Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

Waurá

Family
Arawakan
Region
South America
ISO 639-3
wau
Location
-13.30°, -53.70°
Notes
Xingu region
Features
Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Data Sources
Corbera Mori, Angel. 2012. Waurá e Mehináku: um breve estudo comparativo. In Descrição e análise linguística, 196-205. Universidade Federal de São Carlos. Mello, Maria Ignez Cruz. 1999. Música e mito entre os Wauja do Alto Xingu. Florianópolis: Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Postigo, Adriana Viana. 2012. Gênero, número, avaliativos e classificadores em Wauja (Arawák). In González, Hebe and Gualdieri, Beatriz (eds.), Lenguas indígenas de América del Sur I. Fonología y léxico, 207-225. Mendoza: Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Richards, Joan. 2000. Waurá. Intercontinental Series, ed. Mary Ritchie Key. Ihttp://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/ids/


Basic Vocabulary (191)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
above encima, arriba acima location enu; -penu enu; -penu inheritance See Language page
and y e grammar See Language page
ash ceniza(s) cinzas environment wehepe wehepe unique See Language page
at en, a em, a location See Language page
back espalda costas body #NAME? #NAME? unique See Language page
bad mal mal quality pɨnaya; -itʸaki (latter is a modifier) pɨnaja; -itʸaki unknown See Language page
belly barriga barriga body ci'ču-i (Richards73) tsi'ču-i (Richards73) unknown See Language page
below abajo, debajo abaixo location -tepɨ -tepɨ unknown See Language page
big grande grande quality weke; au; ki-kĩyãkã weke; au; ki-kĩjãkã unique See Language page
black negro preto colour yala'ki; itʸula (latter is also "blue, green, blue-black") jala'ki; itʸula unique See Language page
blood sangre sangue body -ɨža -ɨža inheritance See Language page
boil/pimple espinilla, granos espinha, borbulha body kumic̷i kumi¢i inheritance See Language page
bone hueso osso body -napɨ -napɨ inheritance See Language page
breast pecho, seno peito body siña (Payne91) siña (Payne91) inheritance See Language page
child niño, niña criança human yamuku-tai jamuku-tai inheritance See Language page
cloud nube nuvem environment iye-pe ije-pe unknown See Language page
cold frío frio quality ka-tɨka; amɨna ka-tɨka; amɨna inheritance See Language page
correct/true verdad, de veras verdade quality kamalažɨ; c̷ama; awɨžɨ (the first two are listed under "true", the latter under "correct/right") kamalažɨ; ¢ama; awɨžɨ unknown See Language page
day día dia time kamɨmawa kamɨmawa unique See Language page
dirty sucio sujo quality kulepe; kamalatɨ kulepe; kamalatɨ unknown See Language page
dingo/wolf fauna See Language page
dry seco seco quality uluhɨ uluhɨ unknown See Language page
dull/blunt sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo maçante, desamolado, não afiado quality me-kic̷i me-ki¢i See Language page
dust polvo poeira environment tɨmuukai tɨmuukai unknown See Language page
ear oreja orelha body -tu'lũ -tu'lũ unknown See Language page
earth/soil tierra terra environment kehɨ-tɨ kehɨ-tɨ unknown See Language page
egg huevo ovo fauna iic̷ai ii¢ai inheritance? See Language page
eye ojo olho body #NAME? #NAME? inheritance See Language page
far lejos longe quality kawaka kawaka unknown See Language page
fat/grease grasa gordura body #NAME? #NAME? unknown See Language page
father padre, papá pai kinship pa'pa; -žɨ pa'pa; -žɨ doubtful loan Portuguese See Language page
feather pluma pena fauna -mapɨ (also means "body hair") -mapɨ unknown See Language page
fire fuego fogo environment ic̷ei i¢ei inheritance See Language page
flower flor flor environment #NAME? #NAME? unknown See Language page
fog niebla, neblina nevoeira, bruma, neblina environment amiyã-mi'yã amijã-mi'jã See Language page
fruit fruta fruta flora #NAME? #NAME? inheritance See Language page
good bueno bom quality awɨžɨ awɨžɨ inheritance See Language page
hair (of head) cabello cabelo body missing See Language page
hand mano mão body -wɨžɨku; -kapɨ -wɨžɨku; -kapɨ unknown; inheritance See Language page
3sg el/ella ele/ela grammar nežɨ nežɨ unknown See Language page
head cabeza cabeça body -tɨwɨ -tɨwɨ inheritance See Language page
heavy pesado pesado quality ɨmɨna ɨmɨna inheritance See Language page
how? como como grammar ka-ic̷e-pei ka-i¢e-pei unique See Language page
1sg yo eu grammar na-tu na-tu inheritance For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
if si se grammar -miyã; -ec̷e -mijã; -e¢e See Language page
in/inside dentro, adentro dentro location #NAME? #NAME? inheritance See Language page
intestines intestinos intestinos body isitʸa-pi isitʸa-pi inheritance See Language page
lake lago lago environment a'wa a'wa unknown See Language page
leaf hoja folha environment -pana; ata-pana -pana; ata-pana inheritance See Language page
left/left hand izquierdo esquerdo location/body wahulu-pa-lu wahulu-pa-lu unknown See Language page
leg/foot pierna perna body -katɨ -katɨ unique See Language page
lightning rayo, relámpago relampago environment yamiruka jamiruka inheritance See Language page
liver hígado figado body #NAME? #NAME? inheritance See Language page
long largo comprido, longo quality awapa; au-pi awapa; au-pi inheritance See Language page
louse piollo, piojo piolho fauna #NAME? -nee¢e inheritance order Phtiraptera See Language page
man/male hombre homem human enɨža enɨža inheritance See Language page
meat/flesh carne carne fauna -hɨtai -hɨtai unknown See Language page
moon luna lua environment kežɨ (also means "month") kežɨ inheritance See Language page
mother madre, mamá mãe kinship ma'ma; -ɨnu ma'ma; -ɨnu loan; inheritance Portuguese See Language page
mouth boca boca body -kana-tɨ -kana-tɨ inheritance See Language page
name nombre nome human -kupɨ'na -kupɨ'na unique See Language page
near/close cerca de perto quality -kanu; -pažutɨ -kanu; -pažutɨ inheritance See Language page
nape base del cuello, nuca nuca body -punu-; ɨ-punu-naku -punu-; ɨ-punu-naku See Language page
neck cuello pescoço body #NAME? #NAME? inheritance See Language page
new nuevo novo quality auc̷a- au¢a- inheritance See Language page
