Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

Kiliwa

Family: Yuman
Region: North America
ISO 639-3: klb
Location: 30.55°, -115.12°
Notes
Features: Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Ethnographic Information

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Basic Vocabulary (185)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Etymology Code	Source
1pl.excl	nosotros (exclusivo)	nós (exclusivo)	grammar	pa-/mi-7+nya7-p		inheritance
1pl.incl	nosotros (inclusivo)	nós (inclusivo)	grammar	pa-/mi-7+nya7-p		inheritance
1sg	yo	eu	grammar	nya7-(p)		inheritance
2pl	ustedes	vocês	grammar			missing
2sg	xx	xx	grammar	ma7-(p)		inheritance
3pl	ellos/ellas	eles/elas	grammar			missing
3sg	el/ella	ele/ela	grammar			missing
above	encima, arriba	acima	location	nat		unknown	Mixco 1996
again	de nuevo, otra vez	de novo	grammar	kW-p-7nyi-7-i7		inheritance
all	todo	todos	other	kW-spi7l		unknown
and	y	e	grammar	-7n "conjunctive"		unknown	Mixco 1985
ankle	tobillo	tornozelo	body	miy=n+kwaaw “anklebone”		unique
armpit	axila, sobaco	axila	body	sl=paa		inheritance
ash	ceniza(s)	cinzas	environment	mituw		unknown
at	en, a	em, a	location			missing
back	espalda	costas	body	maq		inheritance
bad	mal	mal	quality	h-u7-luuy, h-u7-luy-u		unknown
belly	barriga	barriga	body	pha7		inheritance
below	abajo, debajo	abaixo	location	puq		unknown
big	grande	grande	quality	7-tay		inheritance
bite	morder	morder	body	cha7 31		inheritance
black	negro	preto	colour	(kW)-nyiir		inheritance
blood	sangre	sangue	body	t-khWat		inheritance
blow	soplar	soprar	body	p-sul, p--suul ”soplar”		inheritance
boil/pimple	espinilla, granos	espinha, borbulha	body	chiilq		unknown	Mixco 1985
bone	hueso	osso	body	haq(l)		inheritance
breast	pecho, seno	peito	body	ny-maayu (senos)		inheritance
breathe	respirar	respirar	body	yaay=caa-w (also “breath, voice”)		inheritance	Mixco 1985
burn	quemar	queimar	environment	maal (of flame), -chi7 “burn, kindle”		unknown	Mixco 1985
chew	masticar, mascar	mastigar	body	7kway/-nya7 "with molars"		inheritance
child	niño, niña	criança	human	nay		unknown
climb	subir	subir	motion	ch7ii-k		unknown
cloud	nube	nuvem	environment	7-kWiy, 7-kWiy-u		inheritance
cold	frío	frio	quality	7xcha7k		inheritance
come	venir	vir	motion	yii, t-yii		inheritance
cook	cocinar	cozinhar	impact	t-h-maa h-uuy		inheritance
correct/true	verdad, de veras	verdade	quality	chpiiy 49 “recto”		inheritance
count	contar	contar	mental	t-t-siip-u		inheritance
cry	llorar	chorar	mental	h-mii, h-mii-t		inheritance
cut/hack	cortar	cortar	impact	qhat, t-qhat-u, qhaw		inheritance
day	día	dia	time	7-nyaay		inheritance
die/be dead	morir	morrer	state	(s)-pi; (s)-pi-t-u		inheritance
dig	cavar	cavar	impact	h-nuq, h-t-nuuq		unknown
dingo/wolf			fauna	miti7, kW-san (coyote)		unknown
dirty	sucio	sujo	quality	xpil		inheritance
dream	soñar	sonhar	mental	t-7-smaa		inheritance
drink	beber, tomar	beber	body	chhii, chhii-t	c hachek	inheritance
dry	seco	seco	quality	s7aay		inheritance
dull/blunt	sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo	maçante, desamolado, não afiado	quality			missing
dust	polvo	poeira	environment	7+mat=sa		inheritance	Mixco 1985
ear	oreja	orelha	body	smaql		inheritance
earth/soil	tierra	terra	environment	7-mat		inheritance
eat	comer	comer	body	h-maa; h-maa-t		inheritance
egg	huevo	ovo	fauna	xma7=yit		inheritance
