Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

Esselen

Family
Hokan
Region
North America
ISO 639-3
esq
Location
36.55°, -121.87°
Notes
Features
Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Ethnographic Information
Data Sources
none


Basic Vocabulary (185)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
above encima, arriba acima location ausai “over” unknown Shaul 1995, T&S 1981:121
again de nuevo, otra vez de novo grammar missing
all todo todos other komVnam unknown Shaul 1995
and y e grammar alalu Doc. 17a unknown Shaul 1995:223
ankle tobillo tornozelo body missing
armpit axila, sobaco axila body missing
ash ceniza(s) cinzas environment missing
at en, a em, a location missing
back espalda costas body missing
bad mal mal quality pach- (Doc 19) unknown Shaul 1995:219
belly barriga barriga body missing
below abajo, debajo abaixo location huhuwai “under” unknown T&S 1981:121
big grande grande quality putu/-ki, unknown Shaul 1995:199
bite morder morder body missing
black negro preto colour ala/-ki “dark, black” unknown Henshaw in Shaul 1995:219
blood sangre sangue body max/ana loan (Pinart; Turner 1983:230)
blow soplar soprar body missing
boil/pimple espinilla, granos espinha, borbulha body missing
bone hueso osso body -i/ya unknown Henshaw in Shaul 1995:202
breast pecho, seno peito body missing
breathe respirar respirar body missing
burn quemar queimar environment missing
chew masticar, mascar mastigar body missing
child niño, niña criança human -pana "child, son" unknown Henshaw in Shaul 1995:202
climb subir subir motion missing
cloud nube nuvem environment mech loan Pinart (Heizer)
cold frío frio quality Sutuk(i) unknown T&S 1981:121
come venir vir motion i-yu/, i/-yu “come, go” unknown (Henshaw, Turner 1983:235)
cook cocinar cozinhar impact missing
correct/true verdad, de veras verdade quality efes unknown Shaul 1995:230
count contar contar mental pekualanac unknown Pinart (Heizer)
cry llorar chorar mental siawa unknown Shaul 1995:217
cut/hack cortar cortar impact missing
day día dia time asatsa, asa/tsa S. voc. unknown Shaul 1995:214
die/be dead morir morrer state chuneipa, chunai- unknown Shaul 1995:195, 211
dig cavar cavar impact missing
dingo/wolf fauna humu-x loan direction unknown Shaul 1988:696
dirty sucio sujo quality missing
dream soñar sonhar mental missing
drink beber, tomar beber body etse, eshe loan direction unknown Shaul 1995:200
dry seco seco quality missing
dull/blunt sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo maçante, desamolado, não afiado quality missing
dust polvo poeira environment missing
ear oreja orelha body tkxususu “ears”, tusu/s-- see S. voc. loan direction unknown Shaul 1995:200; Turner 1983:240)
earth/soil tierra terra environment maTa, matsa S. voc. inheritance Shaul 1995:197, 207; T&S 1981:107
eat comer comer body 7ama loan direction unknown Shaul 1995:199
egg huevo ovo fauna missing
eye ojo olho body -ixpa S. voc unknown Shaul 1995
faeces heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol fezes body missing
fall caer cair motion missing
far lejos longe quality cuei-no (far-loc) unknown Pinart in Shaul 1995:195, 207
fat/grease grasa gordura body missing
father padre, papá pai kinship m-a7aT “3-father” unknown Shaul 1995:202
fear miedo medo mental missing
feather pluma pena fauna missing
fire fuego fogo environment anih unknown (T&S 1981:110
fish xx xx fauna kal(ul) , pl kohlkohl unknown T&S 1981:107, 111 from JPH
flow fluir fluir motion chololo/shi “running water” loan direction unknown Henshaw in Shaul 1995:200
flower flor flor environment missing
fly volar voar motion missing
fog niebla, neblina nevoeira, bruma, neblina environment shannax unknown Pinart (Heizer)
foot pie pé body kxe/le loan direction unknown Shaul 1995
fruit fruta fruta flora missing
good bueno bom quality sale/-ki S. unknown Shaul 1995:214
grow crecer crescer state missing
hair (of head) cabello cabelo body haka unknown Shaul 1995
hand mano mão body tala-nVx unknown Shaul 1988:693
3sg el/ella ele/ela grammar aniki “that one” unknown Shaul 1995:213
head cabeza cabeça body kxa/ta-sVx loan Shaul 1995
hear oír ouvir mental missing
heavy pesado pesado quality missing
hide esconder esconder motion missing
hit golpear, pegar bater impact -sma unknown Shaul 1995:215
hold correr, asegurar, sostener segurar other missing
how? como como grammar missing
1sg yo eu grammar eni unknown Shaul 1995:209
if si se grammar umases (Doc) unknown Shaul 1995:223
in/inside dentro, adentro dentro location missing
intestines intestinos intestinos body missing
itch hormiguear, sentir comezón coçar body missing
kill matar matar impact missing
know/be knowledgeable saber, conecer saber, conhecer mental missing
