Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

smoke

Semantic Field: environment
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish: humo
Meaning Portuguese: fumaça

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Language	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Loan Source	General Notes	Source
Achagua	í:sa	í:sa		inheritance			See Language page
Aché		čĩbo		unique			See Language page
Aguaruna	bukunát	bukunát		inheritance			See Language page
Akawaio	iigöröjiing, giiöröjiing	igörödʒiŋ, giörödʒiŋ		inheritance	Proto-Carib		See Language page
Apalai	orexĩto	orexĩto		inheritance			See Language page
Arabana	thupu			inheritance
Araona		hodo				Tacn form is xodo.	See Language page
Arutani	šana	ʃana					See Language page
Ashuar	mukúnit	mukunit					See Language page
Ayoreo		ii'oti					See Language page
Baniwa	íitta	íit̪a		inheritance			See Language page
Bankalachi Toloim	oo'-yet' 187 (suggests Yokuts “fire”)			unknown
Barasano	bueri	bueri					See Language page
Bardi	gunkurd	kunkurd		inheritance
Bará		ũ'bẽ					See Language page
Barí		iiraḳbah				Colombia: ʔirəkbərə.	See Language page
Baure	kotiso'kon	kotiso'kon		unique			See Language page
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone	ku-kkwi-ppyh “smoke, ashes”			inheritance
Bora	oxtsʰo	oxtsʰo		unique			See Language page
Bunuba	binja			unknown
Burarra	jolnga			unknown
Cahuilla	mi'-at			inheritance			S&H 1979
Camsa	ngóna	ngóna					See Language page
Candoshi-Shapra	msaasi	msaasi		unique			See Language page
Carapana	buseri	busɛɾi					See Language page
Carijona	ərətʃitə			inheritance			See Language page
Cavineña	wani; wani-iru (G71)	wani; wani-iru (G71)		unique			See Language page
Cayuvava		nãmo; 'naamõ					See Language page
Central Aymara	jewq´e, jeq´e	xiḳˀi					See Language page
Central Sierra Miwok	hak:isa-			inheritance
Cha'palaa		'ɲi-'wihča				Also means 'cloud' 01.730.	See Language page
Chemehuevi	kwihi/p(y)			inheritance
Chipaya		ṣ̌ḳeti				Also means 'dust' 01.213. Uru-J form is ṣ̌ḳeti.	See Language page
Chiriguano		tatã-ti		inheritance			See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja		toxsa				Cf. 'fog' 01.740.	See Language page
Chumash Barbareno	tow'			inheritance			Klar 1977:108
Chumash Cruzeno	loxkHsho			unknown			JPH
Chumash Ineseno	tow'			inheritance			Klar 1977:108
Chumash Obispeno	(ch)tuwo7			inheritance			Klar 1977:108
Chumash Ventureno	itow			inheritance			Klar 1977:108
Chácobo	koʔini (also means "air" and "vapor")	koʔini (also means "air" and "vapor")		inheritance			See Language page
Cocopa	xyay			unknown
Cofán	onfe´mba	õɸɛʔᵐba				phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
Comanche	kwipY			inheritance
Cubeo	bico	biko		inheritance			See Language page
Cuiva		múrei, íʃo tsɨ́xɨ	humo, smoke				Huber & Reed 1992:59
Cupeño	mi'a-t	[miɁət]		inheritance
Desano	ímica	ími ka		inheritance			See Language page
Dhangu	ŋawulul(')			inheritance?