night noche noite time yiyawa jijawa unique See Language page
no/not no não grammar aic̷a ai¢a unique See Language page
nose nariz nariz body #NAME? -ki¢i inheritance See Language page
old viejo velho quality autu-pa-žɨ; aripi autu-pa-žɨ; aripi unique See Language page
one uno um number pawã pawã inheritance See Language page
other otro outro grammar missing See Language page
pain/painful/sick dolor, doloroso, enfermo dor, doloroso, doente body missing See Language page
person/human being persona pessoa human ĩyãu ĩjãu unknown prob. loan into Trumai See Language page
rain lluvia chuva environment iya-ɣa; unɨ ija-ɣa; unɨ inheritance See Language page
red rojo vermelho colour mɨhɨža; k-ɨža mɨhɨža; k-ɨža inheritance See Language page
right/right hand derecha direita location/body k-iyežẽ-pe-lu k-iježẽ-pe-lu unknown See Language page
road/path camino caminho manufacture ahɨ-napu ahɨ-napu inheritance See Language page
root raíz raiz flora tjmã:tiʔ (Postigo11) tsmã:tiʔ (Postigo11) unique See Language page
rotten podrido podre quality ɨhɨ; ukuwa ɨhɨ; ukuwa unknown; doubtful loan Tupi-Guarani, cf. also Carib See Language page
sand arena areia environment kehɨ-penu kehɨ-penu inheritance See Language page
sharp afilado, filudo, filoso afiado quality ke-kic̷i ke-ki¢i inheritance See Language page
short corto curto quality ãhã-tãi; peric̷i ãhã-tãi; peri¢i unknown See Language page
shoulder hombro ombro body #NAME? #NAME? unique See Language page
shy/ashamed tímido, vergonzoso timido, com vergonha mental aipitsi-'ki (Postigo2011) aipitsi-'ki (Postigo2011) inheritance See Language page
skin piel pele body #NAME? #NAME? unknown See Language page
sky cielo céu environment enu-taku enu-taku inheritance See Language page
small pequeño pequeno quality -tãi; ãhã-tãi; muyepe -tãi; ãhã-tãi; mujepe unique See Language page
smoke humo fumaça environment sĩyãla-'ki sĩjãla-'ki unique See Language page
star estrella estrela environment kalũtɨ kalũtɨ inheritance See Language page
stick/wood palo pau, vara flora ata ata inheritance See Language page
stone piedra pedra environment tɨpa tɨpa inheritance See Language page
tail cola, rabo rabo body ĩtʸu ĩtʸu inheritance See Language page
that ese/esa esse grammar missing See Language page
3pl ellos/ellas eles/elas grammar napapa napapa inheritance See Language page
thick grueso, gordo, espeso grosso quality ic̷aku i¢aku unknown See Language page
thin delgado fino quality mapisa mapisa unique See Language page
this este/esta este grammar missing See Language page
2sg xx xx grammar pi-c̷u pi-¢u inheritance See Language page
throat garganta garganta body #NAME? #NAME? unique See Language page
three tres tres number kamaukula kamaukula unique See Language page
thunder truenos trovão environment enu-c̷itʸa enu-¢itʸa inheritance See Language page
bite morder morder body taluka taluka inheritance See Language page
blow soplar soprar body ežeke; amusa (latter means to blow on fire) ežeke; amusa unknown See Language page
breathe respirar respirar body -ĩ'wĩ (also means "lung") -ĩ'wĩ unique See Language page
burn quemar queimar environment usitʸa-ta (transitive verb); usitʸa (intransitive verb) usitʸa-ta; usitʸa unique See Language page
chew masticar, mascar mastigar body kaluluka kaluluka unique See Language page
climb subir subir motion piyu piju unique See Language page
come venir vir motion t-uwa t-uwa inheritance? See Language page
cook cocinar cozinhar impact a-wakula-ta a-wakula-ta inheritance See Language page
count contar contar mental missing See Language page
cry llorar chorar mental elele elele unique See Language page
cut/hack cortar cortar impact tuka ~ ɨtuka tuka ~ ɨtuka inheritance See Language page
die/be dead morir morrer state a-kama a-kama inheritance See Language page
dig cavar cavar impact atɨka atɨka inheritance See Language page
dream soñar sonhar mental k-isẽpũ k-isẽpũ inheritance See Language page
drink beber, tomar beber body tuuka tuuka unique See Language page
eat comer comer body ãitʸa ãitʸa inheritance See Language page
fall caer cair motion taka taka unique See Language page
fear miedo medo mental mɨža; mɨža-'ki mɨža; mɨža-'ki inheritance See Language page
flow fluir fluir motion miyãɣa mijãɣa unknown See Language page
fly volar voar motion ala ala inheritance See Language page
grow crecer crescer state weke- weke- unique See Language page
hear oír ouvir mental eteme eteme inheritance See Language page
hide esconder esconder motion eheže eheže unique See Language page
hit golpear, pegar bater impact maitʸa; tau-ta maitʸa; tau-ta inheritance; unknown See Language page
hold correr, asegurar, sostener segurar other ɨtuka ɨtuka unique See Language page
kill matar matar impact a-k-unute-žɨ-ta a-k-unute-žɨ-ta unique See Language page
know/be knowledgeable saber, conecer saber, conhecer mental uuta; kiyeže uuta; kiježe inheritance; unknown See Language page
laugh reír rir mental ažatuwa ažatuwa inheritance See Language page
lie down acostarse, echarse deitar motion halalakuwa halalakuwa inheritance See Language page
live/be alive vivir viver, morar body kutɨ kutɨ unique See Language page
open/uncover abrir abrir other wanaka (open a door); paitʸa (open a lid) wanaka; paitʸa inheritance; unknown See Language page
pound/beat machacar, golpear bater impact maitʸa; tau-ta maitʸa; tau-ta See Language page
say decir dizer mental um-; aakata um-; aakata inheritance?; unknown See Language page
scratch rascar rasgar impact missing See Language page
see ver ver mental -nupa; k-užutai -nupa; k-užutai unique See Language page
shoot tirar, disparar, balear atirar impact uku-ta; wasitʸa u'ku uku-ta; wasitʸa u'ku inheritance? See Language page
sit sentar(se) sentar state pataka pataka inheritance See Language page
sleep dormir dormir body hɨmaka hɨmaka inheritance See Language page
sniff/smell olfatear, oler cheirar body kã-iyãla (intransitive verb); ãɨta; eteme ĩyãla (transitive verb); ãɨta ("sniff") kã-ijãla; ãɨta; eteme ĩjãla; ãɨta unknown primarily transitive See Language page
spit escupir cuspir body esĩyũ esĩjũ unique See Language page
split partir, dividir rachar, dividir, partir impact halaka halaka inheritance See Language page
