Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

smoke

Semantic Field
environment
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
humo
Meaning Portuguese
fumaça

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
Bankalachi Toloim oo'-yet' 187 (suggests Yokuts “fire”) unknown
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone ku-kkwi-ppyh “smoke, ashes” inheritance
Cahuilla mi'-at inheritance S&H 1979
Central Sierra Miwok hak:isa- inheritance
Chemehuevi kwihi/p(y) inheritance
Chumash Barbareno tow' inheritance Klar 1977:108
Chumash Cruzeno loxkHsho unknown JPH
Chumash Ineseno tow' inheritance Klar 1977:108
Chumash Obispeno (ch)tuwo7 inheritance Klar 1977:108
Chumash Ventureno itow inheritance Klar 1977:108
Cocopa xyay unknown
Comanche kwipY inheritance
Cupeño mi'a-t [miɁət] inheritance
Esselen tca-ha loan T&S 1981:117
Gabrielino 7acya:n unknown
Iipay 'Aa 'uuhuy [Ɂuˑ˅ˈxʊi] unknown
Kawaiisu kwihi- “to be smokey” inheritance
Kiliwa 7-7aaw=phuuy unique
Kitanemuk mwa7t inheritance
Lake Miwok ka/al inheritance
Luiseño ku:mi-t inheritance
Maidu su\k'u/ inheritance
Mojave 7ahwaa unknown
Mutsun kaare-s (N) nom. of “to be smokey” inheritance NW (JPH)
Nisenan suk' inheritance
Northern Paiute kwii- (vb) inheritance Thornes 03:431
Northern Sierra Miwok haksi- inheritance
Plains Miwok ka:lih, ka:lis inheritance
Salinan A Ta/te:t (A), ; unknown
Salinan M TatetH unknown Mason 1918:133
Seri (Comcaac) hamca/axat unknown
Serrano mOa:-7t inheritance
Southern Paiute qwi:-G inheritance
Southern Sierra Miwok hak:is-aH- inheritance
Southern Ute kwiivY inheritance
Tübatulabal uujit unknown
Tümpisa Shoshone kukkwiippyh, kukkwiippi inheritance
Wappo cHi/n unknown
Washo dawya/c'im 112 unknown J112
Western Mono kuhita7i- “to be smokey” inheritance
Wintu nu:q inheritance
Yavapai 7o\hWa/ya unique
Yokuts Palewyami muTka inheritance K 1963
Yokuts Yawdanchi mod:ak 243 loan into protolanguage K07:243
Yokuts Yowlumne mooT'ak' loan into protolanguage N1944
Yuki woyam, woyom inheritance S&S 1984
Baniwa íitta íit̪a inheritance See Language page
Carijona ərətʃitə inheritance See Language page
Cubeo bico biko inheritance See Language page
Dâw mẽés mæ̃̌ʃ unique See Language page
Desano ímica ími ka inheritance See Language page
Eñepa wahto ičik wahto itʃik (cf. fire) unknown See Language page
Hodï kulemihtu unique See Language page
Waorani tẽbãa unique See Language page
Hup j'ɨk ɟ'ɨ́k inheritance See Language page
Kakua ʧàw unique See Language page
Makushi wɨreʔsin (SIL) wɨreʔsin (SIL) inheritance See Language page
Nheengatu tatatinga (tata=fogo, tinga=branco) tatatiŋga (tata=fogo, tinga=branco) inheritance See Language page
Ninam wakiši wakiʃ̌i inheritance See Language page
Nukak hei2 unique See Language page
Maihiki bico ja biko xã inheritance See Language page
Pemon apok keresen (A1981); iiköröching (E1980); ikörechin (M2000) apok keresen (A1981); ikörtʃɪŋ (E1980) inheritance See Language page
Resígaro iítshú iítsʰú inheritance See Language page
Sanumá wãkiši (EM72) wãkiʃi inheritance See Language page
Sikuani jowiba (2) (to smoke), mataütsüxü (35)(vapor) ɨ́:-tsɨxɨ inheritance Sik-Cuiva-Playero group See Language page
Tariana haliá-kuɾu haliá-kuɾu unique loanblend, 'white' + Tuk kuru 'group' See Language page
Tukano o'mé o'mé inheritance E Tuk See Language page
Kotiria hu húú (stenz) unique See Language page
Yanomam wakɨši (EM72) wakɨʃi inheritance See Language page
Yanomami koa wakə ši, wakeši (EM72) koa wakə ʃi, wakeʃi inheritance See Language page
Yukuna ija iha inheritance See Language page
Yuhup c'ɨ́k c'ɨ́k inheritance See Language page
Arabana thupu inheritance
Bardi gunkurd kunkurd inheritance
Bunuba binja unknown
Burarra jolnga unknown
Dhangu ŋawulul(') inheritance?
