Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

Iquito

Family: Zaparoan
Region: South America
ISO 639-3: iqu
Location: -3.31°, -73.97°
Notes
Features: Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary

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Data Sources: Michael, Lev; Beier, Christine; Inuma, Jaime Pacaya; Yareja, Ema Llona; Cuyasa, Hermenegildo Díaz and Ligia Inuma Inuma 2019 Iquito Dictionary. Michael, Lev, Christine Beier, y Karina Sullon Acosta (eds.) 2006. Diccionario Bilingue Iquito - Castellano y Castellano - Iquito. http://www.cabeceras.org/ildp06_product.html

Basic Vocabulary (191)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Etymology Code	Loan Source	General Notes	Source
1pl.excl	nosotros (exclusivo)	nós (exclusivo)	grammar			missing			See Language page
1pl.incl	nosotros (inclusivo)	nós (inclusivo)	grammar	p'ɨ- (incl), p'ɨɨja (incl, stand-alone pronominal form), cana-, canáaja (stand-alone pronominal form)	p'ɨ- (incl), p'ɨɨha (incl, stand-alone pronominal form), kana-, kanáaha (stand-alone pronominal form)	inheritance; inheritance		no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted	See Language page
1sg	yo	eu	grammar	qui-, cu- (before verbs beginning with /a/, quíija (stand-alone pronominal form)	ki-, ku- (before verbs beginning with /a/, kíiha (stand-alone pronominal form)	inheritance		For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms	See Language page
2pl	ustedes	vocês	grammar	quina-, quináaja (stand-alone pronominal form)	kina-, kináaha (stand-alone pronominal form)	inheritance			See Language page
2sg	xx	xx	grammar	quia-, quiáaja (stand-alone pronominal form)	kia-, kiáaha (stand-alone pronominal form)	inheritance			See Language page
3pl	ellos/ellas	eles/elas	grammar	na-, nahuaáca (stand-alone pronominal form)	na-, nawaáka (stand-alone pronominal form)	inheritance			See Language page
3sg	el/ella	ele/ela	grammar	nu-, nuu (stand-alone pronominal form), anúu, anúuja	nu-, nuu (stand-alone pronominal form), anúu, anúuha	inheritance			See Language page
above	encima, arriba	acima	location	isácuma, iícumaji	isákuma, iíkumahi	unknown			See Language page
again	de nuevo, otra vez	de novo	grammar	imɨráani	imɨráani	unknown			See Language page
all	todo	todos	other	pɨy'ɨɨni	pɨj'ɨɨni	unique			See Language page
and	y	e	grammar	najáaja (better translated as 'also')	naháaha (better translated as 'also')				See Language page
ankle	tobillo	tornozelo	body	tiríja, curíja (also means wrist)	tiríha, kuríha (also means wrist)	unknown			See Language page
armpit	axila, sobaco	axila	body	nɨcaríira	nɨkaríira	inheritance			See Language page
ash	ceniza(s)	cinzas	environment	puquíti	pukíti	unknown			See Language page
at	en, a	em, a	location	jina	hina				See Language page
back	espalda	costas	body	n'ɨjina	n'ɨhina	unknown			See Language page
bad	mal	mal	quality	sɨ'ɨsana	sɨ'ɨsana	unknown			See Language page
bark	corteza	casca	environment	ís+qu+ (also means skin, shell of an animal or fruit)	ísɨkɨ (also means skin, shell of an animal or fruit)	unknown			See Language page
belly	barriga	barriga	body	tanáca	tanáka	inheritance			See Language page
below	abajo, debajo	abaixo	location	caríira	karíira	doubtful loan, direction unknown	Urarina kaɽene		See Language page
big	grande	grande	quality	umáana; ani-/aniita- show evidence of meaning big diachronically; ihuítani (never occurs without a noun)	umáana; ani-	unique			See Language page
bite	morder	morder	body	sɨɨni	sɨɨni	inheritance			See Language page
black	negro	preto	colour	mɨ'ɨnana	mɨ'ɨnana	unique			See Language page
blood	sangre	sangue	body	májaaca	máhaaka	inheritance			See Language page
blow	soplar	soprar	body	nuuni, aquirajɨɨni (used for the wind)	nuuni, akirahɨɨni (used for the wind)	unknown			See Language page
boil/pimple	espinilla, granos	espinha, borbulha	body			missing			See Language page
bone	hueso	osso	body	níiqui	níiki	inheritance			See Language page
breast	pecho, seno	peito	body	sipɨ'ɨja	sipɨ'ɨha	unknown			See Language page
breathe	respirar	respirar	body			missing			See Language page
burn	quemar	queimar	environment	itɨɨni (intransitive), ituuni (transitive)	itɨɨni (intransitive), ituuni (transitive)	unknown			See Language page
chew	masticar, mascar	mastigar	body	asajuutaani, saquɨɨni (used specifically for chewing manioc), itipiini (also used specifically for chewing manioc)	asawutaani, sakɨɨni, itipiini (last two used specifically for chewing manioc)	inheritance			See Language page
child	niño, niña	criança	human	maáya	maája	unknown			See Language page
climb	subir	subir	motion	maacaani	maakaani	inheritance			See Language page
cloud	nube	nuvem	environment			missing			See Language page
cold	frío	frio	quality	sɨm'ɨtina	sɨm'ɨtina	unknown			See Language page
come	venir	vir	motion	aniini	aniini	inheritance			See Language page
cook	cocinar	cozinhar	impact	capiini	kapiini	unique			See Language page
correct/true	verdad, de veras	verdade	quality	júura	húura	unknown			See Language page
count	contar	contar	mental			missing			See Language page
cry	llorar	chorar	mental	sahuɨɨni	sawɨɨni	unique			See Language page
cut/hack	cortar	cortar	impact	sajiini	sahiini	unique			See Language page
day	día	dia	time	yahu'ɨɨni	jaw'ɨɨni	unknown			See Language page
die/be dead	morir	morrer	state	ihuarɨɨni (also means to get sick); jiitaani	iwarɨɨni (also means to get sick); hiitaani	unique			See Language page
dig	cavar	cavar	impact	muraani	muraani	unique			See Language page
dingo/wolf			fauna						See Language page
dirty	sucio	sujo	quality	iyɨ'ɨtina, sucuarána	ijɨ'ɨtina, sukuarána	unknown			See Language page
dream	soñar	sonhar	mental	maquɨɨni (same as sleep)	makɨɨni (same as sleep)	inheritance			See Language page
drink	beber, tomar	beber	body	rariini	rariini	inheritance			See Language page
dry	seco	seco	quality	jahuána	hawána	unique			See Language page
dull/blunt	sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo	maçante, desamolado, não afiado	quality	tiquína	tikína				See Language page
dust	polvo	poeira	environment	puquitína (dusty)	pukitína (dusty)	unknown			See Language page
ear	oreja	orelha	body	túucu	túuku	inheritance			See Language page
earth/soil	tierra	terra	environment	níiya	níija	unique			See Language page
eat	comer	comer	body	asaani	asaani	inheritance			See Language page
egg	huevo	ovo	fauna	naáqui	naáki	inheritance			See Language page
eye	ojo	olho	body	namíja	namíha	inheritance			See Language page
faeces	heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol	fezes	body	íiqui	íiki	doubtful loan	Arawak? see also hoti iki		See Language page
fall	caer	cair	motion	itɨɨni	itɨɨni	inheritance			See Language page
far	lejos	longe	quality	síipa	síipa	unique			See Language page
fat/grease	grasa	gordura	body	huíira	wíira	loan	Quechua		See Language page
father	padre, papá	pai	kinship	caqu'ɨja (originally vocative, reanalyzed as referential term); -áquɨ (archaic form, not commonly used, always possessed)	kak'ɨha (originally vocative, reanalyzed as referential term); -ákɨ (archaic form, not commonly used, always possessed)	unknown; doubtful loan	West Tukanoan		See Language page
fear	miedo	medo	mental	quɨ'ɨraca	kɨ'ɨraka	unique			See Language page
feather	pluma	pena	fauna	cajási (same as hair and fur)	kahási (same as hair and fur)	semantic shift	hair		See Language page
fingernail	uña	unha	body	áhuacu	áwaku	inheritance			See Language page
fire	fuego	fogo	environment			missing			See Language page
flow	fluir	fluir	motion	sisiini	sisiini	unknown			See Language page
flower	flor	flor	environment	íniisi	íniisi	unique			See Language page
fly	volar	voar	motion	ɨɨni	ɨɨni	unknown			See Language page
fog	niebla, neblina	nevoeira, bruma, neblina	environment	anajáca (smoke, mist, cloud)	anaháka (smoke, mist, cloud)				See Language page
foot	pie	pé	body	titíca; iínuhua (archaic form, used for people only)	titíka; iínuwa (archaic form, used for people only)	unique; inheritance			See Language page
fruit	fruta	fruta	flora	íniija	íniiha	unique			See Language page
good	bueno	bom	quality	suhuáani	suwáani	unique			See Language page
green	verde	verde	quality	n+yána (used for blue, green, and yellow); maquína (used for items that are not ripe/green)	nɨjána (used for blue, green, and yellow); makína (used for items that are not ripe/green)	inheritance			See Language page
grow	crecer	crescer	state	cumɨɨni, riquiini (specifically for plants)	kumɨɨni, rikiini (specifically for plants)	unique			See Language page
