Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

Hodï

Family
Isolate (SAM)
Region
South America
ISO 639-3
yau
Location
5.64°, -65.43°
Notes
Features
Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Ethnographic Information
Data Sources
Guarisma Pinto, Virginia & Walter Coppens. 1978. Vocabulario Hoti. Caracas: Antropológica, 49: 3-28. Mattei-Müller, Marie Claude. n.d. Hoti wordlist. Quatra, Miguel Marcelo. 2008. Diccionario Básico Castellano-Jodï. Caracas: Ediciones IVIC. Rodman, David and Sue Rodman. Yuwana. In Mary R. Key, Intercontinental Dictionary Series. http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/ids/ Zent, Egleé and Zent, Stanford. 2002. Los Jodï: sabios botánicos del Amazonas Venezolano. Antropológica 97/98. 29-70. Zent, Egleé and Zent, Stanford. 2008. Los Jodï. In Perera, Miguel Angel (ed.), Los Aborígenes de Venezuela, 499-570. Caracas: Ediciones IVIC, Monte Avila Editores, ICAS, Fundación La Salle.


Basic Vocabulary (192)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
above encima, arriba acima location bɨ̃ke; -bĩlẽ unique See Language page
again de nuevo, otra vez de novo grammar kolo'ba unique See Language page
all todo todos other tawa'le unique See Language page
and y e grammar missing See Language page
ankle tobillo tornozelo body tanemohkwate unique See Language page
armpit axila, sobaco axila body tida unique See Language page
ash ceniza(s) cinzas environment i'neo unique See Language page
at en, a em, a location missing See Language page
back espalda costas body hwï unique See Language page
belly barriga barriga body etcho unique See Language page
below abajo, debajo abaixo location kʰiaka unique See Language page
big grande grande quality u'li unique See Language page
bite morder morder body mjyerine unique See Language page
black negro preto colour wa'le unique See Language page
blood sangre sangue body ihkwo unique See Language page
blow soplar soprar body huiyu unique See Language page
boil/pimple espinilla, granos espinha, borbulha body 'yẽtehai unique See Language page
bone hueso osso body wawa unique See Language page
breast pecho, seno peito body ote (breast) me baba (chest) unique See Language page
breathe respirar respirar body bẽyabekɨ unique See Language page
burn quemar queimar environment mohti'bweitata unique See Language page
chew masticar, mascar mastigar body kwa'lɨte'ta unique See Language page
child niño, niña criança human ini/ha - boy hau - girl unique See Language page
climb subir subir motion bẽbai unique See Language page
cloud nube nuvem environment bĩʰtu ('fog, cloud, smoke') doubtful loan, direction unknown Macaguan mɨ̃tẽ́ See Language page
cold frío frio quality kio'li unique See Language page
come venir vir motion lwai'te unique See Language page
cook cocinar cozinhar impact ka'miuntai unique See Language page
correct/true verdad, de veras verdade quality ʰtɨboiʰya unique See Language page
count contar contar mental missing See Language page
cry llorar chorar mental kelo unique See Language page
cut/hack cortar cortar impact wohtai'ta unique See Language page
day día dia time ʰkʸato unique See Language page
die/be dead morir morrer state kalu'ti unique See Language page
dig cavar cavar impact hu unique See Language page
dingo/wolf fauna missing See Language page
dirty sucio sujo quality waleiʰte unique See Language page
dream soñar sonhar mental abu'ẽ unique See Language page
drink beber, tomar beber body ye wayi / woi (I drink) unique See Language page
dry seco seco quality ʰkai unique See Language page
dull/blunt sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo maçante, desamolado, não afiado quality ʰkuʰtai unique See Language page
dust polvo poeira environment lehte unique See Language page
ear oreja orelha body onéka unique See Language page
earth/soil tierra terra environment ne unique See Language page
eat comer comer body kwa unique See Language page
egg huevo ovo fauna kə'mame unique See Language page
eye ojo olho body búle / bure unique See Language page
faeces heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol fezes body iki doubtful loan Arawak?; see also Iquito íiki See Language page
fall caer cair motion ko'lati unique See Language page
far lejos longe quality tata unique See Language page
fat/grease grasa gordura body ʰkalawa unique See Language page
father padre, papá pai kinship laj/baba ʰlai; ai unique See Language page
fear miedo medo mental iti'yu unique See Language page
feather pluma pena fauna tɨə unique See Language page
fire fuego fogo environment kule doubtful loan, direction unknown Pume See Language page
fish xx xx fauna bõʰtõ doubtful loan Carib See Language page
flow fluir fluir motion helou unique See Language page
flower flor flor environment bu unique See Language page
fly volar voar motion bõwe; ʰkeleibilĩ unique See Language page
fog niebla, neblina nevoeira, bruma, neblina environment bĩʰtu unique See Language page
foot pie pé body mehna unique See Language page
fruit fruta fruta flora hu; tale; atei unique See Language page
good bueno bom quality bũʰkete unique See Language page
grow crecer crescer state ʰwoi unique See Language page
hair (of head) cabello cabelo body tuuwë ɨko unknown; unique See Language page
hand mano mão body mo hwa hwa / mo unique See Language page
head cabeza cabeça body tu unique See Language page
hear oír ouvir mental aun'kute'ta unique See Language page
heavy pesado pesado quality meki'to unique See Language page
hide esconder esconder motion ʰtoweka ʰka-beibei unique See Language page
hit golpear, pegar bater impact ʰwau unique See Language page
hold correr, asegurar, sostener segurar other ʰtilẽ unique See Language page
how? como como grammar hibɨ unique See Language page
if si se grammar tolã unique See Language page
in/inside dentro, adentro dentro location -ʰkʷa unique See Language page
intestines intestinos intestinos body hanichyo (small) ihlichyo (large) unique See Language page