Dhuwal ŋawulul(')
Dhuwala ŋawulul(') inheritance
Diyari thupu inheritance
DiyariREU tupu inheritance
Djambarrpuyngu 1893 inheritance
Djapu ŋawulul(') inheritance
Djinang ngarimbiy unknown
Gajirrabeng genginy inheritance
Gooniyandi wan.gi doubtful loan
Gupapuyngu ŋawulul(') inheritance
Gurindji jungkart inheritance
Jabirr-Jabirr lubu lubu inheritance
Jaru wan.gi doubtful loan
Jawi koongoodor kungkudu inheritance
Karajarri ngurrun inheritance
Kija kungulu inheritance
Malyangapa porndo loan direction unknown
Mangala lunturru unknown
Miriwung genginy inheritance
Mithaka kutu inheritance
Mudburra jungkarna
Mudburra jungkarna inheritance
Ngamini tupu inheritance
Ngandi gu-bul unique
Ngarluma burlgurn unique
Ngumbarl boorgoon, marrja, ngool ngool <boorgoon, marrja, ngool ngool> inheritance
Nhirrpi thupu inheritance
Nimanburru bulgun bulkun inheritance
Northern Mangarla yukun
Northern Nyangumarta tuwi inheritance
Nyangumarta jungan inheritance
Nyikina ngururn; bugurru ngururn; bukurru inheritance
Nyulnyul bulgurn bulkurn inheritance
Paakantyi bundu
Pirriya thurrka unique
Pitta-Pitta kuthu inheritance
Rirratjingu ŋawulul
Ritharrngu X missing
Walmajarri ngunyjurr inheritance
Wangkayutyuru kutu inheritance
Warrwa duwi duwi inheritance
Wubuy ban unique
Yan-nhangu buny'tjun unknown
Yandruwandha thupu, makathupu, muki or muku inheritance
Yarluyandi thupu inheritance
Yawarrawarrka makatupu inheritance
Yawuru ngurun ngurun inheritance
Achagua í:sa í:sa inheritance See Language page
Piapoco ísa ísa See Language page
Kabiyari ít̪a-ri ít̪a-ɾi See Language page
Yavitero ľ̥i'aľi; ľ̥i'aľiľi ľ̥i'aľi; ľ̥i'aľiľi See Language page
Wapishana tʰikʰaẓi šan tʰikʰaẓi ʃan inheritance Proto-Arawak? See Language page
Wayuu sik-amɨsaľa See Language page
Yine či-či-phya Also himoľita; himomophyata. *Piro-Apuriná form is *c̷i-'c̷i-(ph)ĩã. See Language page
Paresi jimere tʃimere unknown See Language page
Ignaciano kihare See Language page
Trinitario 'ɣhorepa; 'ɣhore See Language page
Baure kotiso'kon kotiso'kon unique See Language page
Waurá sĩyãla-'ki sĩjãla-'ki unique See Language page
Arutani šana ʃana See Language page
Sape yui yui See Language page
Cha'palaa 'ɲi-'wihča Also means 'cloud' 01.730. See Language page
Bora oxtsʰo oxtsʰo unique See Language page
Muinane aimúu-ɸai(ʔu) {cloud-liquid/gas} aimúu-ɸai(ʔu) {cloud-liquid/gas} See Language page
Akawaio iigöröjiing, giiöröjiing igörödʒiŋ, giörödʒiŋ inheritance Proto-Carib See Language page
Apalai orexĩto orexĩto inheritance See Language page
Wayana elësi elǝsi inheritance See Language page
Tiriyó erei(nï) erei(nɨ) inheritance See Language page
Makiritare widīnčə (IDS); widi:nchö (KH) (also means 'vapor') widi:ntʃə inheritance See Language page
Mapoyo t-ë'in-ë (wa'to yë'inë) t-ɛ'in-ɛ (wa'to jɛ'inɛ) See Language page
Wai Wai yɨ-sɨn yɨ-sɨn inheritance See Language page
Yabarana tətini See Language page
Yukpa eraku we'ts̺asku See Language page
Kalapalo gitsitse gitsitse unknown See Language page
Muisca ie ie See Language page
Barí iiraḳbah Colombia: ʔirəkbərə. See Language page
Northern Emberá kouwá kouwá See Language page
Epena 'nari See Language page
Guayabero ʔitmúm unique See Language page
Macaguan bunámbe bunámbe unique See Language page
Cuiva múrei, íʃo tsɨ́xɨ humo, smoke Huber & Reed 1992:59
Cofán onfe´mba õɸɛʔᵐba phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
Candoshi-Shapra msaasi msaasi unique See Language page
Páez a a See Language page
Tikuna emã emã unique See Language page
Urarina sïḍzaa sʉtʃaa unique See Language page
Camsa ngóna ngóna See Language page
Pumé chjö See Language page
Puinave ai; də-ai ai; də-ai unique See Language page
Máku čipe tʃipe See Language page
Warao hekuhu hekuhu See Language page
Ashuar mukúnit mukunit See Language page
Huambisa mukuintu mukuintu See Language page
Aguaruna bukunát bukunát inheritance See Language page
Nadëb/Roçado dialect atɨ̱g inheritance See Language page
Matses pushudquid puʃudkid unknown See Language page
