Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

axe/stone axe

Semantic Field: subsistence tool
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish: hacha (de piedra)
Meaning Portuguese: machado (de pedra)

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Language	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

Language	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source
Achagua	tʃúuʃi	tʃúuʃi		unknown									especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Aché		ǰɨʔɨ		inheritance									especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Aguaruna	kanám(pa)	kanám(pa)		unique									especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Akawaio	wakka	waʔka		inheritance		Venezuelan (N. Amazonian) subgroup							especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Andoke	pʌʌ	pʌʌ		unique									especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Apalai	wywy	wɨwɨ		inheritance									especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Araona		baha											especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Ashuar	jákam	xakam											especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Ayoreo		ahi'neree; ge'bee'kahi'de											See 09.670.	See Language page
Baniwa	épitʃi (general), tʃípaɺa (iron axe)	épitʃi (general), tʃípaɺa (iron axe)	axe (stone or metal)	inheritance; loan - WW		Proto North Central Arawak	%sipara/sapere			Alternate: tʃípaɺa (stone axe) (Ramirez marks this term as probable loan), dzóoka	Simplex		especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Barasano	kõbẽ-ã́	kõbẽ-ã́											especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Bardi	tamiyon			inheritance
Bará		kõ'bẽã											especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Baure	po'e	po'e		unknown									especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Bora	ḯkwaá-xɨ	ɯ́kwaá-xɨ		inheritance									especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Bunuba	kurra			loan			Walmajarri	WW	%kurrwa
Burarra	galamaŋ			unique
Candoshi-Shapra	mchoki	mtʃoki		unique									especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Carapana	'kõbẽ-ã	'kõbẽ-ã											especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Carijona	wɨwɨ (generic ax)			inheritance									especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Cavineña	hača (From Spanish "hacha"; IDS notes that the H is pronounced)	hača		loan			Spanish hacha						especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Cayuvava		daka											especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Central Aymara	jacha (P04)	[ača]											especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Cha'palaa		['hača]											From Span. 'hacha'.	See Language page
Chipaya		[ača]											From Span. 'hacha'.	See Language page
Chiriguano		ǰɨɨ		inheritance									especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja		alay (f.)											especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Chácobo	poro-ma	poro-ma		unique									especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Cofán	ovacco´cho	oβakhoʔtʃo											phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Cubeo	joecʉ, joetʉrʉva, abujujoedʉ (stone)	hoekʉ, hoetɨrɨva, abuhuhoedʉ (stone)	stone axe	unique						Also: joecʉ, joetʉrʉva (general axe) Also: joecʉ, joetʉrʉva (general axe) Also: joecʉ, joetʉrʉva (general axe) Also: joecʉ, joetʉrʉva (general axe) Also: joecʉ, joetʉrʉva (general axe) Also: joecʉ, joetʉrʉva (general axe) Also: joecʉ, joetʉrʉva (general a		Classifier -dɨ	especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Desano	cõme	kõme		inheritance		Proto-East Tukanoan					Simplex		especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Dhangu	ḏakul(')			inheritance
Dhuwal	ḏakul(')			inheritance
Djapu	rdakul(7)			inheritance
Djeoromitxi	mĩtä	mĩtǝ											especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Djinang	birndyarra			unique
Dâw	mãàm	mã̂m		inheritance		Proto-Nadahup					Simplex		especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Epena		'čaara											especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Ese Ejja		seweša; ehahaha akʷi/aki		unknown; semantic shift			from 'split'						especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Ese Ejja/Huarayo	šoši-xi; sewe-s̆a (Girard 1971)	šoši-xi; sewe-s̆a (Girard 1971)											especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Eñepa	čihtyə (generic ax)	tʃihtyə (generic ax)		unique									especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Gajirrabeng	parntan			unique						stone axe karlpang			stone axe; generic lijberrg. Woonayang; Mir. lithpurrk generic
Gooniyandi	tyamayina			loan			Jaru			Jaru tyampayina 'big axe'			Jaru tyampayina 'big axe'
