Akawaio |
Manihot esculenta |
eegii |
egi |
|
unique |
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See Language page |
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0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
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0 |
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0 |
|
not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
|
no |
|
|
Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Baniwa |
Manihot esculenta |
káini |
káini |
|
inheritance |
|
Proto-Arawak (North and South) |
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uncoded |
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See Language page |
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0 |
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1 |
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0 |
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0 |
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0 |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
|
no |
|
|
Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Carijona |
Manihot esculenta |
wɨi (SM) |
hara ('general', H&R) |
|
unknown |
|
|
cf. Yukuna pari |
Also hara ('manioc' H&R) |
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|
Broader (manioc in general) |
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See Language page |
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0 |
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1 |
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0 |
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0 |
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0 |
|
not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
|
no |
|
|
Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Cubeo |
Manihot esculenta |
cʉica |
kʉika, kɨ'í |
|
inheritance |
|
Proto-Tukanoan |
|
Compare Arawak forms w/ ka |
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uncoded |
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|
See Language page |
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0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
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0 |
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0 |
|
not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
|
no |
|
|
Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Dâw |
Manihot esculenta |
yaák |
jǎk |
|
inheritance |
|
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|
|
|
underived |
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See Language page |
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0 |
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1 |
|
0 |
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0 |
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0 |
|
not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
|
no |
|
|
Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Desano |
Manihot esculenta |
quĩ |
kĩ |
|
inheritance |
|
Proto-Tukanoan |
|
Compare Arawak forms w/ ka |
|
|
Broader (manioc in general) |
uncoded |
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See Language page |
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0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
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0 |
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0 |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
|
no |
|
|
Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Eñepa |
Manihot esculenta |
uto (general); utoñe (bitter); u'puru', puru'kutya, u'surai (other types of bitter) (MM) |
uto (general); utoɲe (bitter); u?puru?, puruʔkutʃa, uʔsurai (other tʃpes of bitter) (MM) |
bitter manioc |
unknown |
|
|
|
Also uto (generic manioc); uʔpuruʔ, puruʔkutya, uʔsurai (other types of bitter) |
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See Language page |
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0 |
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1 |
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0 |
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0 |
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0 |
|
not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
|
no |
|
|
Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Guayabero |
Manihot esculenta |
jelwøj; mayne-lon, bao ('manioc', Rivet 1918) |
halwɨ́ah |
|
unique |
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|
uncoded |
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See Language page |
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0 |
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1 |
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0 |
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0 |
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0 |
|
not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
|
no |
|
|
Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Hodï |
Manihot esculenta |
ale |
|
|
doubtful loan, direction unknown |
|
|
Carib or Arawak |
Zent: ale for manioc in general? |
|
|
|
uncoded |
Probably yapo-are |
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See Language page |
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0 |
|
1 |
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0 |
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0 |
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0 |
|
not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
|
no |
|
|
Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Waorani |
Manihot esculenta |
manioc in general? |
|
|
unique |
|
|
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|
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|
uncoded |
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See Language page |
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
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0 |
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0 |
|
not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
|
no |
|
|
Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Hup |
Manihot esculenta |
kayák |
kaják |
|
unknown |
|
|
perhaps loan East Tukanoan kii + native form? |
Tukanoan kii, Arawak ka- |
|
|
|
underived |
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|