squeeze estrujar, exprimir espremer impact a-huriritʸa a-huriritʸa unique See Language page
stab/pierce apuñalar, acuchillar apunhalar impact c̷akɨ-ka; c̷akɨ-ka ¢akɨ-ka; ¢akɨ-ka unknown See Language page
stand estar de pié ficar em pé state hɨžɨžɨkata hɨžɨžɨkata unknown See Language page
steal robar roubar other e-mec̷uwa e-me¢uwa inheritance See Language page
suck chupar chupar body utaka utaka unknown See Language page
swell hincharse inchar body missing See Language page
swim nadar nadar motion ec̷una e¢una unknown See Language page
think pensar pensar mental ka-kãi-c̷itʸu; amakanaat-uwa ka-kãi-¢itʸu; amakanaat-uwa unknown See Language page
throw tirar, lanzar atirar, jogar impact wasitʸa wasitʸa inheritance See Language page
tie up/fasten atar, amarrar amarrar impact i-c̷itʸa i-¢itʸa unknown See Language page
turn girar, volter, torcer virar other ɣak-uwa ɣak-uwa unknown may be transitive or intransitive See Language page
vomit vomitar vomitar body sitʸeke sitʸeke inheritance See Language page
walk caminar, andar andar motion ec̷una e¢una inheritance See Language page
work trabajar trabalhar other ka-tuma-la ka-tuma-la inheritance See Language page
yawn bostezar bocejar body apuha apuha inheritance See Language page
tongue lengua lingua body #NAME? #NAME? inheritance See Language page
tooth diente dente body #NAME? -¢ewe inheritance See Language page
two dos dois number mepĩyãwã mepĩjãwã inheritance See Language page
water agua agua environment unɨ unɨ inheritance See Language page
1pl.incl nosotros (inclusivo) nós (inclusivo) grammar ai-c̷u ai-¢u unknown no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
1pl.excl nosotros (exclusivo) nós (exclusivo) grammar missing See Language page
wet mojado molhado quality kahaka; k-ula-ɣa kahaka; k-ula-ɣa inheritance See Language page
what? que, qué que grammar ka-i'c̷a; ka ka-i'¢a; ka inheritance See Language page
when? cuando quando grammar ka-ic̷a-wa-ki-ya ka-i¢a-wa-ki-ja unique See Language page
where? donde onde grammar ka-na-i; kayenai ka-na-i; kajenai inheritance See Language page
white blanco branco colour kisuwa kisuwa inheritance See Language page
who? quien, quién quem grammar ka-i'c̷a; ka ka-i'¢a; ka inheritance same as 'what' See Language page
wife esposa esposa kinship #NAME? #NAME? inheritance See Language page
wind viento vento environment isĩyã isĩjã unique See Language page
wing ala asa body #NAME? #NAME? semantic shift from 'arm' See Language page
woman/female mujer mulher human -nežu; -lu; -žu -nežu; -lu; -žu inheritance See Language page
yellow amarillo amarelo colour weruya weruja unique See Language page
2pl ustedes vocês grammar yi-c̷u ji-¢u inheritance See Language page
foot pie pé body #NAME? -ki-¢apa inheritance See Language page
again de nuevo, otra vez de novo grammar -ma; ɨnama -ma; ɨnama unknown See Language page
all todo todos other -tɨ'pe -tɨ'pe unknown See Language page
ankle tobillo tornozelo body -tʸalãa-tapa -tʸalãa-tapa unknown See Language page
armpit axila, sobaco axila body -tɨpɨžɨ-naku -tɨpɨžɨ-naku unique See Language page
faeces heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol fezes body missing See Language page
lung pulmón pulmão body -ĩ'wĩ -ĩ'wĩ unique See Language page
sweat sudar suor, suar body missing See Language page
itch hormiguear, sentir comezón coçar body weye weje See Language page
bark corteza casca environment ažata; ata-mai ažata; ata-mai inheritance See Language page
fingernail uña unha body -hupa-žata -hupa-žata inheritance See Language page
heart corazón coração body -ĩwĩ-c̷i -ĩwĩ-¢i unknown See Language page
sun sol sol time kamɨ kamɨ inheritance See Language page
mountain/hill montaña, colina, loma, cerro morro, serra environment kehɨ-tɨ-kuma kehɨ-tɨ-kuma unknown See Language page
green verde verde quality ata-pana; itʸulã-iyã ata-pana; itʸulã-ijã unknown; inheritance? See Language page
hot caliente quente quality ĩyãta ĩjãta inheritance See Language page


Flora Fauna Vocabulary (133)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Linnean Name Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Etymology Notes Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Range of Term Word Structure Word Structure Notes Classifier Classifier Notes Hypernym Source Association with Social Categories Ritual/Mythologically Significant Ritual Notes Food Source Food Notes Medicinal Medicinal Notes How Collected Who Collects How Prepared Psychotropic Psychotropic Notes Traded Trade Notes Distribution Habitat Dangerous Ethnobiology Notes Species Notes General Notes
bat murciélago morcego flora-fauna Chiroptera spp. aluwa aluwa unique See Language page
bird pajaro, ave passaro flora-fauna kuhupɨža-tɨ kuhupɨža-tɨ inheritance See Language page
curassow mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini) mutum flora-fauna Crax sp., Nothocrax sp. missing See Language page Amazonia
toucan tucán, pinsha (Peru) tucano flora-fauna Ramphastos sp. iakavakuá (white-breasted toucan; P11) jakaʒakuá unknown See Language page Widespread Amazonia
gray-winged trumpeter Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris jacamim flora-fauna Psophia crepitans missing See Language page Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões
guan pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru) jacu flora-fauna Penelope sp. missing See Language page Different types have different localized ranges
tinamou tinamu, perdiz, gallineta inambu, inhambu flora-fauna family Tinamidae ulutsá (P11) ulutsá (P11) unknown See Language page Widespread Amazonia
hummingbird colibrí, picaflor (Peru) beija-flor flora-fauna family Trochilidae kumesi (Mello 99) kumesi (Mello 99) unknown See Language page Widespread
kingfisher martín pescador, catalan (Peru) martim-pescador flora-fauna family Alcedinidae tsula (P11) tsula (P11) inheritance See Language page Widespread Amazonia
owl (large) búho, lechuza corujão flora-fauna order Strigiformes mulukuhɨ; tuku-tu'ku (generic owl) mulukuhɨ; tuku-tu'ku (generic owl) doubtful loan - WW? %murukutu / kurukutu See Language page Widespread
