Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

Hodï

Family: Isolate (SAM)
Region: South America
ISO 639-3: yau
Location: 5.64°, -65.43°
Notes
Features: Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Ethnographic Information

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Data Sources: Guarisma Pinto, Virginia & Walter Coppens. 1978. Vocabulario Hoti. Caracas: Antropológica, 49: 3-28. Mattei-Müller, Marie Claude. n.d. Hoti wordlist. Quatra, Miguel Marcelo. 2008. Diccionario Básico Castellano-Jodï. Caracas: Ediciones IVIC. Rodman, David and Sue Rodman. Yuwana. In Mary R. Key, Intercontinental Dictionary Series. http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/ids/ Zent, Egleé and Zent, Stanford. 2002. Los Jodï: sabios botánicos del Amazonas Venezolano. Antropológica 97/98. 29-70. Zent, Egleé and Zent, Stanford. 2008. Los Jodï. In Perera, Miguel Angel (ed.), Los Aborígenes de Venezuela, 499-570. Caracas: Ediciones IVIC, Monte Avila Editores, ICAS, Fundación La Salle.

Basic Vocabulary (192)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Etymology Code	Loan Source	General Notes	Source
1pl.excl	nosotros (exclusivo)	nós (exclusivo)	grammar			missing			See Language page
1pl.incl	nosotros (inclusivo)	nós (inclusivo)	grammar	yeti		unique		no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted	See Language page
1sg	yo	eu	grammar	ye		unique		For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms	See Language page
2pl	ustedes	vocês	grammar	kyeti		doubtful loan	Cofan kʸɛʔi		See Language page
2sg	xx	xx	grammar	keh/kye		unknown	cf. Cofan kʸɛ		See Language page
3pl	ellos/ellas	eles/elas	grammar	diti - he (pl) dyudi - she (pl)		unique			See Language page
3sg	el/ella	ele/ela	grammar	che/kje - he yu/chu - she		unique			See Language page
above	encima, arriba	acima	location		bɨ̃ke; -bĩlẽ	unique			See Language page
again	de nuevo, otra vez	de novo	grammar	kolo'ba		unique			See Language page
all	todo	todos	other	tawa'le		unique			See Language page
and	y	e	grammar			missing			See Language page
ankle	tobillo	tornozelo	body	tanemohkwate		unique			See Language page
armpit	axila, sobaco	axila	body	tida		unique			See Language page
ash	ceniza(s)	cinzas	environment	i'neo		unique			See Language page
at	en, a	em, a	location			missing			See Language page
back	espalda	costas	body	hwï		unique			See Language page
bad	mal	mal	quality		yã-hai; yã-hã	doubtful loan	E Tukanoan, e.g. Bara jã'jã		See Language page
bark	corteza	casca	environment		toto	unique			See Language page
belly	barriga	barriga	body	etcho		unique			See Language page
below	abajo, debajo	abaixo	location	kʰiaka		unique			See Language page
big	grande	grande	quality	u'li		unique			See Language page
bite	morder	morder	body	mjyerine		unique			See Language page
black	negro	preto	colour	wa'le		unique			See Language page
blood	sangre	sangue	body	ihkwo		unique			See Language page
blow	soplar	soprar	body	huiyu		unique			See Language page
boil/pimple	espinilla, granos	espinha, borbulha	body		'yẽtehai	unique			See Language page
bone	hueso	osso	body	wawa		unique			See Language page
breast	pecho, seno	peito	body	ote (breast) me baba (chest)		unique			See Language page
breathe	respirar	respirar	body		bẽyabekɨ	unique			See Language page
burn	quemar	queimar	environment	mohti'bweitata		unique			See Language page
chew	masticar, mascar	mastigar	body	kwa'lɨte'ta		unique			See Language page
child	niño, niña	criança	human	ini/ha - boy hau - girl		unique			See Language page
climb	subir	subir	motion		bẽbai	unique			See Language page
cloud	nube	nuvem	environment	bĩʰtu ('fog, cloud, smoke')		doubtful loan, direction unknown	Macaguan mɨ̃tẽ́		See Language page
cold	frío	frio	quality	kio'li		unique			See Language page
come	venir	vir	motion	lwai'te		unique			See Language page
cook	cocinar	cozinhar	impact	ka'miuntai		unique			See Language page
correct/true	verdad, de veras	verdade	quality		ʰtɨboiʰya	unique			See Language page
count	contar	contar	mental			missing			See Language page
cry	llorar	chorar	mental	kelo		unique			See Language page
cut/hack	cortar	cortar	impact	wohtai'ta		unique			See Language page
day	día	dia	time		ʰkʸato	unique			See Language page
die/be dead	morir	morrer	state	kalu'ti		unique			See Language page
dig	cavar	cavar	impact		hu	unique			See Language page
dingo/wolf			fauna			missing			See Language page
dirty	sucio	sujo	quality		waleiʰte	unique			See Language page
dream	soñar	sonhar	mental		abu'ẽ	unique			See Language page
drink	beber, tomar	beber	body	ye wayi / woi (I drink)		unique			See Language page
dry	seco	seco	quality		ʰkai	unique			See Language page
dull/blunt	sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo	maçante, desamolado, não afiado	quality		ʰkuʰtai	unique			See Language page
dust	polvo	poeira	environment	lehte		unique			See Language page
ear	oreja	orelha	body	onéka		unique			See Language page
earth/soil	tierra	terra	environment	ne		unique			See Language page
eat	comer	comer	body	kwa		unique			See Language page
egg	huevo	ovo	fauna	kə'mame		unique			See Language page
eye	ojo	olho	body	búle / bure		unique			See Language page
faeces	heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol	fezes	body	iki		doubtful loan	Arawak?; see also Iquito íiki		See Language page
fall	caer	cair	motion	ko'lati		unique			See Language page
far	lejos	longe	quality	tata		unique			See Language page
fat/grease	grasa	gordura	body		ʰkalawa	unique			See Language page
father	padre, papá	pai	kinship	laj/baba	ʰlai; ai	unique			See Language page
fear	miedo	medo	mental	iti'yu		unique			See Language page
feather	pluma	pena	fauna	tɨə		unique			See Language page
fingernail	uña	unha	body	tela lo lo		unique			See Language page
fire	fuego	fogo	environment	kule		doubtful loan, direction unknown	Pume		See Language page
fish	xx	xx	fauna		bõʰtõ	doubtful loan	Carib		See Language page
flow	fluir	fluir	motion		helou	unique			See Language page
flower	flor	flor	environment	bu		unique			See Language page
fly	volar	voar	motion		bõwe; ʰkeleibilĩ	unique			See Language page
fog	niebla, neblina	nevoeira, bruma, neblina	environment		bĩʰtu	unique			See Language page
foot	pie	pé	body	mehna		unique			See Language page
fruit	fruta	fruta	flora		hu; tale; atei	unique			See Language page
good	bueno	bom	quality		bũʰkete	unique			See Language page
green	verde	verde	quality			missing			See Language page
grow	crecer	crescer	state		ʰwoi	unique			See Language page
hair (of head)	cabello	cabelo	body	tuuwë	ɨko	unknown; unique			See Language page
hand	mano	mão	body	mo hwa hwa / mo		unique			See Language page
