Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

Epena

Family: Chocoan
Region: South America
ISO 639-3: sja
Location: 4.26°, -77.36°
Notes
Features: Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary

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Data Sources: Dura, Eladio Quiro & Phillip Lee Harms. 2007. Epena. Intercontinental Dictionary Series, ed. Mary Ritchie Key. http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/ids/ Harms, Judith A. 1993. Vocabulario Ilustrado eperã pedeede eperaari oopata. Bogotá: Editorial Alberto Lleras Camargo.

Basic Vocabulary (191)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Phonemicized Form	General Notes	Source
1pl.excl	nosotros (exclusivo)	nós (exclusivo)	grammar	'tai		See Language page
1pl.incl	nosotros (inclusivo)	nós (inclusivo)	grammar	'tači	no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted	See Language page
1sg	yo	eu	grammar	mɨ; 'mɨči	Respectively: unmarked; marked. 'Mine' is më're, underlying form: mɨ-'de, 'I/me-of'.	See Language page
2pl	ustedes	vocês	grammar	'pãra; 'pãči	Respectively: unmarked; marked.	See Language page
2sg	xx	xx	grammar	pɨ; 'pɨči	Respectively: unmarked; marked. 'Yours (sg.)' is pë're, with underlying form: pɨ-'de.	See Language page
3pl	ellos/ellas	eles/elas	grammar	'ãra; 'ãči	Respectively: unmarked; marked.	See Language page
3sg	el/ella	ele/ela	grammar	'iru; 'iči	Respectively: unmarked; marked. 'His/hers' is iru-'de 'him/her (unmarked)-of'; iči-'de 'him/her (marked)-of'.	See Language page
above	encima, arriba	acima	location	'ɨ̃rɨ	To 'go up' is ɨ'tʰaa.	See Language page
again	de nuevo, otra vez	de novo	grammar	wa'ya		See Language page
all	todo	todos	other	'čaa; 'hõma-'weda		See Language page
and	y	e	grammar			See Language page
ankle	tobillo	tornozelo	body	'bɨɨrɨ 'kʰooro	Lit. 'foot knob'.	See Language page
armpit	axila, sobaco	axila	body	i'sia 'kʰara	Lit. 'wing hair' 04.392 + 04.144.	See Language page
ash	ceniza(s)	cinzas	environment	itʰa'bar̃e 'pʰora	Lit. 'fireplace dust'.	See Language page
at	en, a	em, a	location			See Language page
back	espalda	costas	body	e'kʰar̃a		See Language page
bad	mal	mal	quality	kʰa'čia		See Language page
bark	corteza	casca	environment	pa'kʰuru e	Lit. 'tree skin'.	See Language page
belly	barriga	barriga	body	bi		See Language page
below	abajo, debajo	abaixo	location	e'du; e'daa	Respectively: 'to be down/inside'; 'to go down/inside'.	See Language page
big	grande	grande	quality	(ne-)'čoma	Lit. '(gen.-) big'. Also wai'bɨa 'big, many'.	See Language page
bite	morder	morder	body	kʰaa-		See Language page
black	negro	preto	colour	pʰãi'maa		See Language page
blood	sangre	sangue	body	'waa		See Language page
blow	soplar	soprar	body	hãra-pʰua-		See Language page
boil/pimple	espinilla, granos	espinha, borbulha	body	'kʰapɨ		See Language page
bone	hueso	osso	body	'bɨɨrɨ	Also means 'leg' 04.350. 'Joint' is kʰokʰo'rãa.	See Language page
breast	pecho, seno	peito	body	hu	Also means 'breast' in general.	See Language page
breathe	respirar	respirar	body	ĩapa-		See Language page
burn	quemar	queimar	environment	urua-	Also means 'shine'. A 'burning sensation' is ura-tɨ-.	See Language page
chew	masticar, mascar	mastigar	body	kʰai-kʰayaa-; kʰai-		See Language page
child	niño, niña	criança	human	'war̃a	Also means 'son'.	See Language page
climb	subir	subir	motion	ɨ'tʰɨ pa-	Lit. 'up.there arrive'.	See Language page
cloud	nube	nuvem	environment	hɨ̃a'rara	Plural form. All segments are realized as their nasalized counterparts.	See Language page
cold	frío	frio	quality	kʰũra'saa; kʰũ'ra-tɨ	Latter is 'cool-inter.change'. To be cold (person) is hi'sua.	See Language page
come	venir	vir	motion	če-		See Language page
cook	cocinar	cozinhar	impact	(ne-)čuu; (ne-)hoo-	Lit. '(gen.)-cook', with water.	See Language page
correct/true	verdad, de veras	verdade	quality	'pia	Also means 'good'.	See Language page
count	contar	contar	mental	huasia-		See Language page
cry	llorar	chorar	mental	hẽe-		See Language page
cut/hack	cortar	cortar	impact	tʰɨɨ-; tʰɨa-pʰe-	Latter is 'cut-instrument'.	See Language page
day	día	dia	time	e'wari; e'wate	A 24 hour day is 'kʰãima. 'Daytime' is ãs'taawa.	See Language page
die/be dead	morir	morrer	state	hai-ʔi'daa-da	Refers to humans, lit. 'sickness-many-that.was'. 'piu-da, refers to animals, lit. 'die-that.was'. Verbal forms are hai-ʔidaa-; piu-, human, animal.	See Language page
dig	cavar	cavar	impact	kʰoro-		See Language page
dingo/wolf			fauna			See Language page
dirty	sucio	sujo	quality	hai'kʰoo; me'mee	'Moldy' or 'stained' is ha'yoo; 'tʰãu.	See Language page
dream	soñar	sonhar	mental	kʰãi-mokʰaraa-		See Language page
drink	beber, tomar	beber	body	to-	Also means 'river' 01.360.	See Language page
dry	seco	seco	quality	pʰũa'saa; pʰoo-	Latter is verbal form.	See Language page
