Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

axe/stone axe

Semantic Field
subsistence tool
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
hacha (de piedra)
Meaning Portuguese
machado (de pedra)

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Word Structure Word Structure Notes General Notes Source
Kakua ʧak-daʔ ʧak-daʔ [axe-cl.round] axe-cl.round inheritance Simplex axe-cl.round especially for clearing fields See Language page
Nheengatu ji ʒi inheritance *jɨ Proto-Tupi-Guarani Simplex especially for clearing fields See Language page
Waorani a-wæ̃-ka (IDS) unique Other complex a-wæ̃= tree/wood; ka=??? especially for clearing fields See Language page
Hodï tote unique Simplex especially for clearing fields See Language page
Yanomami poo, poo porepɨ po:, po: poɾepɨ (made of stone) inheritance Proto-Yanomamo Alternate: po: Simplex especially for clearing fields See Language page
Yanomam poo (palm wood); haowatima (steel fragment set in stick) (both WM99) poo; haowatima (both WM99) palm wood, steel fragment set in stick inheritance Proto-Yanomamo Alternate: haowatima Simplex especially for clearing fields See Language page
Kotiria ~khoba ~kʰoba inheritance Proto-East Tukanoan Simplex especially for clearing fields See Language page
Cubeo joecʉ, joetʉrʉva, abujujoedʉ (stone) hoekʉ, hoetɨrɨva, abuhuhoedʉ (stone) stone axe unique Also: joecʉ, joetʉrʉva (general axe) Also: joecʉ, joetʉrʉva (general axe) Also: joecʉ, joetʉrʉva (general axe) Also: joecʉ, joetʉrʉva (general axe) Also: joecʉ, joetʉrʉva (general axe) Also: joecʉ, joetʉrʉva (general axe) Also: joecʉ, joetʉrʉva (general a Classifier -dɨ especially for clearing fields See Language page
Tukano komé komé inheritance Proto-East Tukanoan especially for clearing fields See Language page
Desano cõme kõme inheritance Proto-East Tukanoan Simplex especially for clearing fields See Language page
Maihiki dɨo ago dɨo ago unique Simplex ago= feminine noun classifier especially for clearing fields See Language page
Hup mɔm mɔm inheritance Proto-Nadahup Simplex especially for clearing fields See Language page
Dâw mãàm mã̂m inheritance Proto-Nadahup Simplex especially for clearing fields See Language page
Sikuani sipari (Rivet 48) loan - WW Proto-Guahiban %sipara/sapere WW %sapara in other languages this WW means 'machete especially for clearing fields See Language page
Macaguan chipál tʃipál loan - WW Proto-Guahiban %sipara/sapere, via Piapoco WW %sapara in other languages this WW means 'machete Simplex especially for clearing fields See Language page
Guayabero sparǝ, fiapan (R18) loan - WW Proto-Guahiban %sipara/sapere, via Piapoco WW %sapara in other languages this WW means 'machete Simplex especially for clearing fields See Language page
Pemon wakka (E1980) waʔka (E1980) inheritance Venezuelan (N. Amazonian) subgroup especially for clearing fields See Language page
Akawaio wakka waʔka inheritance Venezuelan (N. Amazonian) subgroup especially for clearing fields See Language page
Makushi waaká waaká inheritance Venezuelan (N. Amazonian) subgroup especially for clearing fields See Language page
Eñepa čihtyə (generic ax) tʃihtyə (generic ax) unique especially for clearing fields See Language page
Yukuna jipa jiñekaná (jipa 'stone', jiñekaná '?') hipa hiɲekaná 'para prender fuego' inheritance Proto Central North Arawak Alternate: peɾu (axe) Simplex especially for clearing fields See Language page
Tariana episí-da episí-da inheritance Proto Central North Arawak Derived -da = round classifier especially for clearing fields See Language page
Wapishana ˀbaru ˀbaru unique Spanish? WW %sapara See other Carib (e.g. Pemon kusupará); Urarina sa:beɽe; Iquito sáhuiri; Sikuani sipari (axe); Carib (spear) Simplex especially for clearing fields See Language page
