Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

gopher snake, bull snake

Semantic Field: flora-fauna
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
Meaning Portuguese

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Language	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

Language	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous
Bankalachi Toloim	Pituophis catenifer	ko-trŏ'-nitch		Gopher or bull snake	loan			Yokuts	Wikchamni hawt'-trŭ-mut; ho'-trung-ut; Yowlumne kaw-trah'-nitch	same	underived					C. H. Merriam 72-79, 60-463		2		2		0						no
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone	Pituophis catenifer	kokon (Duckwater: kokkon)		bullsnake (M:Gopher or bull snake (Pityophis)	inheritance	*koNwa	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 2009 (2008:279)	same	underived					Crapo 1976:114		2		2		0						no
Cahuilla	Pituophis catenifer	po'-kow-wit 72-11, or -wut 60-173	??, but note Luiseno pikawut “snake species”, should yield Ca. pikawet, but Merriam is consistent about po-.	Gopher snake, bull snake (Pityophus)	inheritance	*paxa-wɨ-ta	Cupan plus Gabrielino		This cannot be S2013 (Stubbs 2009:280), because that yields Cahuilla /paxa/, not /paka/. Something of a mystery.	same	derived	has augmentative suffix -wet. po-ka is NOT /paxa/ “red racer”	-7aʃ "pet"	possessive classifier -7aʃ (probably)	sewet (Bean 1972:61)	http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n155/mode/2up; p. 173	no info	2	Moon gaves snakes their colors; they are her paintings (Seiler 1970:44)	2		no info	hunted	All	roasted or boiled	Southern Canada to Mexico	“A habitat generalist” http://www.desertmuseum.org/books/nhsd_gopher_snake.php	no
Central Sierra Miwok	Pituophis catenifer	ló:paT:i		gopher snake	inheritance		Sierra Miwokan only		In Mins		underived	must be etymologically complex						2		2		0						no
Chemehuevi	Pituophis catenifer	kaw'	kaawɨ (final voiceless)	Gopher or bull snake (Pityo-his)	inheritance	*kowa	Proto-Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 2009 koNwa (2008:279); tis from kowa-pɨ by regular rule in S. Numic	same	other complex	has -pɨ ABS				Merriam 59:535		2		2		0						no
Chumash Barbareno	Pituophis catenifer	pʃoʃ		gopher snake	inheritance	*pSoSo	Proto-Chumash		Klar 1977:89		underived					Beeler 1978:182		2		2		0						no
Chumash Ineseno	Pituophis catenifer	p'shōsh'		gopher or bull snake	inheritance	*pSoSo	Proto-Chumash		Klar 1977:89		underived					Merriam 55:17		2		2		0						no
Chumash Obispeno	Pituophis catenifer	c-psoso		Gophersnake	inheritance	*pSoSo	Proto-Chumash				other complex	c-				Klar 1977:89		2		2		0						no
Chumash Ventureno	Pituophis catenifer	pʃoʃ		bullsnake (V); gopher snake (B)	inheritance	*pSoSo	Proto-Chumash		Klar 1977:89		underived					Mamet 2008:18		2		2		0						no
Cocopa	Pituophis catenifer	missing			missing						missing							2		2		0						no
Comanche	Pituophis catenifer	missing			missing						missing							2		2		0						no
Cupeño	Pituophis catenifer	pō'-kow'-wit	??, but note Luiseno pikawut “snake species”, should yield Ca. pikawet, but Merriam is consistent about po-. Perhaps pukawet?	Gopher or bull snake	inheritance	*piCka-wɨ	Cupan		Cannot be S2013 (Stubbs 2009:280) which yields paxa, not paka	same	derived	puka-wə-t snake.sp-augmentative-npn	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier for animals		http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n251/mode/2up, p. 267	no info	2		2		no info	no info	no info	no info	Southern Canada to Mexico	diverse habitats	no
Esselen	Pituophis catenifer	missing			missing						missing							2		2		0						no
Gabrielino	Pituophis catenifer	yŭ-ē't tah-hoor 72-79 , 60-429	ˈjo:ʔit ˈta:hur “big snake”	Gopher Snake	inheritance	*tahu-	Northern Uto-Aztecan		Kitanemuk tahuchr; S2015 (Stubbs 2009:280)	same	phrase	ˈjo:ʔi-t ˈta:hu-r big-npn snake-npn	-ʔaʧ “pet	possessive classifier for animals	ta:hur	http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 429	no info	2		2	McC p. 116	no info	hunted	all	no info	Southern Canada to Mexico	Diverse habitats	no