See Language page |
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0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
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cultivated |
women |
processed to make flatbread, tapioca, meal |
0 |
|
0 |
attained through exchange with Tukanoans |
not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
|
no |
|
|
Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Kakua |
Manihot esculenta |
~tûj-daʔ |
~tûj-daʔ [manioc-cl.round] |
|
unique |
|
|
|
manioc-cl.round |
|
|
Broader (manioc generic) |
underived |
|
daʔ = round |
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|
See Language page |
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0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
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|
0 |
|
0 |
|
not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
|
no |
|
|
Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Macaguan |
Manihot esculenta |
nejʉ́ja |
nehɨ́ha |
|
inheritance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
uncoded |
|
|
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|
See Language page |
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
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|
0 |
|
0 |
|
not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
|
no |
|
|
Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Makushi |
Manihot esculenta |
kɨséra (generic manioc) |
kɨséra (generic manioc) |
|
inheritance |
|
|
|
May be source of Pt macaxeira (sweet manioc); may also be related (old loan?) to Arawak kani- forms |
|
|
Broader (manioc) |
|
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|
See Language page |
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0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
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|
0 |
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0 |
|
not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
|
no |
|
|
Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Nheengatu |
Manihot esculenta |
maniaka (Mello 2000) |
maniaka (Mello 2000) |
|
inheritance |
|
Proto-Tupi-Guarani |
|
Reconstructed PTG Mello 2000 |
|
|
|
Other complex |
mani 'manioc' + oca |
|
|
|
See Language page |
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
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|
0 |
|
0 |
|
not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
|
no |
|
|
Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Ninam |
Manihot esculenta |
naškok; hakalakok (ids) |
naʃ̌kok; hakalakok (ids) |
|
inheritance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
kok = "root, tuber" Goodwin-Gomez 90 |
|
|
|
See Language page |
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0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
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|
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|
0 |
|
0 |
|
not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
|
no |
|
|
Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Nukak |
Manihot esculenta |
tũĩ; yedn-yíbu, kahiwa (dialectal variants; Cab et al) |
|
|
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
uncoded |
|
|
|
|
See Language page |
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
|
no |
|
|
Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Maihiki |
Manihot esculenta |
kɨi |
kɨi |
|
inheritance |
|
Proto-Tukanoan |
|
Compare Arawak forms w/ ka |
|
|
|
uncoded |
|
|
|
|
See Language page |
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
|
no |
|
|
Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Pemon |
Manihot esculenta |
kesera (A1981); kɨsee (E1980) |
keseɾa (A1981); kɨse (E1980) |
|
inheritance |
|
|
|
May be source of Pt macaxeira (sweet manioc); may also be related (old loan?) to Arawak kani- forms. Also keseɾa (A1981) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
See Language page |
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
|
no |
|
|
Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Resígaro |
Manihot esculenta |
kaání |
kaání |
|
inheritance |
|
Proto-Arawak (North and South) |
|
|
|
|
|
uncoded |
|
|
|
|
See Language page |
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
|
no |
|
|
Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Sanumá |
Manihot esculenta |
našikoko (EM72) |
naʃikoko |
|
inheritance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
uncoded |
|
|
|
|
See Language page |
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
|
no |
|
|
Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Sikuani |
Manihot esculenta |
fulisikai (31), irapanawatsi (36)(red manioc), iwitsulikai (41), jerasi (3), jomowabisi (13), kadenabawasi (35)(Spanish Borrowing), kai (1), kajuyalikaisi (25), kamalipalusi (2), kulipijikai (31), kululiakai (31), kuwaisi (12), limasi (13), makokosi (3), |
newáhɨ |
|
inheritance |
|
|
|
also fulisikai (31), irapanawatsi (36)(red manioc), iwitsulikai (41), jerasi (3), jomowabisi (13), kadenabawasi (35)(Spanish Borrowing), kai (1), kajuyalikaisi (25), kamalipalusi (2), kulipijikai (31), kululiakai (31), kuwaisi (12), limasi (13), makokosi |
|
|
|
uncoded |
|
|
|
|
See Language page |
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
|
no |
|
|
Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Tariana |
Manihot esculenta |
káini (dp91) |
káini (dp91) |
|
inheritance |
|
Proto-Arawak (North and South) |
|
|
|
|
|
uncoded |
|
|
|
|
See Language page |
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
|
no |
|
|
Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Tukano |
Manihot esculenta |
kií (generic) |
kí, kií (generic) |
|
inheritance |
|
Proto-Tukanoan |
|
Compare Arawak forms w/ ka |
|
|
Broader (generic manioc) |
uncoded |
|
|
|
|
See Language page |
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
|
no |
|
|
Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Kotiria |
Manihot esculenta |
dʉkʉ, kʰɨ |
dʉkʉ, kʰɨ |
|
inheritance |
|
Proto-Tukanoan |
|
Compare Arawak forms w/ ka |
|
|
|
uncoded |
|
|
|
|
See Language page |
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
|
no |
|
|
Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Wapishana |
Manihot esculenta |
kanɨʐ |
kanɨʐ |