Dhuwal	ŋawulul(')
Dhuwala	ŋawulul(')			inheritance
Diyari	thupu			inheritance
DiyariREU	tupu			inheritance
Djambarrpuyngu	1893			inheritance
Djapu	ŋawulul(')			inheritance
Djeoromitxi	nõ	nõ					See Language page
Djinang	ngarimbiy			unknown
Dâw	mẽés	mæ̃̌ʃ		unique			See Language page
Epena		'nari					See Language page
Ese Ejja		wičača		unique			See Language page
Ese Ejja/Huarayo	wičača	wičača					See Language page
Esselen	tca-ha			loan			T&S 1981:117
Eñepa	wahto ičik	wahto itʃik (cf. fire)		unknown			See Language page
Gabrielino	7acya:n			unknown
Gajirrabeng	genginy			inheritance
Gooniyandi	wan.gi			doubtful loan
Guayabero		ʔitmúm		unique			See Language page
Gupapuyngu	ŋawulul(')			inheritance
Gurindji	jungkart			inheritance
Hodï	kulemihtu			unique			See Language page
Huambisa	mukuintu	mukuintu					See Language page
Hup	j'ɨk	ɟ'ɨ́k		inheritance			See Language page
Ignaciano		kihare					See Language page
Iipay 'Aa	'uuhuy	[Ɂuˑ˅ˈxʊi]		unknown
Ingá	kusni	kusni					See Language page
Iquito	anajáca (same as cloud)	anaháka (same as cloud)		inheritance			See Language page
Itonama		u-ku; puyuʔne				Latter form is verbal.	See Language page
Jabirr-Jabirr	lubu	lubu		inheritance
Jaru	wan.gi			doubtful loan
Jawi	koongoodor	kungkudu		inheritance
Kabiyari	ít̪a-ri	ít̪a-ɾi					See Language page
Kaingang	nĩja	nĩya; nĩya-ŋ; tũm tũm ke					See Language page
Kakataibo		c̷ii 'kʷĩ; ko'ĩ				Panoan koʔini with related meaning 'vapor'.	See Language page
Kakua		ʧàw		unique			See Language page
Kalapalo	gitsitse	gitsitse		unknown			See Language page
Kamayurá	tatasing (K12)	tatasing (K12)		inheritance			See Language page
Karajarri	ngurrun			inheritance
Karajá		ɔti					See Language page
Kariña	aima	aima	smoke				Yamada 2010:708
Karitiana	iso nhĩng, nhĩga	iso ɲĩng, ɲĩga		inheritance			See Language page
Katukina		koʔĩ					See Language page
Kawaiisu	kwihi- “to be smokey”			inheritance
Kija	kungulu			inheritance
Kiliwa	7-7aaw=phuuy			unique
Kitanemuk	mwa7t			inheritance
Kokama	tatatini	tatatini		inheritance			See Language page
Koreguaje	piko	pikho		inheritance			See Language page
Kotiria	hu	húú (stenz)		unique			See Language page
Kwazá	huja, hu-, hiñanũko, hinũnũ	huja, hu-, hiñanũko, hinũnũ					See Language page
Lake Miwok	ka/al			inheritance
Lengua		etin				Cf. 'fog' 01.740.	See Language page
Lokono	kolheli	koɽeli	smoke				Pet 1987:371
Luiseño	ku:mi-t			inheritance
Maca		ɬowḳˀol (m.)					See Language page
Macaguan	bunámbe	bunámbe		unique			See Language page
Maidu	su\k'u/			inheritance
Maihiki	bico ja	biko xã		inheritance			See Language page
Makiritare	widīnčə (IDS); widi:nchö (KH) (also means 'vapor')	widi:ntʃə		inheritance			See Language page
Makuna	bueri	bueri		inheritance			See Language page
Makushi	wɨreʔsin (SIL)	wɨreʔsin (SIL)		inheritance			See Language page
Malyangapa	porndo			loan direction unknown
Mangala	lunturru			unknown
Mapoyo	t-ë'in-ë (wa'to yë'inë)	t-ɛ'in-ɛ (wa'to jɛ'inɛ)					See Language page
Mapudungun		fiṭ͡ʀun				Ranquel form is piṭ͡ʀun.	See Language page
Matses	pushudquid	puʃudkid		unknown			See Language page
