Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

Toba

Family: Guaicuruan
Region: South America
ISO 639-3: tob
Location: -24.40°, -60.45°
Notes
Features: Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary

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Data Sources: Buckwalter, Albert S. & Orlando Sánchez. 2007. Toba. Intercontinental Dictionary Series, ed. Mary Ritchie Key. http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/ids/

Basic Vocabulary (191)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Phonemicized Form	General Notes	Source
1pl.excl	nosotros (exclusivo)	nós (exclusivo)	grammar	--		See Language page
1pl.incl	nosotros (inclusivo)	nós (inclusivo)	grammar	--	no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted	See Language page
1sg	yo	eu	grammar	ayim	For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms	See Language page
2pl	ustedes	vocês	grammar	ḳamiʔ; ḳami		See Language page
2sg	xx	xx	grammar	ʔam		See Language page
3pl	ellos/ellas	eles/elas	grammar	-maǰi-pi	This occurs with prefixes indicating gender, number, position, and motion. See 'he/she' 02.930.	See Language page
3sg	el/ella	ele/ela	grammar	-maǰi	This morpheme occurs with prefixes indicating gender, number, position, and motion. Also for 'they' 02.960. See chart in language descriptions. According to position: ka 'absent', da 'standing', na 'coming', ɲi 'sitting', so 'going', ǰi 'lying'.	See Language page
above	encima, arriba	acima	location	we-ta-šigem; paʔa-šigem	The latter is 'located-up'.	See Language page
again	de nuevo, otra vez	de novo	grammar	ḳaltaḳ		See Language page
all	todo	todos	other	ʔenawak		See Language page
and	y	e	grammar			See Language page
ankle	tobillo	tornozelo	body	n-ḳonakamo		See Language page
armpit	axila, sobaco	axila	body	l-saḳtaki		See Language page
ash	ceniza(s)	cinzas	environment	alo		See Language page
at	en, a	em, a	location			See Language page
back	espalda	costas	body	l-laḳ	Also means 'roof' 07.510.	See Language page
bad	mal	mal	quality	winarahi; mueperahi		See Language page
bark	corteza	casca	environment	l-so		See Language page
belly	barriga	barriga	body	da-ʔam	-ʔam is 'belly'. Cf. 04.221.	See Language page
below	abajo, debajo	abaixo	location	we-ta-ɲ-a		See Language page
big	grande	grande	quality	ʔamaḳtaḳ		See Language page
bite	morder	morder	body	i-nak		See Language page
black	negro	preto	colour	n-aweʔ; l-aid-aʁaik		See Language page
blood	sangre	sangue	body	l-tago-ʔ-ḳ	Plural form.	See Language page
blow	soplar	soprar	body	i-ketet-eek	Lit. '3p actor-blow-out'.	See Language page
boil/pimple	espinilla, granos	espinha, borbulha	body	l-wet-a	Cf. 'bruise' 04.852.	See Language page
bone	hueso	osso	body	l-piʔinek		See Language page
breast	pecho, seno	peito	body	l-tete		See Language page
breathe	respirar	respirar	body	l-ʔat	Also means 'air, wind' 01.710.	See Language page
burn	quemar	queimar	environment	y-awik		See Language page
chew	masticar, mascar	mastigar	body	yo-ḳolʸišin; y-iʔiko-tak	The latter refers to local custom of chewing algarroba pods.	See Language page
child	niño, niña	criança	human	nogot; negot		See Language page
climb	subir	subir	motion	wi-šigem		See Language page
cloud	nube	nuvem	environment	l-ʔok		See Language page
cold	frío	frio	quality	tummaʔoko; -kosarečo		See Language page
come	venir	vir	motion	anak		See Language page
cook	cocinar	cozinhar	impact	de-woši		See Language page
correct/true	verdad, de veras	verdade	quality			See Language page
count	contar	contar	mental	n-alo-ḳten	Lit. '3p actor-align-cause'.	See Language page
cry	llorar	chorar	mental	iyoʔo; iyoʔomro	Also iyučo; iyučwo.	See Language page
cut/hack	cortar	cortar	impact	i-pelek; y-apiat		See Language page
day	día	dia	time	n-aʔaʔḳ		See Language page
die/be dead	morir	morrer	state	lew-aʁaik	Lit. 'die-adj.'	See Language page
dig	cavar	cavar	impact	n-šiʔ		See Language page
dingo/wolf			fauna			See Language page
dirty	sucio	sujo	quality	n-šipaʁan		See Language page
dream	soñar	sonhar	mental	de-čoʁon		See Language page
drink	beber, tomar	beber	body	n-yom		See Language page
dry	seco	seco	quality	d-aḳaḳa; ʔim		See Language page
dull/blunt	sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo	maçante, desamolado, não afiado	quality	saḳ yi	Lit. 'not sharp'.	See Language page
dust	polvo	poeira	environment	n-amoʁo-yaʁa	Lit. '(prefix)-make dust-action (nom.)'.	See Language page
ear	oreja	orelha	body	l-tela		See Language page
earth/soil	tierra	terra	environment	ʔalwa		See Language page
eat	comer	comer	body	de-keʔe; čik	Respectively: intrans. and trans.	See Language page
egg	huevo	ovo	fauna	l-koʔoweʔ	Cf. 'penis' 04.492.	See Language page
eye	ojo	olho	body	l-ʔaite		See Language page