Guayabero	sparǝ, fiapan (R18)			loan - WW		Proto-Guahiban	%sipara/sapere, via Piapoco	WW	%sapara	in other languages this WW means 'machete	Simplex		especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Gumatj	birrarrapi			unique
Gupapuyngu	dhakul(7)			inheritance
Gurindji	kurrwa			inheritance				WW	%kurrwa
Hodï	tote			unique							Simplex		especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Huambisa	jaacha (Spanish loan)	xa:ntʃa											especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Hup	mɔm	mɔm		inheritance		Proto-Nadahup					Simplex		especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Ignaciano		yawati											especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Iquito	caáji	kaáhi		inheritance									especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Itonama		yowoti											especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Jabirr-Jabirr	jamion			inheritance
Jaru	tawurtawu			inheritance						reduplication of dawu - noise	derived
Jawi	jamion			inheritance
Jingulu	wurtila			unknown						stone/steel; also tartawu <Mud,tawutawu; mayingkirni (steel) < Mud. Mayingka
Kaingang	mèg	mɛŋ											especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Kakataibo		roɨ; manɨ											Respectively: 'stone ax; metal ax and things of foreign origin'. Panoan roɨ; manɨ. Panoan *yami with related meanings 'iron, machete, metal'.	See Language page
Kakua	ʧak-daʔ	ʧak-daʔ [axe-cl.round]	axe-cl.round	inheritance							Simplex	axe-cl.round	especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Karajarri	katyu			loan direction unknown			areal						Pilbara word but also found in Marrngu and Nyikina
Kariña	wywy	wɨwɨ	axe				Courtz 2007:432
Karitiana	hikɨnɨt	hikynyt		unknown									especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Katukina		roɨ											especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Kija	wumal			unique
Kokama	yɨ	jɨ		inheritance									especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Koreguaje	su'upo	suʔupo		inheritance									especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Kotiria	~khoba	~kʰoba		inheritance		Proto-East Tukanoan					Simplex		especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Kwazá	ale	ale											especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Lengua		pote											especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Lokono	balho	baɽo	ax											Pet 1987:350
Maca		-fexinetkiʔ (f.)											especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Macaguan	chipál	tʃipál		loan - WW		Proto-Guahiban	%sipara/sapere, via Piapoco	WW	%sapara	in other languages this WW means 'machete	Simplex		especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Maihiki	dɨo ago	dɨo ago		unique							Simplex	ago= feminine noun classifier	especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Makiritare	wɨ̄wɨ (IDS) (means 'axe')	wɨ:wɨ		inheritance									especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Makuna	cocõmea (cõmea - ax)	kokõmɛa (kõmɛa - ax)		inheritance									especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Makushi	waaká	waaká		inheritance		Venezuelan (N. Amazonian) subgroup							especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Mangala	yiwana; yiwana			loan direction unknown			areal						Pilbara word but also found in Marrngu and Nyikina
Mapoyo	pata	pata											especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Mapudungun		toki											Same in Ranquel.	See Language page
Matses	moco, duë	moko, duɨ		unknown									especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Minica Witoto	háta	háta											especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Miriwung	lithpurrk			inheritance				WW	%litypurrk	Gaj. Lijperrk, also Jam. Lijpurrk;also nininy, mantiyany; stone ane axe menintheleng
Mocoví		ḳaiʔpe											especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Mosetén-Chimané		pha'kiyeʔ											especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Movima	lai-ɬa	lai-ɬa											especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Mudburra	mayingka			loan			Jingulu	WW	%mayingka	mayingkini 'tomahawk;bag
Muinane	xɨ́gáá-xe {axe-flat}	xɨ́gáá-xɛ {axe-flat}											especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Murui Witoto	hata	hata		doubtful loan			Spanish hacha						especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Nadëb/Roçado dialect		mɨ:m (Martins dict)		inheritance									especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Ngarluma	katyu			doubtful inheritance
Ngumbarl	kumbara			loan direction unknown									used yuwana; said also to mean ‘crab’ by N&W
Nheengatu	ji	ʒi		inheritance	*jɨ	Proto-Tupi-Guarani					Simplex		especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Nimanburru	damiyon			inheritance