itch hormiguear, sentir comezón coçar body ʰluwiye unique See Language page
kill matar matar impact ʰkʷã lĩlĩ unique See Language page
lake lago lago environment bãbo unique See Language page
laugh reír rir mental wakh unique See Language page
leaf hoja folha environment tuhkuhia unique See Language page
left/left hand izquierdo esquerdo location/body wõiko bõ bã hai-lɨ̃ unique See Language page
lie down acostarse, echarse deitar motion ka'bɨte'ta unique See Language page
lightning rayo, relámpago relampago environment choa bulewe / choburewe unique See Language page
live/be alive vivir viver, morar body 'hoa bẽɨ unique See Language page
liver hígado figado body oteto unique See Language page
long largo comprido, longo quality tamɨih'yɨ unique See Language page
louse piollo, piojo piolho fauna hõhõ unique order Phtiraptera See Language page
lung pulmón pulmão body woihlo tiha (plural) unique See Language page
meat/flesh carne carne fauna i'nE unique See Language page
moon luna lua environment amiye unique See Language page
mother madre, mamá mãe kinship abã abã unique See Language page
mouth boca boca body a unique See Language page
name nombre nome human missing See Language page
nape base del cuello, nuca nuca body hwa hwɨ (ye) unique See Language page
near/close cerca de perto quality habẽilã unique See Language page
neck cuello pescoço body kwa unique See Language page
new nuevo novo quality baih'ya doubtful loan, direction unknown Pume See Language page
night noche noite time tikwə'to unique See Language page
no/not no não grammar ĩte unique See Language page
nose nariz nariz body ño unique See Language page
old viejo velho quality ta'wo unique See Language page
one uno um number ya'toa unique See Language page
open/uncover abrir abrir other wai unique See Language page
other otro outro grammar apahle unique See Language page
pain/painful/sick dolor, doloroso, enfermo dor, doloroso, doente body yã hã unique See Language page
person/human being persona pessoa human ho (=body) unique See Language page
pound/beat machacar, golpear bater impact ʰwau unique See Language page
rain lluvia chuva environment o unique See Language page
red rojo vermelho colour lu'wa doubtful loan Saliban; possible inheritance? See Language page
right/right hand derecha direita location/body baʰkei bõ bã hai-lɨ̃ unique See Language page
road/path camino caminho manufacture mana doubtful loan Saliva; possible inheritance? See Language page
root raíz raiz flora lahla (exterior root of a tree) unique See Language page
rotten podrido podre quality wali-bu unique See Language page
sand arena areia environment ka'bayu unique See Language page
say decir dizer mental ũtɨ missing See Language page
scratch rascar rasgar impact missing See Language page
see ver ver mental wete'ta unique See Language page
sharp afilado, filudo, filoso afiado quality aʰkuwe'te unique See Language page
shoot tirar, disparar, balear atirar impact hu unique See Language page
short corto curto quality aliʰkʷete unique See Language page
shoulder hombro ombro body ahkule unique See Language page
shy/ashamed tímido, vergonzoso timido, com vergonha mental ʰka-ʰtau unique See Language page
sit sentar(se) sentar state to'ainkida unique See Language page
skin piel pele body hetoto unique See Language page
sky cielo céu environment younaja unique See Language page
sleep dormir dormir body apuh unique See Language page
small pequeño pequeno quality a'li unique See Language page
smoke humo fumaça environment kulemihtu unique See Language page
sniff/smell olfatear, oler cheirar body bĩkĩwe unique primarily transitive See Language page
spit escupir cuspir body hulepe unique See Language page
split partir, dividir rachar, dividir, partir impact ʰkeɨ unique See Language page
squeeze estrujar, exprimir espremer impact bãlãtɨ eʰlowabei unique See Language page
stab/pierce apuñalar, acuchillar apunhalar impact to-ʰkʷe unique See Language page
stand estar de pié ficar em pé state wã unique See Language page
star estrella estrela environment ateta / atetï (plural) unique See Language page
steal robar roubar other bo bẽi unique See Language page
stick/wood palo pau, vara flora missing See Language page
stone piedra pedra environment ih'tɨ unique See Language page
suck chupar chupar body luhlu ʰluʰluwe unique See Language page
sweat sudar suor, suar body missing See Language page
swell hincharse inchar body mɨ'de doubtful loan, direction unknown Pume See Language page
swim nadar nadar motion ʰkʷei-ai unique See Language page
tail cola, rabo rabo body ini'nabuka'ti unique See Language page
that ese/esa esse grammar dibo/baehteu unique See Language page
thick grueso, gordo, espeso grosso quality bahtu unique See Language page
thin delgado fino quality lãlẽ unique See Language page
think pensar pensar mental ũ unique See Language page
this este/esta este grammar bibo/baheteu unique See Language page
2sg xx xx grammar keh/kye unknown cf. Cofan kʸɛ See Language page
three tres tres number hweya'tɨ unique See Language page
throat garganta garganta body kwambo / kwa unique See Language page
throw tirar, lanzar atirar, jogar impact ʰka-lũ unique See Language page
thunder truenos trovão environment co'ai unique See Language page
tie up/fasten atar, amarrar amarrar impact a'liti unique See Language page
tongue lengua lingua body a nene loan Arawak See Language page
tooth diente dente body (ehko) / uhku unique See Language page
turn girar, volter, torcer virar other ʰka-bãlãlĩ unique may be transitive or intransitive See Language page
two dos dois number weyata unique See Language page
vomit vomitar vomitar body ehtajken unique See Language page
walk caminar, andar andar motion ountai unique See Language page
water agua agua environment au unique See Language page
wet mojado molhado quality kwa'ta unique See Language page
what? que, qué que grammar kwe unique See Language page
when? cuando quando grammar tolã unique See Language page