faeces	heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol	fezes	body	da-ʔat-aʁan	-aʁan is intransitivizer.	See Language page
fall	caer	cair	motion	w-a-ɲi	Lit. '(zero) 3p actor-free position-aspect-down'.	See Language page
far	lejos	longe	quality	ḳayoḳt-a		See Language page
fat/grease	grasa	gordura	body	l-čita; l-piyo		See Language page
father	padre, papá	pai	kinship	l-taʔa		See Language page
fear	miedo	medo	mental	#NAME?		See Language page
feather	pluma	pena	fauna	l-awe	Also means 'hair' 04.140; 'fleece' 06.220; and 'leaf' 08.560.	See Language page
fingernail	uña	unha	body	l-nat		See Language page
fire	fuego	fogo	environment	nodek		See Language page
flow	fluir	fluir	motion	i-paʁan		See Language page
flower	flor	flor	environment	l-awo-ʁo; l-asowi-aʁa	Both forms lit. '3p possessor-to flower-action (nom)'. Cf. 14.750.	See Language page
fly	volar	voar	motion	w-ayo		See Language page
fog	niebla, neblina	nevoeira, bruma, neblina	environment	šiwe		See Language page
foot	pie	pé	body	l-apiaʔ		See Language page
fruit	fruta	fruta	flora	al-a	Same as 'seed' 08.311.	See Language page
good	bueno	bom	quality	tʸuri; -uri		See Language page
green	verde	verde	quality	d-adala		See Language page
grow	crecer	crescer	state	n-kik; n-kigi-šigem	Mean 'move'. Also n-kig-eek.	See Language page
hair (of head)	cabello	cabelo	body	l-awe	Also means 'feather' 04.393; 'wool' 06.220; 'fur' 06.280; and 'leaf' 08.560.	See Language page
hand	mano	mão	body	l-waḳ; n-apokn-a	The latter is lit. '3p possessor-grasp-instrument (fem)'.	See Language page
head	cabeza	cabeça	body	l-ḳaik		See Language page
hear	oír	ouvir	mental	wa-ʔaḳa		See Language page
heart	corazón	coração	body	l-kiǰaḳte		See Language page
heavy	pesado	pesado	quality	de-salʸi; sa paʔat-ta	The latter is lit. 'not (zero)3p actor willing-continuative'.	See Language page
hide	esconder	esconder	motion	y-oʁoh-ɲi		See Language page
hit	golpear, pegar	bater	impact	i-waʁan		See Language page
hold	correr, asegurar, sostener	segurar	other	l-asoḳ-ta-ʔa	Lit. '3p actor-grasp-continuative-object'.	See Language page
hot	caliente	quente	quality	d-apaḳa; n-apaʁa-ya-ɲi		See Language page
how?	como	como	grammar	ooyo		See Language page
if	si	se	grammar		A contrary to fact construction is a combination of subjunctive + -riʔi + -ini.	See Language page
in/inside	dentro, adentro	dentro	location	we-ta-igi; paʔa-igi	The latter means 'located-inside'.	See Language page
intestines	intestinos	intestinos	body	la-il-šik; la-wel l-ʔek	-wel mean 'interior'. -ʔek means 'occupant'.	See Language page
itch	hormiguear, sentir comezón	coçar	body	de-šiki		See Language page
kill	matar	matar	impact	y-alawat		See Language page
know/be knowledgeable	saber, conecer	saber, conhecer	mental	y-ayaten		See Language page
lake	lago	lago	environment	lapel		See Language page
laugh	reír	rir	mental	l-aši; d-ayalgiyi		See Language page
leaf	hoja	folha	environment	l-awe	Also means 'hair' 04.140; 'wool' 06.220.	See Language page
left/left hand	izquierdo	esquerdo	location/body	n-ʔemaḳ		See Language page
leg/foot	pierna	perna	body	l-či		See Language page
lie down	acostarse, echarse	deitar	motion	n-naa-ɲi	Lit. '3p actor (self)-coil-down'.	See Language page
lightning	rayo, relámpago	relampago	environment	ḳasoʁonaʁa	Also means 'mountain, hill' 01.220.	See Language page
live/be alive	vivir	viver, morar	body	n-kaʔal-eek; l-kaʔal-aʁaik		See Language page
liver	hígado	figado	body	l-lamek		See Language page
long	largo	comprido, longo	quality	alok; ḳalot-ege		See Language page
louse	piollo, piojo	piolho	fauna	l-ala-ʁat	Lit. '3p possessor-announce-instrument'.	See Language page
lung	pulmón	pulmão	body	l-ači-ʔ	Plural form.	See Language page
man/male	hombre	homem	human	yale		See Language page
meat/flesh	carne	carne	fauna	l-apat	Also means 'flesh' 04.130.	See Language page
moon	luna	lua	environment	kaʔago-ʁoik	-ʁoik is 'adjectivizer (masc)'. The masculine article so is always used with the moon.	See Language page
mother	madre, mamá	mãe	kinship	l-ateʔe		See Language page
mountain/hill	montaña, colina, loma, cerro	morro, serra	environment	ḳasoʁonaʁa	Cf. 'lightning' 01.550.	See Language page
mouth	boca	boca	body	al-ap		See Language page
name	nombre	nome	human	-'ihare		See Language page
nape	base del cuello, nuca	nuca	body	l-anaʔḳ		See Language page
near/close	cerca de	perto	quality	sa ḳaya-pke		See Language page
neck	cuello	pescoço	body	l-ḳosot	Cf. 'gill' 03.654.	See Language page
new	nuevo	novo	quality	dala-ʁaik	Lit. 'new, green-adj. (masc)'.	See Language page
night	noche	noite	time	pe		See Language page
no/not	no	não	grammar			See Language page
nose	nariz	nariz	body	l-mik		See Language page