macaw ara, guacamaya Arara flora-fauna family Psittacidae; Ara sp. missing See Language page Widespread Amazonia
parrot loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib) papagaio flora-fauna Amazona amazonica saˈkalu (Corberi 12) saˈkalu (Corberi 12) inheritance - WW %kuli See Language page Widespread
dove paloma pomba flora-fauna family Columbidae watapa; tuku'žẽ watapa; tuku'žẽ inheritance; inheritance? - WW %motkuku See Language page
hawk halcón, gavilán gavião flora-fauna family Accipitridae kuhupɨža kuhupɨža unknown See Language page
vulture buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru) urubu flora-fauna family Cathartidae awažatalu; wehɨža awažatalu; wehɨža inheritance See Language page Widespread South America
duck pato pato, marreco flora-fauna Anatidae family upi; wanana upi; wanana inheritance See Language page
great egret Garza Blanca, Guyratî Garça-Branca-Grande flora-fauna Ardea alba tsapátsapá (P11) tsapátsapá (P11) unique See Language page Widespread South America
woodpecker pájaro carpintero, carpintero pica-pau flora-fauna family Picidae missing See Language page Widespread Amazonia
dog (camp, domestic) perro cachorro flora-fauna Canis famililaris awaulu-ku'ma (generic dog) awaulu-ku'ma (generic dog) doubtful loan - WW? %auli; cf. TG jawara See Language page Not native; widespread
dog (wild; bush dog) sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta cachorro-do-mato flora-fauna Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis See Language page Widespread Amazonia
anteater oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus tamanduá flora-fauna Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater) iupe (Mello99) iupe (Mello99) unique See Language page Widespread Amazonian lowlands
armadillo armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo) tatu flora-fauna family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri okaluté (tatu galinha), malulá (tatu canastra) (P11) okaluté (tatu galinha), malulá (tatu canastra) (P11) unique See Language page Widespread in Amazonia
sloth pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru) macaco preguica flora-fauna Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp. missing See Language page Widespread Amazonia
alligator, black caiman babilla; cachirre jacaré flora-fauna Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp. ya'ka (generic alligator) ja'ka (generic alligator) loan - WW TG %jakare See Language page Throughout Amazonia Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi
electric eel anguila eléctrica poraquê flora-fauna Electrophorus electricus missing See Language page
fish (generic) pez peixe flora-fauna kupatɨ kupatɨ inheritance See Language page
pacu fish palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru) pacu flora-fauna Mylossoma sp. See Language page
pirana piraña, caribe piranha flora-fauna subfamily Serrasalmidae missing See Language page Widespread Amazonia
tigerfish taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru) traíra flora-fauna Hoplias sp. puláma (M99) puláma (M99) See Language page Widespread Amazonia
mandi catfish maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish) mandi flora-fauna Auchenipterus sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
speckled catfish surubí, pintadillo surubim, sorubim flora-fauna Pseudoplatystoma sp. tulukumalu (sapo grande; M99) tulukumalu (sapo grande; M99) See Language page Widespread Amazonia
toad sapo sapo flora-fauna order Anura kažutukalu kažutukalu inheritance See Language page
iguana iguana, garipiares (Colombia) camaleão flora-fauna Iguana sp. yia (M99) jia (M99) inheritance South Arawak See Language page iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana
small lizard lagartija calango flora-fauna order Squamata su'la; i'ya; yamu'lu; mayu'wa; ũ'tɨ (generic lizard) su'la; i'ja; jamu'lu; maju'wa; ũ'tɨ (generic lizard) unknown See Language page
stingray (generic) rayas látigo, raya arraia flora-fauna Potamotrygon sp. iyapu; ka-pala-'ka ijapu; ka-pala-'ka inheritance? reflex of N.Arawak *inatu-li (Ramirez)? See Language page
crab cangrejo caranguejo flora-fauna infraorder Brachyura missing See Language page
anaconda anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande sucuri flora-fauna genus Eunectes missing See Language page Widespread Amazonia
boa boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura jiboia flora-fauna family Boidae, subf. Boinae missing See Language page
snake (generic) culebra, serpiente cobra flora-fauna uwi uwi inheritance See Language page
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara jararaca flora-fauna Bothrops jararaca/atrox See Language page Widespread South America
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant) tortuga, morrocoy, motelo jabutí, tartaruga flora-fauna Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria missing See Language page Widespread
Amazon dolphin bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco) boto cor-de-rosa flora-fauna Inia geoffrensis missing See Language page Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls
mushroom champiñón, hongo cogumelo flora-fauna (any edible generic) missing See Language page prioritize generic term that includes any edible species
black palm bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá bacaba flora-fauna Oenocarpus bacaba missing See Language page Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon may be confused in some entries with O. bataua
açai palm huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia) açaí flora-fauna Euterpe sp. missing See Language page floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia
miriti palm moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti buriti flora-fauna Mauritia flexuosa wau'luki (Richard273) wau'luki (Richard273) unknown See Language page Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps trunks contain sago-like starch
palm for roof thatch pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná caraná flora-fauna Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana missing See Language page Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests palm