head	cabeza	cabeça	body	tu		unique			See Language page
hear	oír	ouvir	mental	aun'kute'ta		unique			See Language page
heart	corazón	coração	body	ihkwahu		unique			See Language page
heavy	pesado	pesado	quality	meki'to		unique			See Language page
hide	esconder	esconder	motion		ʰtoweka ʰka-beibei	unique			See Language page
hit	golpear, pegar	bater	impact		ʰwau	unique			See Language page
hold	correr, asegurar, sostener	segurar	other		ʰtilẽ	unique			See Language page
hot	caliente	quente	quality	tu'wəto'hai		doubtful loan	Salivan		See Language page
how?	como	como	grammar		hibɨ	unique			See Language page
if	si	se	grammar		tolã	unique			See Language page
in/inside	dentro, adentro	dentro	location		-ʰkʷa	unique			See Language page
intestines	intestinos	intestinos	body	hanichyo (small) ihlichyo (large)		unique			See Language page
itch	hormiguear, sentir comezón	coçar	body		ʰluwiye	unique			See Language page
kill	matar	matar	impact		ʰkʷã lĩlĩ	unique			See Language page
know/be knowledgeable	saber, conecer	saber, conhecer	mental		ãku	unique			See Language page
lake	lago	lago	environment		bãbo	unique			See Language page
laugh	reír	rir	mental	wakh		unique			See Language page
leaf	hoja	folha	environment	tuhkuhia		unique			See Language page
left/left hand	izquierdo	esquerdo	location/body		wõiko bõ bã hai-lɨ̃	unique			See Language page
leg/foot	pierna	perna	body	kʰiə		unique			See Language page
lie down	acostarse, echarse	deitar	motion	ka'bɨte'ta		unique			See Language page
lightning	rayo, relámpago	relampago	environment	choa bulewe / choburewe		unique			See Language page
live/be alive	vivir	viver, morar	body	'hoa bẽɨ		unique			See Language page
liver	hígado	figado	body	oteto		unique			See Language page
long	largo	comprido, longo	quality	tamɨih'yɨ		unique			See Language page
louse	piollo, piojo	piolho	fauna		hõhõ	unique		order Phtiraptera	See Language page
lung	pulmón	pulmão	body	woihlo tiha (plural)		unique			See Language page
man/male	hombre	homem	human	mari		unique			See Language page
meat/flesh	carne	carne	fauna	i'nE		unique			See Language page
moon	luna	lua	environment	amiye		unique			See Language page
mother	madre, mamá	mãe	kinship	abã	abã	unique			See Language page
mountain/hill	montaña, colina, loma, cerro	morro, serra	environment	inewa (hill)		unique			See Language page
mouth	boca	boca	body	a		unique			See Language page
name	nombre	nome	human			missing			See Language page
nape	base del cuello, nuca	nuca	body	hwa hwɨ (ye)		unique			See Language page
near/close	cerca de	perto	quality		habẽilã	unique			See Language page
neck	cuello	pescoço	body	kwa		unique			See Language page
new	nuevo	novo	quality	baih'ya		doubtful loan, direction unknown	Pume		See Language page
night	noche	noite	time	tikwə'to		unique			See Language page
no/not	no	não	grammar		ĩte	unique			See Language page
nose	nariz	nariz	body	ño		unique			See Language page
old	viejo	velho	quality	ta'wo		unique			See Language page
one	uno	um	number	ya'toa		unique			See Language page
open/uncover	abrir	abrir	other		wai	unique			See Language page
other	otro	outro	grammar	apahle		unique			See Language page
pain/painful/sick	dolor, doloroso, enfermo	dor, doloroso, doente	body		yã hã	unique			See Language page
person/human being	persona	pessoa	human	ho (=body)		unique			See Language page
pound/beat	machacar, golpear	bater	impact		ʰwau	unique			See Language page
rain	lluvia	chuva	environment	o		unique			See Language page
red	rojo	vermelho	colour	lu'wa		doubtful loan	Saliban; possible inheritance?		See Language page
right/right hand	derecha	direita	location/body		baʰkei bõ bã hai-lɨ̃	unique			See Language page
road/path	camino	caminho	manufacture	mana		doubtful loan	Saliva; possible inheritance?		See Language page
root	raíz	raiz	flora	lahla (exterior root of a tree)		unique			See Language page
rotten	podrido	podre	quality		wali-bu	unique			See Language page
sand	arena	areia	environment	ka'bayu		unique			See Language page
say	decir	dizer	mental	ũtɨ		missing			See Language page
scratch	rascar	rasgar	impact			missing			See Language page
see	ver	ver	mental	wete'ta		unique			See Language page
sharp	afilado, filudo, filoso	afiado	quality		aʰkuwe'te	unique			See Language page
shoot	tirar, disparar, balear	atirar	impact		hu	unique			See Language page
short	corto	curto	quality		aliʰkʷete	unique			See Language page
shoulder	hombro	ombro	body	ahkule		unique			See Language page
shy/ashamed	tímido, vergonzoso	timido, com vergonha	mental	ʰka-ʰtau		unique			See Language page
sit	sentar(se)	sentar	state	to'ainkida		unique			See Language page
skin	piel	pele	body	hetoto		unique			See Language page
sky	cielo	céu	environment	younaja		unique			See Language page
sleep	dormir	dormir	body	apuh		unique			See Language page
small	pequeño	pequeno	quality	a'li		unique			See Language page
smoke	humo	fumaça	environment	kulemihtu		unique			See Language page
sniff/smell	olfatear, oler	cheirar	body		bĩkĩwe	unique		primarily transitive	See Language page
spit	escupir	cuspir	body	hulepe		unique			See Language page
split	partir, dividir	rachar, dividir, partir	impact		ʰkeɨ	unique			See Language page
squeeze	estrujar, exprimir	espremer	impact		bãlãtɨ eʰlowabei	unique			See Language page
stab/pierce	apuñalar, acuchillar	apunhalar	impact		to-ʰkʷe	unique			See Language page
stand	estar de pié	ficar em pé	state		wã	unique			See Language page
star	estrella	estrela	environment	ateta / atetï (plural)		unique			See Language page
steal	robar	roubar	other		bo bẽi	unique			See Language page
stick/wood	palo	pau, vara	flora			missing			See Language page
stone	piedra	pedra	environment	ih'tɨ		unique			See Language page
suck	chupar	chupar	body	luhlu	ʰluʰluwe	unique			See Language page
sun	sol	sol	time	tinawa		unique			See Language page
sweat	sudar	suor, suar	body			missing			See Language page
swell	hincharse	inchar	body	mɨ'de		doubtful loan, direction unknown	Pume		See Language page
swim	nadar	nadar	motion	ʰkʷei-ai		unique			See Language page
tail	cola, rabo	rabo	body	ini'nabuka'ti		unique			See Language page
that	ese/esa	esse	grammar	dibo/baehteu		unique			See Language page
thick	grueso, gordo, espeso	grosso	quality		bahtu	unique			See Language page
thin	delgado	fino	quality		lãlẽ	unique			See Language page
think	pensar	pensar	mental		ũ	unique			See Language page
this	este/esta	este	grammar	bibo/baheteu		unique			See Language page
three	tres	tres	number	hweya'tɨ		unique			See Language page
throat	garganta	garganta	body	kwambo / kwa		unique			See Language page
throw	tirar, lanzar	atirar, jogar	impact		ʰka-lũ	unique			See Language page
thunder	truenos	trovão	environment	co'ai		unique			See Language page