hair (of head)	cabello	cabelo	body	cajási (same as feather and fur)	kahási (same as feather and fur)	doubtful loan, direction unknown	Yagua		See Language page
hand	mano	mão	body	curíca; ahuánaca (this form is more archaic and used mostly in numeral expressions)	kuríka; awánaka (this form is more archaic and used mostly in numeral expressions)	inheritance			See Language page
head	cabeza	cabeça	body	ánaca	ánaka	inheritance			See Language page
hear	oír	ouvir	mental	tujiini; tuhuaasiini (Nanay variant)	tuhiini; tuwaasiini (Nanay variant)	inheritance			See Language page
heart	corazón	coração	body	acánataaja; cúhuaaja (also used for liver); curasuú (from Sp.)	akánataaha; kúwaaha (also used for liver); kurasuú (from Sp.)	unique; unique			See Language page
heavy	pesado	pesado	quality	iinána	iinána	inheritance			See Language page
hide	esconder	esconder	motion	nahuatajuuni	nawatawuni	unique			See Language page
hit	golpear, pegar	bater	impact	amuuni (also means to kill), amaniquɨɨni (hit with a stick)	amuuni (also means to kill), amanikɨɨni (hit with a stick)	inheritance			See Language page
hold	correr, asegurar, sostener	segurar	other			missing			See Language page
hot	caliente	quente	quality	ípanana	ípanana	inheritance			See Language page
how?	como	como	grammar	jɨ'ɨtarata	hɨ'ɨtarata	unique			See Language page
if	si	se	grammar						See Language page
in/inside	dentro, adentro	dentro	location	jinacúma	hinakúma	unique			See Language page
intestines	intestinos	intestinos	body	tanája (used for internal abdominal organs - intestines, stomach, and kidneys)	tanáha (used for internal abdominal organs - intestines, stomach, and kidneys)	unknown			See Language page
itch	hormiguear, sentir comezón	coçar	body	íhuana (itchy)	íwana (itchy)				See Language page
kill	matar	matar	impact	amuuni	amuuni	inheritance			See Language page
know/be knowledgeable	saber, conecer	saber, conhecer	mental	nacusiini	nakusiini	doubtful loan, direction unknown	Ticuna		See Language page
lake	lago	lago	environment	taquína	takína	inheritance			See Language page
laugh	reír	rir	mental	sataani	sataani	inheritance			See Language page
leaf	hoja	folha	environment	íimɨ, naámɨ	íimɨ, naámɨ	inheritance			See Language page
left/left hand	izquierdo	esquerdo	location/body	jámɨquiji	hámɨkihi	unknown			See Language page
leg/foot	pierna	perna	body	áaja	áaha	unknown			See Language page
lie down	acostarse, echarse	deitar	motion	ihuɨɨni	iwɨɨni	unknown			See Language page
lightning	rayo, relámpago	relampago	environment	nɨsínɨɨna	nɨsínɨɨna	unique			See Language page
live/be alive	vivir	viver, morar	body	ihuiini	iwiini	unknown			See Language page
liver	hígado	figado	body	cúhuaaja (also used for heart)	kúwaaha (also used for heart)	inheritance			See Language page
long	largo	comprido, longo	quality	saána	saána	inheritance			See Language page
louse	piollo, piojo	piolho	fauna	sicuanája	sikuanáha	inheritance		order Phtiraptera	See Language page
lung	pulmón	pulmão	body	sasája	sasáha	inheritance?			See Language page
man/male	hombre	homem	human	icuáni	ikuáni	unknown			See Language page
meat/flesh	carne	carne	fauna	nasíija	nasíiha	unknown			See Language page
moon	luna	lua	environment	cásiiri	kásiiri	inheritance			See Language page
mother	madre, mamá	mãe	kinship	niatíja (originally vocative, reanalyzed as referential term); -áni (archaic form, not commonly used, always possessed)	niatíha (originally vocative, reanalyzed as referential term); -áni (archaic form, not commonly used, always possessed)	unique; inheritance			See Language page
mountain/hill	montaña, colina, loma, cerro	morro, serra	environment	aniníiqui	aniníiki	unique			See Language page
mouth	boca	boca	body	itípuma	itípuma	inheritance			See Language page
name	nombre	nome	human	ɨyaaca	ɨjaaka	inheritance			See Language page
nape	base del cuello, nuca	nuca	body	ríquija (also means neck or collar)	ríkiha (also used for collar and nape of neck)				See Language page
near/close	cerca de	perto	quality			missing			See Language page
neck	cuello	pescoço	body	ríquija (also used for collar and nape of neck)	ríkiha (also used for collar and nape of neck)	unknown			See Language page
new	nuevo	novo	quality	saámina	saámina	unknown			See Language page
night	noche	noite	time	nin'ɨɨni; niínaqui ( dark + loc)	nin'ɨɨni; niínaki (dark + LOC)	inheritance			See Language page
no/not	no	não	grammar	caa	kaa	unknown			See Language page
nose	nariz	nariz	body	najíca	nahíka	inheritance			See Language page
old	viejo	velho	quality	cumácu (also used as a noun for 'old person')	kumáku (also used as a noun for 'old person')	unknown			See Language page
one	uno	um	number	núquiica	núkiika	inheritance			See Language page
open/uncover	abrir	abrir	other			missing			See Language page
other	otro	outro	grammar	taána	taána	inheritance			See Language page
pain/painful/sick	dolor, doloroso, enfermo	dor, doloroso, doente	body	anásana (painful), ihuarɨɨni (to be sick, die)	anásana (painful), iwarɨɨni (to be sick, die)	unknown			See Language page
person/human being	persona	pessoa	human	caáya	kaája	inheritance			See Language page
pound/beat	machacar, golpear	bater	impact			missing			See Language page
rain	lluvia	chuva	environment	aási	aási	unique			See Language page
red	rojo	vermelho	colour	ácusana	ákusana	unique			See Language page
right/right hand	derecha	direita	location/body	suhuáquiji	suwákihi	unknown			See Language page
road/path	camino	caminho	manufacture	amáquɨ (path made by clearing plants); niícu-	amákɨ (path made by clearing plants); niíku-	unique; inheritance			See Language page
root	raíz	raiz	flora	ánija	ániha	unique			See Language page
rotten	podrido	podre	quality	mucuúja (used for meat); puquícu (for things other than meat, like logs)	mukuúha (used for meat); pukíku (for things other than meat, like logs)	inheritance			See Language page
sand	arena	areia	environment	cacúti (also means beach)	kakúti (also means beach)	unique			See Language page
say	decir	dizer	mental			missing			See Language page
scratch	rascar	rasgar	impact	arisiini	arisiini	inheritance			See Language page
see	ver	ver	mental	niquiini	nikiini	inheritance			See Language page
sharp	afilado, filudo, filoso	afiado	quality	cucuána	kukuána	unknown			See Language page
shoot	tirar, disparar, balear	atirar	impact	rimusiini	rimusiini	unique			See Language page
short	corto	curto	quality	taquinuríca	takinuríka	unknown			See Language page
shoulder	hombro	ombro	body	arícuma	aríkuma	unique			See Language page
shy/ashamed	tímido, vergonzoso	timido, com vergonha	mental	taraqu'ɨtina	tarak'ɨtina	unknown			See Language page
sit	sentar(se)	sentar	state	ajirɨɨni	ahirɨɨni	unique			See Language page
skin	piel	pele	body	ísɨquɨ (also means bark, shell of an animal or fruit)	ísɨkɨ (also means bark, shell of an animal or fruit)	inheritance			See Language page
sky	cielo	céu	environment	níiya caricúcu (MC: earth ɨ ceiling)	níija karikúku (earth + ceiling)	inheritance			See Language page
sleep	dormir	dormir	body	maquɨɨni	makɨɨni	inheritance			See Language page
small	pequeño	pequeno	quality	sɨsanuríca (MC: badɨdiminutive)	sɨsanuríka (bad + diminutive)	unique			See Language page
smoke	humo	fumaça	environment	anajáca (same as cloud)	anaháka (same as cloud)	inheritance			See Language page
sniff/smell	olfatear, oler	cheirar	body	apiraani (used for things that smell, not the action of smelling/sniffing)	apiraani (used for things that smell, not the action of smelling/sniffing)	unknown		primarily transitive	See Language page
spit	escupir	cuspir	body	aruuquiini	aruukiini	inheritance			See Language page
split	partir, dividir	rachar, dividir, partir	impact	nɨɨcaani (split in half)	nɨɨkaani (split in half)	unknown			See Language page
squeeze	estrujar, exprimir	espremer	impact	minitaani	minitaani	unknown			See Language page
stab/pierce	apuñalar, acuchillar	apunhalar	impact	ijiraani	ihiraani	unknown			See Language page
stand	estar de pié	ficar em pé	state	tacuuni	takuuni	unknown			See Language page
star	estrella	estrela	environment	sahuíja (same as stone)	sawíha (same as stone)	unknown			See Language page
steal	robar	roubar	other	nuhuaani	nuwaani	inheritance			See Language page
stick/wood	palo	pau, vara	flora	náana	náana	unique			See Language page
stone	piedra	pedra	environment	sahuíja (same as star)	sawíha (same as star)	unknown			See Language page