Baniwa épitʃi (general), tʃípaɺa (iron axe) épitʃi (general), tʃípaɺa (iron axe) axe (stone or metal) inheritance; loan - WW Proto North Central Arawak %sipara/sapere Alternate: tʃípaɺa (stone axe) (Ramirez marks this term as probable loan), dzóoka Simplex especially for clearing fields See Language page
Resígaro epíitshi epíitsʰi inheritance Proto Central North Arawak Simplex especially for clearing fields See Language page
Yir-Yoront kay unknown
Djinang birndyarra unique
Gumatj birrarrapi unique
Yan-nhangu ḏakul' inheritance
Dhuwal ḏakul(') inheritance
Dhangu ḏakul(') inheritance
Warrwa dala:kurru unique
Nyulnyul damiyon inheritance
Nimanburru damiyon inheritance
Gupapuyngu dhakul(7) inheritance
Burarra galamaŋ unique
Ritharrngu gapamarda unique
Jawi jamion inheritance
Jabirr-Jabirr jamion inheritance
Yawuru jamiyan inheritance
Ngarluma katyu doubtful inheritance
Karajarri katyu loan direction unknown areal Pilbara word but also found in Marrngu and Nyikina
Ngumbarl kumbara loan direction unknown used yuwana; said also to mean ‘crab’ by N&W
Nyangumarta marti loan direction unknown areal
Bardi tamiyon inheritance
Nyikina tyalay unique
Rembarrnga tyila unique
Yulparija wityirri unique
Mangala yiwana; yiwana loan direction unknown areal Pilbara word but also found in Marrngu and Nyikina
Walmajarri tarlakurr unique WW %tarlakurr; %kurrwa also kurra inheritance cf. Gur kurrwa, spec. 'stone axe' also kurra inheritance cf. Gur kurrwa, spec. 'stone axe'
Mudburra mayingka loan Jingulu WW %mayingka mayingkini 'tomahawk;bag
Jaru tawurtawu inheritance reduplication of dawu - noise derived
Gurindji kurrwa inheritance WW %kurrwa
Gooniyandi tyamayina loan Jaru Jaru tyampayina 'big axe' Jaru tyampayina 'big axe'
Bunuba kurra loan Walmajarri WW %kurrwa
Gajirrabeng parntan unique stone axe karlpang stone axe; generic lijberrg. Woonayang; Mir. lithpurrk generic
Djapu rdakul(7) inheritance
Miriwung lithpurrk inheritance WW %litypurrk Gaj. Lijperrk, also Jam. Lijpurrk;also nininy, mantiyany; stone ane axe menintheleng
Jingulu wurtila unknown stone/steel; also tartawu <Mud,tawutawu; mayingkirni (steel) < Mud. Mayingka
Kija wumal unique
Wardaman parntan unknown karlpang stone axe
Achagua tʃúuʃi tʃúuʃi unknown especially for clearing fields See Language page
Piapoco chìpaali tʃìpaali especially for clearing fields See Language page
Yavitero ¢uwa tsuwa especially for clearing fields See Language page
Wayuu poľu especially for clearing fields See Language page
Paresi irikatihĩ idjikatihĩ unknown especially for clearing fields See Language page
Ignaciano yawati especially for clearing fields See Language page
Trinitario -yowo; ywoti especially for clearing fields See Language page
Baure po'e po'e unknown especially for clearing fields See Language page
Waurá e'pi; -ɣawa e'pi; -ɣawa inheritance; inheritance especially for clearing fields See Language page
Cha'palaa ['hača] From Span. 'hacha'. See Language page
Bora ḯkwaá-xɨ ɯ́kwaá-xɨ inheritance especially for clearing fields See Language page
Muinane xɨ́gáá-xe {axe-flat} xɨ́gáá-xɛ {axe-flat} especially for clearing fields See Language page
Apalai wywy wɨwɨ inheritance especially for clearing fields See Language page
Wayana potpu (stone), wïwï potpu (stone), wɨwɨ inheritance; inheritance shared Mapoyo especially for clearing fields See Language page
Carijona wɨwɨ (generic ax) inheritance especially for clearing fields See Language page
Tiriyó wɨwɨ wɨwɨ inheritance especially for clearing fields See Language page
Makiritare wɨ̄wɨ (IDS) (means 'axe') wɨ:wɨ inheritance especially for clearing fields See Language page
Mapoyo pata pata especially for clearing fields See Language page
Wai Wai yawaka jawaka inheritance especially for clearing fields See Language page