tie up/fasten	atar, amarrar	amarrar	impact	a'liti		unique			See Language page
tongue	lengua	lingua	body	a nene		loan	Arawak		See Language page
tooth	diente	dente	body	(ehko) / uhku		unique			See Language page
turn	girar, volter, torcer	virar	other		ʰka-bãlãlĩ	unique		may be transitive or intransitive	See Language page
two	dos	dois	number	weyata		unique			See Language page
vomit	vomitar	vomitar	body	ehtajken		unique			See Language page
walk	caminar, andar	andar	motion	ountai		unique			See Language page
water	agua	agua	environment	au		unique			See Language page
wet	mojado	molhado	quality	kwa'ta		unique			See Language page
what?	que, qué	que	grammar	kwe		unique			See Language page
when?	cuando	quando	grammar		tolã	unique			See Language page
where?	donde	onde	grammar		'ʰtebolã	unique			See Language page
white	blanco	branco	colour		ʰkʸato	unique			See Language page
who?	quien, quién	quem	grammar		ʰwẽya; ʰwoiyu	unique			See Language page
wife	esposa	esposa	kinship	aun		unique			See Language page
wind	viento	vento	environment	hune		unique			See Language page
wing	ala	asa	body	ah'kudawah'wa		unique			See Language page
woman/female	mujer	mulher	human	au		unique			See Language page
work	trabajar	trabalhar	other		bou	unique			See Language page
yawn	bostezar	bocejar	body		a litoki	unique			See Language page
yellow	amarillo	amarelo	colour	iku'lu		unique			See Language page


1pl.excl
1pl.incl
1sg
2pl
2sg
3pl
3sg
above
again
all
and
ankle
armpit
ash
at
back
bad
bark
belly
below
big
bite
black
blood
blow
boil/pimple
bone
breast
breathe
burn
chew
child
climb
cloud
cold
come
cook
correct/true
count
cry
cut/hack
day
die/be dead
dig
dingo/wolf
dirty
dream
drink
dry
dull/blunt
dust
ear
earth/soil
eat
egg
eye
faeces
fall
far
fat/grease
father
fear
feather
fingernail
fire
fish
flow
flower
fly
fog
foot
fruit
good
green
grow
hair (of head)
hand
head
hear
heart
heavy
hide
hit
hold
hot
how?
if
in/inside
intestines
itch
kill
know/be knowledgeable
lake
laugh
leaf
left/left hand
leg/foot
lie down
lightning
live/be alive
liver
long
louse
lung
man/male
meat/flesh
moon
mother
mountain/hill
mouth
name
nape
near/close
neck
new
night
no/not
nose
old
one
open/uncover
other
pain/painful/sick
person/human being
pound/beat
rain
red
right/right hand
road/path
root
rotten
sand
say
scratch
see
sharp
shoot
short
shoulder
shy/ashamed
sit
skin
sky
sleep
small
smoke
sniff/smell
spit
split
squeeze
stab/pierce
stand
star
steal
stick/wood
stone
suck
sun
sweat
swell
swim
tail
that
thick
thin
think
this
three
throat
throw
thunder
tie up/fasten
tongue
tooth
turn
two
vomit
walk
water
wet
what?
when?
where?
white
who?
wife
wind
wing
woman/female
work
yawn
yellow

Showing 1 to 192 of 192 entries

Flora Fauna Vocabulary (138)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Source	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Food Source	Medicinal	Psychotropic	Traded	Distribution	Dangerous	General Notes
achiote, anatto	achiote	urucum	flora-fauna	Bixa orellana	jkulilu (Zent 08)			unique						uncoded		See Language page	1	0	0	0	1	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	shrub
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti)	Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado	cutia	flora-fauna	Dasyprocta spp.				missing						missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
alligator, black caiman	babilla; cachirre	jacaré	flora-fauna	Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp.	au ʰlẽ	au ʰlẽ		doubtful loan	Carib: e.g. Pemon onwe					uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Throughout Amazonia	no?	Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi
Amazon dolphin	bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco)	boto cor-de-rosa	flora-fauna	Inia geoffrensis				missing						missing		See Language page	1	0	0	0	0	Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls	no
Amazon tree-grape	uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.)	cucura	flora-fauna	Pourouma cecropiifolia	uli wejkao, uli weʰkao ʰyaɨ (Pourouma melinonii) (Zent 02a), jani iya wejiolo jyaï (Pourouma guianensis) (Zent 02b), uli wejkao (P. cecropiaefolia) (Zent 08)			unknown		cf. uli wejkao, uli weʰkao ʰyaɨ (Pourouma melinonii) (Zent 02a), jani iya wejiolo jyaï (Pourouma guianensis) (Zent 02b)				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times	no	a tree; not a true grape
anaconda	anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande	sucuri	flora-fauna	genus Eunectes				missing						missing		See Language page	2	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	yes
angleworm	lombriz	minhoca	flora-fauna	order Opisthopora				missing						missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna	Formicidae	nimo (tiny red stinging ant) (Zent 05)			missing		cf. nimo (tiny red stinging ant), jyo (black army ant) (Zent 05)				missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
anteater	oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus	tamanduá	flora-fauna	Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater)				missing						missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonian lowlands	no
armadillo	armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo)	tatu	flora-fauna	family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri				missing						missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread in Amazonia	no
arrow cane, wildcane	caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana	cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio	flora-fauna	Gynerium sagittatum				missing						missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	tropical regions, especially river banks	no	plant
avocado	palta, aguacate	abacate	flora-fauna	Persea americana	awa jyeï			unique						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	tree
açai palm	huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia)	açaí	flora-fauna	Euterpe sp.	waʰwɨ (Zent 02a), jwajwï jï (fruit of the Açai) (Zent 02b)			loan	Carib, e.g. Carijona/Makiritare wahu					uncoded		See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia	no
banana, plantain	banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano	banana	flora-fauna	Musa sp.	hehtala, walule, jwalule jwajwa (Musa paradisiaca) (Zent 02b)			unknown	hehtala could be a Spanish-origin loan from a p > h language, or p > h in Hodi	jwalule jwajwa (Musa paradisiaca; Zent); kuyi, wayi, hetara (G&C)				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	Names for banana/plantain may be derived from bastard plantain by semantic shift.