paxiuba palm pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba paxiuba flora-fauna Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea missing See Language page Widespread Amazonia palm
peach palm, pejibaye palm chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol) pupunha flora-fauna Bactris gasipaes missing See Language page
seje palm ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá patoá, patuá flora-fauna Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua missing See Language page mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries
coca coca coca flora-fauna Erythroxylum coca missing See Language page secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes plant
cotton algodón algodão flora-fauna Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers) ayu-pe aju-pe unknown See Language page secondary scrub vegetation plant; some sources may confound with kapok Ceiba pentandra (esp. if a single gloss for 'cotton' is given')
kapok ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.) sumaumeira flora-fauna Ceiba pentandra See Language page northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas tree
hot pepper ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru) pimenta flora-fauna Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens ai; katamu-tɨ ai; katamu-tɨ unknown See Language page secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden plant
peanut maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete amendoim flora-fauna Arachis hypogaea he'žetà (Richards73) he'ʒetà (Richards73) See Language page plant
pineapple piña abacaxi flora-fauna Ananas comosus mapalaka'ka (Richards73) mapalaka'ka (Richards73) unknown See Language page plant
arrow cane, wildcane caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio flora-fauna Gynerium sagittatum See Language page tropical regions, especially river banks plant
banana, plantain banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano banana flora-fauna Musa sp. banana banana loan Portuguese See Language page Names for banana/plantain may be derived from bastard plantain by semantic shift.
beans frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas) feijão flora-fauna Phaseolus spp. wažayu-tɨ; puhama; arisãtɨ wažaju-tɨ; puhama; arisãtɨ unknown See Language page plant
grass hierba, pasto capim, grama flora-fauna (generic) ata-kahɨ ata-kahɨ unknown See Language page
maize, corn mazorca, maiz milho flora-fauna Zea mays maiki maiki inheritance See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
tobacco tabaco tabaco flora-fauna Nicotiana tabacum hɨ'ka hɨ'ka unknown See Language page plant
tree árbol arvore flora-fauna ata ata inheritance See Language page
achiote, anatto achiote urucum flora-fauna Bixa orellana yuku (R73) juku (R73) doubtful loan Tupi-Guarani uruku See Language page secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens shrub
inga guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru) inga flora-fauna Inga spp. missing See Language page Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia)
avocado palta, aguacate abacate flora-fauna Persea americana See Language page secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens tree
bitterwood tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru) envira flora-fauna Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala See Language page secondary forests, native to Brazil tree
brazil nut castaña castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis) flora-fauna Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia'] See Language page 1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua. tree
cashew anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela) caju flora-fauna Anacardium occidentale / giganteum missing See Language page secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties
genipap jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico genipapo, jenipapo flora-fauna Genipapa americana yana (R73) jana (R73) inheritance j-ð (Paresi) correspondence attested See Language page widespread lowland SA shrub
japurá oreja de murcielago japurá flora-fauna Erisma japura See Language page large tree
rubber tree (sorva) caucho, siringa, shiringa seringa, borracha flora-fauna Hevea sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia tree
ucuqui yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru) ucuqui flora-fauna Pouteria ucuqui See Language page native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant
Amazon tree-grape uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.) cucura flora-fauna Pourouma cecropiifolia missing See Language page grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times a tree; not a true grape
manioc (bitter or generic) yuca brava mandioca flora-fauna Manihot esculenta ule-i (generic manioc) ule-i (generic manioc) semantic shift? from 'potato'; see Yavitero, Warekena elu See Language page not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield
manioc (sweet) yuca, caribe macaxeira flora-fauna Manihot esculenta missing See Language page Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
potato papa batata flora-fauna Solanum tuberosum See Language page secondary scrub vegetation compare entries for sweet potato
potato, sweet potato camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara batata-doce flora-fauna Ipomoea batatas uhu uhu unknown See Language page plant
cará tuber, purple or white camote, sachapapa cará roxo, branco flora-fauna Dioscorea sp. paka (R73) paka (R73) inheritance See Language page secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings plant
tannia, yautia huitina (Peru), ñame taioba branca flora-fauna Xanthosoma spp. See Language page
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree) calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara cabaça flora-fauna Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine) haka'na-i (R73) haka'na-i (R73) See Language page indigenous gardens plant; tree
squash calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru) abóbora flora-fauna Cucurbita sp. mɨmɨmɨžu mɨmɨmɨžu unknown See Language page plant