Kakataibo c̷ii 'kʷĩ; ko'ĩ *Panoan *koʔini with related meaning 'vapor'. See Language page
Katukina koʔĩ See Language page
Pacahuara ko'ʔina See Language page
Shipibo-Konibo koĩ; čii-koĩ Also means 'cloud'. See Language page
Yaminahua kõi Also means 'cloud'. See Language page
Chácobo koʔini (also means "air" and "vapor") koʔini (also means "air" and "vapor") inheritance See Language page
Yagua jidavachiy xindawatʃij unique See Language page
Southern Pastaza Quechua cushni kuʃni See Language page
Ingá kusni kusni See Language page
Napo Lowland Quichua cushni kuʃmi See Language page
Quechua Ayacuchano qosni, qosñi qosni, qosɲi See Language page
Piaroa okurä isopja ɤkuɾæ isɤpha unknown See Language page
Sáliva omiñu omiɲu unknown See Language page
Bará ũ'bẽ See Language page
Barasano bueri bueri See Language page
Carapana buseri busɛɾi See Language page
Makuna bueri bueri inheritance See Language page
Yuruti ɨ̃́bẽ ɨ̃́bẽ See Language page
Waikhana oʔ'bẽ oʔ'bẽ See Language page
Siriano miicã mii kã See Language page
Tanimuca ũ'bã ka'ka ũ'bã ka'ka inheritance See Language page
Tatuyo bu'hé'-rí bu'hé'-rí See Language page
Tuyuka pe'ka-bẽ-õbẽ peʔka-bẽ-õbẽ See Language page
Waimaja pékʰá bueřì pékʰá buerì See Language page
Koreguaje piko pikho inheritance See Language page
Siona piko piko inheritance See Language page
Secoya pico pihkɔ See Language page
Karitiana iso nhĩng, nhĩga iso ɲĩng, ɲĩga inheritance See Language page
Kokama tatatini tatatini inheritance See Language page
Wayampi atãsĩ atãsĩ inheritance See Language page
Aché čĩbo unique See Language page
Chiriguano tatã-ti inheritance See Language page
Paraguayan Guaraní t-ata'tĩ; tiᵐbo See Language page
Sirionó tata-šĩ tata-šĩ inheritance See Language page
Kamayurá tatasing (K12) tatasing (K12) inheritance See Language page
Ocaina jahfíího haʔɸííʔo unique See Language page
Nɨpode Witoto úiǰï.e úidʒɯ.ɛ See Language page
Minica Witoto úiǰï.e úidʒɯ.ɛ See Language page
Murui Witoto uiǰï.e uidʒɯ.ɛ inheritance/Witoto See Language page
Iquito anajáca (same as cloud) anaháka (same as cloud) inheritance See Language page
Záparo ahanaka ahanaka See Language page
Wari tainʔ tainʔ Cf. 'cloud' 01.730; 'dust' 01.213. See Language page
Araona hodo *Tacn form is *xodo. See Language page
Ese Ejja wičača unique See Language page
Ese Ejja/Huarayo wičača wičača See Language page
Tacana hodo Also means 'cloud' 01.730. See Language page
Cavineña wani; wani-iru (G71) wani; wani-iru (G71) unique See Language page
Central Aymara jewq´e, jeq´e xiḳˀi See Language page
Cayuvava nãmo; 'naamõ See Language page
Itonama u-ku; puyuʔne Latter form is verbal. See Language page
Kwazá huja, hu-, hiñanũko, hinũnũ huja, hu-, hiñanũko, hinũnũ See Language page
Mosetén-Chimané hiʔi'sa See 'fireplace' 07.310. See Language page
Movima ɓuh-ru ɓuh-ru See Language page
Trumai soxden soxden unique See Language page
Kaingang nĩja nĩya; nĩya-ŋ; tũm tũm ke See Language page
Karajá ɔti See Language page
Djeoromitxi nõ nõ See Language page
Chipaya ṣ̌ḳeti Also means 'dust' 01.213. Uru-J form is ṣ̌ḳeti. See Language page
Mocoví ne-salaʁaʔ See Language page
Pilagá ne-'malaʔ See Language page
Toba l-malaʔḳ See Language page
Lengua etin Cf. 'fog' 01.740. See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité itiŋ See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet eeten; akpaʔanma See Language page
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay te'c̷ah Verbal form is te'c̷ey. Cf. 'fog' 01.740. See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja toxsa Cf. 'fog' 01.740. See Language page
Maca ɬowḳˀol (m.) See Language page
Nivaclé ɬ-axut smoke Noun See Language page
Ayoreo ii'oti See Language page
Mapudungun fiṭ͡ʀun Ranquel form is piṭ͡ʀun. See Language page
Qawasqar ayeḳyo Bo, SpC, Gui record tˀelks for Central QWS. Fi, Hy, SpS record tˀelks for South QWS. Cf. 'tobacco' 08.680. See Language page
Selknam teʔn Cf. 'dust' 01.213. See Language page
Tehuelche 'pˀaʔn See Language page
Lokono kolheli koɽeli smoke Pet 1987:371
Kariña aima aima smoke Yamada 2010:708