suck	chupar	chupar	body	sipɨɨni	sipɨɨni	inheritance			See Language page
sun	sol	sol	time	nunamíja (Possible MC: 3sg poss + eye)	nunamíha (Possible MC: 3sg poss + eye)	unique			See Language page
sweat	sudar	suor, suar	body	ipanɨɨni	ipanɨɨni	inheritance			See Language page
swell	hincharse	inchar	body	puruuni	puruuni	unknown			See Language page
swim	nadar	nadar	motion	musiini	musiini	unique			See Language page
tail	cola, rabo	rabo	body	aniáasi (thin and long), íhuaasi (flat)	aniáasi (thin and long), íwaasi (flat)	unique			See Language page
that	ese/esa	esse	grammar	quiína (addressee proximal)	kiína (addressee proximal)	unknown			See Language page
thick	grueso, gordo, espeso	grosso	quality			missing			See Language page
thin	delgado	fino	quality	tuquinuríca	tukinuríka	unknown			See Language page
think	pensar	pensar	mental	saminijuuni	saminihuuni	unique			See Language page
this	este/esta	este	grammar	iína (speaker proximal)	iína (speaker proximal)	unknown			See Language page
three	tres	tres	number	sɨɨsaramajɨtáami (inanimate), sɨɨsaramajɨtáapɨ (animate) (MC: bad-having a same-sex siblingɨ?ɨanimacy)	sɨɨsaramahɨtáami (inanimate), sɨɨsaramahɨtáapɨ (animate) (Mk: bad + having a same-sex sibling + ?animacy)	unique			See Language page
throat	garganta	garganta	body	itícari	itíkari	unknown			See Language page
throw	tirar, lanzar	atirar, jogar	impact			missing			See Language page
thunder	truenos	trovão	environment			missing			See Language page
tie up/fasten	atar, amarrar	amarrar	impact			missing			See Language page
tongue	lengua	lingua	body	nɨ'ɨti	nɨ'ɨti	unknown			See Language page
tooth	diente	dente	body	iíca	iíka	inheritance			See Language page
turn	girar, volter, torcer	virar	other			missing		may be transitive or intransitive	See Language page
two	dos	dois	number	cuúmi (inanimate), cuúpɨ (animate)	kuúmi (inanimate), kuúpɨ (animate)	unique			See Language page
vomit	vomitar	vomitar	body	iquiniini	ikiniini	inheritance			See Language page
walk	caminar, andar	andar	motion	ihuaani (ir); amɨyaaquiini (montear, caminar en el monte con el fin de cazar o buscar algo útil; viajar largas distancias)	iwaani (ir); amɨjaakiini (montear, caminar en el monte con el fin de cazar o buscar algo útil; viajar largas distancias)	inheritance?			See Language page
water	agua	agua	environment	aáca	aáka	unknown	cf. similar forms Tukanoan, Quechua, Ticuna		See Language page
wet	mojado	molhado	quality	picána	pikána	unique			See Language page
what?	que, qué	que	grammar	saáca	saáka	inheritance			See Language page
when?	cuando	quando	grammar	jɨ'ɨticari	hɨ'ɨtikari	inheritance			See Language page
where?	donde	onde	grammar	tɨ'ɨti	tɨ'ɨti	inheritance			See Language page
white	blanco	branco	colour	musútina	musútina	inheritance			See Language page
who?	quien, quién	quem	grammar	cánɨɨca	kánɨɨka	inheritance			See Language page
wife	esposa	esposa	kinship	majáana; huiíja (vocative)	maháana; wiíha (vocative)	unique			See Language page
wind	viento	vento	environment	aquíraja	akíraha	unique			See Language page
wing	ala	asa	body	námacu	námaku	unique			See Language page
woman/female	mujer	mulher	human	mɨɨsáji	mɨɨsáhi	unique			See Language page
work	trabajar	trabalhar	other	tarahuaajuuni (from Spanish 'trabajar')	tarawaahuni (from Spanish 'trabahar')	loan	Spanish		See Language page
yawn	bostezar	bocejar	body	ananɨɨni	ananɨɨni	inheritance?			See Language page
yellow	amarillo	amarelo	colour	nɨyána (used for blue, green, and yellow)	nɨjána (used for blue, green, and yellow)	unique			See Language page


1pl.excl
1pl.incl
1sg
2pl
2sg
3pl
3sg
above
again
all
and
ankle
armpit
ash
at
back
bad
bark
belly
below
big
bite
black
blood
blow
boil/pimple
bone
breast
breathe
burn
chew
child
climb
cloud
cold
come
cook
correct/true
count
cry
cut/hack
day
die/be dead
dig
dingo/wolf
dirty
dream
drink
dry
dull/blunt
dust
ear
earth/soil
eat
egg
eye
faeces
fall
far
fat/grease
father
fear
feather
fingernail
fire
flow
flower
fly
fog
foot
fruit
good
green
grow
hair (of head)
hand
head
hear
heart
heavy
hide
hit
hold
hot
how?
if
in/inside
intestines
itch
kill
know/be knowledgeable
lake
laugh
leaf
left/left hand
leg/foot
lie down
lightning
live/be alive
liver
long
louse
lung
man/male
meat/flesh
moon
mother
mountain/hill
mouth
name
nape
near/close
neck
new
night
no/not
nose
old
one
open/uncover
other
pain/painful/sick
person/human being
pound/beat
rain
red
right/right hand
road/path
root
rotten
sand
say
scratch
see
sharp
shoot
short
shoulder
shy/ashamed
sit
skin
sky
sleep
small
smoke
sniff/smell
spit
split
squeeze
stab/pierce
stand
star
steal
stick/wood
stone
suck
sun
sweat
swell
swim
tail
that
thick
thin
think
this
three
throat
throw
thunder
tie up/fasten
tongue
tooth
turn
two
vomit
walk
water
wet
what?
when?
where?
white
who?
wife
wind
wing
woman/female
work
yawn
yellow

Showing 1 to 191 of 191 entries

Flora Fauna Vocabulary (133)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Loan Source	Source	Distribution	General Notes
achiote, anatto	achiote	urucum	flora-fauna	Bixa orellana	carásiica	karásiika		unknown		See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	shrub
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti)	Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado	cutia	flora-fauna	Dasyprocta spp.	muúti (Dasyprocta fuliginosa)	muúti (Dasyprocta fuliginosa)		loan, direction unknown	Yagua mutu	See Language page
alligator, black caiman	babilla; cachirre	jacaré	flora-fauna	Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp.				missing		See Language page	Throughout Amazonia	Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi
Amazon dolphin	bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco)	boto cor-de-rosa	flora-fauna	Inia geoffrensis	aána	aána		loan - WW		See Language page	Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls
Amazon tree-grape	uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.)	cucura	flora-fauna	Pourouma cecropiifolia	sahuíti	sawíti		doubtful loan, direction unknown	Jivaroan ʃiwija	See Language page	grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times	a tree; not a true grape
anaconda	anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande	sucuri	flora-fauna	genus Eunectes	iyácuni (Eunectes murinus murinus)	ijácuni (Eunectes murinus murinus)				See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
angleworm	lombriz	minhoca	flora-fauna	order Opisthopora	sapaáni	sapaáni		unknown		See Language page
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna	Formicidae						See Language page
anteater	oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus	tamanduá	flora-fauna	Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater)	siruúsi (Myrmecophaga tridactyla); aríija (Cyclopes didactylus)	siruúsi (Myrmecophaga tridactyla); aríiha (Cyclopes didactylus)		inheritance		See Language page	Widespread Amazonian lowlands
armadillo	armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo)	tatu	flora-fauna	family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri	ísuuja (general term; Dasypus novemcinctus and Dasypus kappleri); aasámaaja (Priodontes maximus)	ísuuha (general term; Dasypus novemcinctus and Dasypus kappleri); aasámaaha (Priodontes maximus)		unique		See Language page	Widespread in Amazonia
arrow cane, wildcane	caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana	cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio	flora-fauna	Gynerium sagittatum	miyajáana (isana de caña brava; el uso principal es en hacer harpón)	mijaháana (isana de caña brava; el uso principal es en hacer harpón)				See Language page	tropical regions, especially river banks	plant
avocado	palta, aguacate	abacate	flora-fauna	Persea americana	imúuna	imúuna				See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	tree
açai palm	huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia)	açaí	flora-fauna	Euterpe sp.	musaámɨ	musaámɨ		loan, direction unknown	Yagua musadasij	See Language page	floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia
banana, plantain	banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano	banana	flora-fauna	Musa sp.	samúkwaati (generic); caáji námati (MC: compound, Lit: 'brazo de pelejo')	samúkwaati (generic); kaáhi námati (MC: compound, Lit: 'brazo de peleho')		unknown		See Language page		Names for banana/plantain may be derived from bastard plantain by semantic shift.