lake lago lago environment missing
laugh reír rir mental ake- unknown Henshaw in Shaul 1995:224
leaf hoja folha environment missing
left/left hand izquierdo esquerdo location/body missing
leg/foot pierna perna body piya-s unknown Shaul 1988:696
lie down acostarse, echarse deitar motion missing
lightning rayo, relámpago relampago environment missing Turner & Shaul 1981:96
live/be alive vivir viver, morar body enne foila “I am well” unknown Pinart (Heizer)
liver hígado figado body missing
long largo comprido, longo quality missing
louse piollo, piojo piolho fauna missing
lung pulmón pulmão body missing
man/male hombre homem human exe/-noch unknown Shaul 1995:197, 199, voc
meat/flesh carne carne fauna tatsi loan T&S 1981:120
moon luna lua environment missing
mother madre, mamá mãe kinship atsia unknown Henshaw in Shaul 1995:200 and voc
mouth boca boca body ishi unknown Shaul 1995
name nombre nome human -map (Arroyo) unknown Shaul 1995:202
nape base del cuello, nuca nuca body missing
near/close cerca de perto quality missing
neck cuello pescoço body lulusex unknown Pinart (Heizer)
new nuevo novo quality helki (= “wet”) unknown Shaul 1995?
night noche noite time tomani-s unknown Shaul 1995
no/not no não grammar ana “no” unknown Shaul 1995:223
nose nariz nariz body xos, xoshi loan Shaul 1995:198
old viejo velho quality lalihe “old man” unknown Henshaw in Shaul 1995:204
one uno um number pek unknown Shaul 1995:199
open/uncover abrir abrir other missing
other otro outro grammar missing
pain/painful/sick dolor, doloroso, enfermo dor, doloroso, doente body tamacu- “suffer” unknown Shaul 1995:208
person/human being persona pessoa human 7efe/x:e, efexe unknown Shaul 1995:212 & voc
pound/beat machacar, golpear bater impact missing
rain lluvia chuva environment missing
red rojo vermelho colour missing
right/right hand derecha direita location/body missing
road/path camino caminho manufacture missing
root raíz raiz flora missing
rotten podrido podre quality missing
sand arena areia environment missing
say decir dizer mental al-pa “speak” unknown Shaul 1995:199
scratch rascar rasgar impact hasho/wi- loan direction unknown Shaul 1995:217
see ver ver mental gics- unknown Shaul 1995:216
sharp afilado, filudo, filoso afiado quality missing
shoot tirar, disparar, balear atirar impact ucui loan Shaul 1995:223
short corto curto quality missing
shoulder hombro ombro body missing
shy/ashamed tímido, vergonzoso timido, com vergonha mental missing
sit sentar(se) sentar state coso-n-tal “sitting” unknown Shaul 1995:223
skin piel pele body missing
sky cielo céu environment ot-no “in heaven” unknown Shaul 1995:207
sleep dormir dormir body achi, atsi- (Hen), ati- (Hen), achi (Pin loan direction unknown Shaul 1995:200, 217
small pequeño pequeno quality ukxu/-s-ki “small” loan direction unknown Shaul 1995:199
smoke humo fumaça environment tca-ha loan T&S 1981:117
sniff/smell olfatear, oler cheirar body missing
spit escupir cuspir body missing
split partir, dividir rachar, dividir, partir impact missing
squeeze estrujar, exprimir espremer impact missing
stab/pierce apuñalar, acuchillar apunhalar impact missing
stand estar de pié ficar em pé state missing
star estrella estrela environment amutatas “stars” (Arroyo) unknown Shaul 1995:201
steal robar roubar other missing
stick/wood palo pau, vara flora i7i inheritance Shaul 1995:199
stone piedra pedra environment ciefe unknown JPH T&S 1981:109
suck chupar chupar body missing
sweat sudar suor, suar body missing
swell hincharse inchar body missing
swim nadar nadar motion missing
tail cola, rabo rabo body pawi- unknown Shaul 1995:219 in note
that ese/esa esse grammar aka- unknown Henshaw in Shaul 1995:211
3pl ellos/ellas eles/elas grammar laT, lawis unknown Shaul 1995:209
thick grueso, gordo, espeso grosso quality missing
thin delgado fino quality missing
think pensar pensar mental lojma unknown Shaul 1995:228
this este/esta este grammar missing
2sg xx xx grammar neme unknown Shaul 1995:209
three tres tres number kxulep unknown Shaul 1995:198
throat garganta garganta body missing
throw tirar, lanzar atirar, jogar impact missing
thunder truenos trovão environment missing
tie up/fasten atar, amarrar amarrar impact naquinamu “fasten” unknown Shaul 1995:223
tongue lengua lingua body missing
tooth diente dente body Ga. ahur, awur unknown Shaul 1995:197, 199
turn girar, volter, torcer virar other missing
two dos dois number kxulax unknown Shaul 1995
vomit vomitar vomitar body missing
walk caminar, andar andar motion neni? unknown T&S 1981:118
water agua agua environment asa/snax,; asa-nax loan Shaul 1995:219
1pl.excl nosotros (exclusivo) nós (exclusivo) grammar missing
1pl.incl nosotros (inclusivo) nós (inclusivo) grammar leT unknown ?
