unique
house (European) other gatyambarri semantic shift
hunt cazar caçar food bar'parmarama semantic shift
initiation (circumcision) culture-mythology missing
initiation (circumcision) culture-mythology missing
knife cuchillo faca culture-material nayip loan English
loincloth taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla tanga, tapa-sexo dress missing
love song culture-mythology missing
mangrove raft transport missing
message stick culture-mythology missing
mortar mortero pilão subsistence tool missing
nosepeg other missing
paddle/oar remo remo transport gayuŋgi inheritance
ochre culture-mythology buthalak inheritance
paint body, body paint pintura corporal pintura corporal culture-mythology missing
pestle pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor mão de pilão subsistence tool missing
pipe for tobacco pipa cachimbo other missing
public song cycle culture-mythology missing
red paint culture-mythology miku(') inheritance
resin resina, brea, copal resina, brea, breu subsistence tool missing
salt sal sal food dye'la inheritance
shelter (native) other buṉbu inheritance
song (generic) canción, canto canção culture-mythology missing
song (for entertainment) culture-mythology missing
spear lanza lança subsistence tool bindyurrwuy unique
spear (fighting) subsistence tool missing
spear (fishing) subsistence tool ba:wurr unique
spearthrower subsistence tool narrityin unique
speartip subsistence tool missing
string (from hair) culture-material missing
string (from vine) culture-material marrputya inheritance
sugar acculturation dyoka' loan English WW sugar
tea food ḏilip loan English WW tea
tobacco (European) narcotics *gotyu loan direction unknown
tobacco (native) narcotics missing
spirit child culture-mythology missing
wax cera cera other bu:nhdhu unique
white paint culture-mythology dyolurr unique
windbreak other missing
yandy (n) culture-material missing
school escuela escola acculturation goḻ loan English
net subsistence tool banambi unique
bottle botella garrafa acculturation buthuḻu(') loan English WW bottle
paper papel papel acculturation baypa loan English WW paper
corpse food dharra' inheritance
chicken gallina galinha acculturation dyikin loan English WW chicken
tree coffin culture-mythology rdimbuka(7) inheritance
clothing ropa roupa culture-mythology muwayak semantic shift
skirt falda, saya, fustan, pollera saia culture-material batigut loan with semantic shift English WW petticoat
shoes zapatos sapatos dress dyapathu loan Makassar WW %dhapathung
medicine narcotics miḏityin' loan English WW medicine
earth oven food gurnrda semantic shift
policeman polícia policía acculturation biḻityuman loan
cat gato gato acculturation butyikit loan English WW cat
gun arma, escopeta espingarda, fusil acculturation ma:rryaŋ loan Makassar
hat sombero chapéu dress bathapu(') loan


Ethnographic Information
Current Population (speakers) Former Population Estimate Subsistence Preference Density Sedentism Ecotome Marriage Pattern Notes Source
large HG dense seasonal yes