old	viejo	velho	quality	yi		See Language page
one	uno	um	number	[ʔoon]-olek; [ʔoon]-ole	From Span. 'uno/una-diminutive'. Respectively: masc and fem.	See Language page
open/uncover	abrir	abrir	other	y-awač-igi		See Language page
other	otro	outro	grammar			See Language page
pain/painful/sick	dolor, doloroso, enfermo	dor, doloroso, doente	body	d-alola		See Language page
person/human being	persona	pessoa	human	šiy-aʁawa; šig-aʁawa	-aʁawa means 'companion'.	See Language page
pound/beat	machacar, golpear	bater	impact	y-asaken		See Language page
rain	lluvia	chuva	environment	awot		See Language page
red	rojo	vermelho	colour	tok; tog-aʁad-aik	tok ~ tog- mean 'red'.	See Language page
right/right hand	derecha	direita	location/body	al-oik		See Language page
road/path	camino	caminho	manufacture	lʸ-ik		See Language page
root	raíz	raiz	flora	l-paʔaʔ		See Language page
rotten	podrido	podre	quality	n-čiga		See Language page
sand	arena	areia	environment	atoʁo		See Language page
say	decir	dizer	mental	i-ʔaʁat		See Language page
scratch	rascar	rasgar	impact			See Language page
see	ver	ver	mental	n-awaa-či-giɲi; de-mehn-aʁan		See Language page
sharp	afilado, filudo, filoso	afiado	quality	yi-ta; lʸaʔ		See Language page
shoot	tirar, disparar, balear	atirar	impact	y-ayin		See Language page
short	corto	curto	quality	saḳ alok; [pičis]-olek	Respectively: 'not long, tall'; and from Span. 'petiso-diminutive'.	See Language page
shoulder	hombro	ombro	body	l-alʸak		See Language page
shy/ashamed	tímido, vergonzoso	timido, com vergonha	mental	-c̷iiʔo; -c̷riʔo		See Language page
sit	sentar(se)	sentar	state	n-soʔoo-ɲi		See Language page
skin	piel	pele	body	l-ʔok	Also means 'body' 04.110. Cf. 'shell' 03.655.	See Language page
sky	cielo	céu	environment	pigem	Also means 'heaven' 22.310.	See Language page
sleep	dormir	dormir	body	do-ʔoči		See Language page
small	pequeño	pequeno	quality	kočoʔ-oɲik; l-[i]ale-k	-oɲik is diminutive; the latter refers to small person/child.	See Language page
smoke	humo	fumaça	environment	l-malaʔḳ		See Language page
sniff/smell	olfatear, oler	cheirar	body	i-ta	primarily transitive	See Language page
spit	escupir	cuspir	body	n-ḳaigoḳ		See Language page
split	partir, dividir	rachar, dividir, partir	impact	de-poḳo-gi	Lit. '3p actor-split-through'.	See Language page
squeeze	estrujar, exprimir	espremer	impact	n-lom		See Language page
stab/pierce	apuñalar, acuchillar	apunhalar	impact	i-ʔaǰ-igi	Lit. '3p actor-puncture-into'.	See Language page
stand	estar de pié	ficar em pé	state	n-ačah-ɲi		See Language page
star	estrella	estrela	environment	waḳah-ɲi; waḳ-ɲi	-ɲi is 'down'.	See Language page
steal	robar	roubar	other	de-kači		See Language page
stick/wood	palo	pau, vara	flora	ʔipaḳ		See Language page
stone	piedra	pedra	environment	ḳaʔ; komaʔ		See Language page
suck	chupar	chupar	body	n-apigoḳ; lʸip	The first form also means 'kiss' 16.290.	See Language page
sun	sol	sol	time	nalaʔ	The feminine article aso is always used with the sun.	See Language page
sweat	sudar	suor, suar	body	n-soḳ-či-giɲi	Lit. '3p actor-perspire-directly-down'.	See Language page
swell	hincharse	inchar	body	l-alaač-i		See Language page
swim	nadar	nadar	motion	d-aloʁon		See Language page
tail	cola, rabo	rabo	body	l-ʔad-aʁašit	-ʔad- means 'puncture'.	See Language page
that	ese/esa	esse	grammar			See Language page
thick	grueso, gordo, espeso	grosso	quality			See Language page
thin	delgado	fino	quality	sa l-ka-ʔage		See Language page
think	pensar	pensar	mental			See Language page
this	este/esta	este	grammar			See Language page
three	tres	tres	number	[trees]-olḳ-a; [trees]-ole	From Span. 'tres-diminutive'. Respectively: masc and fem.	See Language page
throat	garganta	garganta	body	l-ḳoičiki	Cf. 'neck' 04.280.	See Language page
throw	tirar, lanzar	atirar, jogar	impact	y-asaḳ		See Language page
thunder	truenos	trovão	environment	n-alat-aʁa	Lit. 'prefix-rumble-action (nom)'.	See Language page
tie up/fasten	atar, amarrar	amarrar	impact	i-koɲiʔ	Means 'imprison'.	See Language page
tongue	lengua	lingua	body	l-ačaʁat		See Language page
tooth	diente	dente	body	l-we		See Language page
turn	girar, volter, torcer	virar	other		may be transitive or intransitive	See Language page
two	dos	dois	number	[doos]-olḳ-a; [doos]-ole	From Span. 'dos'-diminutive-(with 'plural-several' on the first form). Respectively: masc and fem.	See Language page
vomit	vomitar	vomitar	body	anol		See Language page
walk	caminar, andar	andar	motion	kewo; pe-ta-ɲi	Respectively: '(zero) 3p actor-go'; and '(zero)3p actor-step-continuative-down'.	See Language page
water	agua	agua	environment	ʔet-aʁat	Lit. 'drink-item (masc.)'.	See Language page