where? donde onde grammar 'ʰtebolã unique See Language page
white blanco branco colour ʰkʸato unique See Language page
who? quien, quién quem grammar ʰwẽya; ʰwoiyu unique See Language page
wife esposa esposa kinship aun unique See Language page
wind viento vento environment hune unique See Language page
wing ala asa body ah'kudawah'wa unique See Language page
woman/female mujer mulher human au unique See Language page
work trabajar trabalhar other bou unique See Language page
yawn bostezar bocejar body a litoki unique See Language page
yellow amarillo amarelo colour iku'lu unique See Language page
bad mal mal quality yã-hai; yã-hã doubtful loan E Tukanoan, e.g. Bara jã'jã See Language page
3sg el/ella ele/ela grammar che/kje - he yu/chu - she unique See Language page
1sg yo eu grammar ye unique For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
leg/foot pierna perna body kʰiə unique See Language page
man/male hombre homem human mari unique See Language page
3pl ellos/ellas eles/elas grammar diti - he (pl) dyudi - she (pl) unique See Language page
know/be knowledgeable saber, conecer saber, conhecer mental ãku unique See Language page
1pl.incl nosotros (inclusivo) nós (inclusivo) grammar yeti unique no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
1pl.excl nosotros (exclusivo) nós (exclusivo) grammar missing See Language page
2pl ustedes vocês grammar kyeti doubtful loan Cofan kʸɛʔi See Language page
bark corteza casca environment toto unique See Language page
fingernail uña unha body tela lo lo unique See Language page
heart corazón coração body ihkwahu unique See Language page
sun sol sol time tinawa unique See Language page
mountain/hill montaña, colina, loma, cerro morro, serra environment inewa (hill) unique See Language page
green verde verde quality missing See Language page
hot caliente quente quality tu'wəto'hai doubtful loan Salivan See Language page


Flora Fauna Vocabulary (138)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Linnean Name Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Etymology Notes Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Range of Term Word Structure Word Structure Notes Classifier Classifier Notes Hypernym Source Association with Social Categories Ritual/Mythologically Significant Ritual Notes Food Source Food Notes Medicinal Medicinal Notes How Collected Who Collects How Prepared Psychotropic Psychotropic Notes Traded Trade Notes Distribution Habitat Dangerous Ethnobiology Notes Species Notes General Notes
achiote, anatto achiote urucum flora-fauna Bixa orellana jkulilu (Zent 08) unique uncoded See Language page 1 0 0 0 1 secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens no shrub
inga guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru) inga flora-fauna Inga spp. luwë; hãlɨ̃ luwe ʰyaɨ (inga bourgoni), uli luwe ʰyaɨ (inga edulis), bãyekalõ luwe ʰyaɨ (inga cf. alba), eʰkɔ luwe ʰyaɨ (inga sp.) (all Zent 02a) unique Also hãlɨ̃ luwe ʰyaɨ (inga bourgoni), uli luwe ʰyaɨ (inga edulis), bãyekalõ luwe ʰyaɨ (inga cf. alba), eʰkɔ luwe ʰyaɨ (inga sp.) (all Zent 02a) uncoded See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia) no
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti) Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado cutia flora-fauna Dasyprocta spp. missing missing See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 no
alligator, black caiman babilla; cachirre jacaré flora-fauna Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp. au ʰlẽ au ʰlẽ doubtful loan Carib: e.g. Pemon onwe uncoded See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 Throughout Amazonia no? Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi
Amazon dolphin bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco) boto cor-de-rosa flora-fauna Inia geoffrensis missing missing See Language page 1 0 0 0 0 Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls no
mouse, rat ratón camundongo, rata flora-fauna Mus musculus hwayo wayo unique missing See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
anaconda anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande sucuri flora-fauna genus Eunectes missing missing See Language page 2 0 0 0 0 Widespread Amazonia yes
angleworm lombriz minhoca flora-fauna order Opisthopora missing missing See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
ant (generic) hormiga formiga flora-fauna Formicidae nimo (tiny red stinging ant) (Zent 05) missing cf. nimo (tiny red stinging ant), jyo (black army ant) (Zent 05) missing See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
anteater oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus tamanduá flora-fauna Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater) missing missing See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 Widespread Amazonian lowlands no
armadillo armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo) tatu flora-fauna family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri missing missing See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 Widespread in Amazonia no
arrow cane, wildcane caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio flora-fauna Gynerium sagittatum missing missing See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 tropical regions, especially river banks no plant
avocado palta, aguacate abacate flora-fauna Persea americana awa jyeï unique uncoded See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens no tree
banana, plantain banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano banana flora-fauna Musa sp. hehtala, walule, jwalule jwajwa (Musa paradisiaca) (Zent 02b) unknown hehtala could be a Spanish-origin loan from a p > h language, or p > h in Hodi jwalule jwajwa (Musa paradisiaca; Zent); kuyi, wayi, hetara (G&C) uncoded See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 no Names for banana/plantain may be derived from bastard plantain by semantic shift.
