Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

chief/leader

Semantic Field: culture-mythology
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish: jefe, cacique
Meaning Portuguese: chefe

Sorry, we have no imagery here.

Languages

Copy CSV

Search:

Language	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

Language	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source
Achagua	wákaliʃi; wákali 'dueño'	wákaliʃi; wákali 'dueño'		inheritance?			shared Yucuna							See Language page
Aché		ɨma čiǰa		unknown										See Language page
Aguaruna	apu-hi (Quechua loan)	apu-hi		loan - WW			%apu							See Language page
Akawaio	eebuuruu (E1980)	eburu		inheritance		Akawaio-Pemon								See Language page
Andoke	po'so-ʌ (from po'so 'beat drum')	poʔso-ʌ (from poʔso 'beat drum')		unique										See Language page
Apalai	tuisa, ipãnary	tuisa, ipãnarɨ		loan - WW; unique			%tuʃawa, via Nheengatu?							See Language page
Araona		dohoi												See Language page
Ashuar	ápu (Quechua)	ápu (Quechua)												See Language page
Ayoreo		dai'n̥ai; dai'n̥ee											See 04.870.	See Language page
Baniwa	#NAME?	#NAME?		unique							Simplex	-li is masculine gender marker		See Language page
Bankalachi Toloim	te-me'-wel		chief	unique							other complex			Merriam 49:203
Barasano	ɨh-ɨ́	ɨh-ɨ́												See Language page
Bará		duti-'gɨ́												See Language page
Baure	rom	rom		unknown										See Language page
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone	tekwa-ni		chief, boss	inheritance							derived	tekwa" 'to talk'		Crapo 1976
Bora	ávyéjuúbe (ávyéju - cf. power, respect)	áβjéxɯɯ́pe		inheritance/calque										See Language page
Cahuilla	net		chief of the clan, moderator of a fiesta	inheritance	*nyC-ta	Cupan					other complex			Seiler & Hioki 1979
Carapana	quetiupaʉ	ketiupaʉ												See Language page
Cavineña	wara-hi; ekʷari	wara-hi; ekʷari		unknown; loan			TG - Siriono? also in Shipibo							See Language page
Cayuvava		[kasiki]; 'tedede											From 'cacique'.	See Language page
Central Aymara		kuraka												See Language page
Central Sierra Miwok	hajá:po-		chief	inheritance		Proto-Miwok				While Callaghan 1971:18 does not propose a Pmi reconstruction, note Pmiw hójpuş 'chief' (Callaghan 1970:24), perhaps from *hoj 'first'?? JHH); má:jyngy- woman chief, chief's wife or daughter; this also in Nisenan	simplex			Freeland & Broadbent 1960
Cha'palaa		'uɲi												See Language page
Chemehuevi	togWaintymY		chief	unique							derived, other complex			Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969)
Chipaya		xiliri												See Language page
Chiriguano		huwiča; uwiča		inheritance?			shared Guarani							See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja		nakiʔ (m.)											Cf. 18.222.	See Language page
Chumash Barbareno	wot'		chief, be rich	inheritance		Proto-Central Chumash				in I and V	simplex			Beeler 1978
Chumash Ineseno	wot'		chief	inheritance		Proto-Central Chumash					simplex			Applegate 1972
Chumash Obispeno	missing			missing
Chumash Ventureno	wot'		chief	inheritance		Proto-Southern Chumash				in I & B	simplex			Mamet 2003
Chácobo	taita	taita		unknown										See Language page
Cocopa	kWmšyaráy		chairman, captain, leader	unknown							derived			Crawford 1989
Cofán	coen ('old one, chief'; from 'adult')	koen ('old one, chief'; from 'adult')											phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
Comanche	paraiboo7		chief, officer, agent, chief wife among multiple wives, stepmother	unique							phrase	paraibo 'peace chief' pa-taibo big-X (taibo='white man'??)		Robinson & Armagost 1990
Cubeo	cõjeipõecʉ	kõhɛipõkʉ		unknown						Also:cʉrõcacʉ, jabocʉ	Compound	?-person-classifier -kɨ		See Language page
Cupeño	net		chief of lineage, 'captain'	inheritance	*nyC-ta	Cupan					other complex			Hill & Nolasquez 1973
Desano	opʉ	opʉ		inheritance?			cf. %apu				Simplex			See Language page
Djeoromitxi	nĩrü	nĩrø												See Language page