dull/blunt	sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo	maçante, desamolado, não afiado	quality	'kʰida wa'ree; po'sia	Respectively: lit. 'tooth dull', as a knife; dull point.	See Language page
dust	polvo	poeira	environment	yooro 'pʰora	Lit. 'soil dust (particles). See also 'ashes' 01.840.	See Language page
ear	oreja	orelha	body	'kʰɨɨrɨ		See Language page
earth/soil	tierra	terra	environment	'yooro		See Language page
eat	comer	comer	body	kʰo-; ne-kʰo-	Lit. trans.; intrans. Also hõ-, 'eat fruit'.	See Language page
egg	huevo	ovo	fauna	(ne-)'ʔɨmɨ	Lit. '(gen.)-egg'.	See Language page
eye	ojo	olho	body	'tau	Also means 'ball (sphere), round-unit (thing)' 12.830.	See Language page
faeces	heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol	fezes	body	'ãa-	Also means 'open'. Noun form 'dung' is 'ãa.	See Language page
fall	caer	cair	motion	baai-	'To fall down' is tu'du pa-.	See Language page
far	lejos	longe	quality	tʰɨ'mɨa		See Language page
fat/grease	grasa	gordura	body	(ne-)'traa	A fat person/animal is po'ree.	See Language page
father	padre, papá	pai	kinship	a'kʰõre	Cf. 'sun' 01.520.	See Language page
fear	miedo	medo	mental	neha'sia; wa'wee	Respectively: includes body sensations; respectful fear. Also ãčobee-ʔi'daa 'fear-many' (f. of what will happen).	See Language page
feather	pluma	pena	fauna	i'sia 'kʰara	Lit. 'wing hair'. Also means 'armpit' 04.312.	See Language page
fingernail	uña	unha	body	'hua pʰi'si	Lit. 'hand claw'.	See Language page
fire	fuego	fogo	environment	'tʰɨpɨ 'tau	Lit. 'fire round-unit/eye' 04.210, also see 'firewood' 01.880.	See Language page
flow	fluir	fluir	motion	wee-		See Language page
flower	flor	flor	environment	(ne-)'pʰono	Lit. '(gen.)-flower'.	See Language page
fly	volar	voar	motion	wãa-bai-		See Language page
fog	niebla, neblina	nevoeira, bruma, neblina	environment	hɨ̃a'rara tʰa'waa	Lit. 'clouds foggy/thin'.	See Language page
foot	pie	pé	body	'hĩru	Also means 'leg'. Also 'bɨɨrɨ, which also means 'bone'. Note symmetry with 'arm, hand' 04.310, 04.330.	See Language page
fruit	fruta	fruta	flora	'ne-hõ	A large fruit, lit. 'gen.-fruit'.	See Language page
good	bueno	bom	quality	'pia; piʔ'ia	Latter is 'very good'.	See Language page
green	verde	verde	quality	pʰãwa'raa		See Language page
grow	crecer	crescer	state	wari-		See Language page
hair (of head)	cabello	cabelo	body	'puda		See Language page
hand	mano	mão	body	'hua		See Language page
head	cabeza	cabeça	body	'poro	'Crown of head' is poro-'sãu.	See Language page
hear	oír	ouvir	mental	ũri-		See Language page
heart	corazón	coração	body	sõ	Also means 'suck' 05.160.	See Language page
heavy	pesado	pesado	quality	'čɨa; čɨ'kʰɨa		See Language page
hide	esconder	esconder	motion	miru-; mera-	Respectively: hide self; hide something.	See Language page
hit	golpear, pegar	bater	impact	wɨ-		See Language page
hold	correr, asegurar, sostener	segurar	other			See Language page
hot	caliente	quente	quality	wã'sia; wasta'waa	Respectively: 'hot to touch'; hot person.	See Language page
how?	como	como	grammar	'sãga		See Language page
if	si	se	grammar	ba-da-'paara	Lit. 'be-that.was-if'. Also -'pɨrã; -ra used with past; used with pres. or future.	See Language page
in/inside	dentro, adentro	dentro	location	e'du		See Language page
intestines	intestinos	intestinos	body	'hɨ̃si		See Language page
itch	hormiguear, sentir comezón	coçar	body	i'sia		See Language page
kill	matar	matar	impact	pee-		See Language page
know/be knowledgeable	saber, conecer	saber, conhecer	mental	kʰawa-		See Language page
lake	lago	lago	environment	'tʰɨ-da to	Lit. 'enter-that.was river', refers to an oxbow lake or a slough.	See Language page
laugh	reír	rir	mental	ëi-	Also means 'smile' 16.251.	See Language page
leaf	hoja	folha	environment	'kʰiru; kʰi'tua	Latter is large leaf.	See Language page
left/left hand	izquierdo	esquerdo	location/body	hua-bi-'are	Lit. 'hand-belly-side'.	See Language page
leg/foot	pierna	perna	body	'hĩru; 'bɨɨrɨ	Respectively used for: human or animal; human, animal, thing. The latter also means 'bone' 04.160.	See Language page
lie down	acostarse, echarse	deitar	motion	hẽra bee-	Lit. 'lie.down-do'.	See Language page
lightning	rayo, relámpago	relampago	environment	pa-'baai	Lit. 'thunder-fall'.	See Language page
live/be alive	vivir	viver, morar	body	čo'kʰai bɨ	Lit. 'awake be'. Cf. 'sleep' 04.610.	See Language page
liver	hígado	figado	body	'tʰãri		See Language page
long	largo	comprido, longo	quality	tee'soo	'Long hair' is ('puda) wa'ree.	See Language page
louse	piollo, piojo	piolho	fauna	tʰɨ̃; 'puri	Respectively: head louse; bed louse.	See Language page
lung	pulmón	pulmão	body	pʰopʰo'tʰoo		See Language page
man/male	hombre	homem	human	ɨmɨ'kʰĩra		See Language page