Minica Witoto	úiǰï.e	úidʒɯ.ɛ					See Language page
Miriwung	genginy			inheritance
Mithaka	kutu			inheritance
Mocoví		ne-salaʁaʔ					See Language page
Mojave	7ahwaa			unknown
Mosetén-Chimané		hiʔi'sa				See 'fireplace' 07.310.	See Language page
Movima	ɓuh-ru	ɓuh-ru					See Language page
Mudburra	jungkarna
Mudburra	jungkarna			inheritance
Muinane	aimúu-ɸai(ʔu) {cloud-liquid/gas}	aimúu-ɸai(ʔu) {cloud-liquid/gas}					See Language page
Muisca	ie	ie					See Language page
Murui Witoto	uiǰï.e	uidʒɯ.ɛ		inheritance/Witoto			See Language page
Mutsun	kaare-s (N) nom. of “to be smokey”			inheritance			NW (JPH)
Máku	čipe	tʃipe					See Language page
Nadëb/Roçado dialect		atɨ̱g		inheritance			See Language page
Napo Lowland Quichua	cushni	kuʃmi					See Language page
Ngamini	tupu			inheritance
Ngandi	gu-bul			unique
Ngarluma	burlgurn			unique
Ngumbarl	boorgoon, marrja, ngool ngool	<boorgoon, marrja, ngool ngool>		inheritance
Nheengatu	tatatinga (tata=fogo, tinga=branco)	tatatiŋga (tata=fogo, tinga=branco)		inheritance			See Language page
Nhirrpi	thupu			inheritance
Nimanburru	bulgun	bulkun		inheritance
Ninam	wakiši	wakiʃ̌i		inheritance			See Language page
Nisenan	suk'			inheritance
Nivaclé		ɬ-axut	smoke			Noun	See Language page
Northern Emberá	kouwá	kouwá					See Language page
Northern Mangarla	yukun
Northern Nyangumarta	tuwi			inheritance
Northern Paiute	kwii- (vb)			inheritance			Thornes 03:431
Northern Sierra Miwok	haksi-			inheritance
Nukak		hei2		unique			See Language page
Nyangumarta	jungan			inheritance
Nyikina	ngururn; bugurru	ngururn; bukurru		inheritance
Nyulnyul	bulgurn	bulkurn		inheritance
Nɨpode Witoto	úiǰï.e	úidʒɯ.ɛ					See Language page
Ocaina	jahfíího	haʔɸííʔo		unique			See Language page
Paakantyi	bundu
Pacahuara		ko'ʔina					See Language page
Paraguayan Guaraní		t-ata'tĩ; tiᵐbo					See Language page
Paresi	jimere	tʃimere		unknown			See Language page
Pemon	apok keresen (A1981); iiköröching (E1980); ikörechin (M2000)	apok keresen (A1981); ikörtʃɪŋ (E1980)		inheritance			See Language page
Piapoco	ísa	ísa					See Language page
Piaroa	okurä isopja	ɤkuɾæ isɤpha		unknown			See Language page
Pilagá		ne-'malaʔ					See Language page
Pirriya	thurrka			unique
Pitta-Pitta	kuthu			inheritance
Plains Miwok	ka:lih, ka:lis			inheritance
Puinave	ai; də-ai	ai; də-ai		unique			See Language page
Pumé	chjö						See Language page
Páez	a	a					See Language page
Qawasqar		ayeḳyo				Bo, SpC, Gui record tˀelks for Central QWS. Fi, Hy, SpS record tˀelks for South QWS. Cf. 'tobacco' 08.680.	See Language page
Quechua Ayacuchano	qosni, qosñi	qosni, qosɲi					See Language page
Resígaro	iítshú	iítsʰú		inheritance			See Language page
Rirratjingu	ŋawulul
Ritharrngu	X			missing
Salinan A	Ta/te:t (A), ;			unknown
Salinan M	TatetH			unknown			Mason 1918:133
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité		itiŋ					See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet		eeten; akpaʔanma					See Language page
Sanumá	wãkiši (EM72)	wãkiʃi		inheritance			See Language page
Sape	yui	yui					See Language page
Secoya	pico	pihkɔ					See Language page