Dâw	kapitãw, tusaàw	kapitãw, tuʃâw		loan; loan - WW			Portuguese; %tuʃawa, via Nheengatu?							See Language page
Epena		'tači 'poro											Lit. 'our head'. Also 'tači wai'bɨa, 'our great'. The spiritual shaman leader (female) is 'tači 'nawe 'our mother'; (male) 'tači a'kʰõre 'our father'.	See Language page
Esselen	missing			missing
Eñepa	iʔyan	iʔjan		doubtful loan			Arawak; cf. Trinitario iyaraʔo							See Language page
Gabrielino	tomya:r		chief	unique							other complex			Hill Harrington notes
Huambisa	uuntri	uuntri												See Language page
Hup	yɔ̃ʔɔm=ʔĩh	jɔ̃ʔɔm=ʔĩh		unique							Derived	power-MSC		See Language page
Ignaciano		akenuka; -'a'kenumuri												See Language page
Iipay 'Aa	kwaaypaay, kway'paay		chief, captain, judge	unknown							derived	kw- agentive		Couro & Hutcheson 1973
Ingá	iaia	iaia												See Language page
Iquito	áapu	áapu		loan - WW			%apu							See Language page
Itonama		manačobo; miyayčumaʔna												See Language page
Kaingang	pãʔi; pãʔe (loan Tupi?) (IDS)	pãʔi; pãʔe												See Language page
Kakataibo		ʔapu [Quechua loan]												See Language page
Kakua	mǎ	mǎ		unknown							Simplex			See Language page
Kamayurá	morerekwat	morerekwat		unknown										See Language page
Kariña	jopoto	jopoto	chief; boat				Yamada 2010:745
Karitiana	myj	mɨj		unknown			cf. TG pai							See Language page
Katukina		nokɨ iβoʔa-i												See Language page
Kawaiisu	niyaa-ga-dy		chief, braggart	inheritance	*nija	Numic				Stubbs 2011 1490	derived, other complex	niyaa-'name'		Zigmond et al. 1990
Kiliwa	7ipaa=kw-t+hiy		chief, headman (lit spirit, great person)	unknown							compound			Mixco 1985
Kitanemuk	ki'ka'y		capitán', chief	inheritance	*kika	Uto-Aztecan				the "villager' word	derived			Anderton 1988
Kokama	apu	apu		loan - WW			%apu							See Language page
Koreguaje	pãi chʉ̃'ʉkʉ	pãi dʒʉ̃'ʉkʉ		loan			Tupi-Guarani pai 'respected man'							See Language page
Kotiria	pùhtoro	pùhtoro		inheritance			shared Piratapuyo			Compare Carib: Pemon eepuuruu; Makushi póotɨ-rɨ				See Language page
Kwazá	tãjã	tãjã												See Language page
Lake Miwok	hójpu		chief, boss	inheritance		Proto-Miwok				While Callaghan 1971:18 does not propose a Pmi reconstruction, note Pmis haja:-po- 'chief' (Callaghan 1971:18), perhaps from *hoj 'first'?? JHH); má:jyngy- woman chief, chief's wife or daughter; this also in Nisenan	simplex			Callaghan 1965
Lengua		wiši												See Language page
Lokono	baihosen	baihosen	chief											Pet 1987:353
Luiseño	noo-t		chief, boss, leader, spokesman	inheritance	*nyC-ta	Cupan					other complex			Elliott 1999
Maca		ɬeḳisil (m.)												See Language page
Maidu	jepóni, jopóni		important man, head man,"captain"	inheritance	*jep 'man'	Proto-Maiduan					derived	jep 'man'		Shipley 1963
Maihiki	ñi debɨ aguɨ, ñiacaiquɨ aguɨ	ɲi debɨ agɨ, ɲiakaikɨ agɨ		unknown						Also: ɲiakaikɨ agɨ	Derived	ñi= 3sg; debɨ= legitimate; agɨ= masculine noun classifier		See Language page
Makiritare	ədāhə(IDS), ëda:hë(KH)	əda:hə		unique										See Language page
Makuna	ʉjʉ	ʉjʉ		inheritance?			cf. %apu							See Language page
Makushi	póotɨ-rɨ			unique										See Language page
Mapudungun		loŋko; [kasike]											First form also means 'head' 04.200. Ranquel form is loŋko.	See Language page
Matses	chuiquid	tʃuikid		unknown										See Language page
Mocoví		l-aši; l-aʔg-aʁalaʔ											The latter is '3p possessor-follow-agent (masc)'.	See Language page
Mojave	pi7pataahan		chief, big shot	unknown							derived	person good/real		Munro et al. 1992
Mosetén-Chimané		['hefe]											From Span. 'jefe'. Also [ka'siki], from Span. (?) 'cacique'. Also ko[ka'sik]č (m.), from 'cacique'.	See Language page
Movima	en-ona	en-ona												See Language page
Muinane	áivojɨɨbo (W97)	áiβoxɨɨbo												See Language page
Muisca	psihipqua	psihipkua												See Language page
Murui Witoto	illaɨ̀	idʒaɯ̀ (B83)		unique										See Language page