meat/flesh	carne	carne	fauna	(ne-)'čiara	Lit. '(gen.)-meat'.	See Language page
moon	luna	lua	environment	a'tane	Also means 'month'. Also 'tači 'nawe, 'our mother'.	See Language page
mother	madre, mamá	mãe	kinship	'nawe	Cf. 'moon' 01.530.	See Language page
mountain/hill	montaña, colina, loma, cerro	morro, serra	environment	'ee		See Language page
mouth	boca	boca	body	i'tʰai		See Language page
name	nombre	nome	human	tʰɨ̃		See Language page
nape	base del cuello, nuca	nuca	body	ɨ̃'bɨsi		See Language page
near/close	cerca de	perto	quality	'kʰaitʰa		See Language page
neck	cuello	pescoço	body	o; o-'tau	Respectively: also means 'path' 10.720; lit. 'path/neck ball/round'.	See Language page
new	nuevo	novo	quality	či'widi		See Language page
night	noche	noite	time	pʰãri'kʰua		See Language page
no/not	no	não	grammar			See Language page
nose	nariz	nariz	body	kʰɨ̃	Also means 'point' 12.352.	See Language page
old	viejo	velho	quality	či'sore; či'wari	Respectively: 'used; mature (plant)'.	See Language page
one	uno	um	number	'aba		See Language page
open/uncover	abrir	abrir	other	ewa-		See Language page
other	otro	outro	grammar			See Language page
pain/painful/sick	dolor, doloroso, enfermo	dor, doloroso, doente	body	kʰa'yaa		See Language page
person/human being	persona	pessoa	human	e'perã		See Language page
pound/beat	machacar, golpear	bater	impact	sĩ-		See Language page
rain	lluvia	chuva	environment	'kʰoi		See Language page
red	rojo	vermelho	colour	pʰo'ree		See Language page
right/right hand	derecha	direita	location/body	hua-'raare	Lit. 'hand-right.side'.	See Language page
road/path	camino	caminho	manufacture	o	Cf. 'neck' 04.280.	See Language page
root	raíz	raiz	flora	'kʰar̃a	Also means 'plant'.	See Language page
rotten	podrido	podre	quality	be'rau; pʰo'kʰee; mi'kʰia	Respectively: 'rotten; rotten plant material or wood; rotten food'.	See Language page
sand	arena	areia	environment	'ipu	Also means 'beach'.	See Language page
say	decir	dizer	mental	hara-		See Language page
scratch	rascar	rasgar	impact			See Language page
see	ver	ver	mental	unu-	Also means 'find' 11.320.	See Language page
sharp	afilado, filudo, filoso	afiado	quality	pʰewe'dee		See Language page
shoot	tirar, disparar, balear	atirar	impact	batʰa-; trɨ-	Respectively: shoot a gun; shoot an arrow or dart.	See Language page
short	corto	curto	quality	kʰakʰa'tʰua	Means 'short thing'. 'Short person' is 'posi.	See Language page
shoulder	hombro	ombro	body	i'kʰia		See Language page
shy/ashamed	tímido, vergonzoso	timido, com vergonha	mental	'kʰĩra neha'sia	Lit. 'face fear'. All sements in both words (other than the kʰ), are realized as their nasalized counterparts.	See Language page
sit	sentar(se)	sentar	state	su-ʔakʰɨ bee	Lit. 'sit-stand-do'.	See Language page
skin	piel	pele	body	e	Also means 'covering/shell' 03.655.	See Language page
sky	cielo	céu	environment	'pa-hã; a'kʰõre 'hã	Respectively: 'thunder-plane' 01.560; 'father's/sun plane' 02.350 & 01.520.	See Language page
sleep	dormir	dormir	body	kʰãi-		See Language page
small	pequeño	pequeno	quality	kʰai'pee; ma'ʔari	Latter is 'very.small'.	See Language page
smoke	humo	fumaça	environment	'nari		See Language page
sniff/smell	olfatear, oler	cheirar	body	ɨ̃-	primarily transitive	See Language page
spit	escupir	cuspir	body	idu-	Verbal form. Noun is i'du-ba, 'spit-liquid'.	See Language page
split	partir, dividir	rachar, dividir, partir	impact	tʰoo-pʰe	Lit. 'divide-instrument'.	See Language page
squeeze	estrujar, exprimir	espremer	impact	hu-; pʰuya-	Respectively: 'squeeze to extract juice or milk' 04.410; 'wring', as with a twist.	See Language page
stab/pierce	apuñalar, acuchillar	apunhalar	impact	su-; awa-	Respectively: 'stab; pierce'.	See Language page
stand	estar de pié	ficar em pé	state	akʰɨ nɨbee-; bai nɨbee-	Respectively: people; animals and things. Lit. 'stand-continue.do'.	See Language page
star	estrella	estrela	environment	[lu'sero]	From Span. 'lucero'.	See Language page
steal	robar	roubar	other	(ne-)čɨa-		See Language page
stick/wood	palo	pau, vara	flora	pa'kʰuru		See Language page
stone	piedra	pedra	environment	'mau		See Language page
suck	chupar	chupar	body	sõ-		See Language page
sun	sol	sol	time	a'kʰõre 'hĩru	Lit. 'father's foot'. Also 'tači a'kʰõre, 'our father'.	See Language page
sweat	sudar	suor, suar	body	'hɨa če-	Lit. 'sweat come'.	See Language page
swell	hincharse	inchar	body	ooro-		See Language page
swim	nadar	nadar	motion	kʰui-	Also means 'bathe'.	See Language page
tail	cola, rabo	rabo	body	tru; tu		See Language page
that	ese/esa	esse	grammar			See Language page
thick	grueso, gordo, espeso	grosso	quality	pa'daa	A fat person/animal is po'ree.	See Language page
thin	delgado	fino	quality	na'mia	A thin person is kʰaite'kʰee; sĩau'taa.	See Language page