|
inheritance |
|
Proto-Arawak |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
See Language page |
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
|
no |
|
|
Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Yanomam |
Manihot esculenta |
naškoko (EM72); aurima ("white"), hayokoari("mythical tapir-like animal"), hutuwisasi("capuchin monkey tail"), puuxirima("short"), wakërima ("red"), yanaema ("ant") (all WM99, nom. Class.: koko); kõaimirima (WM99, bitter manioc general term, nom. Class: |
naʃkoko, auɾima, hajokoaɾi, hutuwisasi, pu:ʃiɾima, wakəɾima, janaema, kõamiɾima |
|
inheritance |
|
|
|
also aurima ("white"), hayokoari("mythical tapir-like animal"), hutuwisasi("capuchin monkey tail"), puuxirima("short"), wakërima ("red"), yanaema ("ant") (all WM99, nom. Class.: koko); kõaimirima (WM99, bitter manioc general term, nom. Class: si); koko = |
|
|
|
uncoded |
|
si, koko |
koko="round tuber" (Ferreira) |
|
See Language page |
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
|
no |
|
|
Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Yanomami |
Manihot esculenta |
mashi kõamirimɨ sikɨ, našikoko (EM72) |
naʃi kõamiɾimɨ sikɨ (M. esculenta), naʃikoko |
|
inheritance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
phrase |
yuca+bitter-nominalizer+CLF |
sikɨ |
|
|
See Language page |
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
|
no |
|
|
Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Yukuna |
Manihot esculenta |
ka'achí (planta y palo), kajiru (tubérculo) |
kaʔaˈtʃi, kahiɾu |
|
semantic shift? |
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Proto-Arawak (North and South) |
prob. related to other tuber terms |
Manioc plant: ka'achí |
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uncoded |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Yuhup |
Manihot esculenta |
jâk |
jâk |
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inheritance |
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underived |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Achagua |
Manihot esculenta |
á:liri, áaliʒi |
á:liri, á:liʒi |
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semantic shift |
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from potato |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Piapoco |
Manihot esculenta |
káini (dp91) |
káini (dp91) |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Kabiyari |
Manihot esculenta |
káaji |
káaji |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Yavitero |
Manihot esculenta |
kaľ̥esi; yuku (plant) |
kaľ̥esi; juku (plant) |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Bare |
Manihot esculenta |
kaníti |
kaníti |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Mandawaka |
Manihot esculenta |
ká:ni |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Yine |
Manihot esculenta |
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kanrɨ |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Bitter manioc is kanrɨ. |
Paresi |
Manihot esculenta |
kete |
kete |
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inheritance |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Ignaciano |
Manihot esculenta |
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kuhu |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Trinitario |
Manihot esculenta |
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-'kuhpara; kuhpa |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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The plant is khuɣi. |
Baure |
Manihot esculenta |
ka'ha- |
ka'ha- |
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inheritance? |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Waurá |
Manihot esculenta |
ule-i (generic manioc) |
ule-i (generic manioc) |
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semantic shift? |
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from 'potato'; see Yavitero, Warekena elu |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Cha'palaa |
Manihot esculenta |
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'kuhču |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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*South Barbacoan form is *kuhc̷u. |
Bora |
Manihot esculenta |
paaxḯri-, pʰɨ́ɨ́kʰa |
paaxɯ́ri-, pʰɨ́ɨ́kʰa |
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inheritance |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Muinane |
Manihot esculenta |
féeca (W97) |
ɸéeca |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Apalai |
Manihot esculenta |
puremuihmano (for beiju), soko (for drink), tuhpiremy (red skin) |
puremuihmano (for beiju), soko (for drink), tuhpiremy (red skin) |
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unknown |
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maybe shift from 'potato' |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Wayana |
Manihot esculenta |
ulu |
ulu |
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semantic shift |
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cf. manioc food / flatbread |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Tiriyó |
Manihot esculenta |
wɨi |
wɨi |
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inheritance |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Makiritare |
Manihot esculenta |
kɨdēde (IDS) |
kɨde:de (IDS); jada:di (KH) |
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inheritance |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Mapoyo |
Manihot esculenta |
sere (tsere) |
sere (tsere) |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Wai Wai |
Manihot esculenta |
šeere; saraΦu |
šeere; saraΦu |
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inheritance |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Waimiri Atroari |
Manihot esculenta |
minja |
miɲa |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Yabarana |
Manihot esculenta |
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sere, ma'juko |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Yukpa |
Manihot esculenta |
po |
po ('general', H&R) |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Phon only in source Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated b |
Kalapalo |
Manihot esculenta |
kwigi |
kwigi |