Mutsun	pe-ton, pe-tan		chief	loan			Spanish	WW	%capitan		simplex			Merriam 39:113
Napo Lowland Quichua	apu, mandaj	apu, mandax												See Language page
Nheengatu	tuxawa (Casas2000); kapitão (C11, Port loan)	tuʃawa (Casas2000); kapitão (C11, Port loan)		WW; loan			%tuʃawa; Portuguese			Donor: Pemon tusawa, etc.; Alternate: kapitão	Simplex			See Language page
Ninam	pata	pata		inheritance		Proto-Yanomamo?				Shared Ninam, Yanomam; doubtful inheritance	Simplex			See Language page
Nisenan	hu:k'		chief	unknown						Maidu hukes 'clever, smart'???	simplex			Uldall & Shipley 1966
Nivaclé		anwakle												See Language page
Northern Paiute	poenabe	poinabi	special chief	inheritance	*pohaC	Uto-Aztecan				power word	other complex			Yerington 1987
Northern Sierra Miwok	haja:po		chief, mayor	inheritance		Proto-Miwok				While Callaghan 1971:18 does not propose a Pmi reconstruction, note Pmiw hójpuş 'chief' (Callaghan 1970:24), perhaps from *hoj 'first'?? JHH); má:jyngy- woman chief, chief's wife or daughter; this also in Nisenan	simplex			Callaghan 1987
Ocaina	farááhfum̈a	ɸarááʔɸum:a		unique										See Language page
Paraguayan Guaraní		ᵐburuviča												See Language page
Paresi	kalorexe (kalore=big)	kaloreʃe (kalore=big)		unique										See Language page
Pemon	eepuuruu (E1980); epuru, tusawa (A1981)	epuru (E1980) (A1981)		inheritance; loan - WW		Akawaio-Pemon	shared Akawaio; %tuʃawa							See Language page
Piaroa	u'rú'wa', ru'wá'	uɁrúɁwaɁ, ruɁwáɁ		unique										See Language page
Pilagá		akwiski [from Mascoyan?]												See Language page
Plains Miwok	ceka-		chief, captain, boss, head man	unique						see Proto-Wintun *se:qtu (Callaghan 2001:321)	simplex			Callaghan 1984
Puinave	-hɨi-wãi-dɨk	-hɨi-wãi-dɨk		unique										See Language page
Pumé	tʰamõ kʰɔ̃rɔ̃-mẽ; bɛ kʰɔ̃rɔ-mẽ													See Language page
Páez	n-piic̷-thẽʔh (Lit.'prefix (personal relationship)-man-mature'); saʔt 'Indian chieftain'.	n-piic̷-thẽʔh (Lit.'prefix (personal relationship)-man-mature'); saʔt 'Indian chieftain'.												See Language page
Qawasqar		c̷efteyxor											Also yerwose, which also means 'give orders'. Sk, Bo record sefteyor for Central QWS.	See Language page
Quechua Ayacuchano	qullana, uma [apu 'earth deity'] (CP94)	quʎana, uma [apu 'earth deity']												See Language page
Resígaro	keʔví-	keʔví-		unique							Simplex	But found in dictionaries with gender markers, e.g. -gí		See Language page
Salinan A	aTukai		lord, señor	unknown						maybe in religious sense? Pinart has kapitan (Heizer 1952:73	simplex			Mason 1918
Salinan M	missing			missing
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité		apweskeʔ; apkemha-pmamyeʔ												See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet		koraka; apo; koši												See Language page
Secoya	pãĩ 'ɨ'haɨ	pãĩ 'ɨ'haɨ												See Language page
Selknam		haʔxe-nn											Means 'the old man'.	See Language page
Seri (Comcaac)	quihéhe		chief, leader (tener palo de autoridad)	unknown							simplex			Moser & Marlett 2005
Serrano	ke'-kah		chief	inheritance	*kika	Uto-Aztecan				widespread, cf. O'odham kikitam 'residents of a village'	derived			Merriam 48:193
Shipibo-Konibo		ererekʷa												See Language page
Sikuani	pematakanukaenü (sedentary group); pematakaponaenü (nomadic group); both from pemata- 'old person'	pematakanukaenɨ (sedentary group); pematakaponaenɨ (nomadic group); both from pemata- 'old person'		unique										See Language page
Siona	ɨhakˀɨ; ʔɨha pˀaĩ	ɨhakˀɨ; ʔɨha pˀaĩ		loan			Tupi-Guarani pai 'respected man'							See Language page
Siriano	o'pɨ́	o'pɨ́												See Language page
Sirionó	e-čoa pohi; ekʷai	e-čoa pohi; ekʷai		unknown; inheritance?										See Language page
Southern Paiute	avit:a	root, has other stuff compounded e.g. tangwaavit:a-i7 "men's chief"	chief	unique						also nia:vI 'captain, chief, war leader"	simplex			Sapir