think	pensar	pensar	mental	kʰĩsia-		See Language page
this	este/esta	este	grammar			See Language page
three	tres	tres	number	õ'pee		See Language page
throat	garganta	garganta	body	o-'siru	Lit. 'path/trail-flute' (vocal apparatus). Cf. 'neck' 04.280.	See Language page
throw	tirar, lanzar	atirar, jogar	impact	batʰa-		See Language page
thunder	truenos	trovão	environment	pa; pa hĩ'waa	The latter 'thunder to.sound'.	See Language page
tie up/fasten	atar, amarrar	amarrar	impact	hɨ̃-		See Language page
tongue	lengua	lingua	body	kʰĩ'ra-me ~ kʰĩra-'me	Lit. 'face-protuberance' 04.204; 04.492.	See Language page
tooth	diente	dente	body	'kʰida		See Language page
turn	girar, volter, torcer	virar	other	pʰɨr̃abai-	may be transitive or intransitive	See Language page
two	dos	dois	number	o'me		See Language page
vomit	vomitar	vomitar	body	ãpʰo-		See Language page
walk	caminar, andar	andar	motion	ni; nipa-	Respectively: pres.; nonpres.	See Language page
water	agua	agua	environment	pa'nia		See Language page
wet	mojado	molhado	quality	be'kʰee		See Language page
what?	que, qué	que	grammar	'kʰãare; kʰa'sa	Respectively: as in 'What (was it)?'; 'What (is your name)?'. Also sãga-'hi-ma 'What happened? (past information)'.	See Language page
when?	cuando	quando	grammar	sãa'pai; sãa'weda	Respectively: in future; in past.	See Language page
where?	donde	onde	grammar	'sã-ma; sã-'maa	Respectively: to be where; to go where.	See Language page
white	blanco	branco	colour	tʰo'r̃oo		See Language page
who?	quien, quién	quem	grammar	'kʰai		See Language page
wife	esposa	esposa	kinship	či 'wẽra	Lit. '(referential) his woman'.	See Language page
wind	viento	vento	environment	'nau	Verbal form 'wind blows' is pʰua-.	See Language page
wing	ala	asa	body	ne-ʔi'sia; i'sia	Lit. 'generic-wing'. Also means 'fin' 03.652. Also ne-'ʔi, 'generic edge'.	See Language page
woman/female	mujer	mulher	human	'wẽra	'Indian woman' is e'perã 'wẽra.	See Language page
work	trabajar	trabalhar	other	mimia-		See Language page
yawn	bostezar	bocejar	body	ipʰoo-		See Language page
yellow	amarillo	amarelo	colour	kʰua'raa		See Language page


1pl.excl
1pl.incl
1sg
2pl
2sg
3pl
3sg
above
again
all
and
ankle
armpit
ash
at
back
bad
bark
belly
below
big
bite
black
blood
blow
boil/pimple
bone
breast
breathe
burn
chew
child
climb
cloud
cold
come
cook
correct/true
count
cry
cut/hack
day
die/be dead
dig
dingo/wolf
dirty
dream
drink
dry
dull/blunt
dust
ear
earth/soil
eat
egg
eye
faeces
fall
far
fat/grease
father
fear
feather
fingernail
fire
flow
flower
fly
fog
foot
fruit
good
green
grow
hair (of head)
hand
head
hear
heart
heavy
hide
hit
hold
hot
how?
if
in/inside
intestines
itch
kill
know/be knowledgeable
lake
laugh
leaf
left/left hand
leg/foot
lie down
lightning
live/be alive
liver
long
louse
lung
man/male
meat/flesh
moon
mother
mountain/hill
mouth
name
nape
near/close
neck
new
night
no/not
nose
old
one
open/uncover
other
pain/painful/sick
person/human being
pound/beat
rain
red
right/right hand
road/path
root
rotten
sand
say
scratch
see
sharp
shoot
short
shoulder
shy/ashamed
sit
skin
sky
sleep
small
smoke
sniff/smell
spit
split
squeeze
stab/pierce
stand
star
steal
stick/wood
stone
suck
sun
sweat
swell
swim
tail
that
thick
thin
think
this
three
throat
throw
thunder
tie up/fasten
tongue
tooth
turn
two
vomit
walk
water
wet
what?
when?
where?
white
who?
wife
wind
wing
woman/female
work
yawn
yellow

Showing 1 to 191 of 191 entries

Flora Fauna Vocabulary (133)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Source	Distribution	General Notes
achiote, anatto	achiote	urucum	flora-fauna	Bixa orellana				See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	shrub
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti)	Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado	cutia	flora-fauna	Dasyprocta spp.				See Language page
alligator, black caiman	babilla; cachirre	jacaré	flora-fauna	Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp.				See Language page	Throughout Amazonia	Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi
Amazon dolphin	bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco)	boto cor-de-rosa	flora-fauna	Inia geoffrensis		tʰũ		See Language page	Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls
Amazon tree-grape	uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.)	cucura	flora-fauna	Pourouma cecropiifolia				See Language page	grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times	a tree; not a true grape
anaconda	anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande	sucuri	flora-fauna	genus Eunectes				See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
angleworm	lombriz	minhoca	flora-fauna	order Opisthopora		mo'kʰitʰa euhã-de'pema		See Language page		Lit. 'worm land-origin'. A caterpiller worm is kʰi.