eye	ojo	olho	body	ny-7-yuw		inheritance
faeces	heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol	fezes	body	waq		loan direction unknown
fall	caer	cair	motion	tilu “caer uno”, tiilu “uno tras otro”		inheritance
far	lejos	longe	quality	7-mat=nyaa-m		unique
fat/grease	grasa	gordura	body	sa7		inheritance
father	padre, papá	pai	kinship	h-s7uu, ny-p-s7uu		unknown
fear	miedo	medo	mental	huu; huu-t		unknown
feather	pluma	pena	fauna	walu		inheritance
fire	fuego	fogo	environment	7-7aaw		inheritance
fish	xx	xx	fauna	mchaa		unknown
flow	fluir	fluir	motion	yul p. 77		unknown
flower	flor	flor	environment	t-p-yaw-p		unknown
fly	volar	voar	motion	p-i7-hiw, p-i7-hiiw-u		unknown
fog	niebla, neblina	nevoeira, bruma, neblina	environment	yuw=hi7		unknown	Mixco 1985
foot	pie	pé	body	ny-7-miy		inheritance
fruit	fruta	fruta	flora	t-kW-ma7		unknown
good	bueno	bom	quality	mraay “esta bien” 50		unknown
grow	crecer	crescer	state	x7iip, t-x7iip		unknown
hair (of head)	cabello	cabelo	body	7iy=smaq		inheritance
hand	mano	mão	body	ny-7-sal	n tilde	inheritance
head	cabeza	cabeça	body	7iy		inheritance
hear	oír	ouvir	mental	kWii; kWii-t		inheritance
heavy	pesado	pesado	quality	mchaa		unknown
hide	esconder	esconder	motion	h-nan, kW-7-n-yaw “escondido”		unknown
hit	golpear, pegar	bater	impact	h-chi7, h-chi-t-u “golpear”		unknown
hold	correr, asegurar, sostener	segurar	other	p-yaw, p-yaaw-u		unknown
how?	como	como	grammar	p+aux		unknown	Mixco 1985
if	si	se	grammar	-win (on verb of protasis)		unknown
in/inside	dentro, adentro	dentro	location	puq 77		unknown
intestines	intestinos	intestinos	body	pha7		inheritance
itch	hormiguear, sentir comezón	coçar	body	s7iir		unique
kill	matar	matar	impact	h-nyuu, h-nyuu-t (kill one); tchaw (kill several)		unknown
know/be knowledgeable	saber, conecer	saber, conhecer	mental	spuuw		inheritance
lake	lago	lago	environment	xa7=7=tay “mar”		inheritance
laugh	reír	rir	mental	h-chin, h-chiin		unknown
leaf	hoja	folha	environment	smaq		inheritance
left/left hand	izquierdo	esquerdo	location/body	sal=kw-sar-(y)		inheritance
leg/foot	pierna	perna	body	ny-7-miy		inheritance
lie down	acostarse, echarse	deitar	motion	yaq		inheritance
lightning	rayo, relámpago	relampago	environment	h-nyam		unknown
live/be alive	vivir	viver, morar	body	ipaa-y, p-ipaa-y “vivo, sanar		inheritance
liver	hígado	figado	body	lphii		unknown
long	largo	comprido, longo	quality	7-kus, 7-kuus		inheritance
louse	piollo, piojo	piolho	fauna	wa7=7il		unknown
lung	pulmón	pulmão	body	nkhwal, x-7_kwiiy=waa-u7		inheritance
man/male	hombre	homem	human	kw-umiiy		inheritance
meat/flesh	carne	carne	fauna	7-xaq		unknown
moon	luna	lua	environment	xa7la7		inheritance
mother	madre, mamá	mãe	kinship	h-ny7uu, ny-p-ny7uu		unknown
mouth	boca	boca	body	ha7		inheritance
name	nombre	nome	human	ny-7-mil		inheritance
nape	base del cuello, nuca	nuca	body	p-kw-7+ni7		unknown	Mixco 1985
near/close	cerca de	perto	quality	nyaa-m mat; p-yaa-m		unknown
neck	cuello	pescoço	body	7iypuq		inheritance	Mixco 1978
new	nuevo	novo	quality	mraay-xay		inheritance
night	noche	noite	time	tiiy		inheritance
no/not	no	não	grammar	kWat (not); mat (no)		inheritance
nose	nariz	nariz	body	phi7		inheritance
old	viejo	velho	quality	ipaa=7-tay		inheritance
one	uno	um	number	msir		inheritance
open/uncover	abrir	abrir	other	kap		unknown