bat	murciélago	morcego	flora-fauna	Chiroptera spp.	jaáti	haáti		inheritance		See Language page
beans	frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas)	feijão	flora-fauna	Phaseolus spp.				missing		See Language page		plant
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna		siriíja (general term)	siriíha (general term)		unknown		See Language page
bitterwood	tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru)	envira	flora-fauna	Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala	tuúcu	tuúku				See Language page	secondary forests, native to Brazil	tree
black palm	bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá	bacaba	flora-fauna	Oenocarpus bacaba						See Language page	Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon	may be confused in some entries with O. bataua
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna	Diptera	sɨnaqu'ɨraaja (sp., blue body)	sɨnak'ɨraaha (sp., blue body)		unknown		See Language page
boa	boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura	jiboia	flora-fauna	family Boidae, subf. Boinae	ijacuúja (Boa constrictor constrictor; MC: Lit: 'tigrillo de la altura'); jaáyɨ (mantona, boa de altura, especie de boa que vive en huecoe en la tierra de las lomas)	ihakuúha (Boa constrictor constrictor; MC: Lit: 'tigrillo de la altura'); haájɨ (mantona, boa de altura, especie de boa ke vive en huecoe en la tierra de las lomas)		unique		See Language page
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree)	calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara	cabaça	flora-fauna	Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine)	samácu (Crescentia cujete); matarɨnaája (Lagenaria siceraria)	samáku (Crescentia cuhete); matarɨnaáha (Lagenaria siceraria)				See Language page	indigenous gardens	plant; tree
brazil nut	castaña	castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis)	flora-fauna	Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia']	sajií (Bertholletia excelsa)	sahií (Bertholletia excelsa)				See Language page	1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua.	tree
brown woolly monkey	Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt	macaco barrigudo	flora-fauna	Lagothrix lagothricha	sírucu	síruku		unique		See Language page
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant	conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro	tocandira	flora-fauna	Paraponera clavata	musanícuaa (Paraponera clavata)	musanícuaa (Paraponera clavata)		inheritance		See Language page
butterfly, moth	mariposa	borboleta	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera	paqu'ɨti	pak'ɨti		unknown		See Language page
capybara	Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco	capivara	flora-fauna	Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris	capíhuari	kapíwari		loan	Tupi-Guarani	See Language page
cará tuber, purple or white	camote, sachapapa	cará roxo, branco	flora-fauna	Dioscorea sp.	catíja	katíha				See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings	plant
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium occidentale / giganteum	miíti	miíti		unknown		See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties
centipede	ciempiés	centopéia	flora-fauna	class Chilopoda						See Language page
cicada	cigarra, chicharra	cigarra	flora-fauna	super fam. Cicadoidea	capɨsiíti (sp.)	kapɨsiíti (sp.)		unknown		See Language page
cipó vine	tamishi, bejuco, yare	cipó	flora-fauna	Heteropsis spp.	núriyɨ	núrijɨ				See Language page	secondary forest, floodplain	vine
coca	coca	coca	flora-fauna	Erythroxylum coca				missing		See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes	plant
cockroach	cucaracha	barata-do-mato	flora-fauna	order Blattaria	ísuuja	ísuuha		unknown		See Language page
collared peccary	sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar	caititu, caetitu	flora-fauna	Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu	caási	kaási		inheritance		See Language page
cotamundi, coatimundi	Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache	quati	flora-fauna	genus Nasua	cámɨ	kámɨ		loan, direction unknown	Yagua xamij	See Language page
cotton	algodón	algodão	flora-fauna	Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers)	s'ɨhuɨ (primary); aramáasi; jaracutuú (from Sp. algodón)	s'ɨwɨ (primary); aramáasi; harakutuú (from Sp. algodón)		inheritance		See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation	plant; some sources may confound with kapok Ceiba pentandra (esp. if a single gloss for 'cotton' is given')
crab	cangrejo	caranguejo	flora-fauna	infraorder Brachyura	máquɨɨja	mákɨɨha		doubtful loan	Wari' makɨʔ	See Language page
cricket	saltón, grillo	grilo	flora-fauna	family Gryllidae	sɨríqui	sɨríki		loan (into protolg?) - WW	%tʃiriku: Quechua, Aymara, Zaparoan, Kokama, Matses?	See Language page
curassow	mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini)	mutum	flora-fauna	Crax sp., Nothocrax sp.	íiri (Nothocrax urumutum); piyúuri (Mitu salvini)	íiri (Nothocrax urumutum); pijúuri (Mitu salvini)		unknown		See Language page	Amazonia
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna	family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus	siquiáaja	sikiáaha		unique		See Language page
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna	Canis famililaris	mɨyaára	mɨjaára		unique		See Language page	Not native; widespread
dog (wild; bush dog)	sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta	cachorro-do-mato	flora-fauna	Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis	aaríhua	aaríwa				See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
dove	paloma	pomba	flora-fauna	family Columbidae	cusácuuja (Columba subvinacea); isihuaája (término para de varios aves de tipo paloma; la paloma de purma de color cenizo; la paloma coliblanco; y la paloma frentigris; Leptotila verreauxi and Leptotila rufaxilla); mɨ'ɨyaja (Columbina talpacoti)	kusákuuha (Columba subvinacea); isiwaáha (término para de varios aves de tipo paloma; la paloma de purma de color cenizo; la paloma coliblanco; j la paloma frentigris; Leptotila verreauxi and Leptotila rufaxilla); mɨ'ɨjaha (Columbina talpacoti)		unknown		See Language page
duck	pato	pato, marreco	flora-fauna	Anatidae family	páatu (MC: From Spanish pato); aaca páatu (Cairina moschata; MC: compound: water ɨ duck); pújari (Oxyura dominica)	páatu (MC: From Spanish pato); aaka páatu (Cairina moschata; MC: compound: water + duck); púhari (Oxjura dominica)		loan	Spanish	See Language page
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil)	suri, mojojoy	larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá	flora-fauna	Rhynchophorus sp.	cumaquíja	kumakíha		inheritance		See Language page
electric eel	anguila eléctrica	poraquê	flora-fauna	Electrophorus electricus				missing		See Language page
firefly, lightning bug	lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin)	vagalume	flora-fauna	fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae	namiíti (Pyrophorus spp.); tiquíhuari	namiíti (Pjrophorus spp.); tikíwari		unknown		See Language page
fish (generic)	pez	peixe	flora-fauna		pápaaja	pápaaha		unknown		See Language page
fish poison, barbasco	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	flora-fauna	Lonchocarpus spp.	nuúruu	nuúruu		unknown	cf. Kakua-Nukak?	See Language page	secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation	shrub/tree
flea	pulga	pulga	flora-fauna	order Siphonaptera				missing		See Language page
genipap	jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico	genipapo, jenipapo	flora-fauna	Genipapa americana				missing		See Language page	widespread lowland SA	shrub
giant otter	Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria	ariranha	flora-fauna	Pteronura brasiliensis	canási	kanási				See Language page
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna	(generic)	iyásiica	ijásiika		inheritance		See Language page
gray-winged trumpeter	Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris	jacamim	flora-fauna	Psophia crepitans	maása (Psophia leucoptera)	maása (Psophia leucoptera)		doubtful loan	Arawak, e.g. Kabiyari máatʃaɾi	See Language page	Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões
great egret	Garza Blanca, Guyratî	Garça-Branca-Grande	flora-fauna	Ardea alba	musútina cáarsa (MC: borrowing/calque from Spanish garza blanca)	musútina káarsa (MC: borrowing/calque from Spanish garza blanca?)		loan	Spanish	See Language page	Widespread South America
green acouchi	Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo	cutiara	flora-fauna	Myoprocta pratti	arasaáqui	arasaáki				See Language page