Waimiri Atroari wury wurɨ especially for clearing fields See Language page
Yabarana patta especially for clearing fields See Language page
Yukpa ascho, vasa, uacha astʃo, vasa, uaʃa especially for clearing fields See Language page
Northern Emberá zagará zagará especially for clearing fields See Language page
Epena 'čaara especially for clearing fields See Language page
Cofán ovacco´cho oβakhoʔtʃo phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS especially for clearing fields See Language page
Candoshi-Shapra mchoki mtʃoki unique especially for clearing fields See Language page
Taushiro a´je aʔxɨ especially for clearing fields See Language page
Páez am am especially for clearing fields See Language page
Tikuna ioéma (Alv44) joéma unique especially for clearing fields See Language page
Urarina teru teɽu unique especially for clearing fields See Language page
Andoke pʌʌ pʌʌ unique especially for clearing fields See Language page
Pumé hibɛ especially for clearing fields See Language page
Puinave hɨ hɨ unique especially for clearing fields See Language page
Ashuar jákam xakam especially for clearing fields See Language page
Huambisa jaacha (Spanish loan) xa:ntʃa especially for clearing fields See Language page
Aguaruna kanám(pa) kanám(pa) unique especially for clearing fields See Language page
Nukak ʔɛʔniʔ; cʌk (Cab et al) unknown; inheritance especially for clearing fields See Language page
Nadëb/Roçado dialect mɨ:m (Martins dict) inheritance especially for clearing fields See Language page
Matses moco, duë moko, duɨ unknown especially for clearing fields See Language page
Kakataibo roɨ; manɨ Respectively: 'stone ax; metal ax and things of foreign origin'. *Panoan *roɨ; *manɨ. *Panoan *yami with related meanings 'iron, machete, metal'. See Language page
Katukina roɨ especially for clearing fields See Language page
Pacahuara [hača] especially for clearing fields See Language page
Shipibo-Konibo roɨ; yami Respectively: 'stone axe'; 'metal'. See Language page
Yaminahua yami especially for clearing fields See Language page
Chácobo poro-ma poro-ma unique especially for clearing fields See Language page
Yagua jase xase unknown especially for clearing fields See Language page
Southern Pastaza Quechua acha (Spanish loan) atʃa especially for clearing fields See Language page
Quechua Ayacuchano hacha (Spanish loan) hatʃa especially for clearing fields See Language page
Piaroa da'pEk'eh daʔpækʔeh unknown especially for clearing fields See Language page
Sáliva ñoahite, ñohãhite ɲoaʔite, ɲoʔãʔite unknown especially for clearing fields See Language page
Bará kõ'bẽã especially for clearing fields See Language page
Barasano kõbẽ-ã́ kõbẽ-ã́ especially for clearing fields See Language page
Carapana 'kõbẽ-ã 'kõbẽ-ã especially for clearing fields See Language page
Makuna cocõmea (cõmea - ax) kokõmɛa (kõmɛa - ax) inheritance especially for clearing fields See Language page
Yuruti 'kṍõbẽã 'kṍõbẽã especially for clearing fields See Language page
Waikhana kõ'bẽ kõ'bẽ especially for clearing fields See Language page
Siriano cõmé kõmé especially for clearing fields See Language page
Tanimuca ãta kõ'bẽã ãta kõ'bẽã inheritance especially for clearing fields See Language page
Tatuyo kõbẽ-ã kõbẽ-ã especially for clearing fields See Language page
Tuyuka kõ'bẽã kõʔbẽã especially for clearing fields See Language page
Waimaja kʰõmẽ́ã̀ kʰõmẽ́ã̀ especially for clearing fields See Language page
Koreguaje su'upo suʔupo inheritance especially for clearing fields See Language page
Siona zu'ubo zuʔubo inheritance especially for clearing fields See Language page
Secoya tsu'upo (regular axe) tsũʔupɔ especially for clearing fields See Language page
Karitiana hikɨnɨt hikynyt unknown especially for clearing fields See Language page