other	otro	outro	grammar	kW-chipi, kW-chiipi		unknown
pain/painful/sick	dolor, doloroso, enfermo	dor, doloroso, doente	body	rap, rap-chaw, raap-u “doler”; ipaa=t-kW-rap “enfermo”		inheritance
person/human being	persona	pessoa	human	7-ipaa “gente”		inheritance
pound/beat	machacar, golpear	bater	impact	h+nya7 (w/ hammer), p+tiiti “pound seeds”		unknown	Mixco 1985
rain	lluvia	chuva	environment	kwWiy=h=uhaa-k		inheritance
red	rojo	vermelho	colour	7-kwal		inheritance
right/right hand	derecha	direita	location/body	sal=paa		inheritance
road/path	camino	caminho	manufacture	wnya7		inheritance
root	raíz	raiz	flora	7uuw=smaa		inheritance
rotten	podrido	podre	quality	sax (podrir)		inheritance
sand	arena	areia	environment	mat=xiw		unique
say	decir	dizer	mental	7ii, 7ii-t		inheritance
scratch	rascar	rasgar	impact	s-7+xwal, xwaal “scratch at”, maat p-c+khip, /maat p-s+min “scratch body (dog)”, p+khil-t waa waqu “scratch (arse)”, x_kwiiyr-p “w/ claws”		unknown
see	ver	ver	mental	saaw, saw-u		unknown
sharp	afilado, filudo, filoso	afiado	quality	yaaw-p h-yuw		inheritance
shoot	tirar, disparar, balear	atirar	impact	qhaa		inheritance
short	corto	curto	quality	x7kWiiy, nmux		unknown
shoulder	hombro	ombro	body	skimiy		unknown
shy/ashamed	tímido, vergonzoso	timido, com vergonha	mental	m7siiy-p, m7siy-u-p		unknown
sit	sentar(se)	sentar	state	p-waa; p-waa-t		inheritance
skin	piel	pele	body	7-kwal		inheritance
sky	cielo	céu	environment	7-wiiy		unknown
sleep	dormir	dormir	body	smaa, smaa-t		inheritance
small	pequeño	pequeno	quality	muwtt 36		unknown
smoke	humo	fumaça	environment	7-7aaw=phuuy		unique
sniff/smell	olfatear, oler	cheirar	body	khwisu		inheritance
spit	escupir	cuspir	body	ha7=cha7 p+lax/p-c+phu		unknown
split	partir, dividir	rachar, dividir, partir	impact	-cap		inheritance
squeeze	estrujar, exprimir	espremer	impact	s-kWilu, s-kWiilu		inheritance
stab/pierce	apuñalar, acuchillar	apunhalar	impact	p+sa7, s-x+khwap		inheritance
stand	estar de pié	ficar em pé	state	ch7ii; yuw, 7iw “parado”		unknown
star	estrella	estrela	environment	msi7		inheritance
steal	robar	roubar	other	x-chiit-p, xchit-u-p		inheritance
stick/wood	palo	pau, vara	flora	7-ipa7 “palo” 433		inheritance
stone	piedra	pedra	environment	7-uha7		inheritance
suck	chupar	chupar	body	sip, siip, ch-phuup		loan into protolanguage
sweat	sudar	suor, suar	body	m-x+mi7-y		unknown
swell	hincharse	inchar	body	p+tap/haR		unknown
swim	nadar	nadar	motion	xa7-h-paa		unique
tail	cola, rabo	rabo	body	pisa7		unknown
that	ese/esa	esse	grammar	paa “ese”		unknown
thick	grueso, gordo, espeso	grosso	quality			missing
thin	delgado	fino	quality	x7uun, x7un-u		unknown
think	pensar	pensar	mental	7-l-t-h+7ip ha7 “ponder”; man h+7ip/yuw(p) h+7ip (believe)		unknown
this	este/esta	este	grammar	mi		unknown
three	tres	tres	number	xmi7q		inheritance
throat	garganta	garganta	body	cmi (outer), t-m+nyal-u7 (esophagus)		unknown
throw	tirar, lanzar	atirar, jogar	impact	7+uha7 h-n+waa “stones”		unknown
thunder	truenos	trovão	environment	7-kW-iy-h-mii, ha7=kw=ny=mar kWiy		unknown
tie up/fasten	atar, amarrar	amarrar	impact	riw 138		unknown
tongue	lengua	lingua	body	ha7=pal		inheritance
tooth	diente	dente	body	ny-7-yaaw		inheritance
turn	girar, volter, torcer	virar	other	wiR/kwiR		inheritance
two	dos	dois	number	xwaq		inheritance
vomit	vomitar	vomitar	body	yuq		loan into protolanguage