guan	pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru)	jacu	flora-fauna	Penelope sp.	paríicu (Penelope jacquacu)	paríiku (Penelope hackacu)		inheritance		See Language page	Different types have different localized ranges
hallucinogenic snuff	vilca, cebil, yopo	paricá, yopo	flora-fauna	Anadenanthera sp. or virola	isúuna (medicinal plant that has a hallucinogenic effect, Brugmansia sp.), amuuni iíraana (chacruna species, used in the preparation of ayahuasca, causes visions), áqu+siiti (chacruna species, used in the preparation of ayahuasca, causes visions), ar+t+'+	isúuna (medicinal plant that has a hallucinogenic effect, Brugmansia sp.), amuuni; iíraana; ákɨsiiti; arɨtɨ'ɨtari; asap'ɨɨti; mɨɨsahiíraana; sapatíki (all chacruna species, used in the preparation of ayahuasca, causes visions)				See Language page
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca	ayahuasca, yage	ayahuasca, caapi	flora-fauna	Banisteriopsis caapi	ácuta	ákuta		doubtful loan, direction unknown	Urarina akaʉ	See Language page	semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW	vine
hawk	halcón, gavilán	gavião	flora-fauna	family Accipitridae	nɨɨsína	nɨɨsína		unique		See Language page
honeybee	abeja	abelha	flora-fauna	Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis	ihuaána (for various honey bees)	iwaána (for various honey bees)		inheritance		See Language page
horse	caballo	cavalho	flora-fauna	Equus caballus						See Language page
hot pepper	ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru)	pimenta	flora-fauna	Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens	nap'ɨki; macusáari (stretched long); sihuirinaája (small and round)	nap'ɨki; makusáari (stretched long); siwirinaáha (small and round)		inheritance		See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden	plant
howler monkey (red-handed)	mono aullador, mono coto (Peru)	guariba	flora-fauna	Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.]	iip'ɨɨ (Alouatta seniculus)	iip'ɨɨ (Alouatta seniculus)		unique		See Language page
hummingbird	colibrí, picaflor (Peru)	beija-flor	flora-fauna	family Trochilidae	mɨ'ɨja	mɨ'ɨha		unique		See Language page	Widespread
iguana	iguana, garipiares (Colombia)	camaleão	flora-fauna	Iguana sp.				missing		See Language page		iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana
inga	guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru)	inga	flora-fauna	Inga spp.				missing		See Language page	Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia)
insect (generic)	insecto	insecto	flora-fauna	generic						See Language page
jaguar	yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru)	onca	flora-fauna	Panthera onca	iquíicu	ikíiku		unknown		See Language page
japurá	oreja de murcielago	japurá	flora-fauna	Erisma japura						See Language page		large tree
kapok	ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.)	sumaumeira	flora-fauna	Ceiba pentandra	mísiaa	mísiaa				See Language page	northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas	tree
kingfisher	martín pescador, catalan (Peru)	martim-pescador	flora-fauna	family Alcedinidae	cataraá (Ceryle torquata) (from Spanish catalan)	kataraá (Ceryle torkata) (from Spanish catalan)		unknown		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
leaf-cutter ant	Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse	saúva	flora-fauna	Atta sp.	cacúuja; caniyúuja	kakúuha; kanijúuha		unknown		See Language page
macaw	ara, guacamaya	Arara	flora-fauna	family Psittacidae; Ara sp.	anápa (Ara ararauna and Ara chloroptera); íyɨɨja (Diopsittaca nobilis); nɨsicásaaja (Ara severa y Ara manilata, MC: Lit: 'come-aguaje')	anápa (Ara ararauna and Ara chloroptera); íjɨɨha (Diopsittaca nobilis); nɨsikásaaha (Ara severa j Ara manilata, MC: Lit: 'come-aguahe')		loan - WW	%arara	See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
maize, corn	mazorca, maiz	milho	flora-fauna	Zea mays	siíquiraja (general term); cajíyaaqui (variedad de maíz que tiene granos de varios colores); cáraaqui (mazorcas de maíz chico con granos grandes y choclos que crecen después de las primeras plantas); sacáruuqui (mazorca de maíz)	siíkiraha (general term); kahíjaaki (variedad de maíz ke tiene granos de varios colores); káraaki (mazorcas de maíz chico con granos grandes j choclos ke crecen después de las primeras plantas); sakáruuki (mazorca de maíz)		doubtful loan into protolanguage - old WW	%šiki	See Language page	widespread, esp. in river floodplains	plant
manatee	vaca marina, manatí	peixe-boi	flora-fauna	Trichechus sp.	acáayɨ (Trichechus inunguis)	akáajɨ (Trichecws inunguis)				See Language page
mandi catfish	maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish)	mandi	flora-fauna	Auchenipterus sp.	rɨcáani (general term for cunchis)	rɨkáani (general term for cunchis)				See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
manioc (bitter or generic)	yuca brava	mandioca	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta				missing		See Language page	not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition.	Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield
manioc (sweet)	yuca, caribe	macaxeira	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	asúraaja (Manihot esculenta)	asúraaha (Manihot esculenta)		unique		See Language page	Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
miriti palm	moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti	buriti	flora-fauna	Mauritia flexuosa	nɨsicáti	nɨsikáti		inheritance		See Language page	Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps	trunks contain sago-like starch
mosquito	mosquito, zancudo	mosquito, carapana	flora-fauna	Anopheles sp.	anaási	anaási		unique		See Language page
moth	mariposa nocturna, polilla	mariposa	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera	siitíini ('polilla')	siitíini ('polilla')				See Language page
mouse, rat	ratón	camundongo, rata	flora-fauna	Mus musculus	isácu	isáku		loan	Aymara atʃaku; cf. Quechua ukutʃa	See Language page
mushroom	champiñón, hongo	cogumelo	flora-fauna	(any edible generic)	jimɨ'ɨti (especie de hongo comestible que crece pegado a palos podridos)	himɨ'ɨti (especie de hongo comestible que crece pegado a palos podridos)		unknown		See Language page		prioritize generic term that includes any edible species
neotropical otter (small)	Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia)	lontra	flora-fauna	Lontra longicaudis	múcuanasi	múkuanasi		unknown		See Language page
opossum	zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo	mucura	flora-fauna	family Didelphidae	múrina (Didelphis marsupialis)	múrina (Didelphis marsupialis)		unique		See Language page
owl (large)	búho, lechuza	corujão	flora-fauna	order Strigiformes	curucucúuni (Otus choliba); iyúucu (Pulsatrix melanota); taquína (Pulsatrix perspicillata)	kurukukúuni (Otus choliba); ijúuku (Pulsatrix melanota); takína (Pulsatrix perspicillata)		loan - WW	%murukutu / kurukutu	See Language page	Widespread
paca (lowland)	Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana)	paca	flora-fauna	Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.)	tímaaca	tímaaka		unknown		See Language page
pacu fish	palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru)	pacu	flora-fauna	Mylossoma sp.	aramásiicu (especie de curhuara, la especie más grande de palometa)	aramásiiku (especie de curwara, la especie más grande de palometa)				See Language page
palm for roof thatch	pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná	caraná	flora-fauna	Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana	ijáhuɨɨmɨ (Lepidocaryum tenue)	iháwɨɨmɨ (Lepidocarjum tenue)				See Language page	Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests	palm
parrot	loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib)	papagaio	flora-fauna	Amazona amazonica	ájiiti (Amazona ochrocephala); curíquɨɨja (Pionus menstruus); ímaaticuaaja (Pionopsitta barrabandi); íyɨɨja (Diopsittaca nobilis); nɨrɨs'ɨhuɨɨja (Pionites leucogaster); quirísɨɨja (Amazona farinosa); sɨr'ɨquɨɨja (Brotogeris cyanoptera)	áhiiti (Amazona ochrocephala); kuríkɨɨha (Pionus menstruus); ímaatikuaaha (Pionopsitta barrabandi); íjɨɨha (Diopsittaca nobilis); nɨrɨs'ɨwɨɨha (Pionites leucogaster); kirísɨɨha (Amazona farinosa); sɨr'ɨkɨɨha (Brotogeris cyanoptera)		unique; loan - WW	%kuli	See Language page	Widespread
paxiuba palm	pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba	paxiuba	flora-fauna	Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea	ahuasíca (Iriartea deltoidea)	awasíka (Iriartea deltoidea)		unknown		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia	palm
peach palm, pejibaye palm	chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol)	pupunha	flora-fauna	Bactris gasipaes	amariyaája	amari[jaaha]	pihuajo		inheritance	Lev Michael p.c. 20Sept2019; Michael et al 2019:36