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna	Formicidae		ne-'pʰisi		See Language page		Lit. 'generic-tiny/ claw'. Also 'leaf-cutter a.' 'tʰãa; 'army a.' ['huan san'gulo], from Span.; 'tucandera a.' hẽ'saa. An 'ant-hill' is ne-'pʰisi te, lit. 'ant house'.
anteater	oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus	tamanduá	flora-fauna	Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater)				See Language page	Widespread Amazonian lowlands
armadillo	armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo)	tatu	flora-fauna	family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri				See Language page	Widespread in Amazonia
arrow cane, wildcane	caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana	cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio	flora-fauna	Gynerium sagittatum				See Language page	tropical regions, especially river banks	plant
avocado	palta, aguacate	abacate	flora-fauna	Persea americana				See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	tree
açai palm	huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia)	açaí	flora-fauna	Euterpe sp.				See Language page	floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia
banana, plantain	banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano	banana	flora-fauna	Musa sp.		'sera 'kʰar̃a		See Language page		Fruit is 'sera; 'pʰata; ãpor̃o'mia, meaning 'banana; plantain (cooking banana); guineo'.
bat	murciélago	morcego	flora-fauna	Chiroptera spp.		imi'čiči		See Language page		A 'vampire bat' is 'ĩkʰa.
beans	frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas)	feijão	flora-fauna	Phaseolus spp.				See Language page		plant
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna			i'pana		See Language page
bitterwood	tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru)	envira	flora-fauna	Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala				See Language page	secondary forests, native to Brazil	tree
black palm	bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá	bacaba	flora-fauna	Oenocarpus bacaba				See Language page	Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon	may be confused in some entries with O. bataua
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna	Diptera		ɨ̃'gana		See Language page		Refers to a blue fly. A 'deer fly (tábano)' is 'sĩta.
boa	boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura	jiboia	flora-fauna	family Boidae, subf. Boinae				See Language page
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree)	calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara	cabaça	flora-fauna	Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine)		hia'tau		See Language page	indigenous gardens	plant; tree
brazil nut	castaña	castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis)	flora-fauna	Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia']				See Language page	1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua.	tree
brown woolly monkey	Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt	macaco barrigudo	flora-fauna	Lagothrix lagothricha				See Language page
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant	conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro	tocandira	flora-fauna	Paraponera clavata		hẽ'saa		See Language page
butterfly, moth	mariposa	borboleta	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera		para'pau ~ paa'pau		See Language page
capybara	Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco	capivara	flora-fauna	Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris				See Language page
cará tuber, purple or white	camote, sachapapa	cará roxo, branco	flora-fauna	Dioscorea sp.				See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings	plant
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium occidentale / giganteum				See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties
centipede	ciempiés	centopéia	flora-fauna	class Chilopoda		'eto		See Language page
cicada	cigarra, chicharra	cigarra	flora-fauna	super fam. Cicadoidea				See Language page
cipó vine	tamishi, bejuco, yare	cipó	flora-fauna	Heteropsis spp.		hɨ̃-'kʰara		See Language page	secondary forest, floodplain	Lit. 'tie-hair/fiber'.
coca	coca	coca	flora-fauna	Erythroxylum coca				See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes	plant
cockroach	cucaracha	barata-do-mato	flora-fauna	order Blattaria		kʰẽ'per̃e		See Language page
collared peccary	sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar	caititu, caetitu	flora-fauna	Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu		['sina]		See Language page		From Span. 'cochino'.
cotamundi, coatimundi	Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache	quati	flora-fauna	genus Nasua				See Language page
cotton	algodón	algodão	flora-fauna	Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers)				See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation	plant; some sources may confound with kapok Ceiba pentandra (esp. if a single gloss for 'cotton' is given')
crab	cangrejo	caranguejo	flora-fauna	infraorder Brachyura				See Language page
cricket	saltón, grillo	grilo	flora-fauna	family Gryllidae				See Language page
curassow	mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini)	mutum	flora-fauna	Crax sp., Nothocrax sp.				See Language page	Amazonia
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna	family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus		'bigi		See Language page
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna	Canis famililaris		'usa		See Language page	Not native; widespread
dog (wild; bush dog)	sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta	cachorro-do-mato	flora-fauna	Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis				See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
dove	paloma	pomba	flora-fauna	family Columbidae				See Language page
duck	pato	pato, marreco	flora-fauna	Anatidae family		[pʰa'tʰikʰa]		See Language page		From Span. 'pato'.
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil)	suri, mojojoy	larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá	flora-fauna	Rhynchophorus sp.				See Language page
electric eel	anguila eléctrica	poraquê	flora-fauna	Electrophorus electricus				See Language page
firefly, lightning bug	lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin)	vagalume	flora-fauna	fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae		kʰã'kʰãi		See Language page
fish (generic)	pez	peixe	flora-fauna			'čikʰo		See Language page		Also means 'food'.
fish poison, barbasco	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	flora-fauna	Lonchocarpus spp.		to'kʰã		See Language page	secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation	Actually is a leaf—not root. 'Curare' is pa'kʰuru 'neera, 'tree poison'.
flea	pulga	pulga	flora-fauna	order Siphonaptera				See Language page
genipap	jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico	genipapo, jenipapo	flora-fauna	Genipapa americana				See Language page	widespread lowland SA	shrub
giant otter	Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria	ariranha	flora-fauna	Pteronura brasiliensis				See Language page
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna	(generic)		pʰua'hãra		See Language page
gray-winged trumpeter	Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris	jacamim	flora-fauna	Psophia crepitans				See Language page	Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões
great egret	Garza Blanca, Guyratî	Garça-Branca-Grande	flora-fauna	Ardea alba				See Language page	Widespread South America
green acouchi	Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo	cutiara	flora-fauna	Myoprocta pratti				See Language page
guan	pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru)	jacu	flora-fauna	Penelope sp.				See Language page	Different types have different localized ranges
hallucinogenic snuff	vilca, cebil, yopo	paricá, yopo	flora-fauna	Anadenanthera sp. or virola				See Language page
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca	ayahuasca, yage	ayahuasca, caapi	flora-fauna	Banisteriopsis caapi				See Language page	semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW	vine
hawk	halcón, gavilán	gavião	flora-fauna	family Accipitridae		ne'hõpɨ		See Language page
honeybee	abeja	abelha	flora-fauna	Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis		'kʰimi		See Language page		A small black bee.