wet	mojado	molhado	quality	y-akit; d-apapi	-akit is 'humid'; -apapi is 'wet'.	See Language page
what?	que, qué	que	grammar	'negeʔt		See Language page
when?	cuando	quando	grammar	lagi		See Language page
where?	donde	onde	grammar	'w-a-ʔage		See Language page
white	blanco	branco	colour	y-apagaḳ; l-apagaʁ-aik		See Language page
who?	quien, quién	quem	grammar	'negeʔt		See Language page
wife	esposa	esposa	kinship	l-wa		See Language page
wind	viento	vento	environment	l-ʔat		See Language page
wing	ala	asa	body	l-awa	Cf. 'arm' 04.310.	See Language page
woman/female	mujer	mulher	human	ʔalo		See Language page
work	trabajar	trabalhar	other	do-ʔonat-aʁan		See Language page
yawn	bostezar	bocejar	body	d-ato-tak	Lit. '3p actor-yawn-continuative'.	See Language page
yellow	amarillo	amarelo	colour	yo-ḳowi		See Language page


1pl.excl
1pl.incl
1sg
2pl
2sg
3pl
3sg
above
again
all
and
ankle
armpit
ash
at
back
bad
bark
belly
below
big
bite
black
blood
blow
boil/pimple
bone
breast
breathe
burn
chew
child
climb
cloud
cold
come
cook
correct/true
count
cry
cut/hack
day
die/be dead
dig
dingo/wolf
dirty
dream
drink
dry
dull/blunt
dust
ear
earth/soil
eat
egg
eye
faeces
fall
far
fat/grease
father
fear
feather
fingernail
fire
flow
flower
fly
fog
foot
fruit
good
green
grow
hair (of head)
hand
head
hear
heart
heavy
hide
hit
hold
hot
how?
if
in/inside
intestines
itch
kill
know/be knowledgeable
lake
laugh
leaf
left/left hand
leg/foot
lie down
lightning
live/be alive
liver
long
louse
lung
man/male
meat/flesh
moon
mother
mountain/hill
mouth
name
nape
near/close
neck
new
night
no/not
nose
old
one
open/uncover
other
pain/painful/sick
person/human being
pound/beat
rain
red
right/right hand
road/path
root
rotten
sand
say
scratch
see
sharp
shoot
short
shoulder
shy/ashamed
sit
skin
sky
sleep
small
smoke
sniff/smell
spit
split
squeeze
stab/pierce
stand
star
steal
stick/wood
stone
suck
sun
sweat
swell
swim
tail
that
thick
thin
think
this
three
throat
throw
thunder
tie up/fasten
tongue
tooth
turn
two
vomit
walk
water
wet
what?
when?
where?
white
who?
wife
wind
wing
woman/female
work
yawn
yellow

Showing 1 to 191 of 191 entries

Flora Fauna Vocabulary (133)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Linnean Name	Phonemicized Form	Source	Distribution	General Notes
achiote, anatto	achiote	urucum	flora-fauna	Bixa orellana		See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	shrub
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti)	Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado	cutia	flora-fauna	Dasyprocta spp.		See Language page
alligator, black caiman	babilla; cachirre	jacaré	flora-fauna	Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp.		See Language page	Throughout Amazonia	Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi
Amazon dolphin	bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco)	boto cor-de-rosa	flora-fauna	Inia geoffrensis	--	See Language page	Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls
Amazon tree-grape	uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.)	cucura	flora-fauna	Pourouma cecropiifolia		See Language page	grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times	a tree; not a true grape
anaconda	anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande	sucuri	flora-fauna	genus Eunectes		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
angleworm	lombriz	minhoca	flora-fauna	order Opisthopora	ḳočiʔl	See Language page
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna	Formicidae	ḳagesaḳ; ḳaigesaḳ	See Language page
anteater	oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus	tamanduá	flora-fauna	Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater)		See Language page	Widespread Amazonian lowlands
armadillo	armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo)	tatu	flora-fauna	family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri		See Language page	Widespread in Amazonia
arrow cane, wildcane	caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana	cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio	flora-fauna	Gynerium sagittatum		See Language page	tropical regions, especially river banks	plant
avocado	palta, aguacate	abacate	flora-fauna	Persea americana		See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	tree
açai palm	huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia)	açaí	flora-fauna	Euterpe sp.		See Language page	floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia
banana, plantain	banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano	banana	flora-fauna	Musa sp.	--	See Language page		Names for banana/plantain may be derived from bastard plantain by semantic shift.
