Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

1pl.incl

Semantic Field
grammar
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
nosotros (inclusivo)
Meaning Portuguese
nós (inclusivo)

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
Bankalachi Toloim mah'-kin (dual) 223 loan
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tahwyh (tahai) (dl), tammyn (tammi) pol inheritance
Cahuilla chem inheritance S 1977
Central Sierra Miwok 7oTi:\-m inheritance
Chemehuevi taw(y), (pl) inheritance
Chumash Barbareno k-ij- (pl; du is k-ish-); k-ij-ky (indep) inheritance Ono 1996:21, 96
Chumash Cruzeno mashche (pl) unknown JPH
Chumash Ineseno k-ij-ky7 “we, us (pl)” inheritance A 107
Chumash Obispeno k'itYy (pl), ksitYy (du) inheritance JPH
Chumash Ventureno kiske unknown Pinart II
Cocopa nya:c; see “I” inheritance
Comanche tahY, takwY (du), tany (pl) inheritance
Cupeño chem [tʃəm] inheritance
Esselen leT unknown ?
Gabrielino 7iyo:mama unknown
Iipay 'Aa 'enyaawapch [Ɂəɲaˑwaˈpʧ] inheritance
Kawaiisu tawa inheritance
Kiliwa pa-/mi-7+nya7-p inheritance
Kitanemuk 7icam inheritance
Lake Miwok ma/a (pl) inheritance
Luiseño cha:7um inheritance
Maidu nisa/m (du), nise/m (pl) inheritance
Mojave 7inyeechvch inheritance
Mutsun makke inheritance O77:165
Nisenan ne:s, na:s (dl) inheritance
Northern Paiute tammi inheritance Thornes 03:157
Northern Sierra Miwok 7ic:i- (thou and I) inheritance
Plains Miwok 7ic:y- inheritance
Salinan A ha:7kh, kak (A), unknown
Salinan M kHa' unknown Mason 1918:32
Seri (Comcaac) ha-, he unknown
Serrano acam inheritance
Southern Paiute tangwa-, inheritance
Southern Sierra Miwok 7oTic:i-, 7oTiT:i inheritance
Southern Ute tamI (dl), tawI (pl) inheritance
Tübatulabal kil, loan
Tümpisa Shoshone tammy; inheritance
Wappo 7i/si inheritance
Washo le\cici unknown K268
Western Mono taaqwa inheritance
Wintu p'ele inheritance
Yavapai nya/chv- (multiple plural) inheritance
Yokuts Palewyami na7an inheritance JPH Gamble 91
Yokuts Yawdanchi mak (dual), mai (plural) inheritance K07:221
Yokuts Yowlumne na'ak' (dual), na'an- (plural) inheritance N 1944:230
Yuki mi:, me: inheritance S&S 1984
Arabana arniri inheritance
Bardi arridil XXngl cf Mcgregor's idea that the -il might be related to the -bili of Ya. arridil inheritance
Bunuba [missing] missing
Burarra nguburr- unknown
Dhangu ŋalimalanha semantic shift
Dhuwal ŋilimurr(u) semantic shift
Dhuwala ŋalimurru semantic shift
Diyari ngayana semantic shift
DiyariREU [missing] missing
Djambarrpuyngu ŋilimurr(u)
Djapu ŋilimurr(u) semantic shift
Djinang lim semantic shift
Gajirrabeng giya inheritance
Gooniyandi yardi
Gupapuyngu ŋalimurru semantic shift
Gurindji ngaliwa inheritance
Jaru ngaliwa inheritance
Jawi arridil arridil inheritance
Karajarri -nya inheritance
Kija yuwurrun inheritance
Malyangapa [missing] missing
Mangala -la inheritance
Miriwung yayi inheritance
Mithaka ngalyawaRa semantic shift
Mudburra jibilyaku
Mudburra ngayi parlaa semantic shift
Ngamini ngayini semantic shift
Ngarluma ngaliguru semantic shift
Ngumbarl yarreedee <yarreedee> inheritance
Nhirrpi [missing] missing
Nimanburru yadirri XXngl yadirri yadirri inheritance
Northern Mangarla [missing] missing
Northern Nyangumarta [missing] missing
Nyangumarta ngañcurru inheritance
Nyikina yarrju yarrju inheritance
Nyulnyul yadiV yadiV inheritance
Paakantyi ŋina unique
Pirriya [missing] missing
Pitta-Pitta ngana inheritance
Rirratjingu ŋalma (including addressee), ŋanapu (excluding addressee) semantic shift
Ritharrngu limalanha semantic shift
Walmajarri ngalimpa inheritance
Wangkayutyuru [missing] missing
Warrwa yadirr yadirr inheritance
Yan-nhangu lima semantic shift
Yandruwandha ngandra inheritance
Yarluyandi [missing] missing
Yawarrawarrka [missing] missing
Yawuru yadiri yadiri inheritance
Achagua wája wája inheritance no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Piapoco wía wía no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Yukuna weká weká inheritance no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Tariana w(a)ha w(a)ha inheritance no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Baniwa wháa wháa inheritance no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Resígaro fa?á faʔá inheritance no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Kabiyari whé, wa- whé, wa- no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Yavitero waya-ha waja-ha no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Wapishana waɨnau waɨnau inheritance Proto North Arawak no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Mandawaka wájaha, wa- no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Paresi wiso witso inheritance no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Baure viti' viti' inheritance no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Waurá ai-c̷u ai-¢u unknown no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Arutani materya materya no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Sape mɨyono mɨyono no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Cha'palaa -- no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Bora mïʔ-tsʰi {m.d.}, mïʔ-pʰɨ {f.d.} mɯʔ-tsʰi {m.d.}, mɯʔ-pʰɨ {f.d.} inheritance no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Muinane mɨ́ɨ́-ʔai {pl}, mɨ́-si {m.d.}, mɨ́-ɸe {f.d.} mɨ́ɨ́-ʔai {pl}, mɨ́-si {m.d.}, mɨ́-ɸɛ {f.d.