bat	murciélago	morcego	flora-fauna	Chiroptera spp.	ʰkʷayuwã	ʰkʷayuwã		doubtful loan, direction unknown	Salivan, see Saliva kʷãĩxuga	compare Piapoco "iwàju", Yavitero "waju"				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
beans	frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas)	feijão	flora-fauna	Phaseolus spp.	jtuë ibojto			unique		jtuë ibojto (Zent)				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna		kili (little bird)			unique					Narrower: small bird	uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
bitterwood	tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru)	envira	flora-fauna	Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala	jkudile jyaï (Guatteria foliosa) (Zent 02b)			unique						uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	secondary forests, native to Brazil	no	tree
black palm	bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá	bacaba	flora-fauna	Oenocarpus bacaba	hãlĩ baʰte (Zent 02a), bate jï (Zent 02b)			unique						uncoded		See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon	no	may be confused in some entries with O. bataua
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna	Diptera	nɨ'nɨ			unique						uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
boa	boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura	jiboia	flora-fauna	family Boidae, subf. Boinae				missing						missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree)	calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara	cabaça	flora-fauna	Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine)	jlaboju (Zent 08)			unique		jlaboju (Zent 08)				uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	indigenous gardens	no	plant; tree
brazil nut	castaña	castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis)	flora-fauna	Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia']				missing						missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua.	no	tree
brown woolly monkey	Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt	macaco barrigudo	flora-fauna	Lagothrix lagothricha				missing						missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant	conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro	tocandira	flora-fauna	Paraponera clavata	uli inëdi (bullent ant), jyo (black army ant) (Zent 05)			unique						uncoded		See Language page	2	0	0	0	0		yes
butterfly, moth	mariposa	borboleta	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera	warepa	waleba		unique						uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
capybara	Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco	capivara	flora-fauna	Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris	hetoware			unique						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
cará tuber, purple or white	camote, sachapapa	cará roxo, branco	flora-fauna	Dioscorea sp.	uli jwane (D. alata), jani jwane (D. trífida), ajtejta jwane (Dioscorea sp.) (Zent 08)			unique		uli jwane (D. alata), jani jwane (D. trífida), ajtejta jwane (Dioscorea sp.) (Zent 08)				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings	no	plant
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium occidentale / giganteum	uli eloi ʰyaɨ (Zent 02a)			loan - WW	%eroi					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium giganteum				loan	Carib	Akawaio Ingariko "erɔɪ", Mapoyo "yoroiʔ" and other similar Carib terms	WW	%eroi		uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Brazil, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela, Guyana	no
centipede	ciempiés	centopéia	flora-fauna	class Chilopoda	iliwe	iliwe		unique						uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cicada	cigarra, chicharra	cigarra	flora-fauna	super fam. Cicadoidea	kapa			unique						uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cipó vine	tamishi, bejuco, yare	cipó	flora-fauna	Heteropsis spp.				missing						missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	secondary forest, floodplain	no	vine
coca	coca	coca	flora-fauna	Erythroxylum coca				missing						missing		See Language page	1	0	0	1	1	secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes	no	plant
cockroach	cucaracha	barata-do-mato	flora-fauna	order Blattaria	oʰkõ	oʰkõ		unique						uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
collared peccary	sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar	caititu, caetitu	flora-fauna	Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu	hurihkahwie			unique						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
cotamundi, coatimundi	Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache	quati	flora-fauna	genus Nasua				missing						missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
cotton	algodón	algodão	flora-fauna	Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers)	jnewa (Zent 08)			unique		jnewa (Zent 08)				uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	1	secondary scrub vegetation	no	plant; some sources may confound with kapok Ceiba pentandra (esp. if a single gloss for 'cotton' is given')
crab	cangrejo	caranguejo	flora-fauna	infraorder Brachyura	iye			unique						uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cricket	saltón, grillo	grilo	flora-fauna	family Gryllidae				missing						missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cunuri (tree)	cunuri	cunuri	flora-fauna	Cunurea spruceana				missing						missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Amazonia	no
curassow	mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini)	mutum	flora-fauna	Crax sp., Nothocrax sp.				missing						missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Amazonia	no
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna	family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus	jkwajtubo	ʰkʷãʰtɨbo		doubtful loan	Makiritare or Arawak	Makiritare kawa:di				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna		kwatɨ'bo	ʰkʷãʰtɨbo		unique								See Language page
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna	Canis famililaris	yiwi	yewi		loan	North Arawak, from forms originally meaning 'jaguar'	Arawak Yucuna yawi; Piaroa "yæwi"; Wanderwort? See also Tukanoan jai (jaguar/dog), Tupi-Guarani yawara (jaguar/dog)	WW	%jawi		uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Not native; widespread	no
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna		yiwi	jewi		doubtful loan	Jivaro							See Language page
dog (wild; bush dog)	sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta	cachorro-do-mato	flora-fauna	Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis				missing						missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
dove	paloma	pomba	flora-fauna	family Columbidae				missing						missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
duck	pato	pato, marreco	flora-fauna	Anatidae family	abo tuwẽlõ lãhã	abo tuwẽlõ lãhã		unique						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil)	suri, mojojoy	larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá	flora-fauna	Rhynchophorus sp.				missing						missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
electric eel	anguila eléctrica	poraquê	flora-fauna	Electrophorus electricus	kalina (Zent 08)			loan	Carib: Eñepa kariɲa	Eñepa "kariɲa"; also see Pemon and Akawaio "karimura"				uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		yes
firefly, lightning bug	lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin)	vagalume	flora-fauna	fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae				missing						missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
fish (generic)	pez	peixe	flora-fauna		bõʰtõ	bõʰtõ		doubtful loan: Makushi moróʔ	Carib	e.g. Makushi moróʔ				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