wet mojado molhado quality ka-ma/llep “you voy a mojar”, ka-mallain “moje/ (lips), loan direction unknown T&S 1981:107
what? que, qué que grammar keT-?? unknown Shaull 1995:213
when? cuando quando grammar missing
where? donde onde grammar ke/ya- unknown Henshaw in Shaul 1995:208
white blanco branco colour helel- , hele/l-ki unknown Henshaw in Shaul 1995:214, 219
who? quien, quién quem grammar kini unknown Kroeber1904
wife esposa esposa kinship -hawi unknown Shaul 1995:221
wind viento vento environment missing
wing ala asa body missing
woman/female mujer mulher human ta- ; tanutch-k unknown Shaul 1995:220, 221
work trabajar trabalhar other missing
yawn bostezar bocejar body missing
yellow amarillo amarelo colour missing
2pl ustedes vocês grammar nomeT “You pl.) unknown Shaul 1995:197, 209


Flora Fauna Vocabulary (130)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Linnean Name Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Etymology Notes Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Range of Term Word Structure Word Structure Notes Classifier Classifier Notes Hypernym Source Association with Social Categories Ritual/Mythologically Significant Ritual Notes Food Source Food Notes Medicinal Medicinal Notes How Collected Who Collects How Prepared Psychotropic Psychotropic Notes Traded Trade Notes Distribution Habitat Dangerous Ethnobiology Notes Species Notes General Notes
abalone flora-fauna Haliotis spp. klači abalone unique Esselen compares Scr karačmin “crayfish”; seems too semantically distant JHH underived Shaul 1988:699 2 1 0 0 1 no
ant (generic) hormiga formiga flora-fauna Formicidae otsoli-pša ant loan Costanoan compares M,R,S oto(l) “red ant” other complex -p$a animal suffix -p$a Shaul 1988:699 0 0 2 0 0 no
antelope flora-fauna Antilocapra americana missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 0 no
badger flora-fauna Taxidea taxus mackasex badger unique Esselen Note Salinan A t<mácax; SM has t<ó:io other complex -x classifier -x Heizer/Pinart I:79 2 1 0 0 0 yes
bald eagle flora-fauna Haliaeetus leucocephalus missing missing missing 1 2 0 0 1 no
band-tail pigeon flora-fauna Patagioenas fasciata sillik little pigeon unique Esselen underived Heizer/Pinart I:79 0 1 0 0 0 no
bat murciélago morcego flora-fauna Chiroptera spp missing missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
beaver flora-fauna Castor missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 0 no
beetle flora-fauna Coleoptera spp missing missing missing 2 0 0 0 0 no
big round tule flora-fauna Schoenoplectus acutus kapána; umis-wa (?) tule unique Esselen compares Mutsun pakir, not big-round-tule (Typha?) other complex -na classifier suffix -na Shaul 1988:698; Turner & Shaul 1981:116 2 1 2 0 0 no
big skunk flora-fauna Mephitis mephitis missing missing missing 2 2 0 0 0 no
big wolf (gray wolf) flora-fauna Canis lupus humu-x (Pinart same) wolf loan Costanoan compares Costanoan (h)umu-(k/x) other complex -x classifier suffix -x Shaul 1988:696 1 2 0 0 0 yes
bighorn sheep flora-fauna Ovis canadensis missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 0 no
bird pajaro, ave passaro flora-fauna tcap-his flying birds in Kroeber glossed “birds; all birds that fly” unique Esselen other complex -pis agentive "flyer"?? In form, Henshaw's hyphen) turner & Shaul 1981:117 0 0 0 0 0 no
black ant flora-fauna Camponotus pennsylvanicus/Lasius niger missing missing missing 2 0 0 0 0 no
black bear flora-fauna Ursus americanus koltála bear unique underived note Miwokan kule “black”, word for “bear” in Lake Miwok Shaul 1995:226 1 2 0 0 0 yes
black-tail Jackrabbit flora-fauna Lepus californicus sama-s jackrabbit loan Salinan Shaul notes Miw *cami$; Turner 1983:229 gives Sal. *sa:me7 “bush rabbit” other complex -s classifier suffix -s Shaul 1988:694 2 1 0 0 0 no
blackberry flora-fauna Rubus ursinus missing missing missing 2 1 2 0 0 no
blue grouse flora-fauna Dendrogapus? missing missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
bobcat, lynx flora-fauna Lynx rufus toloma wildcat loan Costanoan nearly identical forms in Costanoan, Miwokan WW %talom underived Shaul 1995:227 1 2 0 0 0 no
