Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

manioc (sweet)

Semantic Field: flora-fauna
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish: yuca, caribe
Meaning Portuguese: macaxeira

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Language	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

Language	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Source	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Food Source	Medicinal	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Dangerous	General Notes
Achagua	Manihot esculenta	ké:niru	ké:niru		semantic shift?		from bitter/generic manioc							See Language page										Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere		No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Aguaruna	Manihot esculenta	yujúmak, máma	juxúmak, máma		unknown; loan, direction unknown (into protolg?)		Boran and Araona terms for 'manioc food/bread', e.g. Bora (archaic) maʔmá-ɯ							See Language page										Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere		No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Akawaio	Manihot esculenta	kaknarii	kaʔnari		doubtful loan	Akawaio, Pemon	Arawak; shared Pemon	Likely relationship to Arawak kani- forms; e.g. Achagua ké:niru. Also kaʔnari (E1980)						See Language page	0	1	0				0	0		Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	no	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Andoke	Manihot esculenta	pãẽ́pa	pãẽ́pa		unique									See Language page										Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere		No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Ashuar	Manihot esculenta	máma	mama											See Language page										Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere		No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Baniwa	Manihot esculenta	kapíwali	kapíwaɺi, múɺhui (FS), kiníkhii (FS)		inheritance	Central North Arawak, Rio Negro branch (?)		Shared Piapoco. Also káini (FS), múɺhui (FS), kiníkhii (FS)		uncoded				See Language page	0	1	0				0	0		Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	no	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Baure	Manihot esculenta	ka'ha-	ka'ha-		missing		bitter/sweet not distinct?							See Language page										Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere		No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Bora	Manihot esculenta	pʰákʰʸoómï	pʰákʰʲoómɯ		inheritance									See Language page										Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere		No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Camsa	Manihot esculenta	bʃendɨ́-ɕe (‘general’)	bʃendɨ́-ɕe (‘general’)											See Language page										Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere		No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Candoshi-Shapra	Manihot esculenta	kazinzi (not specified as sweet or bitter)	kaʂinʂi		loan		Arawak?							See Language page										Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere		No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Carijona	Manihot esculenta	wɨi			missing			Also hara ('manioc' H&R)	Broader (manioc in general)					See Language page	0	1	0				0	0		Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	no	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Central Aymara	Manihot esculenta	yuka (loan)	yuka											See Language page										Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere		No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Cofán	Manihot esculenta	a´mba	aʔmba											See Language page										Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Cubeo	Manihot esculenta	ãicʉica	ãikʉika		unknown					other complex	Unidentified morpheme ãi + kʉi 'manioc'			See Language page	0	1	0				0	0		Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	no	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Cuiva	Manihot esculenta		báwa											See Language page										Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere		No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Desano	Manihot esculenta	kĩ	kĩ		missing	Proto-Tukanoan		Possible semantic shift?	Broader (manioc in general)	uncoded				See Language page	0	1	0				0	0		Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	no	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Dâw	Manihot esculenta	yaák yaá’	jǎk jǎʔ		unique			'manioc grill'		underived				See Language page	0	1	0				0	0		Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	no	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Eñepa	Manihot esculenta	amaka (sweet) (MM)	amaka (sweet) (MM)	sweet manioc	inheritance			Possibly related to source of Pt macaxeira?						See Language page	0	1	0				0	0		Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	no	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Guayabero	Manihot esculenta	báva, báwa, báw (Keels 1985)	baw		inheritance					uncoded				See Language page	0	1	0				0	0		Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	no	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Hodï	Manihot esculenta	ale			missing		generic?	Achagua "á:liri", but other Arawak terms are distinct		uncoded				See Language page	0	1	0				0	0		Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	no	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Huambisa	Manihot esculenta	mama	mama											See Language page										Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere		No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Hup	Manihot esculenta	kayak wæ̌d ('manioc eat')	kajak-wæ̌d		unique	Hup-Yuhup		manioc-eat'		compound	manioc-eat			See Language page	0	1	0	cultivated	women	boiled; mostly used as additive in beer	0	0	attained through exchange with Tukanoans	Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	no	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Ingá	Manihot esculenta	rumu (not specified as bitter or sweet)	rúmu (‘general’, H&R)											See Language page										Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere		No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Iquito	Manihot esculenta	asúraaja (Manihot esculenta)	asúraaha (Manihot esculenta)		unique									See Language page										Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere		No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Kakua	Manihot esculenta	~tûj-daʔ	~tûj-daʔ [manioc-cl.round]		unique		generic term	manioc-cl.round	Broader (manioc generic)	underived		daʔ = round		See Language page	0	1	0				0	0		Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	no	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Kalapalo	Manihot esculenta	kusiugu	kusiugu		inheritance									See Language page										Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere		No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Kariña	Manihot esculenta	jupo	jupo	sweet cassava										Coutz 2007:288										Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	no