Southern Sierra Miwok	ti7jaH-		chief	loan			Yokuts			also haja:puH, kaptan- (most consultants)	simplex			Broadbent 1964
Southern Ute	ta7wa-a-vI		chief, leader	unique							other complex			Givon
Sáliva	aixohdi	aixoʔdi		unique										See Language page
Tanimuca	ĩ'pi	ĩ'pi		inheritance?			cf. %apu							See Language page
Tariana	é:ni	é:ni		unique							Simplex			See Language page
Tatuyo	u'pa-i	u'pa-i												See Language page
Tehuelche		'ew 'eynk; 'ōʔypˀnk											Respectively: lit. 'before standing'; chief.	See Language page
Tikuna	aéngakê (Alv44)	aéŋakɨ		unique										See Language page
Tiriyó	kapiten	kapiten		loan			Portuguese							See Language page
Toba		iyaraʔo												See Language page
Trinitario		iyaraʔo												See Language page
Trumai	aek	aek		unique										See Language page
Tukano	sɨ'ôri niig´ɨ, wiogɨ (HR)	siʔôɾi niig´ɨ, wiogɨ (HR)		unique						From verb 'lead'. Also: wiogɨ				See Language page
Tuyuka	dutigʉ́	dutigʉ́												See Language page
Tübatulabal	timmiwwal		chief	unique							other complex			K. Hill Tb>Eng
Tümpisa Shoshone	pokwinapi		chief, leader	unique							simplex			Dayley 1989
Urarina	kʉraanaa	kʉraanaa		unique										See Language page
Wai Wai	kayaritomo	kajaritomo		unknown										See Language page
Waikhana	pɨʔ'to-ro	pɨʔ'to-ro												See Language page
Waimaja	wí'ó-gɨ, ka do'tí-gɨ	wí'ó-gɨ, ka do'tí-gɨ												See Language page
Waimiri Atroari	taha 'big, leader'	taha 'big, leader'												See Language page
Waorani	awẽdẽ (IDS)			unique										See Language page
Wapishana	tʰuʃau	tʰuʃau		loan - WW			%tuʃawa			compare Pemón tusawa	Simplex			See Language page
Wappo	k'anitúč'ma		chief, boss, leader	unknown							derived	productive suffix -ma; probably also compound		Sawyer 1965
Wari	taramaʃikon (Sousa2009)	taramaʃikon (Sousa2009)												See Language page
Washo	detúmu		leader	unknown						may mean to lead a line	derived	d- nmlzr (?)		Washo Project Dictionary
Waurá	amu-	amu-		unknown										See Language page
Wayampi	-l-uwiyã	-l-uwiyã		inheritance										See Language page
Wayana	umïtïn	umɨtɨn		unique										See Language page
Western Mono	pohenAby		chief	inheritance	*pohaC	Uto-Aztecan				power word	other complex			Loether & Bethel 1993
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay		-ka-ni'yat												See Language page
Wintu	wih		chief	inheritance	wiy, wi:	Proto-Wintun				Shepherd 2006:198	other complex	the 'particular aspect' of "person" (wi) (Pitkin)		Schlichter 1981
Yabarana		kampara, koŋtomo												See Language page
Yagua	jntityũ	xntitjũ		unique										See Language page
Yaminahua		tʰamõ kʰɔ̃rɔ̃-mẽ											Also bɛ kʰɔ̃rɔ-mẽ.	See Language page
Yanomam	pata	pata	leader, elder	inheritance		Proto-Yanomamo?				shared ninam, yanomam; doubtful inheritance	Simplex			See Language page
Yanomami	kapitani (MM07)	kapitani (MM07)		loan			Spanish			also Nheengatu kapitão	Simplex			See Language page
Yavapai	màk7yō:ra		chief	loan			Spanish	WW	%alcalde mayor	could this be loan from mayor with some kind of infix???	simplex			Shaterian 1983
Yavitero	minaľi	minaľi												See Language page
Yokuts Palewyami	te'-yah		chief	inheritance		Proto-Yokutsan				see Yawel, Yawd forms; Kroeber diiya	derived	from *de:-yi 'take the lead' Newman 156		Berman 2002
Yokuts Yawdanchi	diya7		chief	inheritance		Nim-Yokuts				see Yawelmani	derived	from *de:-yi 'take the lead' Newman 156		Kroeber 1907
Yokuts Yawelmani	tiy'a7		leader, captain	inheritance		Proto-Yokutsan				see Yawdanchi di:ya7 'chief' and Palewyami te'-yah	derived	from *de:-yi 'take the lead' Newman 156		Berman 2002
Yuki	Ti7ul		chief	inheritance	*Ti7ol'	Proto-North Yukian				S&S 1984:43 say this is Chinook Jargon. Also are other, more complex words p. 43	simplex			Schlichter 1985
Yukpa	yubatpue	jubatpue												See Language page
Yukuna	wakára'ajeri	wakáraʔahe-ri		inheritance?			shared Achagua				Derived	command' + masculine marker -ri		See Language page
Yuruti	dĩ'rṹpɨ̃	dĩ'rṹpɨ̃												See Language page