peanut	maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete	amendoim	flora-fauna	Arachis hypogaea	mujinána (meto huayo, maní huayo, especie de árbol con frutos parecidos al maní)	muhinána (meto wajo, maní wajo, especie de árbol con frutos parecidos al maní)				See Language page		plant
pineapple	piña	abacaxi	flora-fauna	Ananas comosus	mináti	mináti		doubtful loan - WW	%mawino	See Language page		plant
pirana	piraña, caribe	piranha	flora-fauna	subfamily Serrasalmidae	nɨyári (general term)	nɨjári (general term)		unknown		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
porcupine	puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru)	cuandu, porco-espinho	flora-fauna	family Erethizontidae	sicúja (Coendou prehensilis)	sikúha (Coendou prehensilis)		unique		See Language page
potato	papa	batata	flora-fauna	Solanum tuberosum						See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation	compare entries for sweet potato
potato, sweet potato	camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara	batata-doce	flora-fauna	Ipomoea batatas	catíja	katíha		doubtful loan	Arawak: Kampan *koriti	See Language page		plant
praying mantis, stick insects	mantis religiosa	louva-a-deus	flora-fauna	order Mantodea, family Mantidae	sicuanája paniáana (Lit: 'buscador de piojo')	sikuanáha paniáana (Lit: 'buscador de piojo')				See Language page
rubber tree (sorva)	caucho, siringa, shiringa	seringa, borracha	flora-fauna	Hevea sp.	siríinca (Hevea brasiliensis) (MC: From Spanish shiringa); cáusi (Castilla ulei) (MC: From Spanish caucho)	siríinka (Hevea brasiliensis) (MC: From Spanish shiringa); káusi (Castilla ulei) (MC: From Spanish caucho)				See Language page	Widespread Amazonia	tree
scorpion	escorpión; alacran	escorpião	flora-fauna	order Scorpiones	tácusi (general term for scorpions and spiders)	tákusi (general term for scorpions and spiders)		unique		See Language page
seje palm	ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá	patoá, patuá	flora-fauna	Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua	ipɨ'ɨti	ipɨ'ɨti				See Language page	mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia	may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries
sloth	pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru)	macaco preguica	flora-fauna	Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp.	cáaji (Choloepus didactylus); aaca jinaána cáaji (Bradypus tridactylus) (MC: Compound Lit: 'pelejo del agua')	káahi (Choloepus didactylus); aaka hinaána káahi (Bradypus tridactylus) (MC: Compound Lit: 'peleho del agua')				See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
small lizard	lagartija	calango	flora-fauna	order Squamata	anacuáasa (término para una clase de lagartijas de tamaño mediano. Kentropyx spp.); curɨtɨ'ɨja (Ameiva ameiva); ísɨ (varias especies de lagartijas pequeñas que son muy comunes en las casas. Gonatodes spp.)	anakuáasa (término para una clase de lagartihas de tamaño mediano. Kentropjx spp.); kurɨtɨ'ɨha (Ameiva ameiva); ísɨ (varias especies de lagartihas pekeñas ke son muj comunes en las casas. Gonatodes spp.)		unknown		See Language page
snail	caracol, churo (Peru)	caracol	flora-fauna	class Gastropoda	asihuáriica (gen.); ajuúcu (sp.)	asiwáriika (gen.); ahuúku (sp.)		unique		See Language page
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		cúni	kúni		loan, direction unknown	Yagua kondij	See Language page
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake	víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara	jararaca	flora-fauna	Bothrops jararaca/atrox	iruuna ijírataaca (Bothrops brazili); sajína (Bothrops atrox)	iruuna ihírataaka (Bothrops brazili); sahína (Bothrops atrox)				See Language page	Widespread South America
speckled catfish	surubí, pintadillo	surubim, sorubim	flora-fauna	Pseudoplatystoma sp.						See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna	Arachnidae, Araneae	tácusi (general term for scorpions and spiders)	tákusi (general term for scorpions and spiders)		unknown	cf. Aymara kusikusi	See Language page
squash	calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru)	abóbora	flora-fauna	Cucurbita sp.	sapáaya (MC: from Sp. zapallo); see also bottle-gourd	sapáaja (MC: from Sp. zapallo); see also bottle-gourd		loan	Quechua (via Spanish?)	See Language page		plant
squirrel	ardilla, danta (Ven)	serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo	flora-fauna	family Sciuridae	jimɨ'ɨti iriyáacu (Sciurus spadiceus and Sciurus igniventris) (MC: Compound Lit: 'acarreador de callampa')	himɨ'ɨti irijáaku (Sciurus spadiceus and Sciurus igniventris) (MC: Compound Lit: 'acarreador de callampa')		unique		See Language page
stingray (generic)	rayas látigo, raya	arraia	flora-fauna	Potamotrygon sp.	mɨyaára saápi (tigre raya) saápi (especie de raya mas común de la zona)	mɨjaára saápi (tigre raja), saápi (especie de raja mas común de la zona)		inheritance		See Language page
tannia, yautia	huitina (Peru), ñame	taioba branca	flora-fauna	Xanthosoma spp.	casiiníica (has white fruit); iquijáani (general term for huitina)	kasiiníika (has white fruit); ikiháani (general term for huitina)				See Language page
tapir	sachavaca, danta	anta	flora-fauna	Tapirus terrestris	pɨs'ɨquɨ	pɨs'ɨkɨ		unique		See Language page
termites, white-ants	comején (Peru), termitas	cupim	flora-fauna	order Isoptera	ijíquija	ihíkiha		unique		See Language page
tick	garrapata	carrapato	flora-fauna	superfam Ixodoidea	sim'ɨnaja	sim'ɨnaha		inheritance		See Language page
tigerfish	taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru)	traíra	flora-fauna	Hoplias sp.	páasi (general term)	páasi (general term)				See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
tinamou	tinamu, perdiz, gallineta	inambu, inhambu	flora-fauna	family Tinamidae	pisája (Tinamus guttatus); ráana (Tinamus major); sacácuji (Crypturellus undulatus); sɨr'ɨmaaja (Crypturellus soui); sɨ'ɨca (Crypturellis cinereus); náqui im'ɨɨni siriíja (MC: compound Lit: 'perdiz de sacharruna'. Crypturellus variegatus)	pisáha (Tinamus guttatus); ráana (Tinamus major); sakákuhi (Crypturellus undulatus); sɨr'ɨmaaha (Crypturellus soui); sɨ'ɨka (Crypturellis cinereus); náki im'ɨɨni siriíha (MC: compound Lit: 'perdiz de sacharruna'. Crypturellus variegatus)		unknown		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
toad	sapo	sapo	flora-fauna	order Anura	macuaáti (general term)	makuaáti (general term)				See Language page
tobacco	tabaco	tabaco	flora-fauna	Nicotiana tabacum	tahuáacu (MC: borrowing from Sp. tabaco)	tawáaku (MC: borrowing from Sp. tabaco)		loan	Spanish	See Language page		plant
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant)	tortuga, morrocoy, motelo	jabutí, tartaruga	flora-fauna	Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria	naquicuúja (Chelonoidis denticulata) (MC: náqui - forest; cuúja - Leopardus wiedii)	nakikuúha (Chelonoidis denticulata) (MC: náki - forest; kuúha - Leopardus wiedii)		unknown		See Language page	Widespread
toucan	tucán, pinsha (Peru)	tucano	flora-fauna	Ramphastos sp.	nípaaqui (Ramphastos cuvieri); siáaru (Ramphastos culminatus)	nípaaki (Ramphastos cuvieri); siáaru (Ramphastos culminatus)		doubtful loan, direction unknown	Cocama piakui	See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
tree	árbol	arvore	flora-fauna		náana	náana		inheritance		See Language page
tufted capuchin monkey	mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero	macaco prego	flora-fauna	Cebus apella	mɨɨnɨ'ɨ	mɨɨnɨ'ɨ		unique		See Language page
ucuqui	yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru)	ucuqui	flora-fauna	Pouteria ucuqui	saáti	saáti				See Language page	native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions	other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant
vulture	buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru)	urubu	flora-fauna	family Cathartidae	capítiaa (Sarcoramphus papa); nɨɨtámu (Cathartes melambrotus); nɨɨtámu acusa cariyáana (Cathartes aura); pasuúja (Coragyps atratus)	kapítiaa (Sarcoramphus papa); nɨɨtámu (Cathartes melambrotus); nɨɨtámu akusa karijáana (Cathartes aura); pasuúha (Coragyps atratus)		unique		See Language page	Widespread South America
wasp	avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa	caba	flora-fauna	order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita	asap'ɨnaaca	asap'ɨnaaka		inheritance		See Language page
white-fronted capuchin	Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru)	Caiarara	flora-fauna	Cebus albifrons	jacáana	hakáana		doubtful loan	cf. Aguaruna hagkuam	See Language page
white-fronted spider monkey	Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia)	macaco aranha, coatá, quatá	flora-fauna	Ateles belzebuth/paniscus	ɨ'ɨti	ɨ'ɨti		unique		See Language page