cipó vine tamishi, bejuco, yare cipó flora-fauna Heteropsis spp. ẽẽpi (R73) ẽẽpi (R73) See Language page secondary forest, floodplain vine
fish poison, barbasco barbasco, matapez (Colombia) timbó flora-fauna Lonchocarpus spp. kuna kuna inheritance See Language page secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation shrub/tree
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca ayahuasca, yage ayahuasca, caapi flora-fauna Banisteriopsis caapi missing See Language page semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW vine
hallucinogenic snuff vilca, cebil, yopo paricá, yopo flora-fauna Anadenanthera sp. or virola See Language page
insect (generic) insecto insecto flora-fauna generic yakawa'ka (can also refer to things in general) jakawa'ka (can also refer to things in general) See Language page
ant (generic) hormiga formiga flora-fauna Formicidae kaitʸalu; meic̷ukutɨ kaitʸalu; mei¢ukutɨ See Language page
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro tocandira flora-fauna Paraponera clavata missing See Language page
leaf-cutter ant Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse saúva flora-fauna Atta sp. tsalápa (P11) tsalápa (P11) unknown See Language page
honeybee abeja abelha flora-fauna Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis ikitʸunu; tʸulu-tʸulu ikitʸunu; tʸulu-tʸulu unknown See Language page
cockroach cucaracha barata-do-mato flora-fauna order Blattaria maakuyalu; mapɨžetelu maakujalu; mapɨžetelu unknown See Language page
firefly, lightning bug lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin) vagalume flora-fauna fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae wiitʸuku wiitʸuku inheritance? - WW %tjuke See Language page
butterfly, moth mariposa borboleta flora-fauna order Lepidoptera mapapalu mapapalu inheritance See Language page
moth mariposa nocturna, polilla mariposa flora-fauna order Lepidoptera See Language page
angleworm lombriz minhoca flora-fauna order Opisthopora missing See Language page
centipede ciempiés centopéia flora-fauna class Chilopoda uwi ɨ-pala'tã uwi ɨ-pala'tã See Language page
scorpion escorpión; alacran escorpião flora-fauna order Scorpiones huupa huupa unknown See Language page
cicada cigarra, chicharra cigarra flora-fauna super fam. Cicadoidea missing See Language page
flea pulga pulga flora-fauna order Siphonaptera missing See Language page
blowfly/housefly mosca mosca flora-fauna Diptera itizi (Postigo2011) itiʒi (Postigo2011) unknown See Language page
cricket saltón, grillo grilo flora-fauna family Gryllidae pi:ˈsulu (Mori12) pi:ˈsulu (Mori12) unknown See Language page
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil) suri, mojojoy larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá flora-fauna Rhynchophorus sp. missing See Language page
praying mantis, stick insects mantis religiosa louva-a-deus flora-fauna order Mantodea, family Mantidae See Language page
mosquito mosquito, zancudo mosquito, carapana flora-fauna Anopheles sp. eyu; makuku eju; makuku inheritance See Language page
termites, white-ants comején (Peru), termitas cupim flora-fauna order Isoptera missing See Language page
tick garrapata carrapato flora-fauna superfam Ixodoidea missing See Language page
wasp avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa caba flora-fauna order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita ata-pɨža ata-pɨža inheritance See Language page
snail caracol, churo (Peru) caracol flora-fauna class Gastropoda walu; itʸuwi; ɨtɨžu walu; itʸuwi; ɨtɨžu inheritance; unknown cf. Kalapalo iñu See Language page
spider araña aranha flora-fauna Arachnidae, Araneae yu'wa ju'wa inheritance See Language page
jaguar yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru) onca flora-fauna Panthera onca leiki (P11) leiki (P11) unknown See Language page
manatee vaca marina, manatí peixe-boi flora-fauna Trichechus sp. See Language page
brown woolly monkey Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt macaco barrigudo flora-fauna Lagothrix lagothricha missing See Language page
howler monkey (red-handed) mono aullador, mono coto (Peru) guariba flora-fauna Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.] missing See Language page
tufted capuchin monkey mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero macaco prego flora-fauna Cebus apella pahɨ 'capuchin' pahɨ 'capuchin' inheritance See Language page
white-fronted capuchin Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru) Caiarara flora-fauna Cebus albifrons missing See Language page
white-fronted spider monkey Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia) macaco aranha, coatá, quatá flora-fauna Ateles belzebuth/paniscus missing See Language page
opossum zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo mucura flora-fauna family Didelphidae iyula ijula unknown See Language page
giant otter Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria ariranha flora-fauna Pteronura brasiliensis e'weʂe (Mori2005) e'wese (Mori2005) See Language page
neotropical otter (small) Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia) lontra flora-fauna Lontra longicaudis e'weʂe (Mori2005) e'weʂe (Mori2005) unknown See Language page
collared peccary sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar caititu, caetitu flora-fauna Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu autú (P11) autú (P11) unknown See Language page
white-lipped peccary Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana queixada flora-fauna Tayassu pecari missing See Language page
porcupine puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru) cuandu, porco-espinho flora-fauna family Erethizontidae missing See Language page
cotamundi, coatimundi Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache quati flora-fauna genus Nasua missing See Language page
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti) Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado cutia flora-fauna Dasyprocta spp. pɨ'kɨʂɨ (Mori2005) pɨ'kɨʂɨ (Mori2005) inheritance See Language page