fish (large type)	paiche, pirarucú o arapaima	pirarucu	flora-fauna	Arapaima gigas				missing						missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	big rivers only	no
fish poison, barbasco	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	flora-fauna	Lonchocarpus spp.	matu'nəu			unique						uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation	yes [used to poison people]	shrub/tree
flea	pulga	pulga	flora-fauna	order Siphonaptera	yewi hõhõ	yewi hõhõ		unique						uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
genipap	jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico	genipapo, jenipapo	flora-fauna	Genipapa americana				missing						missing		See Language page	1	0	0	0	0	widespread lowland SA	no	shrub
giant otter	Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria	ariranha	flora-fauna	Pteronura brasiliensis				missing						missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna	(generic)	kia'lo	'ʰkʸẽlõ		unique						uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
gray-winged trumpeter	Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris	jacamim	flora-fauna	Psophia crepitans	ka'namE			loan	Carib, Eñepa kanamae	Pemon "namai", Panare "anamae, kanamae"				uncoded	ka' may be morphologically segmentable?	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões	no
great egret	Garza Blanca, Guyratî	Garça-Branca-Grande	flora-fauna	Ardea alba				missing						missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread South America	no
green acouchi	Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo	cutiara	flora-fauna	Myoprocta pratti				missing						missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
guan	pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru)	jacu	flora-fauna	Penelope sp.				missing						missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Different types have different localized ranges	no
hallucinogenic snuff	vilca, cebil, yopo	paricá, yopo	flora-fauna	Anadenanthera sp. or virola												See Language page
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca	ayahuasca, yage	ayahuasca, caapi	flora-fauna	Banisteriopsis caapi				missing						missing		See Language page	1	0	0	1	0	semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW	no	vine
hawk	halcón, gavilán	gavião	flora-fauna	family Accipitridae	more	bole		unknown	cf. Piaroa pa'reh					uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
honeybee	abeja	abelha	flora-fauna	Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis	bãilã (preceded by specific species word) (Zent 02a)	bãilã ai		unique		cf. culu'ma (Guarisma & Coppens)				uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
horse	caballo	cavalho	flora-fauna	Equus caballus	[ʰkabayo]	[ʰkabayo]		missing						missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
hot pepper	ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru)	pimenta	flora-fauna	Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens	najte (C. futescens) (Zent 08)			unique						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden	no	plant
howler monkey (red-handed)	mono aullador, mono coto (Peru)	guariba	flora-fauna	Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.]	nimö (Zent 05)			unique		nimö (Zent 05)				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
hummingbird	colibrí, picaflor (Peru)	beija-flor	flora-fauna	family Trochilidae	tu'kudi			loan	Carib, e.g. Macushi tukúí	Carijona "tuku’tʃi ", Makushi "tukúí"				uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread	no
iguana	iguana, garipiares (Colombia)	camaleão	flora-fauna	Iguana sp.	uana			loan - WW	%jiwana, Carib	Yavitero "iwána", Carijona "iwana"	WW	%jiwana		uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana
inga	guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru)	inga	flora-fauna	Inga spp.	luwë; hãlɨ̃ luwe ʰyaɨ (inga bourgoni), uli luwe ʰyaɨ (inga edulis), bãyekalõ luwe ʰyaɨ (inga cf. alba), eʰkɔ luwe ʰyaɨ (inga sp.) (all Zent 02a)			unique		Also hãlɨ̃ luwe ʰyaɨ (inga bourgoni), uli luwe ʰyaɨ (inga edulis), bãyekalõ luwe ʰyaɨ (inga cf. alba), eʰkɔ luwe ʰyaɨ (inga sp.) (all Zent 02a)				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia)	no
insect (generic)	insecto	insecto	flora-fauna	generic				missing						missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
jaguar	yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru)	onca	flora-fauna	Panthera onca	choywei			loan	cf. Arawak jawi	Compare similar form for 'dog'				uncoded		See Language page	1	2	0	0	0		yes
japurá	oreja de murcielago	japurá	flora-fauna	Erisma japura				missing						missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	large tree
kapok	ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.)	sumaumeira	flora-fauna	Ceiba pentandra	taba'li			unique						uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas	no	tree
kingfisher	martín pescador, catalan (Peru)	martim-pescador	flora-fauna	family Alcedinidae				missing						missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
leaf-cutter ant	Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse	saúva	flora-fauna	Atta sp.	nənə'a	nənə'a		unique						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
macaw	ara, guacamaya	Arara	flora-fauna	family Psittacidae; Ara sp.	jkamaya, uli jkamaya (Zent 05)			loan - WW	%wakamaja; from Span? or Eñepa	Eñepa "kamaja" (but see also Sp. guacamaya, said to be borrowed from Arawak Taino); cf. maya (Guarisma & Coppens)				uncoded		See Language page	1	1	0	0	1	Widespread Amazonia	no
maize, corn	mazorca, maiz	milho	flora-fauna	Zea mays	jtamu	ʰtãbu		unique						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	widespread, esp. in river floodplains	no	plant
manatee	vaca marina, manatí	peixe-boi	flora-fauna	Trichechus sp.				missing						missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
mandi catfish	maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish)	mandi	flora-fauna	Auchenipterus sp.				missing						missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
manioc (bitter or generic)	yuca brava	mandioca	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	ale			doubtful loan, direction unknown	Carib or Arawak	Zent: ale for manioc in general?				uncoded	Probably yapo-are	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition.	no	Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield
manioc (sweet)	yuca, caribe	macaxeira	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	ale			missing	generic?	Achagua "á:liri", but other Arawak terms are distinct				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	no	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
miriti palm	moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti	buriti	flora-fauna	Mauritia flexuosa	tuli (Zent 02a)			unique		cf. di'lihi (G&C); compare Puinave "tui"				uncoded		See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps	no	trunks contain sago-like starch
mosquito	mosquito, zancudo	mosquito, carapana	flora-fauna	Anopheles sp.	hi tu'wila	ʰtuhelatɨ		unique						uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
moth	mariposa nocturna, polilla	mariposa	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera				missing						missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
mouse, rat	ratón	camundongo, rata	flora-fauna	Mus musculus	hwayo	wayo		unique						missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
mushroom	champiñón, hongo	cogumelo	flora-fauna	(any edible generic)	yakino	aʰkilõ		unique		cf. yakino (Zent)				uncoded		See Language page	0	2	0	0	0		no	prioritize generic term that includes any edible species
neotropical otter (small)	Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia)	lontra	flora-fauna	Lontra longicaudis				missing						missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