horse	caballo	cavalho	flora-fauna	Equus caballus				See Language page
hot pepper	ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru)	pimenta	flora-fauna	Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens		pʰi'daa		See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden	plant
howler monkey (red-handed)	mono aullador, mono coto (Peru)	guariba	flora-fauna	Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.]				See Language page
hummingbird	colibrí, picaflor (Peru)	beija-flor	flora-fauna	family Trochilidae				See Language page	Widespread
iguana	iguana, garipiares (Colombia)	camaleão	flora-fauna	Iguana sp.				See Language page		iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana
inga	guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru)	inga	flora-fauna	Inga spp.				See Language page	Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia)
insect (generic)	insecto	insecto	flora-fauna	generic				See Language page
jaguar	yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru)	onca	flora-fauna	Panthera onca				See Language page
japurá	oreja de murcielago	japurá	flora-fauna	Erisma japura				See Language page		large tree
kapok	ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.)	sumaumeira	flora-fauna	Ceiba pentandra				See Language page	northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas	tree
kingfisher	martín pescador, catalan (Peru)	martim-pescador	flora-fauna	family Alcedinidae				See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
leaf-cutter ant	Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse	saúva	flora-fauna	Atta sp.		'tʰãa		See Language page
macaw	ara, guacamaya	Arara	flora-fauna	family Psittacidae; Ara sp.				See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
maize, corn	mazorca, maiz	milho	flora-fauna	Zea mays		pe; pe-'tau		See Language page	widespread, esp. in river floodplains	'Grain of corn' is pe-'tau 'tau, corn-round-unit.
manatee	vaca marina, manatí	peixe-boi	flora-fauna	Trichechus sp.				See Language page
mandi catfish	maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish)	mandi	flora-fauna	Auchenipterus sp.				See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
manioc (bitter or generic)	yuca brava	mandioca	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta				See Language page	not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition.	Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield
manioc (sweet)	yuca, caribe	macaxeira	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta				See Language page	Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
miriti palm	moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti	buriti	flora-fauna	Mauritia flexuosa				See Language page	Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps	trunks contain sago-like starch
mosquito	mosquito, zancudo	mosquito, carapana	flora-fauna	Anopheles sp.				See Language page
moth	mariposa nocturna, polilla	mariposa	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera				See Language page
mouse, rat	ratón	camundongo, rata	flora-fauna	Mus musculus				See Language page		A mountain rat (edible) is kʰa'wodo.
mushroom	champiñón, hongo	cogumelo	flora-fauna	(any edible generic)				See Language page		prioritize generic term that includes any edible species
neotropical otter (small)	Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia)	lontra	flora-fauna	Lontra longicaudis				See Language page
opossum	zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo	mucura	flora-fauna	family Didelphidae		poo'sãi ~ poro'sãi		See Language page
owl (large)	búho, lechuza	corujão	flora-fauna	order Strigiformes				See Language page	Widespread
paca (lowland)	Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana)	paca	flora-fauna	Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.)				See Language page
pacu fish	palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru)	pacu	flora-fauna	Mylossoma sp.				See Language page
palm for roof thatch	pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná	caraná	flora-fauna	Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana				See Language page	Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests	palm
parrot	loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib)	papagaio	flora-fauna	Amazona amazonica		'kʰare		See Language page	Widespread	A small parrot is 'mista.
paxiuba palm	pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba	paxiuba	flora-fauna	Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea				See Language page	Widespread Amazonia	palm
peach palm, pejibaye palm	chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol)	pupunha	flora-fauna	Bactris gasipaes	jẽe	hẽe	chontaduro	Harms 1993: 41
peanut	maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete	amendoim	flora-fauna	Arachis hypogaea				See Language page		plant
pineapple	piña	abacaxi	flora-fauna	Ananas comosus				See Language page		plant
pirana	piraña, caribe	piranha	flora-fauna	subfamily Serrasalmidae				See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
porcupine	puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru)	cuandu, porco-espinho	flora-fauna	family Erethizontidae				See Language page
potato	papa	batata	flora-fauna	Solanum tuberosum				See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation	compare entries for sweet potato
potato, sweet potato	camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara	batata-doce	flora-fauna	Ipomoea batatas		[ba'tʰatʰa]		See Language page		plant
praying mantis, stick insects	mantis religiosa	louva-a-deus	flora-fauna	order Mantodea, family Mantidae				See Language page
rubber tree (sorva)	caucho, siringa, shiringa	seringa, borracha	flora-fauna	Hevea sp.				See Language page	Widespread Amazonia	tree
scorpion	escorpión; alacran	escorpião	flora-fauna	order Scorpiones		tu'sõre		See Language page
seje palm	ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá	patoá, patuá	flora-fauna	Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua				See Language page	mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia	may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries
sloth	pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru)	macaco preguica	flora-fauna	Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp.				See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
small lizard	lagartija	calango	flora-fauna	order Squamata		pʰapʰãyo-hõ-'mia		See Language page		Lit. 'papaya-fruit-strong/like'. Also 'iguana' is o-'pʰoo, lit. 'throat/neck-dry' 04.280.
snail	caracol, churo (Peru)	caracol	flora-fauna	class Gastropoda		kʰooro		See Language page		Also means 'knob'. Cf. 'ankle' 04.371.
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna			'taama		See Language page
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake	víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara	jararaca	flora-fauna	Bothrops jararaca/atrox				See Language page	Widespread South America
speckled catfish	surubí, pintadillo	surubim, sorubim	flora-fauna	Pseudoplatystoma sp.				See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna	Arachnidae, Araneae		pe'gɨrɨ		See Language page
squash	calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru)	abóbora	flora-fauna	Cucurbita sp.		[sa'pʰaya]		See Language page		From Span.