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inheritance? |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Northern Emberá |
Manihot esculenta |
i'uka (loan, 'yuca') (IDS) |
i'uka (loan, 'yuca') (IDS) |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Cuiva |
Manihot esculenta |
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néwɨ |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Playero |
Manihot esculenta |
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uchíhi atʃáka |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Cofán |
Manihot esculenta |
seje´pa a´mba |
sɛhɛʔpa aʔmba |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensif |
Páez |
Manihot esculenta |
ña, yá (not specified as sweet or bitter) |
ɲa (‘general’, H&R) |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Tikuna |
Manihot esculenta |
tüxe; mone-áka (Alv44) |
tɨʔe; moneʔáka |
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unique (prob. primarily for sweet manioc); loan |
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Tupi-Guarani manioca |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Andoke |
Manihot esculenta |
mã́'ã́dʌi |
mã́ʔã́dʌi |
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doubtful loan |
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TG mani- forms |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Pumé |
Manihot esculenta |
bai 'manioc, sweet/bitter' (Lin97); tãbɛ (tapioca, manioc; IDS) |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Puinave |
Manihot esculenta |
generic manioc: tim; wõk-də |
generic manioc: tim; wõk-də |
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unique |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Máku |
Manihot esculenta |
müdü'kü (manioc) |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Warao |
Manihot esculenta |
arukobo, aru (cassava) |
aɾukobo, aɾu (cassava) |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
Manihot esculenta |
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bɔːk |
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unique |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Matses |
Manihot esculenta |
[not cultivated] |
[not cultivated] |
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missing |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Kakataibo |
Manihot esculenta |
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ʔac̷a |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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*Panoan *ʔac̷a. |
Katukina |
Manihot esculenta |
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ac̷a |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Pacahuara |
Manihot esculenta |
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'ac̷a |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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d'Orb atsa. Arm atsa. |
Shipibo-Konibo |
Manihot esculenta |
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ac̷a |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Yaminahua |
Manihot esculenta |
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yoa |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Chácobo |
Manihot esculenta |
ac̷a; kanaki; nasisi; tokio (generic manioc) |
ac̷a; kanaki; nasisi; tokio (generic manioc) |
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inheritance |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Yagua |
Manihot esculenta |
cusivya |
kusibjã |
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unknown |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Piaroa |
Manihot esculenta |
ñɨñɨ'ɨ'reh (K76) |
ɲɨɲɨʔɨʔreh |
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unique |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Sáliva |
Manihot esculenta |
seña |
seɲa |
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doubtful loan |
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Carib sere forms |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Bará |
Manihot esculenta |
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ki'ɨ́ |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Barasano |
Manihot esculenta |
kĩ |
kĩ |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Carapana |
Manihot esculenta |
quii |
kii |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Makuna |
Manihot esculenta |
quĩ |
kĩ |
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inheritance |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Yuruti |
Manihot esculenta |
kíi |
kíi |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Waikhana |
Manihot esculenta |
kɨ |
kɨ |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Siriano |
Manihot esculenta |
quĩ́ |
kĩ́ |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Tanimuca |
Manihot esculenta |
kia |
kia |
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inheritance |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Tatuyo |
Manihot esculenta |
kíi |
kíi |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Tuyuka |
Manihot esculenta |
we'ta; ki'i |
weʔta; kiʔi |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Waimaja |
Manihot esculenta |
kʰĩ́ |
kʰĩ́ |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Koreguaje |
Manihot esculenta |
ãuva |
ãuba, kʰɨi-pɨ (H&R) |
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unknown |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Siona |
Manihot esculenta |
kɨi, ã'só, bo ã'só (white manioc V84) |
kɨi, ã'só, bo ã'só (white manioc V84) |
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inheritance |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Secoya |
Manihot esculenta |
quëi, a'so, quëi huë (generic yuca) |
ãʔ'so |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Karitiana |
Manihot esculenta |
gok |
gok |
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unknown |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Kokama |
Manihot esculenta |
yahuiri (not specified as bitter or sweet) |
yawiɾi |
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unique |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Wayampi |
Manihot esculenta |
maniʔɔ |
maniʔɔ |
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inheritance |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Aché |
Manihot esculenta |