opossum	zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo	mucura	flora-fauna	family Didelphidae	uli jowale (Zent 05)	yowale; abaʰtuhã		loan - WW	%jawari	Compare Wai Wai " yawari"; see also , Pemon avare, Wapishana " jawari", Yanomami " awaɾe". Cf. abaʰtuhã (Rodman)	WW	%jaware		uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
owl (large)	búho, lechuza	corujão	flora-fauna	order Strigiformes	borea (large) bololo (small)			unique		Compare Huitoto Murui "búru". Also bololo (small owl)				uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread	no
paca (lowland)	Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana)	paca	flora-fauna	Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.)	ineahkuti			unique						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
pacu fish	palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru)	pacu	flora-fauna	Mylossoma sp.				missing						missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
palm for roof thatch	pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná	caraná	flora-fauna	Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana				missing						missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests	no	palm
parrot	loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib)	papagaio	flora-fauna	Amazona amazonica	nolo			loan	Carib/Arawak, or from Span	Eñepa naro/noro, also Yabarana noro				uncoded		See Language page	1	0	0	0	1	Widespread	no
paxiuba palm	pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba	paxiuba	flora-fauna	Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea	mu'li			unique						uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no	palm
peach palm, pejibaye palm	chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol)	pupunha	flora-fauna	Bactris gasipaes	jnema	hnema	pijiguao	unique						uncoded		Quatra 2008: 140	2	1	0	0	0		no
peanut	maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete	amendoim	flora-fauna	Arachis hypogaea	mani			loan	Unknown	May be from Spanish, but Sp. maní is thought to be a loan, possibly from Taino (Arawak).				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
pineapple	piña	abacaxi	flora-fauna	Ananas comosus	jtineju, nanaju			unique; loan - WW	%nana	jtineju, nanaju (Zent)				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
pirana	piraña, caribe	piranha	flora-fauna	subfamily Serrasalmidae	jkwaejle mojto			unique						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no [not in this region]
porcupine	puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru)	cuandu, porco-espinho	flora-fauna	family Erethizontidae	uli jeme			unique						uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
potato	papa	batata	flora-fauna	Solanum tuberosum	ʰwalẽ	ʰwalẽ		unique						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation	no	compare entries for sweet potato
potato, sweet potato	camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara	batata-doce	flora-fauna	Ipomoea batatas	iye	ʰwalẽ		unique		Compare Camsa "míya"				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
praying mantis, stick insects	mantis religiosa	louva-a-deus	flora-fauna	order Mantodea, family Mantidae				missing						missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
rubber tree (sorva)	caucho, siringa, shiringa	seringa, borracha	flora-fauna	Hevea sp.				missing						missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no	tree
scorpion	escorpión; alacran	escorpião	flora-fauna	order Scorpiones	ih'ti	iʰti		unique						uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		yes
seje palm	ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá	patoá, patuá	flora-fauna	Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua				missing						missing		See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia	no	may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries
sloth	pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru)	macaco preguica	flora-fauna	Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp.				missing						missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
small lizard	lagartija	calango	flora-fauna	order Squamata	ʰtawɨ ʰlawa	ʰtawɨ ʰlawa		unique						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
snail	caracol, churo (Peru)	caracol	flora-fauna	class Gastropoda	a'nu ka'nuhtu	ʰkalũʰtu		loan	Arawak, cf. Baniwa kerátto	a'nu *G&C)				uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		ih'ko	iʰkʷo		unique	cf. Carib	But compare Carib, e.g.Eñepa ajke				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake	víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara	jararaca	flora-fauna	Bothrops jararaca/atrox				missing						missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread South America	yes
speckled catfish	surubí, pintadillo	surubim, sorubim	flora-fauna	Pseudoplatystoma sp.	uli abiyë mojto, bagre rayao (P. fasciatum) (Zent 08)			unique		cf. bagre rayao (P. fasciatum)				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna	Arachnidae, Araneae	aʰkuke	aʰkuke		unique						uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
squash	calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru)	abóbora	flora-fauna	Cucurbita sp.	jnuñejtu, jkujte (Cucurbita moschata) (Zent 08)			unknown		cf. jkujte (Cucurbita moschata), jnuñejtu (Zent 08)				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
squirrel	ardilla, danta (Ven)	serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo	flora-fauna	family Sciuridae	jkali			loan	Carib, prob. Pemon	e.g. Pemon " kari-kari", Akawaio kari, also Yanomami " kaɾio"; cf. Zent jkali				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
stingray (generic)	rayas látigo, raya	arraia	flora-fauna	Potamotrygon sp.	ku'laka'we	iʰti		unique		iʰti (Rodman)				uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
tannia, yautia	huitina (Peru), ñame	taioba branca	flora-fauna	Xanthosoma spp.	duëno më, uli më (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) (Zent 08)	iye; ʰwalẽ		unique		duëno më, uli më (Zent 08)				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
tapir	sachavaca, danta	anta	flora-fauna	Tapirus terrestris	yewö, uli yewa (Zent 05)			doubtful loan, direction unknown	Piaroa	Piaroa owo; Cf. yewö, uli yewa (Zent 05)				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
termites, white-ants	comején (Peru), termitas	cupim	flora-fauna	order Isoptera				missing						missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
tick	garrapata	carrapato	flora-fauna	superfam Ixodoidea	ka'wa			doubtful loan	Arawak; cf. Nadeb					uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
tigerfish	taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru)	traíra	flora-fauna	Hoplias sp.				missing						missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
tinamou	tinamu, perdiz, gallineta	inambu, inhambu	flora-fauna	family Tinamidae				missing						missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
toad	sapo	sapo	flora-fauna	order Anura	uaihlo			unique						uncoded		See Language page	0	2	0	0	0		no
tobacco	tabaco	tabaco	flora-fauna	Nicotiana tabacum	jkawai	ʰkawoi		loan	Carib	Eñepa "kowae; kawae kawaejoʔ", Makushi and Makiritare"kawai" and other Carib				uncoded		See Language page	1	0	0	0	1		no	plant
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant)	tortuga, morrocoy, motelo	jabutí, tartaruga	flora-fauna	Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria	woi			unique						uncoded		See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	Widespread	no
toucan	tucán, pinsha (Peru)	tucano	flora-fauna	Ramphastos sp.	chejko			loan	Carib, esp. Makiritare ʃahoko	Carijona "tʃaha’ko", Makushi "ʃahoko" (also Wapishana "tʃakui")				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
tree	árbol	arvore	flora-fauna		ʰtawɨ	ʰtawɨ		unique						uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