Nivaclé		#NAME?											especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Northern Emberá	zagará	zagará											especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Nukak		ʔɛʔniʔ; cʌk (Cab et al)		unknown; inheritance									especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Nyangumarta	marti			loan direction unknown			areal
Nyikina	tyalay			unique
Nyulnyul	damiyon			inheritance
Nɨpode Witoto	čo-βéma	tʃo-βέma											especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Ocaina	fuuxo	ɸɯɯxo		unique									especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Pacahuara		[hača]											especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Paraguayan Guaraní		ǰɨakãᵑga; ['hača]											especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Paresi	irikatihĩ	idjikatihĩ		unknown									especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Pemon	wakka (E1980)	waʔka (E1980)		inheritance		Venezuelan (N. Amazonian) subgroup							especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Piapoco	chìpaali	tʃìpaali											especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Piaroa	da'pEk'eh	daʔpækʔeh		unknown									especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Pilagá		na-ḳačipe											especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Puinave	hɨ	hɨ		unique									especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Pumé	hibɛ												especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Páez	am	am											especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Qawasqar		ḳaryesḳa											Also means 'coipo's tooth' (a rodent). Sk, Bo record kareske for Central QWS. SpS record karaskal.	See Language page
Quechua Ayacuchano	hacha (Spanish loan)	hatʃa											especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Rembarrnga	tyila			unique
Resígaro	epíitshi	epíitsʰi		inheritance		Proto Central North Arawak					Simplex		especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Ritharrngu	gapamarda			unique
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité		poti											especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet		taawa											especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Sanumá	boa hẽdu (hatchet)	boa hẽdu (hatchet)		inheritance?									especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Secoya	tsu'upo (regular axe)	tsũʔupɔ											especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Selknam		òčèrèn											especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Shipibo-Konibo		roɨ; yami											Respectively: 'stone axe'; 'metal'.	See Language page
Sikuani	sipari (Rivet 48)			loan - WW		Proto-Guahiban	%sipara/sapere	WW	%sapara	in other languages this WW means 'machete			especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Siona	zu'ubo	zuʔubo		inheritance									especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Siriano	cõmé	kõmé											especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Sirionó	siniɲa; eita	siniɲa; eita		unknown									especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Southern Pastaza Quechua	acha (Spanish loan)	atʃa											especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Suyá	tuči	tuči											especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Sáliva	ñoahite, ñohãhite	ɲoaʔite, ɲoʔãʔite		unknown									especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Tacana		[hača]											From Span. 'hacha'; note the articulation of the 'h'. Also obsolete piama, an iron tool.	See Language page
Tanimuca	ãta kõ'bẽã	ãta kõ'bẽã		inheritance									especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Tariana	episí-da	episí-da		inheritance		Proto Central North Arawak					Derived	-da = round classifier	especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Tatuyo	kõbẽ-ã	kõbẽ-ã											especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Taushiro	a´je	aʔxɨ											especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Tehuelche		'pelkel											especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Tikuna	ioéma (Alv44)	joéma		unique									especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Tiriyó	wɨwɨ	wɨwɨ		inheritance									especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Toba		n-ḳačipe											especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Trinitario		-yowo; ywoti											especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Trumai	iau=šɨ=kuaš	iau=šɨ=kuaš		unique									especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Tukano	komé	komé		inheritance		Proto-East Tukanoan							especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Tuyuka	kõ'bẽã	kõʔbẽã											especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Urarina	teru	teɽu		unique									especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Wai Wai	yawaka	jawaka		inheritance									especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Waikhana	kõ'bẽ	kõ'bẽ											especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Waimaja	kʰõmẽ́ã̀	kʰõmẽ́ã̀											especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Waimiri Atroari	wury	wurɨ											especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Walmajarri	tarlakurr			unique				WW	%tarlakurr; %kurrwa	also kurra inheritance cf. Gur kurrwa, spec. 'stone axe'			also kurra inheritance cf. Gur kurrwa, spec. 'stone axe'