white-lipped peccary	Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana	queixada	flora-fauna	Tayassu pecari	anitáaqui	anitáaki		unique		See Language page
woodpecker	pájaro carpintero, carpintero	pica-pau	flora-fauna	family Picidae	panási (general term); músati (Campylorhampus sp.); panasi ihuítani (Dryocopus lineatus, MC: woodpecker ɨ big); panási musútina (Celeus flavus, MC: woodpecker ɨ white); pasiíja (Dendrocincla spp.); páasi ípuusi (Dendrocolaptidae, MC: compound, Lit: 'tripa	panási (general term); músati (Campylorhampus sp.); panasi iwítani (Drjocopus lineatus, MC: woodpecker + big); panási musútina (Celeus flavus, MC: woodpecker + white); pasiíha (Dendrocincla spp.); páasi ípuusi (Dendrocolaptidae, MC: compound, Lit: 'tripa		loan, direction unknown	Candoshi pĩwaaʃi	See Language page	Widespread Amazonia

Showing 1 to 133 of 133 entries

Cultural Vocabulary (97)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Etymology Code	Loan Source	General Notes	Source
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven	tierra do los muertos	terra dos mortos	culture-mythology						See Language page
arrow	flecha	flecha	subsistence tool	jírisi (flecha; entre los iquitos es un tipo de lanza hecho de isana, parecida al harpón, pero con punta más pequeño; no se utiliza con arco); saápi táaja (raya chupa, flecha para pescar hecha de un clavo, con lenguetes parecido a la espina de una raya. M	hírisi	unknown		hunting, warfare	See Language page
axe/stone axe	hacha (de piedra)	machado (de pedra)	subsistence tool	caáji	kaáhi	inheritance		especially for clearing fields	See Language page
bait for fishing	cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru)	isca	subsistence tool	íruuja (empate, una presa que se usa para pescar con anzuelo; este término se refiere tanto al empate de carne o insecto como al empate hecha de masilla de yuca)	íruuha			can refer to worms; more generic	See Language page
basin/bowl	tazón, plato hondo, taza	tijela	culture-material	purícu (leaf container)	puríku (leaf container	unknown			See Language page
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	táasa	táasa	loan, direction unknown	in Quechua and Panoan		See Language page
basket, small	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto pequeno, tampado	culture-material	muyuúri	mujuúri				See Language page
bead	abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar	miçanga	culture-material	taraásiija	taraásiiha	unknown			See Language page
bed	cama	cama	culture-material	maqu'+naaja (from maqu++ni - sleep)	mak'ɨnaaha (from makɨɨni - sleep)	inheritance/calque			See Language page
bench, seat	banco, silla, asiento	banco	culture-material	ajír+na (verb ajir++ni means to sit); páticu (tipo de banca, asiento plano y bajo hecho sin clavar de una sola pedazo de madera, que tiene patas cortas)	ahírɨna (verb ahirɨɨni means to sit); pátiku (tipo de banca)	unique; loan	Tupi-Guarani (prob. Kokama)		See Language page
blowgun	cerbatana, pucuna (Peru)	zarabatana	subsistence tool	nimúuna	nimúuna	inheritance		currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region	See Language page
boomerang/throwing stick (generic)			subsistence tool						See Language page
bottle	botella	garrafa	acculturation	huutíiya	wutíija (Sp)				See Language page
bottom grinding stone			manufacture					if different word from top grinding stone	See Language page
bow	arco	arco	subsistence tool	rim+'+taja	rimɨ'ɨtaha	unknown		arco	See Language page
broom	escoba	vassoura	culture-material	nanúusi (also for plant used to create brooms)	nanúusi (also for plant used to create brooms)	doubtful loan (into protolg?), direction unknown	Yagua nintjã		See Language page
canoe	canoa	canoa	transport	iímina	iímina	unknown			See Language page
cat	gato	gato	acculturation	míisi	míisi	loan - WW	%miʃi		See Language page
chicken	gallina	galinha	acculturation	cacáraaja	kakáraaha	loan - WW	%karaka		See Language page
chief/leader	jefe, cacique	chefe	culture-mythology	áapu	áapu	loan - WW	%apu		See Language page
clothing	ropa	roupa	culture-mythology	sinaáqu+	sinaákɨ	unknown			See Language page
club	garrote, cachiporra	clava, porrete	subsistence tool			missing			See Language page
Curupira (spirit type)	Curupira, Madremonte	Curupira	culture-mythology					malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region	See Language page
dart (blowgun)	dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru)	dardo, seta	subsistence tool	nahuán++na (from the leaf stem of the Maximiliana venatorum palm species)	nawánɨɨna (from the leaf stem of the Maximiliana venatorum palm species)			hunting and warfare	See Language page
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure	dios(es), deidad	divinidade, figura mítica	culture-mythology	cumáani (also 'father's brother'); p'ɨ-caquíha (lit. our father 'God')	kumáani (also 'father's brother'); p'ɨ-kakíha (lit. our father 'God')	semantic shift		In RN region, frequently translates as 'Bone-Son', 'One on the bone', etc.	See Language page
digging stick			subsistence tool						See Language page
dream	sueño, soñar	sonho, sonhar	culture-mythology	maqu'++nita	mak'ɨɨnita (vb.)				See Language page
drum	tambor	tambor	culture-mythology			missing			See Language page
drum (large signal)	tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia)	tambor	culture			missing		Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances	See Language page
fan	abanico	abanador, abano	subsistence tool	apíraati; acáay+ íhuaasi (un abanico de forma redonda, hecha de hoja de chambira. MC: Compound, Lit: 'cola de vaca marina'); sámuu íhuaasi (tipo de abanico que se teje la hoja de shapaja, y que tiena la forma de la cola de paiche. MC: Compound, Lit: 'cola	apíraati; akáajɨ íwaasi (lit. 'manatee tail'); sámuu íwaasi (lit. 'paiche tail')	inheritance		esp. for fanning a cooking fire	See Language page
feather headdress	plumaje, corona de plumas	enfeite/capacete de penas	culture-mythology	paráana (feather headress that used to be worn by the chief); simiícu (adorno de cabeza; tipo de adorno o corona con que los hombres iquitos se vistieron antiguamente; era hecho de la corteza de tahuarí, /sacúuna/, cortada en una banda que se puse alreded	paráana (feather headress that used to be worn by the chief); simiíku (adorno de cabeza)				See Language page
fence, palisade	cerco	cerca	other			missing		may be related to defense/warfare?	See Language page
fermented drink	masato, chicha	caxiri, chicha	culture	itíniija	itíniiha	unknown		prioritizes manioc beer where distinction is made	See Language page
fetish, charm	fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga	feitiço, puçanga	culture-mythology						See Language page
fireplace	hogar	lareira	other						See Language page
firewood	leña	lenha	other	járaqui	háraki	unique			See Language page
fish (with fish-poison)	pescar con barbasco, barbasquear	pescar com timbó; tinguijar	food	amanijuuni (mañachear, hacer mañacheo, pescar con barbasco; poner una cantidad pequeña de barbasco en una quebrada chica con el fin de recoger especies pequeñas de peces); siruuni (pescar con barbasco, machucando la raíz de este planta paramatar o hacer i	amanihuuni; siruuni	unknown; inheritance			See Language page
fish (with line)	anzuelear, pescar con linea	pescar (com linha)	food	siyuuni (general term); iruuni (pescar en la noche con anzuelo para especies como el zúngaro o huasco, que son especies nocturnas); majanihu+taani (anzuelear con barandilla, botando el anzuelo muchas veces al agua sin parar la canoa; se diferencia de /maj	sijuuni	inheritance			See Language page
fishing line	cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze	linha de pesca	subsistence tool						See Language page
fishtrap	trampa de peces, trampa	matapi, cacuri	subsistence tool	tasíqu+ (tapaje, tipo de trampa para peces; se hace con /tasiína/ en la forma de una canasta con una boca de forma de un tubo cuyo diametro disminuye; su forma permite que los peces entren pero no salgan; se pone esta trampa en caños o pequeñas quebradas	tasíkɨ				See Language page
flat bread, cassava bread	pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe	beiju	food			missing		usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits	See Language page
flour/meal from manioc	fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina	farinha	food	huaríina (From Spanish fariña)	waríina (From Spanish fariña)	loan	Spanish	agriculture	See Language page
flute	flauta, quena (Peru)	flauta	culture-mythology	puráaja	puráaha	doubtful loan, direction unknown	Bora pʰéériʔjo	multiple types? japurutu, deer-bone, etc.	See Language page