Iipay 'Aa	Pituophis catenifer	ɂewiiyaq		gopher snake	unique				Contains Proto-Y “snake”	same	phrase	ɂewii-yaq snake-lies?				Couro & Hutcheson 1973		2		2		0						no
Kawaiisu	Pituophis catenifer	kogo		gopher snake	inheritance	*koNwa	Proto-Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 2009 (this development is Numic)	same	underived					Zigmond et al.		2		2		0						no
Kiliwa	Pituophis catenifer	missing			missing						missing							2		2		0						no
Kitanemuk	Pituophis catenifer	tahuč	ˈtahuʧr	snake sp. (gopher snake?)	inheritance	*tahu-	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S2015 (Stubbs 2009:280)	same	other complex	ˈtahu-ʧr snake-npn	-ʔacit "pet"	possessive classifier for animals	hɨŋt	Anderton 1988:511	no info	2		2		no info	no info	no info	no info	Southern Canada to Mexico	Diverse habitats	no
Lake Miwok	Pituophis catenifer	7áşkajak		gopher snake (Merriam confirms)	unique						relative clause	“one who gets angry under 7a$kaj				Callaghan 1965		2		2		0						no
Luiseño	Pituophis catenifer	$ithí'	şiʹδiɁ	gopher snake	unique				perhaps a loan; I don't know source of /th/ in Lu.	same	underived	no non.possessed.noun suffix	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla	píiqwala (?)	Elliott 1999:860	no info	2		2		no info	no info	no info	no info	Southern Canada to Mexico	diverse habitats	no
Maidu	Pituophis catenifer	yep-po'-nim hoos'-kum		gopher or bull snake	unique				second element is probably same as “snake” word in 53		phrase	X snake				Merriam 57:49		2		2		0						no
Mojave	Pituophis catenifer	ɂave thii		gopher snake	inheritance		Colorado River Yuman		Contains P-Y snake word; note Yuma ah-vā-se'	same	phrase	snake drink				Munro et al.1992		2		2		0						no
Mutsun	Pituophis catenifer	ko:Tehwa		big snake sp. (gopher or bull snake? Merriam confirms)	inheritance		Yok-Utian		Cf. Pynim xo:THongiTH (and ko:langkHil “king snake”), Pmis *ho.tong-ja- Callaghan 1997:60		other complex	-wa is "serpent" suffix O p. 142				Okrand 1977:142		2		2		0						no
Nisenan	Pituophis catenifer	ho:tot'		bull snake	unique						reduplicated							2		2		0						no
Northern Paiute	Pituophis catenifer	tuuhaba	bullsnake' (Y)	bullsnake (M:Gopher or bull snake for form in “notes” with haba)	unique					same	phrase	tuu- probably “black”; haba is some kind of “snake” word that I can't find any cognates for (based on Merriam's Walker Lake form, see notes)				Merriam 61:147		2		2		0						no
Northern Sierra Miwok	Pituophis catenifer	lo:pa:Ti-		gopher snake	inheritance		Sierra Miwokan only		In Mics		other complex	-Ti						2		2		0						no
Plains Miwok	Pituophis catenifer	wak:a:li-		gopher or bull snake (CHM cited in CC)	inheritance		Miwokan		Bodega Dic says is Miwokan but has no reconstruction, and I find none in other sources		underived					Callaghan 1984		2		2		0						no
Salinan A	Pituophis catenifer	shă-num'-kŭs		Gopher or bull snake	unique		Salinan				phrase	probably phrasal but no hope of analysis				Merriam 55:379		2		2		0						no
Salinan M	Pituophis catenifer	sha-num'-kul, shă-num'-kŭs		gopher or bull snake	unique		Salinan				other complex	probably prhasal but translation impossible				Merriam 55:377		2		2		0						no
Seri (Comcaac)	Pituophis catenifer	cocaznáacöl		gopher snake	unique					same	phrase	cocazni “viper” aacöi “grande”				Comcaac Dictionary 197		2		2		0						no
Serrano	Pituophis catenifer	kuk-kort'R, kr'-krKT		gopher or bull snake	inheritance	*koNwa-	Uto-Aztecan		S2009 (Stubbs 2008:279)		other complex	-t NPN				Merriam 60-109		2		2		0						no
Southern Paiute	Pituophis catenifer	ogompɨtsI		bull-snake (general term, apparently, for non-venomous snakes that resemble rattlesnakes but are without rattles)	unique					broader (diverse large snakes)	other complex	has -pɨtsI ABS				Sapir 1930:595		2		2		0						no