Selknam		teʔn				Cf. 'dust' 01.213.	See Language page
Seri (Comcaac)	hamca/axat			unknown
Serrano	mOa:-7t			inheritance
Shipibo-Konibo		koĩ; čii-koĩ				Also means 'cloud'.	See Language page
Sikuani	jowiba (2) (to smoke), mataütsüxü (35)(vapor)	ɨ́:-tsɨxɨ		inheritance	Sik-Cuiva-Playero group		See Language page
Siona	piko	piko		inheritance			See Language page
Siriano	miicã	mii kã					See Language page
Sirionó	tata-šĩ	tata-šĩ		inheritance			See Language page
Southern Paiute	qwi:-G			inheritance
Southern Pastaza Quechua	cushni	kuʃni					See Language page
Southern Sierra Miwok	hak:is-aH-			inheritance
Southern Ute	kwiivY			inheritance
Sáliva	omiñu	omiɲu		unknown			See Language page
Tacana		hodo				Also means 'cloud' 01.730.	See Language page
Tanimuca	ũ'bã ka'ka	ũ'bã ka'ka		inheritance			See Language page
Tariana	haliá-kuɾu	haliá-kuɾu		unique	loanblend, 'white' + Tuk kuru 'group'		See Language page
Tatuyo	bu'hé'-rí	bu'hé'-rí					See Language page
Tehuelche		'pˀaʔn					See Language page
Tikuna	emã	emã		unique			See Language page
Tiriyó	erei(nï)	erei(nɨ)		inheritance			See Language page
Toba		l-malaʔḳ					See Language page
Trinitario		'ɣhorepa; 'ɣhore					See Language page
Trumai	soxden	soxden		unique			See Language page
Tukano	o'mé	o'mé		inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
Tuyuka	pe'ka-bẽ-õbẽ	peʔka-bẽ-õbẽ					See Language page
Tübatulabal	uujit			unknown
Tümpisa Shoshone	kukkwiippyh, kukkwiippi			inheritance
Urarina	sïḍzaa	sʉtʃaa		unique			See Language page
Wai Wai	yɨ-sɨn	yɨ-sɨn		inheritance			See Language page
Waikhana	oʔ'bẽ	oʔ'bẽ					See Language page
Waimaja	pékʰá bueřì	pékʰá buerì					See Language page
Walmajarri	ngunyjurr			inheritance
Wangkayutyuru	kutu			inheritance
Waorani	tẽbãa			unique			See Language page
Wapishana	tʰikʰaẓi šan	tʰikʰaẓi ʃan		inheritance	Proto-Arawak?		See Language page
Wappo	cHi/n			unknown
Warao	hekuhu	hekuhu					See Language page
Wari	tainʔ	tainʔ				Cf. 'cloud' 01.730; 'dust' 01.213.	See Language page
Warrwa	duwi	duwi		inheritance
Washo	dawya/c'im 112			unknown			J112
Waurá	sĩyãla-'ki	sĩjãla-'ki		unique			See Language page
Wayampi	atãsĩ	atãsĩ		inheritance			See Language page
Wayana	elësi	elǝsi		inheritance			See Language page
Wayuu		sik-amɨsaľa					See Language page
Western Mono	kuhita7i- “to be smokey”			inheritance
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay		te'c̷ah				Verbal form is te'c̷ey. Cf. 'fog' 01.740.	See Language page
Wintu	nu:q			inheritance
Wubuy	ban			unique
Yabarana		tətini					See Language page
Yagua	jidavachiy	xindawatʃij		unique			See Language page
Yaminahua		kõi				Also means 'cloud'.	See Language page
Yan-nhangu	buny'tjun			unknown
Yandruwandha	thupu, makathupu, muki or muku			inheritance
Yanomam	wakɨši (EM72)	wakɨʃi		inheritance			See Language page
Yanomami	koa wakə ši, wakeši (EM72)	koa wakə ʃi, wakeʃi		inheritance			See Language page
Yarluyandi	thupu			inheritance
Yavapai	7o\hWa/ya			unique
Yavitero	ľ̥i'aľi; ľ̥i'aľiľi	ľ̥i'aľi; ľ̥i'aľiľi					See Language page
Yawarrawarrka	makatupu			inheritance
Yawuru	ngurun	ngurun		inheritance