squirrel	ardilla, danta (Ven)	serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo	flora-fauna	family Sciuridae				See Language page
stingray (generic)	rayas látigo, raya	arraia	flora-fauna	Potamotrygon sp.				See Language page
tannia, yautia	huitina (Peru), ñame	taioba branca	flora-fauna	Xanthosoma spp.		ĩ'kʰade		See Language page
tapir	sachavaca, danta	anta	flora-fauna	Tapirus terrestris				See Language page
termites, white-ants	comején (Peru), termitas	cupim	flora-fauna	order Isoptera				See Language page
tick	garrapata	carrapato	flora-fauna	superfam Ixodoidea				See Language page
tigerfish	taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru)	traíra	flora-fauna	Hoplias sp.				See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
tinamou	tinamu, perdiz, gallineta	inambu, inhambu	flora-fauna	family Tinamidae				See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
toad	sapo	sapo	flora-fauna	order Anura				See Language page
tobacco	tabaco	tabaco	flora-fauna	Nicotiana tabacum				See Language page		plant
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant)	tortuga, morrocoy, motelo	jabutí, tartaruga	flora-fauna	Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria		si'bii; be'ber̃e		See Language page	Widespread	Respectively: water t.; land t.
toucan	tucán, pinsha (Peru)	tucano	flora-fauna	Ramphastos sp.				See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
tree	árbol	arvore	flora-fauna			pa'kʰuru		See Language page		Also means 'wood'.
tufted capuchin monkey	mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero	macaco prego	flora-fauna	Cebus apella				See Language page
ucuqui	yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru)	ucuqui	flora-fauna	Pouteria ucuqui				See Language page	native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions	other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant
vulture	buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru)	urubu	flora-fauna	family Cathartidae		ã'koso		See Language page	Widespread South America
wasp	avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa	caba	flora-fauna	order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita		ne'tɨr̃ɨ		See Language page
white-fronted capuchin	Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru)	Caiarara	flora-fauna	Cebus albifrons				See Language page
white-fronted spider monkey	Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia)	macaco aranha, coatá, quatá	flora-fauna	Ateles belzebuth/paniscus				See Language page
white-lipped peccary	Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana	queixada	flora-fauna	Tayassu pecari				See Language page
woodpecker	pájaro carpintero, carpintero	pica-pau	flora-fauna	family Picidae				See Language page	Widespread Amazonia

Showing 1 to 133 of 133 entries

Cultural Vocabulary (97)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Phonemicized Form	General Notes	Source
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven	tierra do los muertos	terra dos mortos	culture-mythology	a'kʰõre 'euhã; ɨ'tʰari	Respectively: lit. 'father's land'; 'up.high'.	See Language page
arrow	flecha	flecha	subsistence tool	'sia	'Blowgun dart' is u-'kʰida, lit. 'blowgun-tooth'.	See Language page
axe/stone axe	hacha (de piedra)	machado (de pedra)	subsistence tool	'čaara	especially for clearing fields	See Language page
bait for fishing	cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru)	isca	subsistence tool		can refer to worms; more generic	See Language page
basin/bowl	tazón, plato hondo, taza	tijela	culture-material	'sãu	Refers to a gourd bowl/dipper.	See Language page
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	kʰo'raa		See Language page
basket, small	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto pequeno, tampado	culture-material			See Language page
bead	abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar	miçanga	culture-material	kʰɨ'r̃ɨma		See Language page
bed	cama	cama	culture-material	'kʰɨda	Refers to bedding. Hammock is ['makʰa].	See Language page
bench, seat	banco, silla, asiento	banco	culture-material	ã-'kʰau	Lit. 'buttocks-stool', used by shaman.	See Language page
blowgun	cerbatana, pucuna (Peru)	zarabatana	subsistence tool		currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region	See Language page
boomerang/throwing stick (generic)			subsistence tool			See Language page
bottle	botella	garrafa	acculturation			See Language page
bottom grinding stone			manufacture		if different word from top grinding stone	See Language page
bow	arco	arco	subsistence tool	ema'trɨma	Refers to hunting.	See Language page
broom	escoba	vassoura	culture-material			See Language page
canoe	canoa	canoa	transport			See Language page
cat	gato	gato	acculturation	['miči]		See Language page
chicken	gallina	galinha	acculturation	e'tʰer̃e		See Language page
chief/leader	jefe, cacique	chefe	culture-mythology	'tači 'poro	Lit. 'our head'. Also 'tači wai'bɨa, 'our great'. The spiritual shaman leader (female) is 'tači 'nawe 'our mother'; (male) 'tači a'kʰõre 'our father'.	See Language page
clothing	ropa	roupa	culture-mythology	'pʰaru		See Language page
club	garrote, cachiporra	clava, porrete	subsistence tool	pa'kʰuru 'hua	Also means 'limb of a tree'.	See Language page
Curupira (spirit type)	Curupira, Madremonte	Curupira	culture-mythology		malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region	See Language page
dart (blowgun)	dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru)	dardo, seta	subsistence tool		hunting and warfare	See Language page
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure	dios(es), deidad	divinidade, figura mítica	culture-mythology	'tači a'kʰõre	Lit. 'our.incl.father'.	See Language page
digging stick			subsistence tool			See Language page
dream	sueño, soñar	sonho, sonhar	culture-mythology	kʰãi-mokʰaraa-		See Language page
drum	tambor	tambor	culture-mythology	tʰõ'doo		See Language page
drum (large signal)	tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia)	tambor	culture		Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances	See Language page
fan	abanico	abanador, abano	subsistence tool	pʰe'pʰema	Used to fan cooking fires.	See Language page
feather headdress	plumaje, corona de plumas	enfeite/capacete de penas	culture-mythology			See Language page
fence, palisade	cerco	cerca	other		may be related to defense/warfare?	See Language page
fermented drink	masato, chicha	caxiri, chicha	culture	bekʰa-i'tʰua	Refers to 'masato' or 'chicha'. Also bekʰai'tʰua petau-'dee, 'chicha corn-of'.	See Language page
fetish, charm	fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga	feitiço, puçanga	culture-mythology			See Language page