bat murciélago morcego flora-fauna Chiroptera spp. ʰkʷayuwã ʰkʷayuwã doubtful loan, direction unknown Salivan, see Saliva kʷãĩxuga compare Piapoco "iwàju", Yavitero "waju" uncoded See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 no
beans frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas) feijão flora-fauna Phaseolus spp. jtuë ibojto unique jtuë ibojto (Zent) uncoded See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 no plant
honeybee abeja abelha flora-fauna Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis bãilã (preceded by specific species word) (Zent 02a) bãilã ai unique cf. culu'ma (Guarisma & Coppens) uncoded See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
bird pajaro, ave passaro flora-fauna kili (little bird) unique Narrower: small bird uncoded See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
bitterwood tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru) envira flora-fauna Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala jkudile jyaï (Guatteria foliosa) (Zent 02b) unique uncoded See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 secondary forests, native to Brazil no tree
black palm bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá bacaba flora-fauna Oenocarpus bacaba hãlĩ baʰte (Zent 02a), bate jï (Zent 02b) unique uncoded See Language page 2 1 0 0 0 Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon no may be confused in some entries with O. bataua
boa boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura jiboia flora-fauna family Boidae, subf. Boinae missing missing See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree) calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara cabaça flora-fauna Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine) jlaboju (Zent 08) unique jlaboju (Zent 08) uncoded See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 indigenous gardens no plant; tree
brazil nut castaña castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis) flora-fauna Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia'] missing missing See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua. no tree
brown woolly monkey Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt macaco barrigudo flora-fauna Lagothrix lagothricha missing missing See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 no
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro tocandira flora-fauna Paraponera clavata uli inëdi (bullent ant), jyo (black army ant) (Zent 05) unique uncoded See Language page 2 0 0 0 0 yes
butterfly, moth mariposa borboleta flora-fauna order Lepidoptera warepa waleba unique uncoded See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
capybara Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco capivara flora-fauna Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris hetoware unique uncoded See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 no
cashew anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela) caju flora-fauna Anacardium occidentale / giganteum uli eloi ʰyaɨ (Zent 02a) loan - WW %eroi missing See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens no tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties
cashew anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela) caju flora-fauna Anacardium giganteum loan Carib Akawaio Ingariko "erɔɪ", Mapoyo "yoroiʔ" and other similar Carib terms WW %eroi uncoded See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 Brazil, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela, Guyana no
centipede ciempiés centopéia flora-fauna class Chilopoda iliwe iliwe unique uncoded See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
cicada cigarra, chicharra cigarra flora-fauna super fam. Cicadoidea kapa unique uncoded See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
cipó vine tamishi, bejuco, yare cipó flora-fauna Heteropsis spp. missing missing See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 secondary forest, floodplain no vine
coca coca coca flora-fauna Erythroxylum coca missing missing See Language page 1 0 0 1 1 secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes no plant
cockroach cucaracha barata-do-mato flora-fauna order Blattaria oʰkõ oʰkõ unique uncoded See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
collared peccary sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar caititu, caetitu flora-fauna Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu hurihkahwie unique uncoded See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 no
cotamundi, coatimundi Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache quati flora-fauna genus Nasua missing missing See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 no
cotton algodón algodão flora-fauna Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers) jnewa (Zent 08) unique jnewa (Zent 08) uncoded See Language page 0 0 0 0 1 secondary scrub vegetation no plant; some sources may confound with kapok Ceiba pentandra (esp. if a single gloss for 'cotton' is given')
crab cangrejo caranguejo flora-fauna infraorder Brachyura iye unique uncoded See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
cricket saltón, grillo grilo flora-fauna family Gryllidae missing missing See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
curassow mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini) mutum flora-fauna Crax sp., Nothocrax sp. missing missing See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 Amazonia no
deer venado veado, cariacu flora-fauna family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus jkwajtubo ʰkʷãʰtɨbo doubtful loan Makiritare or Arawak Makiritare kawa:di uncoded See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 no
dog (camp, domestic) perro cachorro flora-fauna Canis famililaris yiwi yewi loan North Arawak, from forms originally meaning 'jaguar' Arawak Yucuna yawi; Piaroa "yæwi"; Wanderwort? See also Tukanoan jai (jaguar/dog), Tupi-Guarani yawara (jaguar/dog) WW %jawi uncoded See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 Not native; widespread no
dog (wild; bush dog) sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta cachorro-do-mato flora-fauna Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis missing missing See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 Widespread Amazonia no
dove paloma pomba flora-fauna family Columbidae missing missing See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
duck pato pato, marreco flora-fauna Anatidae family abo tuwẽlõ lãhã abo tuwẽlõ lãhã unique uncoded See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 no
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil) suri, mojojoy larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá flora-fauna Rhynchophorus sp. missing missing See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 no
electric eel anguila eléctrica poraquê flora-fauna Electrophorus electricus kalina (Zent 08) loan Carib: Eñepa kariɲa Eñepa "kariɲa"; also see Pemon and Akawaio "karimura" uncoded See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 yes
fish (generic) pez peixe flora-fauna bõʰtõ bõʰtõ doubtful loan: Makushi moróʔ Carib e.g. Makushi moróʔ uncoded See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 no
fish (large type) paiche, pirarucú o arapaima pirarucu flora-fauna Arapaima gigas missing missing See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 big rivers only no
fish poison, barbasco barbasco, matapez (Colombia) timbó flora-fauna Lonchocarpus spp. matu'nəu unique uncoded See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation yes [used to poison people] shrub/tree
flea pulga pulga flora-fauna order Siphonaptera yewi hõhõ yewi hõhõ unique uncoded See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