bat	murciélago	morcego	flora-fauna	Chiroptera spp.	mikai	See Language page
beans	frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas)	feijão	flora-fauna	Phaseolus spp.		See Language page		plant
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna		ḳoyo	See Language page
bitterwood	tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru)	envira	flora-fauna	Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala		See Language page	secondary forests, native to Brazil	tree
black palm	bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá	bacaba	flora-fauna	Oenocarpus bacaba		See Language page	Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon	may be confused in some entries with O. bataua
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna	Diptera	lotaʁaɲi	See Language page
boa	boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura	jiboia	flora-fauna	family Boidae, subf. Boinae		See Language page
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree)	calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara	cabaça	flora-fauna	Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine)	čimai; ʔapaʁa; ḳaʔapaʁa	See Language page	indigenous gardens	plant; tree
brazil nut	castaña	castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis)	flora-fauna	Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia']		See Language page	1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua.	tree
brown woolly monkey	Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt	macaco barrigudo	flora-fauna	Lagothrix lagothricha		See Language page
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant	conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro	tocandira	flora-fauna	Paraponera clavata		See Language page
butterfly, moth	mariposa	borboleta	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera	toʁotoḳ	See Language page
capybara	Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco	capivara	flora-fauna	Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris		See Language page
cará tuber, purple or white	camote, sachapapa	cará roxo, branco	flora-fauna	Dioscorea sp.		See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings	plant
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium occidentale / giganteum		See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties
centipede	ciempiés	centopéia	flora-fauna	class Chilopoda		See Language page
cicada	cigarra, chicharra	cigarra	flora-fauna	super fam. Cicadoidea		See Language page
cipó vine	tamishi, bejuco, yare	cipó	flora-fauna	Heteropsis spp.	n-šiʔila	See Language page	secondary forest, floodplain	vine
coca	coca	coca	flora-fauna	Erythroxylum coca		See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes	plant
cockroach	cucaracha	barata-do-mato	flora-fauna	order Blattaria		See Language page
collared peccary	sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar	caititu, caetitu	flora-fauna	Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu	[kos] yale	See Language page		From Span. 'cochino'.
cotamundi, coatimundi	Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache	quati	flora-fauna	genus Nasua		See Language page
cotton	algodón	algodão	flora-fauna	Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers)	waloḳ	See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation	plant; some sources may confound with kapok Ceiba pentandra (esp. if a single gloss for 'cotton' is given')
crab	cangrejo	caranguejo	flora-fauna	infraorder Brachyura		See Language page
cricket	saltón, grillo	grilo	flora-fauna	family Gryllidae		See Language page
curassow	mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini)	mutum	flora-fauna	Crax sp., Nothocrax sp.		See Language page	Amazonia
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna	family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus	ɲiʔimši	See Language page
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna	Canis famililaris	pioḳ	See Language page	Not native; widespread
dog (wild; bush dog)	sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta	cachorro-do-mato	flora-fauna	Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
dove	paloma	pomba	flora-fauna	family Columbidae	ḳotoʔ	See Language page
duck	pato	pato, marreco	flora-fauna	Anatidae family	--	See Language page
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil)	suri, mojojoy	larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá	flora-fauna	Rhynchophorus sp.		See Language page
electric eel	anguila eléctrica	poraquê	flora-fauna	Electrophorus electricus		See Language page
firefly, lightning bug	lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin)	vagalume	flora-fauna	fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae	wačoʔo	See Language page
fish (generic)	pez	peixe	flora-fauna		nyaḳ	See Language page
fish poison, barbasco	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	flora-fauna	Lonchocarpus spp.	šipatoḳ; lpataik	See Language page	secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation	Respectively: against 'piraña' and 'stingray'.
flea	pulga	pulga	flora-fauna	order Siphonaptera	pioḳ l-ala-ʁat	See Language page		Lit. 'dog 3p possessor-announce-instrument'.
genipap	jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico	genipapo, jenipapo	flora-fauna	Genipapa americana		See Language page	widespread lowland SA	shrub
giant otter	Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria	ariranha	flora-fauna	Pteronura brasiliensis		See Language page
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna	(generic)	ʔawaḳ-pi	See Language page		Lit. 'bladed growth-plural many'.
gray-winged trumpeter	Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris	jacamim	flora-fauna	Psophia crepitans		See Language page	Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões
great egret	Garza Blanca, Guyratî	Garça-Branca-Grande	flora-fauna	Ardea alba		See Language page	Widespread South America
green acouchi	Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo	cutiara	flora-fauna	Myoprocta pratti		See Language page
guan	pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru)	jacu	flora-fauna	Penelope sp.		See Language page	Different types have different localized ranges
hallucinogenic snuff	vilca, cebil, yopo	paricá, yopo	flora-fauna	Anadenanthera sp. or virola		See Language page
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca	ayahuasca, yage	ayahuasca, caapi	flora-fauna	Banisteriopsis caapi		See Language page	semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW	vine
hawk	halcón, gavilán	gavião	flora-fauna	family Accipitridae		See Language page		No generic term.
honeybee	abeja	abelha	flora-fauna	Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis	teʔesaḳ	See Language page
horse	caballo	cavalho	flora-fauna	Equus caballus		See Language page
hot pepper	ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru)	pimenta	flora-fauna	Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens	--	See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden	plant
howler monkey (red-handed)	mono aullador, mono coto (Peru)	guariba	flora-fauna	Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.]		See Language page
hummingbird	colibrí, picaflor (Peru)	beija-flor	flora-fauna	family Trochilidae		See Language page	Widespread
iguana	iguana, garipiares (Colombia)	camaleão	flora-fauna	Iguana sp.		See Language page		iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana
inga	guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru)	inga	flora-fauna	Inga spp.		See Language page	Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia)
insect (generic)	insecto	insecto	flora-fauna	generic		See Language page
jaguar	yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru)	onca	flora-fauna	Panthera onca		See Language page
japurá	oreja de murcielago	japurá	flora-fauna	Erisma japura		See Language page		large tree
kapok	ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.)	sumaumeira	flora-fauna	Ceiba pentandra		See Language page	northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas	tree
kingfisher	martín pescador, catalan (Peru)	martim-pescador	flora-fauna	family Alcedinidae		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
leaf-cutter ant	Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse	saúva	flora-fauna	Atta sp.		See Language page
macaw	ara, guacamaya	Arara	flora-fauna	family Psittacidae; Ara sp.		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
maize, corn	mazorca, maiz	milho	flora-fauna	Zea mays	ʔawaʁa	See Language page	widespread, esp. in river floodplains	plant
manatee	vaca marina, manatí	peixe-boi	flora-fauna	Trichechus sp.		See Language page
mandi catfish	maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish)	mandi	flora-fauna	Auchenipterus sp.		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
manioc (bitter or generic)	yuca brava	mandioca	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	[manǰooka]	See Language page	not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition.	From Span. 'mandioca'.