} no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Akawaio nya nya inheritance Proto-Carib no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Akawaio/Ingariko dialect kuyaʔnɔkoŋ, ina kujaʔnɔkoŋ, ina no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Apalai kymarokomo, kuahtao kɨmarokomo, kuahtao inheritance no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Wayana kut kut inheritance no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Carijona aɲa inheritance no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Tiriyó kïmë (you and i) kɨmǝ (you and i) inheritance no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Eñepa yuto-kon, weʔɲəkon yuto-kon, weʔɲəkon inheritance no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Makiritare kɨnwanno (includes more than one listener); künwanno (KH) (also means 'su') kɨnwanno (KH) unique no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Makushi anna anna inheritance no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Mapoyo naha naha no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Pemon yuurönokon, yuuröto (M2000) inheritance no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Wai Wai kɨɨwɨ; kɨwyam kɨɨwɨ; kɨwyam inheritance no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Waimiri Atroari kyky kɨkɨ no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Yabarana ehnə no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Yukpa ejpe epi no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Kalapalo kukuge kukuge inheritance no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Muisca chie ʂie no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Northern Emberá dhá dyĩrã́ dhá dʒĩrã́ no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Epena 'tači no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Guayabero -s, xatís inheritance no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Macaguan kemʉkát kemɨkát, wakhan [Queix1993] inheritance Central+Macaguan subgroup no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Sikuani wa:xái-tsi, wa:xáni-tsi inheritance no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Cuiva wa-xáin-tʃi, wa-xán nosotros, we no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted Huber & Reed 1992:205
Playero waxán-móne no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Cofán ingi iŋgi phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Candoshi-Shapra iya ija unique no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Taushiro ayo ajo no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Páez cucuexs, cuecu kukueʃ, kueku no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Tikuna yixemax [5, 4, 2] yixemax [5, 4, 2] unique no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Urarina kana kana unique no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Camsa be.ndát bəndat no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Andoke keə̃ keə̃ unique no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Waorani bõ-dõ unique no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Hodï yeti unique no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Pumé ãrõrẽ no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Puinave bitu bitu unique no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Máku te:kene te:kene no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Warao oko oko no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Ashuar ii i: no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Huambisa ii i: no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Aguaruna íi i: inheritance no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Nukak ɸiit² inheritance no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Kakua fǐt inheritance no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Hup ʔɨ́n ~ʔɨ́d inheritance no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Yuhup ʔɨ̃d ~ʔɨd no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Dâw id ʔid inheritance no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Nadëb/Roçado dialect ʔǝ:r inheritance no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Matses umbi umbi unknown no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Katukina nokɨ; nokɨ̃; nõ no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Yagua vuñi wuɲi unique no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Ingá nukanchi nukantʃi no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Napo Lowland Quichua ñucanchi ɲukantʃi no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Quechua Ayacuchano noqanchik noqantʃik no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Piaroa ujutu uhutu inheritance no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Sáliva ãxu ãxu inheritance no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Bará bã'dĩ́ no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Barasano ~badi ~badi no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Cubeo maja maxa inheritance no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Carapana marĩ mãɾĩ no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Desano mari mari inheritance no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Kotiria ~bari mãɾĩ inheritance E-W Tuk no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Makuna ~badi ~badi inheritance no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Yuruti bãrɨ̃́ bãrɨ̃́ no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Waikhana bã'rĩ bã'rĩ no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Siriano bã'rĩ́ bã'rĩ́ no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Tanimuca bãrã bãrã inheritance no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Tatuyo bã'rĩ bã'rĩ no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Tukano mãrĩ́ mãrĩ́ inheritance E-W Tuk no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Tuyuka bã'rĩ bãʔrĩ no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Waimaja ~mání ~mání no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Maihiki mai ja mai xã inheritance no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Koreguaje mai mai inheritance no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Siona mai mai inheritance no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Secoya mai maiʔ no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Karitiana yj (com v.i.), yjja (com v.i.) ɨj inheritance no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Nheengatu ya (used before a verb) yandé ("Etimologia: cf. ya, Se usa antes do verbo já completado para insistir) ja (used before a verb) jandé ("Etimologia: cf. ya, Se usa antes do verbo já completado para insistir) inheritance no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Kokama ini ini inheritance no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Wayampi ya-; yanɛ ja-; janɛ inheritance no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Aché naǰe inheritance no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Chiriguano yaⁿde inheritance no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Paraguayan Guaraní ɲaⁿde no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Sirionó nane nane inheritance no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Kamayurá jene jene inheritance no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Ocaina xa(jo) {pl}, xo(xo) {m.dual.}, xac(a) {f.dual.} xa(ho) {pl}, xo(xo) {m.dual.}, xak(a) {f.dual.} inheritance no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Nɨpode Witoto kaï {pl}, {kóko {m.d.} kaɯ {pl}, {kóko {m.d.} no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Minica Witoto kaï {pl}, kóko {m.d.}, káïñaï {f.d.} kaɯ {pl}, kóko {m.d.}, káɯŋaɯ {f.d.} no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Murui Witoto kaï {pl}, koko {m.d.}, kaiñaï {f.d.} kaɯ {pl}, koko {m.d.}, kaiɲaɯ {f.d.} inheritance no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Ninam kahowamak, wamak; kamatšamakə (EM72) kahowamak; wamak; kamatʃamakə (pl. incl) inheritance no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Yanomam kamiyamak (pl. incl. EM72) kamijamak inheritance no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Yanomami kamiyə pəhəkɨ (dual incl. EM72), kamiyə pəmakɨ (pl. incl. EM72) kamijə pəhəkɨ, kamijə pəmakɨ inheritance no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Sanumá kamitšamak (pl. incl. EM72) kamitʃamak inheritance no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Iquito p'ɨ- (incl), p'ɨɨja (incl, stand-alone pronominal form), cana-, canáaja (stand-alone pronominal form) p'ɨ- (incl), p'ɨɨha (incl, stand-alone pronominal form), kana-, kanáaha (stand-alone pronominal form) inheritance; inheritance no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Záparo kana, kanaha, pa= kana, kanaha, pa no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Wari wariʔ wariʔ Emphatic pronoun. See Language page
Araona kʷada; kʷada-ha no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Ese Ejja/Huarayo e-se-ha e-se-ha no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Tacana ekʷaneda no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Cavineña e-kʷana; e-kʷana-ra; yac̷e (e-kʷana is the absolutive form, e-kʷana-ra is the ergative form; yac̷e is the dual form ("we two")) e-kʷana; e-kʷana-ra; yače inheritance no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Central Aymara jiwasa (DL: you and me), jiwasanaka xiwasa no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Itonama dihniʔke; dihnitʸeʔke no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Kwazá txana txana no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Mosetén-Chimané 'c̷uɲ no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Movima i-ɗe i-ɗe no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Kaingang ẽg ẽg no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Canela mrɔ̃ (?) no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Karajá inɨ no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Djeoromitxi hirü hirø no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Chipaya uč̣um no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Mocoví -- no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Toba -- no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet -- no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay oɬam-iɬ no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja y-em-el ~ s-am-el no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Maca inekhewel (m.); inekhewelkiʔ (f.) no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Nivaclé kas-'waača we (inclusive) no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted https://ids.clld.org/
Ayoreo -- no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
Mapudungun inčiɲ Plural form. Same form in Ranquel. See Language page
Lokono we we 1st PL. Pet 1987:23
Kariña kỳkaron kɨhkaron first and second plural, we Courtz 2007:53