blowfly/housefly mosca mosca flora-fauna Diptera nɨ'nɨ unique uncoded See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
genipap jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico genipapo, jenipapo flora-fauna Genipapa americana missing missing See Language page 1 0 0 0 0 widespread lowland SA no shrub
giant otter Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria ariranha flora-fauna Pteronura brasiliensis missing missing See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
grass hierba, pasto capim, grama flora-fauna (generic) kia'lo 'ʰkʸẽlõ unique uncoded See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
gray-winged trumpeter Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris jacamim flora-fauna Psophia crepitans ka'namE loan Carib, Eñepa kanamae Pemon "namai", Panare "anamae, kanamae" uncoded ka' may be morphologically segmentable? See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões no
great egret Garza Blanca, Guyratî Garça-Branca-Grande flora-fauna Ardea alba missing missing See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 Widespread South America no
green acouchi Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo cutiara flora-fauna Myoprocta pratti missing missing See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 no
guan pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru) jacu flora-fauna Penelope sp. missing missing See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 Different types have different localized ranges no
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca ayahuasca, yage ayahuasca, caapi flora-fauna Banisteriopsis caapi missing missing See Language page 1 0 0 1 0 semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW no vine
hawk halcón, gavilán gavião flora-fauna family Accipitridae more bole unknown cf. Piaroa pa'reh uncoded See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
horse caballo cavalho flora-fauna Equus caballus [ʰkabayo] [ʰkabayo] missing missing See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
hot pepper ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru) pimenta flora-fauna Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens najte (C. futescens) (Zent 08) unique uncoded See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden no plant
howler monkey (red-handed) mono aullador, mono coto (Peru) guariba flora-fauna Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.] nimö (Zent 05) unique nimö (Zent 05) uncoded See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 no
hummingbird colibrí, picaflor (Peru) beija-flor flora-fauna family Trochilidae tu'kudi loan Carib, e.g. Macushi tukúí Carijona "tuku’tʃi ", Makushi "tukúí" uncoded See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 Widespread no
iguana iguana, garipiares (Colombia) camaleão flora-fauna Iguana sp. uana loan - WW %jiwana, Carib Yavitero "iwána", Carijona "iwana" WW %jiwana uncoded See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 no iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana
insect (generic) insecto insecto flora-fauna generic missing missing See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
jaguar yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru) onca flora-fauna Panthera onca choywei loan cf. Arawak jawi Compare similar form for 'dog' uncoded See Language page 1 2 0 0 0 yes
japurá oreja de murcielago japurá flora-fauna Erisma japura missing missing See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 no large tree
kapok ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.) sumaumeira flora-fauna Ceiba pentandra taba'li unique uncoded See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas no tree
açai palm huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia) açaí flora-fauna Euterpe sp. waʰwɨ (Zent 02a), jwajwï jï (fruit of the Açai) (Zent 02b) loan Carib, e.g. Carijona/Makiritare wahu uncoded See Language page 2 1 0 0 0 floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia no
cará tuber, purple or white camote, sachapapa cará roxo, branco flora-fauna Dioscorea sp. uli jwane (D. alata), jani jwane (D. trífida), ajtejta jwane (Dioscorea sp.) (Zent 08) unique uli jwane (D. alata), jani jwane (D. trífida), ajtejta jwane (Dioscorea sp.) (Zent 08) uncoded See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings no plant
kingfisher martín pescador, catalan (Peru) martim-pescador flora-fauna family Alcedinidae missing missing See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 Widespread Amazonia no
leaf-cutter ant Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse saúva flora-fauna Atta sp. nənə'a nənə'a unique uncoded See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 no
firefly, lightning bug lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin) vagalume flora-fauna fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae missing missing See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
macaw ara, guacamaya Arara flora-fauna family Psittacidae; Ara sp. jkamaya, uli jkamaya (Zent 05) loan - WW %wakamaja; from Span? or Eñepa Eñepa "kamaja" (but see also Sp. guacamaya, said to be borrowed from Arawak Taino); cf. maya (Guarisma & Coppens) uncoded See Language page 1 1 0 0 1 Widespread Amazonia no
maize, corn mazorca, maiz milho flora-fauna Zea mays jtamu ʰtãbu unique uncoded See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 widespread, esp. in river floodplains no plant
manatee vaca marina, manatí peixe-boi flora-fauna Trichechus sp. missing missing See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
mandi catfish maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish) mandi flora-fauna Auchenipterus sp. missing missing See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 Widespread Amazonia no
manioc (bitter or generic) yuca brava mandioca flora-fauna Manihot esculenta ale doubtful loan, direction unknown Carib or Arawak Zent: ale for manioc in general? uncoded Probably yapo-are See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. no Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield
manioc (sweet) yuca, caribe macaxeira flora-fauna Manihot esculenta ale missing generic? Achagua "á:liri", but other Arawak terms are distinct uncoded See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere no No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
miriti palm moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti buriti flora-fauna Mauritia flexuosa tuli (Zent 02a) unique cf. di'lihi (G&C); compare Puinave "tui" uncoded See Language page 2 1 0 0 0 Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps no trunks contain sago-like starch
mosquito mosquito, zancudo mosquito, carapana flora-fauna Anopheles sp. hi tu'wila ʰtuhelatɨ unique uncoded See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
moth mariposa nocturna, polilla mariposa flora-fauna order Lepidoptera missing missing See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
mushroom champiñón, hongo cogumelo flora-fauna (any edible generic) yakino aʰkilõ unique cf. yakino (Zent) uncoded See Language page 0 2 0 0 0 no prioritize generic term that includes any edible species
neotropical otter (small) Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia) lontra flora-fauna Lontra longicaudis missing missing See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
opossum zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo mucura flora-fauna family Didelphidae uli jowale (Zent 05) yowale; abaʰtuhã loan - WW %jawari Compare Wai Wai " yawari"; see also , Pemon avare, Wapishana " jawari", Yanomami " awaɾe". Cf. abaʰtuhã (Rodman) WW %jaware uncoded See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 no