Waorani	a-wæ̃-ka (IDS)			unique							Other complex	a-wæ̃= tree/wood; ka=???	especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Wapishana	ˀbaru	ˀbaru		unique			Spanish?	WW	%sapara	See other Carib (e.g. Pemon kusupará); Urarina sa:beɽe; Iquito sáhuiri; Sikuani sipari (axe); Carib (spear)	Simplex		especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Wardaman	parntan			unknown						karlpang stone axe
Wari	ʔirikatʃi wak (Sousa2009)	ʔirikatʃi wak (Sousa2009)											especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Warrwa	dala:kurru			unique
Waurá	e'pi; -ɣawa	e'pi; -ɣawa		inheritance; inheritance									especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Wayampi	yɨ	jɨ		inheritance									especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Wayana	potpu (stone), wïwï	potpu (stone), wɨwɨ		inheritance; inheritance			shared Mapoyo						especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Wayuu		poľu											especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay		hu'san											especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Yabarana		patta											especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Yagua	jase	xase		unknown									especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Yaminahua		yami											especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Yan-nhangu	ḏakul'			inheritance
Yanomam	poo (palm wood); haowatima (steel fragment set in stick) (both WM99)	poo; haowatima (both WM99)	palm wood, steel fragment set in stick	inheritance		Proto-Yanomamo				Alternate: haowatima	Simplex		especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Yanomami	poo, poo porepɨ	po:, po: poɾepɨ (made of stone)		inheritance		Proto-Yanomamo				Alternate: po:	Simplex		especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Yavitero	¢uwa	tsuwa											especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Yawuru	jamiyan			inheritance
Yir-Yoront	kay			unknown
Yukpa	ascho, vasa, uacha	astʃo, vasa, uaʃa											especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Yukuna	jipa jiñekaná (jipa 'stone', jiñekaná '?')	hipa hiɲekaná 'para prender fuego'		inheritance		Proto Central North Arawak				Alternate: peɾu (axe)	Simplex		especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Yulparija	wityirri			unique
Yuruti	'kṍõbẽã	'kṍõbẽã											especially for clearing fields	See Language page
Záparo	naruka kahicha	naruka kahiʧa											especially for clearing fields	See Language page


Achagua
Aché
Aguaruna
Akawaio
Andoke
Apalai
Araona
Ashuar
Ayoreo
Baniwa
Barasano
Bardi
Bará
Baure
Bora
Bunuba
Burarra
Candoshi-Shapra
Carapana
Carijona
Cavineña
Cayuvava
Central Aymara
Cha'palaa
Chipaya
Chiriguano
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja
Chácobo
Cofán
Cubeo
Desano
Dhangu
Dhuwal
Djapu
Djeoromitxi
Djinang
Dâw
Epena
Ese Ejja
Ese Ejja/Huarayo
Eñepa
Gajirrabeng
Gooniyandi
Guayabero
Gumatj
Gupapuyngu
Gurindji
Hodï
Huambisa
Hup
Ignaciano
Iquito
Itonama
Jabirr-Jabirr
Jaru
Jawi
Jingulu
Kaingang
Kakataibo
Kakua
Karajarri
Kariña
Karitiana
Katukina
Kija
Kokama
Koreguaje
Kotiria
Kwazá
Lengua
Lokono
Maca
Macaguan
Maihiki
Makiritare
Makuna
Makushi
Mangala
Mapoyo
Mapudungun
Matses
Minica Witoto
Miriwung
Mocoví
Mosetén-Chimané
Movima
Mudburra
Muinane
Murui Witoto
Nadëb/Roçado dialect
Ngarluma
Ngumbarl
Nheengatu
Nimanburru
Nivaclé
Northern Emberá
Nukak
Nyangumarta
Nyikina
Nyulnyul
Nɨpode Witoto
Ocaina
Pacahuara
Paraguayan Guaraní
Paresi
Pemon
Piapoco
Piaroa
Pilagá
Puinave
Pumé
Páez
Qawasqar
Quechua Ayacuchano
Rembarrnga
Resígaro
Ritharrngu
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet
Sanumá
Secoya
Selknam
Shipibo-Konibo
Sikuani
Siona
Siriano
Sirionó
Southern Pastaza Quechua
Suyá
Sáliva
Tacana
Tanimuca
Tariana
Tatuyo
Taushiro
Tehuelche
Tikuna
Tiriyó
Toba
Trinitario
Trumai
Tukano
Tuyuka
Urarina
Wai Wai
Waikhana
Waimaja
Waimiri Atroari
Walmajarri
Waorani
Wapishana
Wardaman
Wari
Warrwa
Waurá
Wayampi
Wayana
Wayuu
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay
Yabarana
Yagua
Yaminahua
Yan-nhangu
Yanomam
Yanomami
Yavitero
Yawuru
Yir-Yoront
Yukpa
Yukuna
Yulparija
Yuruti
Záparo

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