capybara Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco capivara flora-fauna Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris i'ʧɛhɨ (Mori2012) i'ʧɛhɨ (Mori2012) unknown See Language page
green acouchi Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo cutiara flora-fauna Myoprocta pratti missing See Language page
paca (lowland) Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana) paca flora-fauna Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.) missing See Language page
mouse, rat ratón camundongo, rata flora-fauna Mus musculus mukutɨ mukutɨ inheritance See Language page
squirrel ardilla, danta (Ven) serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo flora-fauna family Sciuridae missing See Language page
tapir sachavaca, danta anta flora-fauna Tapirus terrestris teme (P11) teme (P11) inheritance See Language page
deer venado veado, cariacu flora-fauna family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus aɣama; yu'ta aɣama; ju'ta unknown See Language page
horse caballo cavalho flora-fauna Equus caballus teme-ku'ma (tapir-?) teme-ku'ma (tapir-?) See Language page


Cultural Vocabulary (97)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Word Structure Word Structure Notes General Notes Source
basket (general) canasta, canasto, cesta cesto culture-material maya-ku; yatalu (generic basket) maja-ku; jatalu (generic basket) unknown; loan - WW %atura See Language page
basket, small canasta, canasto, cesta cesto pequeno, tampado culture-material See Language page
bead abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar miçanga culture-material yulatɨžu julatɨžu inheritance? See Language page
bed cama cama culture-material kama (from Port.); amaka (means hammock ) kama (from Port.); amaka (means hammock ) loan Spanish See Language page
hammock hamaca, chinchorro rede culture-material amaka amaka inheritance See Language page
bench, seat banco, silla, asiento banco culture-material se'pi (R73) se'pi (R73) unknown See Language page
canoe canoa canoa transport ic̷a i¢a inheritance See Language page
drum (large signal) tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia) tambor culture missing Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances See Language page
drum tambor tambor culture-mythology yanatɨ-ku'ma (generic drum) janatɨ-ku'ma (generic drum) doubtful loan - WW %kumu See Language page
shaman, healer chamán, brujo xaman, pajé, feiticeiro culture-mythology missing In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
healer curandero benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano) culture-mythology Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well. See Language page
broom escoba vassoura culture-material waic̷u wai¢u unknown See Language page
clothing ropa roupa culture-mythology -nai -nai unknown See Language page
fence, palisade cerco cerca other aža-tapi aža-tapi unknown may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
firewood leña lenha other ic̷ei-c̷iwi i¢ei-¢iwi inheritance See Language page
Curupira (spirit type) Curupira, Madremonte Curupira culture-mythology malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region See Language page
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio espirito culture-mythology yuwežɨ-ku-wi; apapaatai juwežɨ-ku-wi; apapaatai unknown See Language page
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure dios(es), deidad divinidade, figura mítica culture-mythology missing In RN region, frequently translates as 'Bone-Son', 'One on the bone', etc. See Language page
flute flauta, quena (Peru) flauta culture-mythology watana; kuluta; kawɨka watana; kuluta; kawɨka unknown multiple types? japurutu, deer-bone, etc. See Language page
panpipe carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora caniço, flauta de pã culture-mythology See Language page
hollow log/trough for beer-making canoa para chicha cocho de caxiri narcotics See Language page
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya) kapiwaya capiwaya culture-mythology See Language page
knife cuchillo faca culture-material tʸehɨ̃-tãi ('machete-small') tʸehɨ̃-tãi ('machete-small') unique small machete' See Language page
machete machete facão culture-material tʸehɨ̃ tʸehɨ̃ unknown See Language page
axe/stone axe hacha (de piedra) machado (de pedra) subsistence tool e'pi; -ɣawa e'pi; -ɣawa inheritance; inheritance especially for clearing fields See Language page
arrow flecha flecha subsistence tool u'ku u'ku inheritance hunting, warfare See Language page
spear lanza lança subsistence tool yuku'mi juku'mi inheritance See Language page
bow arco arco subsistence tool ɨ̃ɨtai ɨ̃ɨtai inheritance arco See Language page
paddle/oar remo remo transport etene etene inheritance See Language page
plate plato prato culture-material makula-tãi; paratu (from Port.) makula-tãi; paratu (from Port.) unknown See Language page
pot olla, pote panela, vasilha subsistence tool kamalu-pɨ; nukãi; makula kamalu-pɨ; nukãi; makula unknown See Language page
basin/bowl tazón, plato hondo, taza tijela culture-material makula; hakanai makula; hakanai unknown See Language page
griddle for cooking flatbread tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru) forno para beiju subsistence tool missing agriculture? See Language page
rattle matraca, maraca marico, chocalho culture-mythology wa'ũ wa'ũ unknown See Language page
resin resina, brea, copal resina, brea, breu subsistence tool missing See Language page
wax cera cera other i'yapi (beeswax; R73) i'japi (beeswax; R73) unknown See Language page
honey miel mel food mapa mapa inheritance only gathered in wild throughout Amazonia? See Language page
stone for lighting fires piedra para hacer fuego pedra para acender fogo culture-material See Language page
rope/string mecate, cuerda, soga corda culture #NAME? #NAME? unknown See Language page
tattoo tatuaje, tatu tatuagem culture-mythology -sitʸulã -sitʸulã See Language page
thatch/roof crisneja palha, caraná culture-material ažata; ikic̷i ažata; iki¢i unknown See Language page
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women) yurupari jurupari culture-mythology a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women. See Language page