owl (large) búho, lechuza corujão flora-fauna order Strigiformes borea (large) bololo (small) unique Compare Huitoto Murui "búru". Also bololo (small owl) uncoded See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 Widespread no
paca (lowland) Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana) paca flora-fauna Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.) ineahkuti unique uncoded See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 no
pacu fish palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru) pacu flora-fauna Mylossoma sp. missing missing See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 no
palm for roof thatch pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná caraná flora-fauna Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana missing missing See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests no palm
parrot loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib) papagaio flora-fauna Amazona amazonica nolo loan Carib/Arawak, or from Span Eñepa naro/noro, also Yabarana noro uncoded See Language page 1 0 0 0 1 Widespread no
paxiuba palm pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba paxiuba flora-fauna Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea mu'li unique uncoded See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 Widespread Amazonia no palm
peach palm, pejibaye palm chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol) pupunha flora-fauna Bactris gasipaes jnema hnema pijiguao unique uncoded Quatra 2008: 140 2 1 0 0 0 no
peanut maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete amendoim flora-fauna Arachis hypogaea mani loan Unknown May be from Spanish, but Sp. maní is thought to be a loan, possibly from Taino (Arawak). uncoded See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 no plant
pineapple piña abacaxi flora-fauna Ananas comosus jtineju, nanaju unique; loan - WW %nana jtineju, nanaju (Zent) uncoded See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 no plant
pirana piraña, caribe piranha flora-fauna subfamily Serrasalmidae jkwaejle mojto unique uncoded See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 Widespread Amazonia no [not in this region]
porcupine puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru) cuandu, porco-espinho flora-fauna family Erethizontidae uli jeme unique uncoded See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
potato papa batata flora-fauna Solanum tuberosum ʰwalẽ ʰwalẽ unique uncoded See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 secondary scrub vegetation no compare entries for sweet potato
praying mantis, stick insects mantis religiosa louva-a-deus flora-fauna order Mantodea, family Mantidae missing missing See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
rubber tree (sorva) caucho, siringa, shiringa seringa, borracha flora-fauna Hevea sp. missing missing See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 Widespread Amazonia no tree
scorpion escorpión; alacran escorpião flora-fauna order Scorpiones ih'ti iʰti unique uncoded See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 yes
seje palm ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá patoá, patuá flora-fauna Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua missing missing See Language page 2 1 0 0 0 mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia no may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries
sloth pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru) macaco preguica flora-fauna Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp. missing missing See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 Widespread Amazonia no
small lizard lagartija calango flora-fauna order Squamata ʰtawɨ ʰlawa ʰtawɨ ʰlawa unique uncoded See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 no
snail caracol, churo (Peru) caracol flora-fauna class Gastropoda a'nu ka'nuhtu ʰkalũʰtu loan Arawak, cf. Baniwa kerátto a'nu *G&C) uncoded See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
snake (generic) culebra, serpiente cobra flora-fauna ih'ko iʰkʷo unique cf. Carib But compare Carib, e.g.Eñepa ajke uncoded See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 no
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara jararaca flora-fauna Bothrops jararaca/atrox missing missing See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 Widespread South America yes
speckled catfish surubí, pintadillo surubim, sorubim flora-fauna Pseudoplatystoma sp. uli abiyë mojto, bagre rayao (P. fasciatum) (Zent 08) unique cf. bagre rayao (P. fasciatum) uncoded See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 Widespread Amazonia no
spider araña aranha flora-fauna Arachnidae, Araneae aʰkuke aʰkuke unique uncoded See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
squash calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru) abóbora flora-fauna Cucurbita sp. jnuñejtu, jkujte (Cucurbita moschata) (Zent 08) unknown cf. jkujte (Cucurbita moschata), jnuñejtu (Zent 08) uncoded See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 no plant
squirrel ardilla, danta (Ven) serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo flora-fauna family Sciuridae jkali loan Carib, prob. Pemon e.g. Pemon " kari-kari", Akawaio kari, also Yanomami " kaɾio"; cf. Zent jkali uncoded See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 no
stingray (generic) rayas látigo, raya arraia flora-fauna Potamotrygon sp. ku'laka'we iʰti unique iʰti (Rodman) uncoded See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
potato, sweet potato camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara batata-doce flora-fauna Ipomoea batatas iye ʰwalẽ unique Compare Camsa "míya" uncoded See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 no plant
tapir sachavaca, danta anta flora-fauna Tapirus terrestris yewö, uli yewa (Zent 05) doubtful loan, direction unknown Piaroa Piaroa owo; Cf. yewö, uli yewa (Zent 05) uncoded See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 no
termites, white-ants comején (Peru), termitas cupim flora-fauna order Isoptera missing missing See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 no
tick garrapata carrapato flora-fauna superfam Ixodoidea ka'wa doubtful loan Arawak; cf. Nadeb uncoded See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
tigerfish taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru) traíra flora-fauna Hoplias sp. missing missing See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 Widespread Amazonia no
tinamou tinamu, perdiz, gallineta inambu, inhambu flora-fauna family Tinamidae missing missing See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 Widespread Amazonia no
toad sapo sapo flora-fauna order Anura uaihlo unique uncoded See Language page 0 2 0 0 0 no
tobacco tabaco tabaco flora-fauna Nicotiana tabacum jkawai ʰkawoi loan Carib Eñepa "kowae; kawae kawaejoʔ", Makushi and Makiritare"kawai" and other Carib uncoded See Language page 1 0 0 0 1 no plant
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant) tortuga, morrocoy, motelo jabutí, tartaruga flora-fauna Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria woi unique uncoded See Language page 2 1 0 0 0 Widespread no
toucan tucán, pinsha (Peru) tucano flora-fauna Ramphastos sp. chejko loan Carib, esp. Makiritare ʃahoko Carijona "tʃaha’ko", Makushi "ʃahoko" (also Wapishana "tʃakui") uncoded See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 Widespread Amazonia no
tree árbol arvore flora-fauna ʰtawɨ ʰtawɨ unique uncoded See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 no
tufted capuchin monkey mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero macaco prego flora-fauna Cebus apella urihkuayo uli ʰkʷayo unique uncoded See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 no