fireplace	hogar	lareira	other			See Language page
firewood	leña	lenha	other	'tʰɨpɨ	Also means 'fire' 01.810.	See Language page
fish (with fish-poison)	pescar con barbasco, barbasquear	pescar com timbó; tinguijar	food			See Language page
fish (with line)	anzuelear, pescar con linea	pescar (com linha)	food			See Language page
fishing line	cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze	linha de pesca	subsistence tool		'Fishing pole' is tu'watʰɨ.	See Language page
fishtrap	trampa de peces, trampa	matapi, cacuri	subsistence tool	['nasa]	From Span. 'nasa'.	See Language page
flat bread, cassava bread	pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe	beiju	food		usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits	See Language page
flour/meal from manioc	fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina	farinha	food		agriculture	See Language page
flute	flauta, quena (Peru)	flauta	culture-mythology	'siru; pʰi'pʰana	Latter is 'panpipe'.	See Language page
game animal	caza, animal de caza	caça, animal de caça	food	ne-[ʔani'mal]	From Span. 'animal' (undomesticated).	See Language page
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit	espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio	espirito	culture-mythology	'haure kʰa'čia	Lit. 'spirit bad'.	See Language page
gourd (dipper/bowl)	cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo	cuia	subsistence tool	hia'tau		See Language page
grater	rallador, rallo	ralador, ralo	subsistence tool		esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well	See Language page
grave	tumba, sepultura, sepulcro	sepultura, sepulcro, cova	culture-mythology	'hãɨra	Refers to cemetery.	See Language page
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf)	barbacoa	jirau	subsistence tool	ba'rawa		See Language page
griddle for cooking flatbread	tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru)	forno para beiju	subsistence tool	--	agriculture?	See Language page
gun	arma, escopeta	espingarda, fusil	acculturation	'pʰawã	'Blowgun' is 'ugu.	See Language page
hammock	hamaca, chinchorro	rede	culture-material	['makʰa]		See Language page
hat	sombero	chapéu	dress	[so'perna]	From Span.'sombrero'.	See Language page
healer	curandero	benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano)	culture-mythology		Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well.	See Language page
hollow log/trough for beer-making	canoa para chicha	cocho de caxiri	narcotics			See Language page
honey	miel	mel	food	'hɨr̃ɨ ['miele]	Lit. 'bee.tar [honey]', from Span.	See Language page
house			other	te	Means 'enclosure'.	See Language page
hunt	cazar	caçar	food	ne-hɨrɨ-	Lit. 'gen.-hunt'.	See Language page
knife	cuchillo	faca	culture-material	[lo'wero]		See Language page
loincloth	taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla	tanga, tapa-sexo	dress			See Language page
machete	machete	facão	culture-material			See Language page
mortar	mortero	pilão	subsistence tool	kʰũ'ruma		See Language page
paddle/oar	remo	remo	transport	'toi	A pole for canoeing is 'totʰe.	See Language page
paint body, body paint	pintura corporal	pintura corporal	culture-mythology			See Language page
panpipe	carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora	caniço, flauta de pã	culture-mythology			See Language page
paper	papel	papel	acculturation	['kʰartʰa] 'kʰiru	Spanish 'carta' + 'leaf' 08.560.	See Language page
pestle	pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor	mão de pilão	subsistence tool	kʰũ'ruma 'kʰida	Lit. 'metate (mortar) tooth'.	See Language page
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other	[kʰa'čĩ ba]		See Language page
plate	plato	prato	culture-material	[pʰa'ratʰu]	From Span.	See Language page
policeman	polícia	policía	acculturation			See Language page
pot	olla, pote	panela, vasilha	subsistence tool	'kʰuuru	Refers to metal vessel.	See Language page
rattle	matraca, maraca	marico, chocalho	culture-mythology			See Language page
resin	resina, brea, copal	resina, brea, breu	subsistence tool			See Language page
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya)	kapiwaya	capiwaya	culture-mythology			See Language page
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture	hɨ̃-'kʰara	Means 'vine', lit. 'tie-plant'. 'Twine' is čɨ; 'tumpline (head strap) is hau'čira 'bark'.	See Language page
salt	sal	sal	food	tʰã		See Language page
school	escuela	escola	acculturation			See Language page
shaman, healer	chamán, brujo	xaman, pajé, feiticeiro	culture-mythology	hai'pana	Refers to shaman.	See Language page
shoes	zapatos	sapatos	dress			See Language page
skirt	falda, saya, fustan, pollera	saia	culture-material			See Language page
soldier	soldado	soldado	acculturation	[sol'dao]		See Language page
song (generic)	canción, canto	canção	culture-mythology	kʰari-		See Language page
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool	'miasu; 'to-su	Latter, lit. 'river-spear', refers to instrument used for fish.	See Language page
spearthrower			subsistence tool			See Language page
starch (tapioca, other)	almidón	goma de tapioca	food			See Language page
stone for lighting fires	piedra para hacer fuego	pedra para acender fogo	culture-material			See Language page
sugarcane/sugar	azúcar, caña de azúcar	açucar (de cana)	acculturation	'sĩa-sõ	Lit. 'cane-suck'. 'Cane (caña brava)' is 'sia.	See Language page
tapioca drink, mingau	cahuana, caguana	mingau	food		agriculture	See Language page
tattoo	tatuaje, tatu	tatuagem	culture-mythology			See Language page
thatch/roof	crisneja	palha, caraná	culture-material	te 'kʰiru	Lit. 'house leaf'.	See Language page
tipiti (manioc squeezer)	tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca	tipiti	food		word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc	See Language page
top grinding stone	metate, mano; piedra de moler	metate, mano	manufacture		use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone	See Language page
tripod for washing manioc	trípode	tripé	subsistence tool		agriculture	See Language page
venom for darts, poison	veneno	curare	subsistence tool		hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?)	See Language page
wax	cera	cera	other	'hɨr̃ɨ	Refers to a tar-like product from small wild bee colonies.	See Language page
woven strainer/sieve	colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru)	peneira, cumatá	subsistence tool		agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour	See Language page
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women)	yurupari	jurupari	culture-mythology		a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women.	See Language page

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