fetish, charm fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga feitiço, puçanga culture-mythology See Language page
feather headdress plumaje, corona de plumas enfeite/capacete de penas culture-mythology -haa-tɨwɨ -haa-tɨwɨ See Language page
paint body, body paint pintura corporal pintura corporal culture-mythology See Language page
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven tierra do los muertos terra dos mortos culture-mythology See Language page
school escuela escola acculturation See Language page
bottle botella garrafa acculturation See Language page
paper papel papel acculturation ata-pana; ɨnupa-ki-c̷aku ata-pana; ɨnupa-ki-¢aku unknown See Language page
dream sueño, soñar sonho, sonhar culture-mythology k-isẽpũ k-isẽpũ See Language page
chicken gallina galinha acculturation missing See Language page
grave tumba, sepultura, sepulcro sepultura, sepulcro, cova culture-mythology wakapɨ wakapɨ See Language page
pipe for tobacco pipa cachimbo other See Language page
sugarcane/sugar azúcar, caña de azúcar açucar (de cana) acculturation kanawĩya (from Port.) kanawĩja (from Port.) See Language page
skirt falda, saya, fustan, pollera saia culture-material pi'si pi'si unknown See Language page
shoes zapatos sapatos dress See Language page
policeman polícia policía acculturation See Language page
soldier soldado soldado acculturation sitatu sitatu loan Span/Port soldado See Language page
cat gato gato acculturation kuruwãu; ĩyãu (latter can also refer to a human being) kuruwãu; ĩjãu (latter can also refer to a human being) unknown See Language page
gun arma, escopeta espingarda, fusil acculturation u'ku u'ku doubtful loan - WW %mokawa See Language page
hat sombero chapéu dress tɨwɨ-nai tɨwɨ-nai unknown See Language page
chief/leader jefe, cacique chefe culture-mythology amu- amu- unknown See Language page
club garrote, cachiporra clava, porrete subsistence tool watuku watuku See Language page
loincloth taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla tanga, tapa-sexo dress See Language page
fireplace hogar lareira other ic̷ei-yẽpe i¢ei-jẽpe See Language page
fishing line cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze linha de pesca subsistence tool niyapi nijapi See Language page
salt sal sal food ɨhɨwɨ ɨhɨwɨ inheritance See Language page
song (generic) canción, canto canção culture-mythology a'pa-i (R73) a'pa-i (R73) unknown See Language page
blowgun cerbatana, pucuna (Peru) zarabatana subsistence tool missing currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region See Language page
dart (blowgun) dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru) dardo, seta subsistence tool hunting and warfare See Language page
fan abanico abanador, abano subsistence tool wawai wawai unknown esp. for fanning a cooking fire See Language page
fish (with line) anzuelear, pescar con linea pescar (com linha) food missing See Language page
fish (with fish-poison) pescar con barbasco, barbasquear pescar com timbó; tinguijar food missing See Language page
hunt cazar caçar food missing See Language page
game animal caza, animal de caza caça, animal de caça food apapatai-mɨna (generic animal) apapatai-mɨna (generic animal) unknown Interesting correlation to 'fish' in Tukanoan languages See Language page
gourd (dipper/bowl) cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo cuia subsistence tool pitsa (Mori2005), haka'na-i (R73) pitsa (Mori2005), haka'na-i (R73) inheritance?; unknown See Language page
grater rallador, rallo ralador, ralo subsistence tool i'ña (R73) i'ña (R73) unknown esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well See Language page
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf) barbacoa jirau subsistence tool missing See Language page
mortar mortero pilão subsistence tool ana ana inheritance See Language page
pestle pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor mão de pilão subsistence tool ana-tɨ ana-tɨ See Language page
fermented drink masato, chicha caxiri, chicha culture missing prioritizes manioc beer where distinction is made See Language page
flour/meal from manioc fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina farinha food iki, u'leiki iki, u'leiki doubtful loan Carib agriculture See Language page
flat bread, cassava bread pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe beiju food ule-pe ule-pe doubtful loan (into protolg), direction unknown Carib usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits See Language page
starch (tapioca, other) almidón goma de tapioca food missing See Language page
tapioca drink, mingau cahuana, caguana mingau food utʃitʃu'i (Mori2005) utʃitʃu'i (Mori2005) unknown agriculture See Language page
tipiti (manioc squeezer) tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca tipiti food tu'api (R73) tu'api (R73) doubtful loan Tupi-Guarani word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc See Language page
tripod for washing manioc trípode tripé subsistence tool agriculture See Language page
venom for darts, poison veneno curare subsistence tool missing hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?) See Language page
woven strainer/sieve colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru) peneira, cumatá subsistence tool ma'na (R73) ma'na (R73) doubtful loan Carib agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour See Language page
bait for fishing cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru) isca subsistence tool can refer to worms; more generic See Language page
fishtrap trampa de peces, trampa matapi, cacuri subsistence tool mutu; atapĩyã; kulutu mutu; atapĩjã; kulutu See Language page
bottom grinding stone manufacture if different word from top grinding stone See Language page
digging stick subsistence tool See Language page
top grinding stone metate, mano; piedra de moler metate, mano manufacture use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone See Language page
boomerang/throwing stick (generic) subsistence tool See Language page
spearthrower subsistence tool See Language page
house other pãi; ɨ-pɨ-na pãi; ɨ-pɨ-na inheritance See Language page