cunuri (tree) cunuri cunuri flora-fauna Cunurea spruceana missing missing See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 Amazonia no
ucuqui yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru) ucuqui flora-fauna Pouteria ucuqui jkayena jele (Pouteria venosa) (Zent 02b), duwëna jyaï (Pouteria caimito) (Zent 02b) unique cf. duwëna jyaï (Pouteria caimito) (Zent 02b) uncoded See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions no other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant
vulture buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru) urubu flora-fauna family Cathartidae uli bole bũʰwoli loan; unique Pume cf. bũʰwoli (Rodman), uli bole (Zent) uncoded See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 Widespread South America no
wasp avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa caba flora-fauna order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita mu jadi (possibly plural) (Zent 05) bũhã unique cf. mu jadi (possibly plural) (Zent 05), bũhã (Rodman) uncoded See Language page 0 2 0 0 0 no
white-fronted capuchin Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru) Caiarara flora-fauna Cebus albifrons missing missing See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 no
white-fronted spider monkey Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia) macaco aranha, coatá, quatá flora-fauna Ateles belzebuth/paniscus uli jkwayo (Zent 05) loan North Arawak; Piapoco kuwairi see Piapoco cuwáiri, Yucuna kuwatá uncoded See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 no
white-lipped peccary Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana queixada flora-fauna Tayassu pecari missing missing See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 no
Amazon tree-grape uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.) cucura flora-fauna Pourouma cecropiifolia uli wejkao, uli weʰkao ʰyaɨ (Pourouma melinonii) (Zent 02a), jani iya wejiolo jyaï (Pourouma guianensis) (Zent 02b), uli wejkao (P. cecropiaefolia) (Zent 08) unknown cf. uli wejkao, uli weʰkao ʰyaɨ (Pourouma melinonii) (Zent 02a), jani iya wejiolo jyaï (Pourouma guianensis) (Zent 02b) uncoded See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times no a tree; not a true grape
woodpecker pájaro carpintero, carpintero pica-pau flora-fauna family Picidae missing missing See Language page 0 0 0 0 0 Widespread Amazonia no
tannia, yautia huitina (Peru), ñame taioba branca flora-fauna Xanthosoma spp. duëno më, uli më (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) (Zent 08) iye; ʰwalẽ unique duëno më, uli më (Zent 08) uncoded See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 no
hallucinogenic snuff vilca, cebil, yopo paricá, yopo flora-fauna Anadenanthera sp. or virola See Language page
dog (camp, domestic) perro cachorro flora-fauna yiwi jewi doubtful loan Jivaro See Language page
deer venado veado, cariacu flora-fauna kwatɨ'bo ʰkʷãʰtɨbo unique See Language page


Cultural Vocabulary (106)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Word Structure Word Structure Notes General Notes Source
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven tierra do los muertos terra dos mortos culture-mythology missing See Language page
arrow flecha flecha subsistence tool lĩbẽlã ho lĩbẽlã ho bow, arrow? unique hunting, warfare See Language page
axe/stone axe hacha (de piedra) machado (de pedra) subsistence tool tote unique Simplex especially for clearing fields See Language page
bait for fishing cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru) isca subsistence tool missing can refer to worms; more generic See Language page
basin/bowl tazón, plato hondo, taza tijela culture-material təna'na; tota wõihta; bĩhĩ unique Simplex See Language page
basket (general) canasta, canasto, cesta cesto culture-material lãla Unique Simplex See Language page
basket, small canasta, canasto, cesta cesto pequeno, tampado culture-material missing See Language page
bead abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar miçanga culture-material ʰkʷã lãka ʰkʷã lãka bead, necklace unique Other complex ʰkʷã 'throat' See Language page
bed cama cama culture-material abui tekai abui tekai unique Other complex tekai occurs in many words having to do with non-Indian material objects See Language page
bench, seat banco, silla, asiento banco culture-material towãkĩ tekai towãkĩ tekai unique Other complex tekai occurs in many words having to do with non-Indian material objects See Language page
blowgun cerbatana, pucuna (Peru) zarabatana subsistence tool hoana / hwana unique Simplex currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region See Language page
bottle botella garrafa acculturation missing See Language page
bow arco arco subsistence tool lĩbẽlã ho lĩbẽlã ho bow, arrow? unique arco See Language page
broom escoba vassoura culture-material oatileka / nehuatilekahae ʰlẽi ʰwatɨ tekai (te-ka-hai) unique Also: nehuauatilekahae See Language page
canoe canoa canoa transport maluhke / bo unique Also: bo; compare Warekena muɺupewe See Language page
cat gato gato acculturation yewi 'dog, cat'; [kato] cat, dog [maybe also jaguar??] semantic shift; loan cf. 'dog' (loan); English Simplex See Language page
chicken gallina galinha acculturation walalu walalu hen unique Spanish? Simplex See Language page
chief/leader jefe, cacique chefe culture-mythology missing See Language page
club garrote, cachiporra clava, porrete subsistence tool missing See Language page
coca narcotics Missing See Language page
cook food food kã'mĩũnãĩ Unique See Language page
Curupira (spirit type) Curupira, Madremonte Curupira culture-mythology missing malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region See Language page
dance (generic) culture-mythology bẽʰlã ʰtɨ̃ ʰtɨ̃ Unique Other complex See Language page
dart (blowgun) dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru) dardo, seta subsistence tool hoaile unique Simplex hunting and warfare See Language page
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure dios(es), deidad divinidade, figura mítica culture-mythology missing In RN region, frequently translates as 'Bone-Son', 'One on the bone', etc. See Language page
digging stick subsistence tool Missing See Language page
dream sueño, soñar sonho, sonhar culture-mythology apui apui unique Simplex See Language page
drum tambor tambor culture-mythology missing See Language page
fan abanico abanador, abano subsistence tool ʰkule ʰkaʰwe unique Simplex esp. for fanning a cooking fire See Language page
feather headdress plumaje, corona de plumas enfeite/capacete de penas culture-mythology yewo ʰtu wayaka unique Other complex See Language page
fetish, charm fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga feitiço, puçanga culture-mythology missing See Language page
fireplace hogar lareira other missing See Language page
firewood leña lenha other kule ʰkule bo unique Also: kule Other complex ʰkule 'fire'; bo 'log, wood'? See Language page
fish (with fish-poison) pescar con barbasco, barbasquear pescar com timbó; tinguijar food ʰkãʰkã hu unique See Language page
fish (with line) anzuelear, pescar con linea pescar (com linha) food missing See Language page
fish poison barbasco, matapez (Colombia) timbó subsistence tool bãʰtulẽ Unique See Language page
fishing line cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze linha de pesca subsistence tool ʰkãʰkã hu unique See Language page
fishtrap trampa de peces, trampa matapi, cacuri subsistence tool bõʰtõ laho unique See Language page
flat bread, cassava bread pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe beiju food missing usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits See Language page
flour/meal from manioc fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina farinha food ʰyowã loan - WW %porowa WW %porowa Akawaio prowa; Wapishana phuruuma; Sikuani bawa agriculture See Language page