Koreguaje	Manihot esculenta	ã'sova	ãʔsoba		inheritance									See Language page										Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere		No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Macaguan	Manihot esculenta	báuja	báuha		inheritance					uncoded				See Language page	0	1	0				0	0		Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	no	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Maihiki	Manihot esculenta	jaso ja	xãso xã		inheritance	West Tukanoan				uncoded		xã	xã (orth. ja) = inanimate	See Language page	0	1	0				0	0		Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	no	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Makushi	Manihot esculenta	kɨséra (generic manioc)	kɨséra (generic manioc)		missing			May be source of Pt macaxeira (sweet manioc); may also be related (old loan?) to Arawak kani- forms	Broader (manioc)					See Language page	0	1	0				0	0		Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	no	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Mapoyo	Manihot esculenta	amaka	amaka											See Language page										Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere		No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Matses	Manihot esculenta	pachid	patʃid		inheritance?									See Language page										Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere		No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Minica Witoto	Manihot esculenta	má.ika(hï)	má.ika(hɯɯ)											See Language page										Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere		No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Muinane	Manihot esculenta	fáicúumɨɨ (W97)	ɸáikúumɨɨ											See Language page										Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere		No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Murui Witoto	Manihot esculenta	ma.ika, fareca	ma.ika, ɸareka (B83)		inheritance/Witoto									See Language page										Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere		No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Nadëb/Roçado dialect	Manihot esculenta		mahøur		unique									See Language page										Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere		No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Napo Lowland Quichua	Manihot esculenta	lumu (not specified as bitter or sweet)	lumu											See Language page										Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere		No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Nheengatu	Manihot esculenta	makaxera	makaxera		loan			Found Urubu-Kaapor, Asurini (with note saying a Port loan); other TG lgs have 'manioc-sweet'. Also found in Arawak. Could be a loan in TG, certainly a loan into other lgs.		No info				See Language page	0	1	0				0	0		Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	no	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Ninam	Manihot esculenta	watim kok (EM72)	watim kok		inheritance					underived	kok = "root, tuber" Goodwin-Gomez 90			See Language page	0	1	0				0	0		Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	no	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Nɨpode Witoto	Manihot esculenta	ma.íka(hï)	ma.íka(hɯ)											See Language page										Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere		No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Ocaina	Manihot esculenta	bóójin	bóóhin		unknown									See Language page										Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere		No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Paresi	Manihot esculenta	mãrioka	mãdjiuka		loan		Portuguese or Tupi-Guarani							See Language page										Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere		No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Pemon	Manihot esculenta	kanari (A1981); kaknarii (E1980)	kanaɾi (A1981); kaʔnari (E1980)		doubtful loan	Akawaio, Pemon	Arawak; shared Akawaio	Likely relationship to Arawak kani- forms; e.g. Achagua ké:niru. Also kaʔnari (E1980)						See Language page	0	1	0				0	0		Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	no	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Piapoco	Manihot esculenta	capìeli	kapìeli											See Language page										Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere		No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Piaroa	Manihot esculenta	ahtá ɨ'reh (K76)	ahtá ɨʔreh		doubtful loan		Carib uto 'manioc food' forms							See Language page										Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere		No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Playero	Manihot esculenta		nebɨ´hɨ xáika											See Language page										Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere		No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Puinave	Manihot esculenta	uõk-nɤʔ	uõgnɤʔ		unknown		cf. TG							See Language page										Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere		No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Pumé	Manihot esculenta	bai 'manioc, sweet/bitter' (Lin97); tãbɛ (tapioca, manioc; IDS)												See Language page										Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere		No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Quechua Ayacuchano	Manihot esculenta	rumu (CP94)	rumu											See Language page										Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere		No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Resígaro	Manihot esculenta	káǰíigí	kádʒíigí		semantic shift?		