manioc (sweet)	yuca, caribe	macaxeira	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta		See Language page	Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
miriti palm	moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti	buriti	flora-fauna	Mauritia flexuosa		See Language page	Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps	trunks contain sago-like starch
mosquito	mosquito, zancudo	mosquito, carapana	flora-fauna	Anopheles sp.	ʔayat	See Language page
moth	mariposa nocturna, polilla	mariposa	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera		See Language page
mouse, rat	ratón	camundongo, rata	flora-fauna	Mus musculus	čigoʁonaʁa	See Language page
mushroom	champiñón, hongo	cogumelo	flora-fauna	(any edible generic)	toʔolʸoʁoi	See Language page		Also waḳahɲi l-ʔat-ek, 'star 3p possessor-defecate-object (masc)'; kai-n-aton, 'horse-3p possessor-glan penis'; kai-n-adoʔo, 'horse-3p possessor-hat'; kai-n-atoina, 'horse-3p possessor-bell'.
neotropical otter (small)	Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia)	lontra	flora-fauna	Lontra longicaudis		See Language page
opossum	zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo	mucura	flora-fauna	family Didelphidae	ʔal	See Language page
owl (large)	búho, lechuza	corujão	flora-fauna	order Strigiformes		See Language page	Widespread	No generic term.
paca (lowland)	Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana)	paca	flora-fauna	Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.)		See Language page
pacu fish	palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru)	pacu	flora-fauna	Mylossoma sp.		See Language page
palm for roof thatch	pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná	caraná	flora-fauna	Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana		See Language page	Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests	palm
parrot	loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib)	papagaio	flora-fauna	Amazona amazonica	ʔeleʔ	See Language page	Widespread
paxiuba palm	pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba	paxiuba	flora-fauna	Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia	palm
peach palm, pejibaye palm	chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol)	pupunha	flora-fauna	Bactris gasipaes		See Language page
peanut	maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete	amendoim	flora-fauna	Arachis hypogaea		See Language page		plant
pineapple	piña	abacaxi	flora-fauna	Ananas comosus		See Language page		plant
pirana	piraña, caribe	piranha	flora-fauna	subfamily Serrasalmidae		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
porcupine	puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru)	cuandu, porco-espinho	flora-fauna	family Erethizontidae		See Language page
potato	papa	batata	flora-fauna	Solanum tuberosum		See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation	compare entries for sweet potato
potato, sweet potato	camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara	batata-doce	flora-fauna	Ipomoea batatas	[wataata]	See Language page		From Span. 'batata'.
praying mantis, stick insects	mantis religiosa	louva-a-deus	flora-fauna	order Mantodea, family Mantidae		See Language page
rubber tree (sorva)	caucho, siringa, shiringa	seringa, borracha	flora-fauna	Hevea sp.		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia	tree
scorpion	escorpión; alacran	escorpião	flora-fauna	order Scorpiones	pelaḳtoik; pelaḳtoit	See Language page
seje palm	ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá	patoá, patuá	flora-fauna	Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua		See Language page	mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia	may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries
sloth	pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru)	macaco preguica	flora-fauna	Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp.		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
small lizard	lagartija	calango	flora-fauna	order Squamata	malaʁ-aik	See Language page		Lit. 'blue-adj (masc)'.
snail	caracol, churo (Peru)	caracol	flora-fauna	class Gastropoda	našiyo	See Language page
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		n-ʔad-aʁan-aḳ	See Language page		Lit. 'prefix-puncture-intrans-agent (masc)'.
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake	víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara	jararaca	flora-fauna	Bothrops jararaca/atrox		See Language page	Widespread South America
speckled catfish	surubí, pintadillo	surubim, sorubim	flora-fauna	Pseudoplatystoma sp.		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna	Arachnidae, Araneae	palačiǰaʁa	See Language page		Also palačidegaʁa ~ palačiriǰaʁa.
squash	calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru)	abóbora	flora-fauna	Cucurbita sp.	ltaɲi; ʔaadai; lalʸiyaʁai	See Language page		plant
squirrel	ardilla, danta (Ven)	serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo	flora-fauna	family Sciuridae		See Language page
stingray (generic)	rayas látigo, raya	arraia	flora-fauna	Potamotrygon sp.	lakataik	See Language page
tannia, yautia	huitina (Peru), ñame	taioba branca	flora-fauna	Xanthosoma spp.	--	See Language page
tapir	sachavaca, danta	anta	flora-fauna	Tapirus terrestris		See Language page
termites, white-ants	comején (Peru), termitas	cupim	flora-fauna	order Isoptera		See Language page
tick	garrapata	carrapato	flora-fauna	superfam Ixodoidea		See Language page
tigerfish	taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru)	traíra	flora-fauna	Hoplias sp.		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
tinamou	tinamu, perdiz, gallineta	inambu, inhambu	flora-fauna	family Tinamidae		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
toad	sapo	sapo	flora-fauna	order Anura		See Language page
tobacco	tabaco	tabaco	flora-fauna	Nicotiana tabacum	l-ašiid-ek	See Language page		Lit. '3p possessor-puff-object (masc)'.