tufted capuchin monkey	mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero	macaco prego	flora-fauna	Cebus apella	urihkuayo	uli ʰkʷayo		unique						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
ucuqui	yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru)	ucuqui	flora-fauna	Pouteria ucuqui	jkayena jele (Pouteria venosa) (Zent 02b), duwëna jyaï (Pouteria caimito) (Zent 02b)			unique		cf. duwëna jyaï (Pouteria caimito) (Zent 02b)				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions	no	other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant
vulture	buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru)	urubu	flora-fauna	family Cathartidae	uli bole	bũʰwoli		loan; unique	Pume	cf. bũʰwoli (Rodman), uli bole (Zent)				uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread South America	no
wasp	avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa	caba	flora-fauna	order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita	mu jadi (possibly plural) (Zent 05)	bũhã		unique		cf. mu jadi (possibly plural) (Zent 05), bũhã (Rodman)				uncoded		See Language page	0	2	0	0	0		no
white-fronted capuchin	Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru)	Caiarara	flora-fauna	Cebus albifrons				missing						missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
white-fronted spider monkey	Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia)	macaco aranha, coatá, quatá	flora-fauna	Ateles belzebuth/paniscus	uli jkwayo (Zent 05)			loan	North Arawak; Piapoco kuwairi	see Piapoco cuwáiri, Yucuna kuwatá				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
white-lipped peccary	Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana	queixada	flora-fauna	Tayassu pecari				missing						missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
woodpecker	pájaro carpintero, carpintero	pica-pau	flora-fauna	family Picidae				missing						missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no

Showing 1 to 138 of 138 entries

Cultural Vocabulary (106)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven	tierra do los muertos	terra dos mortos	culture-mythology				missing								See Language page
arrow	flecha	flecha	subsistence tool	lĩbẽlã ho	lĩbẽlã ho	bow, arrow?	unique							hunting, warfare	See Language page
axe/stone axe	hacha (de piedra)	machado (de pedra)	subsistence tool	tote			unique					Simplex		especially for clearing fields	See Language page
bait for fishing	cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru)	isca	subsistence tool				missing							can refer to worms; more generic	See Language page
basin/bowl	tazón, plato hondo, taza	tijela	culture-material	təna'na; tota	wõihta; bĩhĩ		unique					Simplex			See Language page
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	lãla			Unique					Simplex			See Language page
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	nala	lãla		unique								See Language page
basket, small	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto pequeno, tampado	culture-material				missing								See Language page
bead	abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar	miçanga	culture-material	ʰkʷã lãka	ʰkʷã lãka	bead, necklace	unique					Other complex	ʰkʷã 'throat'		See Language page
bed	cama	cama	culture-material	abui tekai	abui tekai		unique					Other complex	tekai occurs in many words having to do with non-Indian material objects		See Language page
bench, seat	banco, silla, asiento	banco	culture-material	towãkĩ tekai	towãkĩ tekai		unique					Other complex	tekai occurs in many words having to do with non-Indian material objects		See Language page
blowgun	cerbatana, pucuna (Peru)	zarabatana	subsistence tool	hoana / hwana			unique					Simplex		currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region	See Language page
boomerang/throwing stick (generic)			subsistence tool				missing								See Language page
bottle	botella	garrafa	acculturation				missing								See Language page
bottom grinding stone			manufacture				missing							if different word from top grinding stone	See Language page
bow	arco	arco	subsistence tool	lĩbẽlã ho	lĩbẽlã ho	bow, arrow?	unique							arco	See Language page
broom	escoba	vassoura	culture-material	oatileka / nehuatilekahae	ʰlẽi ʰwatɨ tekai (te-ka-hai)		unique				Also: nehuauatilekahae				See Language page
canoe	canoa	canoa	transport	maluhke / bo			unique				Also: bo; compare Warekena muɺupewe				See Language page
cat	gato	gato	acculturation	yewi 'dog, cat'; [kato]		cat, dog [maybe also jaguar??]	semantic shift; loan	cf. 'dog' (loan); English				Simplex			See Language page
chicken	gallina	galinha	acculturation	walalu	walalu	hen	unique	Spanish?				Simplex			See Language page
chief/leader	jefe, cacique	chefe	culture-mythology				missing								See Language page
clothing	ropa	roupa	culture-mythology		toto		unique								See Language page
club	garrote, cachiporra	clava, porrete	subsistence tool				missing								See Language page
coca			narcotics				Missing								See Language page
cook food			food	kã'mĩũnãĩ			Unique								See Language page
Curupira (spirit type)	Curupira, Madremonte	Curupira	culture-mythology				missing							malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region	See Language page
dance (generic)			culture-mythology	bẽʰlã ʰtɨ̃ ʰtɨ̃			Unique					Other complex			See Language page
dart (blowgun)	dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru)	dardo, seta	subsistence tool	hoaile			unique					Simplex		hunting and warfare	See Language page
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure	dios(es), deidad	divinidade, figura mítica	culture-mythology				missing							In RN region, frequently translates as 'Bone-Son', 'One on the bone', etc.	See Language page
digging stick			subsistence tool				Missing								See Language page
digging stick			subsistence tool				missing								See Language page
dream	sueño, soñar	sonho, sonhar	culture-mythology	apui	apui		unique					Simplex			See Language page
drum	tambor	tambor	culture-mythology				missing								See Language page
drum (large signal)	tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia)	tambor	culture				missing							Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances	See Language page
fan	abanico	abanador, abano	subsistence tool	ʰkule ʰkaʰwe			unique					Simplex		esp. for fanning a cooking fire	See Language page
feather headdress	plumaje, corona de plumas	enfeite/capacete de penas	culture-mythology	yewo ʰtu wayaka			unique					Other complex			See Language page
fence, palisade	cerco	cerca	other	mena	laho		unique					Simplex		may be related to defense/warfare?	See Language page
fermented drink	masato, chicha	caxiri, chicha	culture	wike ʰyu			unique							prioritizes manioc beer where distinction is made	See Language page
fetish, charm	fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga	feitiço, puçanga	culture-mythology				missing								See Language page
fireplace	hogar	lareira	other				missing								See Language page
firewood	leña	lenha	other	kule	ʰkule bo		unique				Also: kule	Other complex	ʰkule 'fire'; bo 'log, wood'?		See Language page
fish (with fish-poison)	pescar con barbasco, barbasquear	pescar com timbó; tinguijar	food	ʰkãʰkã hu			unique								See Language page
fish (with line)	anzuelear, pescar con linea	pescar (com linha)	food				missing								See Language page
fish poison	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	subsistence tool	bãʰtulẽ			Unique								See Language page
fishing line	cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze	linha de pesca	subsistence tool	ʰkãʰkã hu			unique								See Language page
fishtrap	trampa de peces, trampa	matapi, cacuri	subsistence tool	bõʰtõ laho			unique								See Language page
flat bread, cassava bread	pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe	beiju	food				missing							usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits	See Language page