prob. from 'potato'	Compare forms for 'potato' in Arawak lgs. Likely loan into Carib, see Makiritari kɨde:de, Pemon kanari		uncoded				See Language page	0	1	0				0	0		Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	no	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Sanumá	Manihot esculenta	walemo koko (EM72)	walemo koko (EM72)		unknown					uncoded				See Language page	0	1	0				0	0		Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	no	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Sikuani	Manihot esculenta	bawa (2), kokobawa (24),	báːwa		inheritance			also kokobawa (24)		uncoded				See Language page	0	1	0				0	0		Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	no	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Siona	Manihot esculenta	ja'nso, quëi	haʔnso, kɨi		inheritance									See Language page										Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere		No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Siriano	Manihot esculenta	ñumúducʉ (type of yuca)	ɲumúdukɨ (type of yuka)											See Language page										Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere		No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Southern Pastaza Quechua	Manihot esculenta	lumu	lumu											See Language page										Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere		No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Sáliva	Manihot esculenta	piquilla	pikidʒa		unique									See Language page										Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere		No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Tariana	Manihot esculenta	kiníki	kiníki		unknown		maybe from 'bitter manioc'	Compare forms for 'potato' in Arawak lgs. Likely loan into Carib, see Makiritari kɨde:de, Pemon kanari		uncoded				See Language page	0	1	0				0	0		Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	no	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Taushiro	Manihot esculenta	shie (not specified as sweet or bitter)	ʃiɨ											See Language page										Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere		No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Tikuna	Manihot esculenta	tô-é (Alv44)	toʔé		unique									See Language page										Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere		No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Trumai	Manihot esculenta	maisauarɨ	maisauarɨ											See Language page										Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere		No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Tukano	Manihot esculenta	kií	kií		missing	Proto-Tukanoan		Possible semantic shift?	Broader (generic manioc)	uncoded				See Language page	0	1	0				0	0		Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	no	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Urarina	Manihot esculenta	laano (not specified as bitter or sweet)	la:no		unique									See Language page										Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere		No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Wai Wai	Manihot esculenta	šeere; saraΦu	šeere; saraΦu		missing		generic?							See Language page										Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere		No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Waorani	Manihot esculenta	kẽnẽ			loan		North Arawak	kai-ni		uncoded				See Language page	0	1	0				0	0		Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	no	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Wapishana	Manihot esculenta	makaʃiɽi	makaʃiɽi		loan		Carib 'amaka sera' = 'sweet manioc'	Found in some TG languages and in Warekena; probably a loan from TG, but inherited status in that group is unclear.						See Language page	0	1	0				0	0		Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	no	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Wari	Manihot esculenta	ʔiri kop (Sousa2009)	ʔiri kop (Sousa2009)											See Language page										Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere		No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Wayana	Manihot esculenta	tapakula	tapakula		unique									See Language page										Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere		No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Yabarana	Manihot esculenta		ámaka											See Language page										Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere		No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Yagua	Manihot esculenta	jasuche	xasutʃe		doubtful loan		W. Tukanoan, e.g. Orejon xãso							See Language page										Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere		No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Yanomam	Manihot esculenta	watim kok (EM72); nashi (WS76); raparima ("long"), uxirima ("black"), yãhihirima ("sticky") (all WM99, nom. Class. Koko); witatirima (WM99 - sweet manioc generic term, nom class: si)	watim kok; naʃi; ɾapaɾima, uʃiɾima, jãhihiɾima, witatiɾima		inheritance			nashi (WS76); raparima ("long"), uxirima ("black"), yãhihirima ("sticky") (all WM99, nom. Class. Koko); witatirima (WM99 - sweet manioc generic term, nom class: si); koko = CLF "round tuber" (Ferreira)		uncoded		si, koko	koko="round tuber" (Ferreira)	See Language page	0	1	0				0	0		Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	no	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Yanomami	Manihot esculenta	nashi mɨhɨtarimɨ sikɨ,	naʃi mɨhɨtaɾimɨ sikɨ (M. dulcis)		unique					phrase	yuca+not.bitter-nominalizer+CLF	sikɨ		See Language page	0	1	0				0	0		Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	no	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Yine	Manihot esculenta		ximeka											See Language page										Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere		No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Yuhup	Manihot esculenta	jak wǽd ('manioc eat')	jak wǽd		unique	Hup-Yuhup		'manioc eat'		compound				See Language page	0	1	0				0	0		Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	no	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Yukuna	Manihot esculenta	parí	paɾí		unknown		cf. other Arawak terms relating to manioc, flatbread			uncoded				See Language page	0	1	0				0	0		Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	no	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
Záparo	Manihot esculenta	mu+ha	muɨha											See Language page										Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere		No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety


Achagua
Aguaruna
Akawaio
Andoke
Ashuar
Baniwa
Baure
Bora
Camsa
Candoshi-Shapra
Carijona
Central Aymara
Cofán
Cubeo
Cuiva
Desano
Dâw
Eñepa
Guayabero
Hodï
Huambisa
Hup
Ingá
Iquito
Kakua
Kalapalo
Kariña
Koreguaje
Macaguan
Maihiki
Makushi
Mapoyo
Matses
Minica Witoto
Muinane
Murui Witoto
Nadëb/Roçado dialect
Napo Lowland Quichua
Nheengatu
Ninam
Nɨpode Witoto
Ocaina
Paresi
Pemon
Piapoco
Piaroa
Playero
Puinave
Pumé
Quechua Ayacuchano
Resígaro
Sanumá
Sikuani
Siona
Siriano
Southern Pastaza Quechua
Sáliva
Tariana
Taushiro
Tikuna
Trumai
Tukano
Urarina
Wai Wai
Waorani
Wapishana
Wari
Wayana
Yabarana
Yagua
Yanomam
Yanomami
Yine
Yuhup
Yukuna
Záparo

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