butterfly, moth mariposa borboleta flora-fauna Lepidoptera missing missing missing 2 0 0 0 0 no
California condor flora-fauna Gymnogyps californianus missing missing missing 1 2 0 0 1 no
California jay flora-fauna Aphelocoma californica? missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 0 no
California woodpecker flora-fauna Melanerpes formicivorus? missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 1 no
chia flora-fauna Salvia columbariae missing missing missing 1 1 1 0 0 no
chipmunk flora-fauna Tamias spp. missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 0 no
cliff swallow flora-fauna Petrochelidon pyrrhonota missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 0 no
coot flora-fauna Fulica americana missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 0 no
cottontail rabbit flora-fauna Sylvilagus audobonii čiši, čiš- cottontail rabbit unique Esselen Shaul 1986:696 compares costanoan words čeye-s/š “hare” underived Shaul 1995:227 2 1 0 0 0 no
cottonwood flora-fauna Populus spp. missing missing missing 2 0 2 0 0 no
coyote flora-fauna Canis latrans mačka-s coyote unique Esselen compares Costanoan maya-n, mača-n; other complex -s classifier suffix -s Shaul 1988:696 1 2 0 0 0 no
crow flora-fauna Corvus brachyrhynchos icka crow unique Esselen underived Form from Henshaw in Shaul 1988:699; Turner & Shaul 1981:120 2 1 0 0 0 no
datura flora-fauna Datura wrightii missing missing missing 1 1 1 1 0 yes
deer, mule flora-fauna Odocoileus hemionus amisah (Henshaw) deer unique Esselen underived is sah the -$a classifier? Turner & Shaul 1981:120 2 1 0 0 0 no
digger pine flora-fauna Pinus sabiniana ixai pine unique Esselen compares Mutsun xik- underived Shaul 1988:698 2 1 2 0 0 no
dog (camp, domestic) perro cachorro flora-fauna Canis familiaris šošo dog unique Esselen Shaul 1988:699 notes various “chuku” forms reduplicated (Pinart form); 0 0 0 0 0 no
dogbane flora-fauna Apocynum cannabinum missing missing missing 2 1 2 0 0 no
dove paloma pomba flora-fauna Zenaida macrocoura missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 0 no
duck pato pato, marreco flora-fauna Anatidae missing missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
elder flora-fauna Sambucus missing missing missing 2 1 1 0 0 no
elk flora-fauna Cervas elaphus missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 0 no
fish (generic) pez peixe flora-fauna kalul (Pinart) fish unique Esselen other complex -l classifier suffix -l Turner & Shaul 1981:116 0 1 0 0 0 no
flea pulga pulga flora-fauna Siphonaptera wohehawi (de la Cuesta in Kroeber) flea unique Esselen phrase clearly 2 morphemes, translation undetermined Turner & Shaul 1981:120 2 0 0 0 0 no
flicker flora-fauna Colaptes sp. missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 1 no
blowfly/housefly mosca mosca flora-fauna Diptera mumiru-x fly loan Costanoan compares Costanoan mumurV-(k/x) other complex -x classifier suffix -x Shaul 1988:696 0 0 0 0 0 no
foothills yucca flora-fauna Yucca whipplei missing missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
fox flora-fauna Vulpes, Urocyon huniša fox unique Esselen other complex -$a animal suffix -$a Heizer/Pinart I:79 2 2 0 0 0 no
frog (generic) flora-fauna missing missing missing 2 2 0 0 0 no
golden eagle flora-fauna Aquila chrysaetos missing missing missing 1 2 0 0 1 no
gooseberry flora-fauna Ribes spp. missing missing missing 2 1 1 0 0 no
gopher snake, bull snake flora-fauna Pituophis catenifer missing missing missing 2 2 0 0 0 no
grass hierba, pasto capim, grama flora-fauna (NA) missing missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
grasshopper flora-fauna Caelifera polokoni grasshopper loan Costanoan Costanoan M, R, S polokV-s/nč unknown Shaul 1986:699 2 1 0 0 0 no
gray ground squirrel flora-fauna Sphermophilus sp. mexe, he:x ground squirrel loan Costanoan 1986:699 notes (h)e:x in Costanoan; appears in all Costanoan in Kroeber, Pinart underived Shaul 1995:227 2 1 0 0 0 no
gray tree squirrel flora-fauna Sciurus spp. missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 0 no
great horned owl flora-fauna Bubo virginianus tukunupš owl (not barn owl) loan Plains Miwok Note Proto-Miwokan *tukuli (approx), Salinan šo:konóy' WW %(hu)tukul other complex -sh classifier -sh Heizer/Pinart I:79 1 2 2 0 1 no
grizzly bear flora-fauna Ursus arctos horribilis missing missing missing 1 2 0 0 0 yes
horned toad flora-fauna Phrynosomatidae missing missing missing 2 2 2 0 0 no
horse caballo cavalho flora-fauna Equus caballus missing missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
hummingbird colibrí, picaflor (Peru) beija-flor flora-fauna Trochilidae umin- hummingbird loan Costanoan compare Costanoan (h)umun(a) underived cited by Shaul without noun classifier??? Shaul 1988:696 0 0 0 0 0 no
tobacco tabaco tabaco flora-fauna Nicotiana spp. ka'a tobacco unique Esselen Shaul notes Miw *kajaw, and “PL”, “CS” forms (abbreviations not defined!) but I don't think there's enough there to be sure underived Shaul 1988:694 1 1 1 1 0 yes
insect (generic) insecto insecto flora-fauna generic missing missing missing 0 0 2 0 0 variable
junco flora-fauna Junco sppp missing missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
juniper flora-fauna Juniperus californica missing missing missing 2 1 1 0 0 no
louse flora-fauna order Phtiraptera missing missing missing 2 0 0 0 0 no
mallard flora-fauna Anas platyrhynchos missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 0 no
manzanita flora-fauna Arctostaphylos spp. missing missing missing 2 1 1 0 0 no
milkweed, broad leaf flora-fauna Asclepias eriocarpa missing missing missing 2 1 1 0 0 no
milkweed, narrow leaf flora-fauna Asclepias fascicularis missing missing missing 0 1 1 0 0 no
mission tule flora-fauna Juncus missing missing missing 2 1 2 0 0 no
mockingbird flora-fauna Mimus polyglottos missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 0 no
mosquito mosquito, zancudo mosquito, carapana flora-fauna Anopheles spp, Isoptera palaka mosquito unique Esselen notes Rumsen palaka-nš underived Shaul 1988:699 0 0 0 0 0 no
moth mariposa nocturna, polilla mariposa flora-fauna Heterocera missing missing missing 2 0 0 0 0 no
mountain lion flora-fauna Puma concolor xeke-s (Pinart xekkesipša mountain lion unique Esselen Shaul 1986:699 notes Rumsen hek other complex -s, -p$a classifier suffixes -s, -p$a Shaul 1995:227 1 2 0 0 0 yes
mountain quail flora-fauna Oreortyx pictus missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 0 no
mussel flora-fauna Mytilus spp. hakala, ha-lak-la mussel unique Esselen notes Plains Miwak 'atkal, Mutsun xakaw other complex -la classifier suffix -la Shaul 1988;695; Turner 1983:237 2 1 0 0 1 no
olivella (olive snail) flora-fauna Callianax biplicata missing missing missing 2 2 0 0 1 no
pinyon jay flora-fauna Cyanocitta stelleri? missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 0 no
pinyon pine flora-fauna Pinus monophylla missing missing missing 2 1 2 0 1 no
pismo clam flora-fauna Tivella stultorum missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 1 no
pocket gopher flora-fauna Thomomys tanani (Henshaw) gopher unique Esselen underived Turner & Shaul 1981:120 2 1 0 0 0 no
poison oak flora-fauna Toxicodendron diversilobum missing missing missing 2 2 2 0 0 yes
rattlesnake flora-fauna Crotalus spp. ipišikša (Pinart); tsetselk-kamati (Henshaw) rattlesnake loan Costanoan compares Costanan ipi (wa/x/š) other complex -$a classifier suffix -$a Shaul 1988:699; Turner & Shaul 1981:120 1 2 0 0 0 yes
red ant flora-fauna Solenopsis spp missing missing missing 1 0 1 0 0 no
red-shouldered blackbird flora-fauna Agelaius phoeniceus missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 0 no
red-tailed hawk flora-fauna Buteo jamaicensis šwekeš-upsa (Pinart šeukker upsa) hawk loan Costanoan Shaul cites Costanoan šewker “red-tailed hawk” other complex -p$a animal suffix -p$a Shaul 1988:696 2 2 0 0 0 no
roadrunner flora-fauna Geococcyx californianus missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 0 no
ruddy duck flora-fauna Oxyura jamaicensis missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 0 no
sage herb flora-fauna Artemisia californica missing missing missing 2 2 1 0 0 no
salmon/steelhead flora-fauna Oncorhynchus mykiss kilíwa (Henshaw; Pinart keleuai), kilínai salmon unique Esselen underived -wa is a plural on demonstratives in Shaul 1995 but apparently not on nouns Shaul 1995:227 2 1 0 0 0 no