flour/meal from manioc	fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina	farinha	food	ʰyowã			loan - WW	%porowa	WW	%porowa	Akawaio prowa; Wapishana phuruuma; Sikuani bawa			agriculture	See Language page
flute	flauta, quena (Peru)	flauta	culture-mythology	tahwibo (2 holes) buhwabo (8 holes)	ʰtaʰwibo; ʰwãbo	8 holed	unique				Also: Buhwabo:2 holes	Other complex	Probably contains bo 'log, wood'?	multiple types? japurutu, deer-bone, etc.	See Language page
game animal	caza, animal de caza	caça, animal de caça	food	hati		animal	unique					Simplex		Interesting correlation to 'fish' in Tukanoan languages	See Language page
genipap			culture-mythology				Missing								See Language page
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit	espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio	espirito	culture-mythology	ǫ́nowóka (soul, spirit generic term); yue 'spirit'; aweila 'soul, spirit'			unknown								See Language page
gourd (dipper/bowl)	cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo	cuia	subsistence tool	uhte	jlaboju (Zent 08)	gourd	unique; unique	Carib							See Language page
grater	rallador, rallo	ralador, ralo	subsistence tool	(yuca grater) maniahki			unique					Simplex		esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well	See Language page
grave	tumba, sepultura, sepulcro	sepultura, sepulcro, cova	culture-mythology	konta'ta	konta'ta		unique					Simplex			See Language page
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf)	barbacoa	jirau	subsistence tool				missing								See Language page
griddle for cooking flatbread	tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru)	forno para beiju	subsistence tool				missing							agriculture?	See Language page
gun	arma, escopeta	espingarda, fusil	acculturation	ʰwãlã			unique					Simplex			See Language page
hammock	hamaca, chinchorro	rede	culture-material	diye/tiye			unique				Also: tiye	Simplex			See Language page
hat	sombero	chapéu	dress	tuwayaka			unique					Simplex			See Language page
healer	curandero	benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano)	culture-mythology				missing							Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well.	See Language page
hollow log/trough for beer-making	canoa para chicha	cocho de caxiri	narcotics				missing								See Language page
honey	miel	mel	food	culu'ma ma'yona məh'kəbu 'mena	bãilã		unique				Also: bãilã (Rodman IDS)	Simplex		only gathered in wild throughout Amazonia?	See Language page
house			other	nowe	lũwe		unique								See Language page
hunt	cazar	caçar	food	kulunge'da			unique					Simplex			See Language page
knife	cuchillo	faca	culture-material	maye			loan - WW	%marije, prob. via Carib, e.g. Tiriyo maja				Simplex			See Language page
loincloth	taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla	tanga, tapa-sexo	dress				missing								See Language page
machete	machete	facão	culture-material	ela	ya'la		unique	North Arawak			Also: ela	Simplex			See Language page
mortar	mortero	pilão	subsistence tool	to'ta	ʰtota		doubtful loan	cf. Tukanoan, Puinave				Simplex			See Language page
paddle/oar	remo	remo	transport	malukuehte / hore'			unique								See Language page
paint body, body paint	pintura corporal	pintura corporal	culture-mythology												See Language page
panpipe	carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora	caniço, flauta de pã	culture-mythology				missing								See Language page
paper	papel	papel	acculturation	da	da		unique					Other complex	ʰya 'leaf'		See Language page
pestle	pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor	mão de pilão	subsistence tool	ʰtota hele	ʰtota hele		unique								See Language page
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other				Missing								See Language page
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other				missing								See Language page
plate	plato	prato	culture-material	bĩhĩ			unique					Simplex			See Language page
policeman	polícia	policía	acculturation				missing								See Language page
pot	olla, pote	panela, vasilha	subsistence tool	to			unique					Simplex			See Language page
rattle	matraca, maraca	marico, chocalho	culture-mythology	ñaə wa'debabo			unique					Other complex	ʰtu 'top (of something)'		See Language page
resin	resina, brea, copal	resina, brea, breu	subsistence tool	du'yata	du'yata		unique								See Language page
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya)	kapiwaya	capiwaya	culture-mythology				missing								See Language page
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture	ulike			unique								See Language page
salt	sal	sal	food	ka'bayǝ			doubtful loan	Piaroa kɁærue buɨh							See Language page
school	escuela	escola	acculturation	anuediteka	anuediteka		unique								See Language page
shaman, healer	chamán, brujo	xaman, pajé, feiticeiro	culture-mythology				missing							In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
shoes	zapatos	sapatos	dress	menahesta	menahesta	shoe	unique								See Language page
skirt	falda, saya, fustan, pollera	saia	culture-material				missing								See Language page
soldier	soldado	soldado	acculturation				missing								See Language page
song (generic)	canción, canto	canção	culture-mythology	lo'balei'te		to sing	unique								See Language page
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool	luhkui	luʰkʷi		unique								See Language page
spearthrower			subsistence tool				missing								See Language page
starch (tapioca, other)	almidón	goma de tapioca	food	ale	ale	tapioca, manioc, cassava	doubtful loan	Arawak or Carib ule			Compare Achagua				See Language page
stone for lighting fires	piedra para hacer fuego	pedra para acender fogo	culture-material	ih'tɨ			missing								See Language page
sugarcane/sugar	azúcar, caña de azúcar	açucar (de cana)	acculturation	ʰkalãlã 'sugar cane'	ʰkalãlã 'sugar cane'	sugar	doubtful loan	Spanish				Compound	ʰkalãlã 'grease' ('tasty'??) + ʰyowã 'grains'		See Language page
tapioca drink, mingau	cahuana, caguana	mingau	food	yu		fermented drink	unique					Other complex	yu 'drink'	agriculture	See Language page
tattoo	tatuaje, tatu	tatuagem	culture-mythology				unique								See Language page
thatch/roof	crisneja	palha, caraná	culture-material	bãlaya			unique					Simplex			See Language page
tipiti (manioc squeezer)	tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca	tipiti	food	liye (or strainer?)			unique					Simplex		word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc	See Language page
tobacco (native)			narcotics	ʰkawoi			Loan	Carib				Simplex			See Language page
top grinding stone	metate, mano; piedra de moler	metate, mano	manufacture				missing							use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone	See Language page
tripod for washing manioc	trípode	tripé	subsistence tool				missing							agriculture	See Language page
venom for darts, poison	veneno	curare	subsistence tool	malaba			unique					Simplex		hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?)	See Language page
wax	cera	cera	other	me'nau		beeswax	unique				Also: me'nau	Other complex	bãilã 'honey'		See Language page
woven strainer/sieve	colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru)	peneira, cumatá	subsistence tool	liye	ʰliye (or tipiti?)		unique					Simplex		agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour	See Language page
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women)	yurupari	jurupari	culture-mythology				missing							a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women.	See Language page

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Current Population (speakers)	Former Population Estimate	Subsistence Preference	Density	Sedentism	Ecotome	Marriage Pattern	Notes	Source
300	small	HG	low	mobile

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