Yine		či-či-phya				Also himoľita; himomophyata. Piro-Apuriná form is c̷i-'c̷i-(ph)ĩã.	See Language page
Yokuts Palewyami	muTka			inheritance			K 1963
Yokuts Yawdanchi	mod:ak 243			loan into protolanguage			K07:243
Yokuts Yowlumne	mooT'ak'			loan into protolanguage			N1944
Yuhup	c'ɨ́k	c'ɨ́k		inheritance			See Language page
Yuki	woyam, woyom			inheritance			S&S 1984
Yukpa	eraku	we'ts̺asku					See Language page
Yukuna	ija	iha		inheritance			See Language page
Yuruti	ɨ̃́bẽ	ɨ̃́bẽ					See Language page
Záparo	ahanaka	ahanaka					See Language page


Achagua
Aché
Aguaruna
Akawaio
Apalai
Arabana
Araona
Arutani
Ashuar
Ayoreo
Baniwa
Bankalachi Toloim
Barasano
Bardi
Bará
Barí
Baure
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone
Bora
Bunuba
Burarra
Cahuilla
Camsa
Candoshi-Shapra
Carapana
Carijona
Cavineña
Cayuvava
Central Aymara
Central Sierra Miwok
Cha'palaa
Chemehuevi
Chipaya
Chiriguano
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja
Chumash Barbareno
Chumash Cruzeno
Chumash Ineseno
Chumash Obispeno
Chumash Ventureno
Chácobo
Cocopa
Cofán
Comanche
Cubeo
Cuiva
Cupeño
Desano
Dhangu
Dhuwal
Dhuwala
Diyari
DiyariREU
Djambarrpuyngu
Djapu
Djeoromitxi
Djinang
Dâw
Epena
Ese Ejja
Ese Ejja/Huarayo
Esselen
Eñepa
Gabrielino
Gajirrabeng
Gooniyandi
Guayabero
Gupapuyngu
Gurindji
Hodï
Huambisa
Hup
Ignaciano
Iipay 'Aa
Ingá
Iquito
Itonama
Jabirr-Jabirr
Jaru
Jawi
Kabiyari
Kaingang
Kakataibo
Kakua
Kalapalo
Kamayurá
Karajarri
Karajá
Kariña
Karitiana
Katukina
Kawaiisu
Kija
Kiliwa
Kitanemuk
Kokama
Koreguaje
Kotiria
Kwazá
Lake Miwok
Lengua
Lokono
Luiseño
Maca
Macaguan
Maidu
Maihiki
Makiritare
Makuna
Makushi
Malyangapa
Mangala
Mapoyo
Mapudungun
Matses
Minica Witoto
Miriwung
Mithaka
Mocoví
Mojave
Mosetén-Chimané
Movima
Mudburra
Mudburra
Muinane
Muisca
Murui Witoto
Mutsun
Máku
Nadëb/Roçado dialect
Napo Lowland Quichua
Ngamini
Ngandi
Ngarluma
Ngumbarl
Nheengatu
Nhirrpi
Nimanburru
Ninam
Nisenan
Nivaclé
Northern Emberá
Northern Mangarla
Northern Nyangumarta
Northern Paiute
Northern Sierra Miwok
Nukak
Nyangumarta
Nyikina
Nyulnyul
Nɨpode Witoto
Ocaina
Paakantyi
Pacahuara
Paraguayan Guaraní
Paresi
Pemon
Piapoco
Piaroa
Pilagá
Pirriya
Pitta-Pitta
Plains Miwok
Puinave
Pumé
Páez
Qawasqar
Quechua Ayacuchano
Resígaro
Rirratjingu
Ritharrngu
Salinan A
Salinan M
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet
Sanumá
Sape
Secoya
Selknam
Seri (Comcaac)
Serrano
Shipibo-Konibo
Sikuani
Siona
Siriano
Sirionó
Southern Paiute
Southern Pastaza Quechua
Southern Sierra Miwok
Southern Ute
Sáliva
Tacana
Tanimuca
Tariana
Tatuyo
Tehuelche
Tikuna
Tiriyó
Toba
Trinitario
Trumai
Tukano
Tuyuka
Tübatulabal
Tümpisa Shoshone
Urarina
Wai Wai
Waikhana
Waimaja
Walmajarri
Wangkayutyuru
Waorani
Wapishana
Wappo
Warao
Wari
Warrwa
Washo
Waurá
Wayampi
Wayana
Wayuu
Western Mono
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay
Wintu
Wubuy
Yabarana
Yagua
Yaminahua
Yan-nhangu
Yandruwandha
Yanomam
Yanomami
Yarluyandi
Yavapai
Yavitero
Yawarrawarrka
Yawuru
Yine
Yokuts Palewyami
Yokuts Yawdanchi
Yokuts Yowlumne
Yuhup
Yuki
Yukpa
Yukuna
Yuruti
Záparo

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