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant)	tortuga, morrocoy, motelo	jabutí, tartaruga	flora-fauna	Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria	pot-aʁan-aʁat	See Language page	Widespread	Lit. 'touch-intrans.-instrument (masc.)'.
toucan	tucán, pinsha (Peru)	tucano	flora-fauna	Ramphastos sp.		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
tree	árbol	arvore	flora-fauna		ʔipaḳ (fem.)	See Language page
tufted capuchin monkey	mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero	macaco prego	flora-fauna	Cebus apella		See Language page
ucuqui	yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru)	ucuqui	flora-fauna	Pouteria ucuqui		See Language page	native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions	other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant
vulture	buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru)	urubu	flora-fauna	family Cathartidae	tegesan	See Language page	Widespread South America
wasp	avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa	caba	flora-fauna	order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita		See Language page		No generic term.
white-fronted capuchin	Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru)	Caiarara	flora-fauna	Cebus albifrons		See Language page
white-fronted spider monkey	Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia)	macaco aranha, coatá, quatá	flora-fauna	Ateles belzebuth/paniscus		See Language page
white-lipped peccary	Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana	queixada	flora-fauna	Tayassu pecari		See Language page
woodpecker	pájaro carpintero, carpintero	pica-pau	flora-fauna	family Picidae		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia

Showing 1 to 133 of 133 entries

Cultural Vocabulary (97)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Phonemicized Form	General Notes	Source
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven	tierra do los muertos	terra dos mortos	culture-mythology	anumo		See Language page
arrow	flecha	flecha	subsistence tool	-taɣriɣi; taɣiɣire	hunting, warfare	See Language page
axe/stone axe	hacha (de piedra)	machado (de pedra)	subsistence tool	n-ḳačipe	especially for clearing fields	See Language page
bait for fishing	cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru)	isca	subsistence tool		can refer to worms; more generic	See Language page
basin/bowl	tazón, plato hondo, taza	tijela	culture-material	n-[pelaato]	From Span. 'plato'.	See Language page
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	l-paḳt-a	Lit. '3p possessor-weave-object (fem)'.	See Language page
basket, small	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto pequeno, tampado	culture-material			See Language page
bead	abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar	miçanga	culture-material	damegaʁa al-a	Lit. '[a certain tree] 3p possessor-seed, fruit'.	See Language page
bed	cama	cama	culture-material	l-malaʔ		See Language page
bench, seat	banco, silla, asiento	banco	culture-material	n-soʔon-aʁaki	Lit. '3p possessor-sit-enclosure'.	See Language page
blowgun	cerbatana, pucuna (Peru)	zarabatana	subsistence tool		currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region	See Language page
boomerang/throwing stick (generic)			subsistence tool			See Language page
bottle	botella	garrafa	acculturation			See Language page
bottom grinding stone			manufacture		if different word from top grinding stone	See Language page
bow	arco	arco	subsistence tool	aaku; ec̷pooku	arco	See Language page
broom	escoba	vassoura	culture-material	l-kelog-aʁan-aḳte	Lit. '3p possessor-sweep-intrans-instrument (fem)'.	See Language page
canoe	canoa	canoa	transport	l-lʸikot-a; n-pedaʁanaʁa	The latter is a dugout, made from the bottle tree.	See Language page
cat	gato	gato	acculturation	miiča	Also Span. 'micho'; similar term occurs elsewhere in the Americas.	See Language page
chicken	gallina	galinha	acculturation	ʔolgaʁa		See Language page
chief/leader	jefe, cacique	chefe	culture-mythology	iyaraʔo		See Language page
clothing	ropa	roupa	culture-mythology	al-ogo		See Language page
club	garrote, cachiporra	clava, porrete	subsistence tool			See Language page
Curupira (spirit type)	Curupira, Madremonte	Curupira	culture-mythology		malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region	See Language page
dart (blowgun)	dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru)	dardo, seta	subsistence tool		hunting and warfare	See Language page
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure	dios(es), deidad	divinidade, figura mítica	culture-mythology	wiya	In RN region, frequently translates as 'Bone-Son', 'One on the bone', etc.	See Language page
digging stick			subsistence tool			See Language page
dream	sueño, soñar	sonho, sonhar	culture-mythology	de-čoʁon		See Language page
drum	tambor	tambor	culture-mythology			See Language page
drum (large signal)	tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia)	tambor	culture		Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances	See Language page
fan	abanico	abanador, abano	subsistence tool	n-ašiid-aḳte; n-asaw	Respectively: lit. '3p possessor-puff-instrument (fem); lit. 'bird wing'.	See Language page
feather headdress	plumaje, corona de plumas	enfeite/capacete de penas	culture-mythology			See Language page
fence, palisade	cerco	cerca	other	[laamde]	From Span. 'alambre' (wire).	See Language page
fermented drink	masato, chicha	caxiri, chicha	culture		prioritizes manioc beer where distinction is made	See Language page
fetish, charm	fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga	feitiço, puçanga	culture-mythology			See Language page
fireplace	hogar	lareira	other			See Language page
firewood	leña	lenha	other	nodek l-asoḳ; l-ašik	nodek is 'fire'; -asoḳ/-ašik mean 'fuel'.	See Language page
fish (with fish-poison)	pescar con barbasco, barbasquear	pescar com timbó; tinguijar	food			See Language page
fish (with line)	anzuelear, pescar con linea	pescar (com linha)	food			See Language page
fishing line	cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze	linha de pesca	subsistence tool	enripi		See Language page