Southern Sierra Miwok	Pituophis catenifer	hik:a7-jaH-		gopher snake	unique						other complex	-jaH theme						2		2		0						no
Southern Ute	Pituophis catenifer	qóxO		bull-snake	inheritance	*koNwa	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 2009 (2008:279); this word for “bullsnake” is just Numic, though (T. Shoshone, Kawaiisu koko (loaned???)	same	underived					Givon 1979		2		2		0						no
Tübatulabal	Pituophis catenifer	tüpappul	tɨbaˈpul	gopher snake	unique					same	derived	tɨbaˈ-pu-l snake.sp-deriv.suffix-npn (tɨ-ba is probably rock-on historically			tuhhatt	Hill 2010:95	no info	2		2	no reptiles eaten (Voegelin 1938:6)	no info	N/A	N/A	N/A	Southern Canada to Mexico	Diverse habitats	no
Tümpisa Shoshone	Pituophis catenifer	kokoppüh		bull snake	inheritance	*koNwa	Proto-Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 2009 (2008:279); this development is Numic	same	other complex	koko-ppüh snake-CL	ppüh			Dayley 1989:59		2		2		0						no
Wappo	Pituophis catenifer	hána:koTa		bullsnake (CHM confirms 52:577)	inheritance		Yukian-Wappo		Yukian *hunk'an'; note Mutsun ko:Tehwa		phrase	elements unknown				Sawyer 1965		2		2		0						no
Washo	Pituophis catenifer	7awahó:p'i		gopher or bull snake	unique						phrase	elements unknown				Merriam 55:311; WPD		2		2		0						no
Western Mono	Pituophis catenifer	pasiGoqA		gopher snake	unique				Note Sh pasinkokon “water snake”, pa- clearly water here, but may be “big” in bull snake. No clue what the siN- is. There is a sinawi southern form. -Goqa is the *koNwa snake word without the Numic to-	same	derived	I think the pa- is visible to speakers, but the rest is probably unanalyzable except historically			toGoqa “snake”	Bethel et al.:130	no info	2		2		no info	no info	no info	no info			no
Wintu	Pituophis catenifer	moroqp'eh		bullsnake (CHM confirms)	unique						relative clause	moroq “to move, quiver” is a Wintun cognate				Pitkin 1985		2		2		0						no
Yavapai	Pituophis catenifer	hàtᶏmā·la	a squiggle is a subdot	gopher snake	unique						unknown					Shaterian 1983		2		2		0						no
Yokuts Palewyami	Pituophis catenifer	missing			missing						missing							2		2		0						no
Yokuts Yawdanchi	Pituophis catenifer	hû'cudètc		gopher snake	inheritance	*xo:ThongiTh (?)	Nim-Yokuts		Callaghan 1937:60, compare Pmis ho.tang-ja:; I think the Yawd form here is a cognate	same	other complex	huc-udetch “hoosh-sayer” K 1907:234				Kroeber 1961:212 (241)		2		2		0						no
Yokuts Yowlumne	Pituophis catenifer	koTònot, go:Tonit		gopher snake	inheritance	*xo:ThongiTh (?)	Nim-Yokuts		Callaghan 1937:60, compare Pmis ho:tang-la:	same	underived	probably complex but unanalyzable given available materials				Kroeber 1961:212		2		2		0						no
Yuki	Pituophis catenifer	ol-lool' MWO (p. 97), a:lula' LF		bull snake, gopher snake	inheritance	*ollul	Yukian		Schlichter 1985; *7ol-lul (tree fat) also Yukian; Wappo hána:koTa “bullsnake”		compound	tree-fat; LF form has animate -a7				Sawyer & Schlichter 1984		2		2		0						no
Yuma	Pituophis catenifer	ah-vā-se'		Gopher or bull snake (Pityophis)	inheritance		Colorado River Yuman only		Note Mojave ɂave thii; so CR		unknown					Merriam 61:463		2		2		0						no


Bankalachi Toloim
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone
Cahuilla
Central Sierra Miwok
Chemehuevi
Chumash Barbareno
Chumash Ineseno
Chumash Obispeno
Chumash Ventureno
Cocopa
Comanche
Cupeño
Esselen
Gabrielino
Iipay 'Aa
Kawaiisu
Kiliwa
Kitanemuk
Lake Miwok
Luiseño
Maidu
Mojave
Mutsun
Nisenan
Northern Paiute
Northern Sierra Miwok
Plains Miwok
Salinan A
Salinan M
Seri (Comcaac)
Serrano
Southern Paiute
Southern Sierra Miwok
Southern Ute
Tübatulabal
Tümpisa Shoshone
Wappo
Washo
Western Mono
Wintu
Yavapai
Yokuts Palewyami
Yokuts Yawdanchi
Yokuts Yowlumne
Yuki
Yuma

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