scaly lizard flora-fauna Pygopus lepidopodus? mexile-n lizard loan Costanoan compare Costanoan mexer- other complex -n classifier suffix -n Shaul 1988:696 2 2 0 0 0 no
small bird flora-fauna missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 0 no
small brown lizard flora-fauna missing missing missing 2 2 0 0 0 no
snake (generic) culebra, serpiente cobra flora-fauna missing missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
soaproot flora-fauna Chlorogalum missing missing missing 2 1 1 0 0 no
sour berry flora-fauna Rhus trilobata missing missing missing 2 1 1 0 0 no
sparrow hawk flora-fauna Falco missing missing missing 2 2 0 0 0 no
spider araña aranha flora-fauna Arachnida, Araneae missing missing missing 0 0 2 0 0 variable
spotted skunk flora-fauna Spilogale gracilis missing missing missing 2 2 0 0 0 no
toad sapo sapo flora-fauna Bufonidae auallai toad unique Esselen other complex -la classifier suffix? -la Heizer/Pinart I:80 2 2 0 0 0 no
tree árbol arvore flora-fauna (NA) missing missing missing 0 0 2 0 0 no
tree yucca flora-fauna Yucca schidegera missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 0 no
turkey buzzard flora-fauna Cathartes aura missing missing missing 2 2 0 0 0 no
turtle (generic) flora-fauna Testudines missing missing missing 2 2 0 0 1 no
valley live oak flora-fauna Quercus agrifolia missing missing missing 2 1 2 0 1 no
valley oak flora-fauna Quercus lobata has+ white-oak unique Esselen other complex -s classifier suffix -s Kroeber/Henshaw 55 2 1 2 0 1 no
valley quail flora-fauna Callipepla californica kumul quail loan Yokuts Yokutsan *humn-ul WW %hum other complex -l classifier -l Shaul 1995:227 2 1 0 0 0 no
Washington clam flora-fauna Saxidomus nuttalli missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 1 no
Western Canada goose flora-fauna Branta canadensis missing missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
whale flora-fauna Eschrichtius robustus pišuk whale unique Esselen Shaul note sresmblance to Bodega Miwok púuşu; underived Shaul 1988:693, 6 2 1 2 0 1 no
white pelican flora-fauna Pelicanus erythrorhynchos yeyexim pelican loan Costanoan compares Scr, R yeye-n/xem reduplicated Shaul 1988:699 0 2 0 0 0 no
wild grapevine flora-fauna Vitis californica missing missing missing 2 1 2 0 0 no
wild oats flora-fauna Avena (introduction) missing missing missing 2 1 2 0 0 no
wild rose flora-fauna Rosa californica missing missing missing 0 1 2 0 0 no
wild sunflower flora-fauna Helianthus (and other genera) missing missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
willow flora-fauna Salix spp. missing missing missing 2 2 1 0 0 no
wood rat, round-tail flora-fauna Neotoma spp. makel (Henshaw) rat loan Salinan make/il in both SA, SM underived ends in -l but so does Salinan form so perhaps not countable as suffix Turner & Shaul 1981:120 2 1 0 0 0 no
worm, hairy caterpillar flora-fauna Arctiidae (many species) missing missing missing 2 2 0 0 0 no
worm, smooth caterpillar flora-fauna Trichoplusia ni (?) cabbage looper missing missing missing 2 2 0 0 0 no
yellow jacket flora-fauna Vespula spp., Dolichovespula spp. missing missing missing 2 0 0 0 0 no
yellowbird flora-fauna Dendroica petechia missing missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
yerba santa flora-fauna Eriodictyon californicum missing missing missing 2 1 1 0 0 no
ant (generic) hormiga formiga flora-fauna otsoi-psha unknown Shaul 1995:195, 197
bird pajaro, ave passaro flora-fauna tca/p-his “birds” unknown Henshaw in Turner 1983:228
blowfly/housefly mosca mosca flora-fauna mumiru-x loan direction unknown Shaul 1988:696
dog (camp, domestic) perro cachorro flora-fauna shosho S. Voc loan direction unknown Shaul 1995
grass hierba, pasto capim, grama flora-fauna missing
deer venado veado, cariacu flora-fauna missing
snake (generic) culebra, serpiente cobra flora-fauna tse/tselkmati “rattlesnake” unknown Henshaw in Shaul 1995:200 and voc
spider araña aranha flora-fauna missing


Cultural Vocabulary (115)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Word Structure Word Structure Notes General Notes Source
acorn mush food tser-win mush (of acorns) unknown Henshaw other complex noun class suffix (ncs) -n Kroeber 1902