fishtrap	trampa de peces, trampa	matapi, cacuri	subsistence tool			See Language page
flat bread, cassava bread	pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe	beiju	food		usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits	See Language page
flour/meal from manioc	fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina	farinha	food	l-soč-i	Lit. '3p possessor-soft-(nom)'.	See Language page
flute	flauta, quena (Peru)	flauta	culture-mythology	swiwre	multiple types? japurutu, deer-bone, etc.	See Language page
game animal	caza, animal de caza	caça, animal de caça	food	šigiyak	Interesting correlation to 'fish' in Tukanoan languages	See Language page
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit	espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio	espirito	culture-mythology			See Language page
gourd (dipper/bowl)	cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo	cuia	subsistence tool	čimai; ʔapaʁa; ḳaʔapaʁa		See Language page
grater	rallador, rallo	ralador, ralo	subsistence tool		esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well	See Language page
grave	tumba, sepultura, sepulcro	sepultura, sepulcro, cova	culture-mythology	n-wačiki		See Language page
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf)	barbacoa	jirau	subsistence tool	--		See Language page
griddle for cooking flatbread	tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru)	forno para beiju	subsistence tool	l-ḳatel-aʁan-aʁaki	Lit. 3p possessor-bake-intrans-enclosure (nom)'.	See Language page
gun	arma, escopeta	espingarda, fusil	acculturation			See Language page
hammock	hamaca, chinchorro	rede	culture-material			See Language page
hat	sombero	chapéu	dress	n-adoʔo		See Language page
healer	curandero	benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano)	culture-mythology		Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well.	See Language page
hollow log/trough for beer-making	canoa para chicha	cocho de caxiri	narcotics			See Language page
honey	miel	mel	food	dapik	only gathered in wild throughout Amazonia?	See Language page
house			other	noyik		See Language page
hunt	cazar	caçar	food	#NAME?	To kill game is itko-wo.	See Language page
knife	cuchillo	faca	culture-material	l-ailon-ek; l-ainon-ek; l-ain-ek		See Language page
loincloth	taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla	tanga, tapa-sexo	dress			See Language page
machete	machete	facão	culture-material			See Language page
mortar	mortero	pilão	subsistence tool	l-ʔad-aʁan-aʁaki	Lit. '3p possessor-punch, pound-intrans-container'.	See Language page
paddle/oar	remo	remo	transport	--		See Language page
paint body, body paint	pintura corporal	pintura corporal	culture-mythology			See Language page
panpipe	carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora	caniço, flauta de pã	culture-mythology			See Language page
paper	papel	papel	acculturation	ʔhʸumeruko		See Language page
pestle	pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor	mão de pilão	subsistence tool	l-ʔad-aʁan-aʁat	Lit. '3p possessor-punch-intrans-instrument (masc)'.	See Language page
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other	l-ašiid-aʁan-aʁaki	Lit. '3p possessor-puff-intrans-container (nom)'.	See Language page
plate	plato	prato	culture-material	koki; n-[plačiilʸo]	The latter from Span. 'platillo'.	See Language page
policeman	polícia	policía	acculturation			See Language page
pot	olla, pote	panela, vasilha	subsistence tool	l-ataʁaki		See Language page
rattle	matraca, maraca	marico, chocalho	culture-mythology	wriiʔi		See Language page
resin	resina, brea, copal	resina, brea, breu	subsistence tool			See Language page
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya)	kapiwaya	capiwaya	culture-mythology			See Language page
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture	l-aɲik		See Language page
salt	sal	sal	food	towe; ḳaʔ ɲ-iʔiwa	The latter means 'salty'; lit. 'rock prefix-salty'.	See Language page
school	escuela	escola	acculturation			See Language page
shaman, healer	chamán, brujo	xaman, pajé, feiticeiro	culture-mythology		In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
shoes	zapatos	sapatos	dress	l-apelaʔ		See Language page
skirt	falda, saya, fustan, pollera	saia	culture-material	n-saat-a-gi	Lit. '3p actor-gird-(aspect)-in'.	See Language page
soldier	soldado	soldado	acculturation			See Language page
song (generic)	canción, canto	canção	culture-mythology	#NAME?	Also means 'read'.	See Language page
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool			See Language page
spearthrower			subsistence tool			See Language page
starch (tapioca, other)	almidón	goma de tapioca	food			See Language page
stone for lighting fires	piedra para hacer fuego	pedra para acender fogo	culture-material			See Language page
sugarcane/sugar	azúcar, caña de azúcar	açucar (de cana)	acculturation	[kaaɲa]	From Span. 'caña'.	See Language page
tapioca drink, mingau	cahuana, caguana	mingau	food		agriculture	See Language page
tattoo	tatuaje, tatu	tatuagem	culture-mythology			See Language page
thatch/roof	crisneja	palha, caraná	culture-material	ʔawaḳ-pi	Lit. 'grass-plural many'.	See Language page
tipiti (manioc squeezer)	tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca	tipiti	food		word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc	See Language page
top grinding stone	metate, mano; piedra de moler	metate, mano	manufacture		use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone	See Language page
tripod for washing manioc	trípode	tripé	subsistence tool		agriculture	See Language page
venom for darts, poison	veneno	curare	subsistence tool		hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?)	See Language page
wax	cera	cera	other	pik l-apa ~ l-apa dapik	Lit. 'honey 3p possessor-lump'.	See Language page
woven strainer/sieve	colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru)	peneira, cumatá	subsistence tool		agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour	See Language page
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women)	yurupari	jurupari	culture-mythology		a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women.	See Language page

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