Kokama yɨ jɨ inheritance especially for clearing fields See Language page
Wayampi yɨ jɨ inheritance especially for clearing fields See Language page
Aché ǰɨʔɨ inheritance especially for clearing fields See Language page
Chiriguano ǰɨɨ inheritance especially for clearing fields See Language page
Paraguayan Guaraní ǰɨakãᵑga; ['hača] especially for clearing fields See Language page
Sirionó siniɲa; eita siniɲa; eita unknown especially for clearing fields See Language page
Ocaina fuuxo ɸɯɯxo unique especially for clearing fields See Language page
Nɨpode Witoto čo-βéma tʃo-βέma especially for clearing fields See Language page
Minica Witoto háta háta especially for clearing fields See Language page
Murui Witoto hata hata doubtful loan Spanish hacha especially for clearing fields See Language page
Sanumá boa hẽdu (hatchet) boa hẽdu (hatchet) inheritance? especially for clearing fields See Language page
Iquito caáji kaáhi inheritance especially for clearing fields See Language page
Záparo naruka kahicha naruka kahiʧa especially for clearing fields See Language page
Wari ʔirikatʃi wak (Sousa2009) ʔirikatʃi wak (Sousa2009) especially for clearing fields See Language page
Araona baha especially for clearing fields See Language page
Ese Ejja seweša; ehahaha akʷi/aki unknown; semantic shift from 'split' especially for clearing fields See Language page
Ese Ejja/Huarayo šoši-xi; sewe-s̆a (Girard 1971) šoši-xi; sewe-s̆a (Girard 1971) especially for clearing fields See Language page
Tacana [hača] From Span. 'hacha'; note the articulation of the 'h'. Also obsolete piama, an iron tool. See Language page
Cavineña hača (From Spanish "hacha"; IDS notes that the H is pronounced) hača loan Spanish hacha especially for clearing fields See Language page
Central Aymara jacha (P04) [ača] especially for clearing fields See Language page
Cayuvava daka especially for clearing fields See Language page
Itonama yowoti especially for clearing fields See Language page
Kwazá ale ale especially for clearing fields See Language page
Mosetén-Chimané pha'kiyeʔ especially for clearing fields See Language page
Movima lai-ɬa lai-ɬa especially for clearing fields See Language page
Trumai iau=šɨ=kuaš iau=šɨ=kuaš unique especially for clearing fields See Language page
Kaingang mèg mɛŋ especially for clearing fields See Language page
Suyá tuči tuči especially for clearing fields See Language page
Djeoromitxi mĩtä mĩtǝ especially for clearing fields See Language page
Chipaya [ača] From Span. 'hacha'. See Language page
Mocoví ḳaiʔpe especially for clearing fields See Language page
Pilagá na-ḳačipe especially for clearing fields See Language page
Toba n-ḳačipe especially for clearing fields See Language page
Lengua pote especially for clearing fields See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité poti especially for clearing fields See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet taawa especially for clearing fields See Language page
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay hu'san especially for clearing fields See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja alay (f.) especially for clearing fields See Language page
Maca -fexinetkiʔ (f.) especially for clearing fields See Language page
Nivaclé #NAME? especially for clearing fields See Language page
Ayoreo ahi'neree; ge'bee'kahi'de See 09.670. See Language page
Mapudungun toki Same in Ranquel. See Language page
Qawasqar ḳaryesḳa Also means 'coipo's tooth' (a rodent). Sk, Bo record kareske for Central QWS. SpS record karaskal. See Language page
Selknam òčèrèn especially for clearing fields See Language page
Tehuelche 'pelkel especially for clearing fields See Language page
Lokono balho baɽo ax Pet 1987:350
Kariña wywy wɨwɨ axe Courtz 2007:432