ball game food missing missing
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven tierra do los muertos terra dos mortos culture-mythology missing missing
feather headband dress missing missing
arrow flecha flecha subsistence tool lóto-s arrow unknown also pawi Kroeber 1902 53 other complex ncs -s Shaul 1995
arrow straightener other missing missing
bait for fishing cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru) isca subsistence tool missing missing
school escuela escola acculturation missing missing
stone bowl culture-material missing missing
basket (general) canasta, canasto, cesta cesto culture-material t'si-la basket (water-tight) unknown Henshaw; possibly from Salinan shla 'basket'??? other complex ncs -la Kroeber 1902 (Languages of the Coast South of SF, UCPAAE 2)
basket, small canasta, canasto, cesta cesto pequeno, tampado culture-material missing missing
basketry hat culture-material missing missing
bead abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar miçanga culture-material missing missing
ochre culture-mythology missing missing
bow arco arco subsistence tool paxu-nax bow loan Salinan M Harrington copies as payunay other complex ncs -nax Shaul 1995
canoe canoa canoa transport ualkošex dugout canoe unknown Pinart other complex ncs -shax Heizer 1952
carrying net subsistence tool missing missing
bottle botella garrafa acculturation ku7uh winnowing basket, small jug or bottle of liquor Henshaw simplex Kroeber 1902
paper papel papel acculturation missing missing
chief/leader jefe, cacique chefe culture-mythology missing missing
club garrote, cachiporra clava, porrete subsistence tool missing missing
loincloth taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla tanga, tapa-sexo dress missing missing
cook food food missing missing
corpse food moho he died unknown Arroyo simplex Kroeber 1902
dance (generic) culture-mythology mepV-, mef dance unknown also lelima 'a dance simplex Shaul 1995
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure dios(es), deidad divinidade, figura mítica culture-mythology missing missing
digging stick subsistence tool missing missing
dipper subsistence tool missing missing
dream sueño, soñar sonho, sonhar culture-mythology missing missing
drone pipe culture-mythology missing missing
drum tambor tambor culture-mythology missing missing
chicken gallina galinha acculturation kaiyina-p-ca chicken loan Spanish WW %gallina Henshaw other complex the extra stuff not in Shaul 1995 list of ncs suffixes Kroeber 1902
earring other missing missing
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio espirito culture-mythology tu+mas-atc-hâ-pa devil or evil spirit (tumas 'dark'??) unknown Henshaw; also hatcox-pa, atchâ-pa 'you are a devil' compound, derived really guessing here but see Shaul 1995:216 for suffix -pa. Kroeber 1902
fire drill subsistence tool missing missing
fire-tender culture-mythology missing missing
fireplace hogar lareira other missing missing
firewood leña lenha other i7i wood unknown simplex Shaul 1995
fish (with fish-poison) pescar con barbasco, barbasquear pescar com timbó; tinguijar food missing missing
fish (with line) anzuelear, pescar con linea pescar (com linha) food missing missing
fish poison barbasco, matapez (Colombia) timbó subsistence tool missing missing
fishing line cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze linha de pesca subsistence tool missing missing
fish hook subsistence tool missing missing
acorn bread food missing missing
wheat food missing missing
flute flauta, quena (Peru) flauta culture-mythology missing missing
gambling sticks other missing missing
game animal caza, animal de caza caça, animal de caça food missing missing
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio espirito culture-mythology missing missing
glue subsistence tool missing missing
grave tumba, sepultura, sepulcro sepultura, sepulcro, cova culture-mythology missing missing
alcohol food missing missing
Datura wrightii narcotics missing missing
shaman, healer chamán, brujo xaman, pajé, feiticeiro culture-mythology missing missing
honey miel mel food missing missing