Achagua
Aché
Aguaruna
Akawaio
Andoke
Apalai
Araona
Ashuar
Ayoreo
Baniwa
Bankalachi Toloim
Barasano
Bará
Baure
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone
Bora
Cahuilla
Carapana
Cavineña
Cayuvava
Central Aymara
Central Sierra Miwok
Cha'palaa
Chemehuevi
Chipaya
Chiriguano
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja
Chumash Barbareno
Chumash Ineseno
Chumash Obispeno
Chumash Ventureno
Chácobo
Cocopa
Cofán
Comanche
Cubeo
Cupeño
Desano
Djeoromitxi
Dâw
Epena
Esselen
Eñepa
Gabrielino
Huambisa
Hup
Ignaciano
Iipay 'Aa
Ingá
Iquito
Itonama
Kaingang
Kakataibo
Kakua
Kamayurá
Kariña
Karitiana
Katukina
Kawaiisu
Kiliwa
Kitanemuk
Kokama
Koreguaje
Kotiria
Kwazá
Lake Miwok
Lengua
Lokono
Luiseño
Maca
Maidu
Maihiki
Makiritare
Makuna
Makushi
Mapudungun
Matses
Mocoví
Mojave
Mosetén-Chimané
Movima
Muinane
Muisca
Murui Witoto
Mutsun
Napo Lowland Quichua
Nheengatu
Ninam
Nisenan
Nivaclé
Northern Paiute
Northern Sierra Miwok
Ocaina
Paraguayan Guaraní
Paresi
Pemon
Piaroa
Pilagá
Plains Miwok
Puinave
Pumé
Páez
Qawasqar
Quechua Ayacuchano
Resígaro
Salinan A
Salinan M
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet
Secoya
Selknam
Seri (Comcaac)
Serrano
Shipibo-Konibo
Sikuani
Siona
Siriano
Sirionó
Southern Paiute
Southern Sierra Miwok
Southern Ute
Sáliva
Tanimuca
Tariana
Tatuyo
Tehuelche
Tikuna
Tiriyó
Toba
Trinitario
Trumai
Tukano
Tuyuka
Tübatulabal
Tümpisa Shoshone
Urarina
Wai Wai
Waikhana
Waimaja
Waimiri Atroari
Waorani
Wapishana
Wappo
Wari
Washo
Waurá
Wayampi
Wayana
Western Mono
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay
Wintu
Yabarana
Yagua
Yaminahua
Yanomam
Yanomami
Yavapai
Yavitero
Yokuts Palewyami
Yokuts Yawdanchi
Yokuts Yawelmani
Yuki
Yukpa
Yukuna
Yuruti

Showing 1 to 165 of 165 entries