flute flauta, quena (Peru) flauta culture-mythology tahwibo (2 holes) buhwabo (8 holes) ʰtaʰwibo; ʰwãbo 8 holed unique Also: Buhwabo:2 holes Other complex Probably contains bo 'log, wood'? multiple types? japurutu, deer-bone, etc. See Language page
game animal caza, animal de caza caça, animal de caça food hati animal unique Simplex Interesting correlation to 'fish' in Tukanoan languages See Language page
genipap culture-mythology Missing See Language page
gourd (dipper/bowl) cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo cuia subsistence tool uhte jlaboju (Zent 08) gourd unique; unique Carib See Language page
grater rallador, rallo ralador, ralo subsistence tool (yuca grater) maniahki unique Simplex esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well See Language page
grave tumba, sepultura, sepulcro sepultura, sepulcro, cova culture-mythology konta'ta konta'ta unique Simplex See Language page
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf) barbacoa jirau subsistence tool missing See Language page
griddle for cooking flatbread tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru) forno para beiju subsistence tool missing agriculture? See Language page
gun arma, escopeta espingarda, fusil acculturation ʰwãlã unique Simplex See Language page
hammock hamaca, chinchorro rede culture-material diye/tiye unique Also: tiye Simplex See Language page
hat sombero chapéu dress tuwayaka unique Simplex See Language page
shaman, healer chamán, brujo xaman, pajé, feiticeiro culture-mythology missing In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
hollow log/trough for beer-making canoa para chicha cocho de caxiri narcotics missing See Language page
honey miel mel food culu'ma ma'yona məh'kəbu 'mena bãilã unique Also: bãilã (Rodman IDS) Simplex only gathered in wild throughout Amazonia? See Language page
hunt cazar caçar food kulunge'da unique Simplex See Language page
knife cuchillo faca culture-material maye loan - WW %marije, prob. via Carib, e.g. Tiriyo maja Simplex See Language page
loincloth taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla tanga, tapa-sexo dress missing See Language page
machete machete facão culture-material ela ya'la unique North Arawak Also: ela Simplex See Language page
mortar mortero pilão subsistence tool to'ta ʰtota doubtful loan cf. Tukanoan, Puinave Simplex See Language page
fence, palisade cerco cerca other mena laho unique Simplex may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
panpipe carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora caniço, flauta de pã culture-mythology missing See Language page
paper papel papel acculturation da da unique Other complex ʰya 'leaf' See Language page
pestle pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor mão de pilão subsistence tool ʰtota hele ʰtota hele unique See Language page
pipe for tobacco pipa cachimbo other Missing See Language page
plate plato prato culture-material bĩhĩ unique Simplex See Language page
policeman polícia policía acculturation missing See Language page
pot olla, pote panela, vasilha subsistence tool to unique Simplex See Language page
rattle matraca, maraca marico, chocalho culture-mythology ñaə wa'debabo unique Other complex ʰtu 'top (of something)' See Language page
resin resina, brea, copal resina, brea, breu subsistence tool du'yata du'yata unique See Language page
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya) kapiwaya capiwaya culture-mythology missing See Language page
salt sal sal food ka'bayǝ doubtful loan Piaroa kɁærue buɨh See Language page
school escuela escola acculturation anuediteka anuediteka unique See Language page
shoes zapatos sapatos dress menahesta menahesta shoe unique See Language page
skirt falda, saya, fustan, pollera saia culture-material missing See Language page
soldier soldado soldado acculturation missing See Language page
song (generic) canción, canto canção culture-mythology lo'balei'te to sing unique See Language page
spear lanza lança subsistence tool luhkui luʰkʷi unique See Language page
starch (tapioca, other) almidón goma de tapioca food ale ale tapioca, manioc, cassava doubtful loan Arawak or Carib ule Compare Achagua See Language page
stone for lighting fires piedra para hacer fuego pedra para acender fogo culture-material ih'tɨ missing See Language page
sugarcane/sugar azúcar, caña de azúcar açucar (de cana) acculturation ʰkalãlã 'sugar cane' ʰkalãlã 'sugar cane' sugar doubtful loan Spanish Compound ʰkalãlã 'grease' ('tasty'??) + ʰyowã 'grains' See Language page
tapioca drink, mingau cahuana, caguana mingau food yu fermented drink unique Other complex yu 'drink' agriculture See Language page
thatch/roof crisneja palha, caraná culture-material bãlaya unique Simplex See Language page
tipiti (manioc squeezer) tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca tipiti food liye (or strainer?) unique Simplex word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc See Language page
tobacco (native) narcotics ʰkawoi Loan Carib Simplex See Language page
tripod for washing manioc trípode tripé subsistence tool missing agriculture See Language page
venom for darts, poison veneno curare subsistence tool malaba unique Simplex hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?) See Language page
wax cera cera other me'nau beeswax unique Also: me'nau Other complex bãilã 'honey' See Language page
woven strainer/sieve colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru) peneira, cumatá subsistence tool liye ʰliye (or tipiti?) unique Simplex agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour See Language page
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women) yurupari jurupari culture-mythology missing a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women. See Language page
basket (general) canasta, canasto, cesta cesto culture-material nala lãla unique See Language page
drum (large signal) tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia) tambor culture missing Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances See Language page
healer curandero benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano) culture-mythology missing Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well. See Language page
clothing ropa roupa culture-mythology toto unique See Language page
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio espirito culture-mythology ǫ́nowóka (soul, spirit generic term); yue 'spirit'; aweila 'soul, spirit' unknown See Language page
paddle/oar remo remo transport malukuehte / hore' unique See Language page
rope/string mecate, cuerda, soga corda culture ulike unique See Language page
tattoo tatuaje, tatu tatuagem culture-mythology unique See Language page
paint body, body paint pintura corporal pintura corporal culture-mythology See Language page
pipe for tobacco pipa cachimbo other missing See Language page
fermented drink masato, chicha caxiri, chicha culture wike ʰyu unique prioritizes manioc beer where distinction is made See Language page
bottom grinding stone manufacture missing if different word from top grinding stone See Language page
digging stick subsistence tool missing See Language page
top grinding stone metate, mano; piedra de moler metate, mano manufacture missing use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone See Language page
boomerang/throwing stick (generic) subsistence tool missing See Language page
spearthrower subsistence tool missing See Language page
house other nowe lũwe unique See Language page


Ethnographic Information
Current Population (speakers) Former Population Estimate Subsistence Preference Density Sedentism Ecotome Marriage Pattern Notes Source
300 small HG low mobile