game animal	caza, animal de caza	caça, animal de caça	food			missing		Interesting correlation to 'fish' in Tukanoan languages	See Language page
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit	espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio	espirito	culture-mythology	nahu+yíni (spirit of dead person); sihuaára (demonio de la selva)	nawɨjíni (spirit of dead person); siwaára (demonio de la selva)	inheritance?			See Language page
gourd (dipper/bowl)	cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo	cuia	subsistence tool	ipaáca (container made from a gourd, has a small opening in the top); samácu (Crescentia cujete); matarɨnaája (Lagenaria siceraria)	ipaáka; samáku/ samakuánaaha	unknown; inheritance?			See Language page
grater	rallador, rallo	ralador, ralo	subsistence tool	jinítaari	hinítaari	unknown		esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well	See Language page
grave	tumba, sepultura, sepulcro	sepultura, sepulcro, cova	culture-mythology						See Language page
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf)	barbacoa	jirau	subsistence tool	masícuuca	masíkuuka	inheritance			See Language page
griddle for cooking flatbread	tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru)	forno para beiju	subsistence tool			missing		agriculture?	See Language page
gun	arma, escopeta	espingarda, fusil	acculturation	rimúsiija (from vb. 'shoot')	rimúsiija (from vb. 'shoot')	unique			See Language page
hammock	hamaca, chinchorro	rede	culture-material	in'++si	in'ɨɨsi	unique			See Language page
hat	sombero	chapéu	dress	m+yáacu	mɨjáaku	unique			See Language page
healer	curandero	benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano)	culture-mythology	paanáana (healer; unlike siimána, doesn't cause harm)	paanáana (healer; unlike siimána, doesn't cause harm)			Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well.	See Language page
hollow log/trough for beer-making	canoa para chicha	cocho de caxiri	narcotics	ájana; quimáqu+	áhana; kimákɨ				See Language page
honey	miel	mel	food	míira (general term); surucu áaca (MC: bee species (arambasa) + water); ihuaana áaca (MC: bee species (colmena) + water); ramíisi áaca (MC: bee species (ramichi) + water)	míira	unique		only gathered in wild throughout Amazonia?	See Language page
house			other	iíta; iyiquíira (more general for anywhere that one lives); mɨyíti (rustic hut set up for long hunting trips, Sp. tambo)	iíta; ijikíira (more general for anjwhere that one lives); mɨjíti (rustic hut set up for long hunting trips, Sp. tambo)	inheritance			See Language page
hunt	cazar	caçar	food	amuuni (kill); am+yaaquiini (caminar en el monte con el fin de cazar o buscar algo útil)	amuuni (kill); amɨjaakiini (hunt/gather)				See Language page
knife	cuchillo	faca	culture-material	paniíhu+	paniíwɨ	unique			See Language page
loincloth	taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla	tanga, tapa-sexo	dress						See Language page
machete	machete	facão	culture-material	sáhuiri (MC: From Spanish sable)	sáwiri (MC: From Spanish sable)	loan - WW	%sipara/sapere		See Language page
mortar	mortero	pilão	subsistence tool	suhuánaja; ajírataaja; ajátaari (moledor tradicional usado para moler la masa de masato en una batán; hecho de un bloque de madera cuadrada con dos agarradores en las puntas superiores); amuútaaja (tipo de mazo que se usa para triturar comida o barbasco)	suwánaha; ahírataaha	unique; inheritance			See Language page
paddle/oar	remo	remo	transport	aritáhu+	aritáwɨ	unique			See Language page
paint body, body paint	pintura corporal	pintura corporal	culture-mythology	najútaja (paint or tint, also used for pencil)	nahútaha (paint or tint, also used for pencil)				See Language page
panpipe	carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora	caniço, flauta de pã	culture-mythology	n++tiíri	nɨɨtiíri				See Language page
paper	papel	papel	acculturation	simiím+	simiímɨ 'book, paper'	unknown			See Language page
pestle	pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor	mão de pilão	subsistence tool	suhuánaja; ajírataaja; ajátaari (moledor tradicional usado para moler la masa de masato en una batán; hecho de un bloque de madera cuadrada con dos agarradores en las puntas superiores); amuútaaja (tipo de mazo que se usa para triturar comida o barbasco)	suwánaha; ahírataaha				See Language page
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other	casíimpu	kasíimpu (Sp)				See Language page
plate	plato	prato	culture-material	paráatu (MC: from Spanish plato); tam'+riija (clay)	paráatu (MC: from Spanish plato); tam'ɨriiha (clay)	loan; unique	Spanish		See Language page
policeman	polícia	policía	acculturation						See Language page
pot	olla, pote	panela, vasilha	subsistence tool	cúsi	kúsi	doubtful loan, direction unknown	Yagua karõsi; Kokama jukutʃi		See Language page
rattle	matraca, maraca	marico, chocalho	culture-mythology			missing			See Language page
resin	resina, brea, copal	resina, brea, breu	subsistence tool	riyacáca, quɨriíja	rijakáka, kɨriíha	unknown			See Language page
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya)	kapiwaya	capiwaya	culture-mythology						See Language page
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture	iiyɨ'ɨ, in'++qui	iijɨ'ɨ, in'ɨɨki	inheritance; unknown			See Language page
salt	sal	sal	food	isája	isáha (Sp)	loan	Spanish or possibly Arawak, cf. čewe forms		See Language page
school	escuela	escola	acculturation	isacuhuíira (Sp)	isakuwíira (Sp)				See Language page
shaman, healer	chamán, brujo	xaman, pajé, feiticeiro	culture-mythology	siimána	siimána	inheritance		In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
shoes	zapatos	sapatos	dress	sápatu	sápatu (Sp)				See Language page
skirt	falda, saya, fustan, pollera	saia	culture-material	justaá	hustaá	loan	Span fustan		See Language page
soldier	soldado	soldado	acculturation			missing			See Language page
song (generic)	canción, canto	canção	culture-mythology	arihuáani	ariwáani	unique			See Language page
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool	juhuáana (lanza hecha de la madera de la palmera pihuayo, antiguamente usado para cazar y en las peleas); jírisi (flecha; entre los iquitos es un tipo de lanza hecho de isana, parecida al harpón, pero con punta más pequeño; no se utiliza con arco); arapuú	huwáana	unique			See Language page
spearthrower			subsistence tool						See Language page
starch (tapioca, other)	almidón	goma de tapioca	food			missing			See Language page
stone for lighting fires	piedra para hacer fuego	pedra para acender fogo	culture-material	jinítaasi (piedra negra que chispea cuando se lo choca a ras, que antiguamente servía para prender fuegos); ituhuanajáati (piedra que produce chispas, MC: ituuni - to burn sthg); iinámi sahuíja (piedra de candela, un tipo de piedra negra y dura que da chi	hinítaasi				See Language page
sugarcane/sugar	azúcar, caña de azúcar	açucar (de cana)	acculturation						See Language page
tapioca drink, mingau	cahuana, caguana	mingau	food			missing		agriculture	See Language page
tattoo	tatuaje, tatu	tatuagem	culture-mythology						See Language page
thatch/roof	crisneja	palha, caraná	culture-material	itaári	itaári	unique			See Language page
tipiti (manioc squeezer)	tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca	tipiti	food	tipiití (used for making fariña)	tipiití (used for making fariña)	loan	Tupi-Guarani	word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc	See Language page
top grinding stone	metate, mano; piedra de moler	metate, mano	manufacture					use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone	See Language page
tripod for washing manioc	trípode	tripé	subsistence tool					agriculture	See Language page
venom for darts, poison	veneno	curare	subsistence tool	ramúcuaa	ramúcuaa	doubtful loan (into protolg?), direction unknown - WW?	cf. Yagua ramũ; also Boran namita, Nadahup nam, Ninam noma	hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?)	See Language page
wax	cera	cera	other			missing			See Language page
woven strainer/sieve	colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru)	peneira, cumatá	subsistence tool	im'++ri (general term, also un cernidor grande y plano hecho de 2 cuatro palitos amarrados en 1 un cuadro tejido de fibras de sinamilla amarado con tamishi); másiiti (cernidor, tejido de sinamillo; el tamáno y su rala del tejido se hacen según el uso, p.e	im'ɨɨri	unknown		agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour	See Language page
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women)	yurupari	jurupari	culture-mythology					a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women.	See Language page

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