house other i-wa'-no house unknown Henshaw; Pinart aua simplex Shaul says -no may be a locative Kroeber 1902
hunt cazar caçar food missing missing
initiate boy culture-mythology missing missing
initiate girl culture-mythology missing missing
knife cuchillo faca culture-material kum-mal knife unknown HenshawPinart has xelusep Heizer 1952:76 other complex ncs suffix -l Kroeber 1902
mat culture-material missing missing
mortar mortero pilão subsistence tool pamma mortar unknown Pinart; has the pa- element common in mortar/pestle words, loan? simplex Heizer 1952
necklace other am-hĕ'n-ni necklace of beads loan Salinan WW %xene Henshaw simplex Kroeber 1902
needle/awl subsistence tool missing missing
paddle/oar remo remo transport missing missing
pestle pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor mão de pilão subsistence tool kušše pestle unknown Pinart simplex Heizer 1952
pinole food amúxe pinole unknown the 7am- part looks like the Salinan 'food' word simplex Shaul 1995
pipe for tobacco pipa cachimbo other šuknas enne pipe (of reed) loan Costanoan WW %sokon Pinart other complex, phrase Heizer 1952
pitch food missing missing
pot olla, pote panela, vasilha subsistence tool missing missing
quiver subsistence tool missing missing
rattle matraca, maraca marico, chocalho culture-mythology missing missing
red paint culture-mythology missing missing
salt sal sal food mak-h<a-la-na salt unknown Henshaw other complex ncs suffix -na attested here Kroeber 1902
seed beater subsistence tool missing missing
clothing ropa roupa culture-mythology missing missing
sinew-backed bow subsistence tool missing missing
skirt falda, saya, fustan, pollera saia culture-material missing missing
snare subsistence tool missing missing
song (generic) canción, canto canção culture-mythology na me sing! unknown Arroyo; Henshaw ma-wi'-pa 'to sing', man-wi sing! simplex Kroeber 1902
spear lanza lança subsistence tool missing missing
stirring stick food missing missing
rope/string mecate, cuerda, soga corda culture missing missing
bag, sack culture-material missing missing
string of shell money other missing missing
sugarcane/sugar azúcar, caña de azúcar açucar (de cana) acculturation missing missing
sweathouse other missing missing
tell history culture-mythology humul-pa tell, relate unknown derived suffix -pa see Shaul 1995(216) Kroeber 1902
cremate culture-mythology missing missing
tobacco (native) narcotics k'a/-a tobacco loan Miwokan Henshaw simplex Kroeber 1902
tule boat transport missing missing
white paint culture-mythology missing missing
winnowing basket culture-material ca'k-a winnowing basket unknown Henshaw; see also 'bottle' simplex Kroeber 1902
wood tray subsistence tool missing missing
shoes zapatos sapatos dress missing missing
medicine narcotics missing missing
cradleboard culture-material missing missing
policeman polícia policía acculturation missing missing
soldier soldado soldado acculturation missing missing
corn food missing missing
beans food missing missing
cat gato gato acculturation mi's-ka-tas cat (Carmelo language?) loan Spanish WW %mis Henshaw; this is %mis-mis-mis to call a cat other complex Kroeber 1902
gun arma, escopeta espingarda, fusil acculturation missing missing
hat sombero chapéu dress missing missing
clapper acculturation missing missing
thatch/roof crisneja palha, caraná culture-material missing
rope/string mecate, cuerda, soga corda culture missing
bottom grinding stone manufacture pamma “mortar” loan Pinart/Heizer
digging stick subsistence tool missing
winnow aventar, tirar (sementes) joeirar manufacture shaka “winnowing basket” unknown Shaul 1988:693
top grinding stone metate, mano; piedra de moler metate, mano manufacture kushshe “pestle” (mano del mortero) unknown Pinart (Heizer)
boomerang/throwing stick (generic) subsistence tool missing
spearthrower subsistence tool paxu-nax “bow” loan Shaul 1995
spear lanza lança subsistence tool pawi loan (Henshaw; Turner 1983:230,
house other iwa-no “at home” unknown Henshaw in Shaul 1995:208


Ethnographic Information
Current Population (speakers) Former Population Estimate Subsistence Preference Density Sedentism Ecotome Marriage Pattern Notes Source
small HG medium seasonal no