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čipoya |
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doubtful loan |
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cf. Mascoian sipo forms |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Chiriguano |
Manihot esculenta |
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ma'ⁿdio |
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inheritance |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Paraguayan Guaraní |
Manihot esculenta |
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maⁿdiʔo |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Sirionó |
Manihot esculenta |
nioi; manio (generic manioc) |
nioi; manio |
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inheritance |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Kamayurá |
Manihot esculenta |
maniˀp |
maniˀp |
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inheritance |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Ocaina |
Manihot esculenta |
oxóóm̵a(tsííra) {tuber}, jonhtáái {bitter, plant} |
oxóóm̵a(tsííra) {tuber}, hõʔtáái {bitter, plant} |
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unknown |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Nɨpode Witoto |
Manihot esculenta |
húhï {tuber}, húti {plant} |
húhɯ {tuber}, húti {plant} |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Minica Witoto |
Manihot esculenta |
húhï {tuber}, húθi {plant} |
húhɯ {tuber}, húθi {plant} |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Murui Witoto |
Manihot esculenta |
huhï {tuber}, huθi.e {plant} |
huhɯ {tuber}, huθi.ɛ {plant} |
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inheritance/Witoto |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Wari |
Manihot esculenta |
akop, kop (Sousa2009) |
akop, kop (Sousa2009) |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Araona |
Manihot esculenta |
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kʷawe-a |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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*Tacn form is *kawe. |
Ese Ejja |
Manihot esculenta |
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exi ~ exe |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Ese Ejja/Huarayo |
Manihot esculenta |
eki (generic manioc) |
eki |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Tacana |
Manihot esculenta |
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kʷawe |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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'Manioc flour (chivé)' is kʷawe [harina], from Span. 'harina'. |
Cavineña |
Manihot esculenta |
kʷawe (generic manioc) |
kʷawe |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Cayuvava |
Manihot esculenta |
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da'duhu-ǰe |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Itonama |
Manihot esculenta |
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čamaye; bululu |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Latter example is 'dry manioc'. To plant manioc is oteʔko; pounded manioc is kaʔpala; 'starch' is ačɨ; toasted manioc is ukatʸe; wild manioc is utuwa. |
Kwazá |
Manihot esculenta |
jo (generic manioc) |
jo (generic manioc) |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Mosetén-Chimané |
Manihot esculenta |
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oʔ'yi |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Movima |
Manihot esculenta |
čina-ɬa (generic) |
tʃina-ɬa |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Trumai |
Manihot esculenta |
ale |
ale |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Kaingang |
Manihot esculenta |
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[mə̃nyɔka] |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Canela |
Manihot esculenta |
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kʰwɨrɨ |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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*Jê form is *kwɨr. |
Karajá |
Manihot esculenta |
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ɨ̃ǰiura |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Djeoromitxi |
Manihot esculenta |
bore |
bore |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Mocoví |
Manihot esculenta |
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[ma'ǰoka] |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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From local word 'mandioca (manioc)'. |
Pilagá |
Manihot esculenta |
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piyok; [madiooka] |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Respectively: manioc plant; root. |
Toba |
Manihot esculenta |
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[manǰooka] |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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From Span. 'mandioca'. |
Lengua |
Manihot esculenta |
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sappo |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité |
Manihot esculenta |
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sipo |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet |
Manihot esculenta |
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seppo |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja |
Manihot esculenta |
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#NAME? |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Maca |
Manihot esculenta |
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c̷ipuk |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Nivaclé |
Manihot esculenta |
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ɬawimxa-yuk; nowok; nuksič |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Ayoreo |
Manihot esculenta |
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pe'heei |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield |
Kariña |
Manihot esculenta |
kijere |
kijere |
cassave |
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Courtz 2007:297 |
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not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. |
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no |
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