walk	caminar, andar	andar	motion	(7-mal)7aaw		unknown
water	agua	agua	environment	7-xa7		inheritance
wet	mojado	molhado	quality	kW-chha7-y		inheritance
what?	que, qué	que	grammar	7-kWit		unknown
when?	cuando	quando	grammar	7-mat=p=7i-m		unknown
where?	donde	onde	grammar	7ap-l, 7ap-q		unknown
white	blanco	branco	colour	(kW)-m7sap		inheritance
who?	quien, quién	quem	grammar	7-m7aa		unknown
wife	esposa	esposa	kinship	ch7wa7		unknown
wind	viento	vento	environment	ha-t-u-k		inheritance
wing	ala	asa	body	t-walu=haq=7-tay		inheritance
woman/female	mujer	mulher	human	kW-kuu, kW-ku-t-u “hembra”		inheritance
work	trabajar	trabalhar	other	t-i7-chhat “trabajo”		unknown
yawn	bostezar	bocejar	body	ha7=phaap		inheritance
yellow	amarillo	amarelo	colour	kW-7siiy		unknown


1pl.excl
1pl.incl
1sg
2pl
2sg
3pl
3sg
above
again
all
and
ankle
armpit
ash
at
back
bad
belly
below
big
bite
black
blood
blow
boil/pimple
bone
breast
breathe
burn
chew
child
climb
cloud
cold
come
cook
correct/true
count
cry
cut/hack
day
die/be dead
dig
dingo/wolf
dirty
dream
drink
dry
dull/blunt
dust
ear
earth/soil
eat
egg
eye
faeces
fall
far
fat/grease
father
fear
feather
fire
fish
flow
flower
fly
fog
foot
fruit
good
grow
hair (of head)
hand
head
hear
heavy
hide
hit
hold
how?
if
in/inside
intestines
itch
kill
know/be knowledgeable
lake
laugh
leaf
left/left hand
leg/foot
lie down
lightning
live/be alive
liver
long
louse
lung
man/male
meat/flesh
moon
mother
mouth
name
nape
near/close
neck
new
night
no/not
nose
old
one
open/uncover
other
pain/painful/sick
person/human being
pound/beat
rain
red
right/right hand
road/path
root
rotten
sand
say
scratch
see
sharp
shoot
short
shoulder
shy/ashamed
sit
skin
sky
sleep
small
smoke
sniff/smell
spit
split
squeeze
stab/pierce
stand
star
steal
stick/wood
stone
suck
sweat
swell
swim
tail
that
thick
thin
think
this
three
throat
throw
thunder
tie up/fasten
tongue
tooth
turn
two
vomit
walk
water
wet
what?
when?
where?
white
who?
wife
wind
wing
woman/female
work
yawn
yellow

Showing 1 to 185 of 185 entries

Flora Fauna Vocabulary (130)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Source	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Food Source	Medicinal	Psychotropic	Traded	Dangerous
abalone			flora-fauna	Haliotis spp.	x?al=spa?i	abalone	unique							same	phrase	abalone-seashell (x?al also appears in word for “boss”	Mixco 1985	2	1	0	0	1	no
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna	Formicidae	no generic		unique								unknown			0	0	2	0	0	no
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna		kl7mayup (black), tlpaa, t7msin		unknown
antelope			flora-fauna	Antilocapra americana	xpar	antelope	unique							same	underived		Mixco 1985	2	1	0	0	0	no
badger			flora-fauna	Taxidea taxus	mxwaa=pi-y-l=t-kw+yaq	badger (lit. wild pig)	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		Yavapai mhwá·;			same	relative clause	mxwaa=pi-y-l=t-kw+yaq; pig=wilderness-in-NMR-REL=lies “wilderness pig” (a marking reversal)	Mixco 1985	2	1	0	0	0	yes
bald eagle			flora-fauna	Haliaeetus leucocephalus	missing		missing								missing			1	2	0	0	1	no
band-tail pigeon			flora-fauna	Patagioenas fasciata	missing		missing								missing			0	1	0	0	0	no
bat	murciélago	morcego	flora-fauna	Chiroptera spp	xmcaw	bat (Eptesicus fucus); large, brown	unique							narrower (a kind of bat)	underived		Mixco 1985	0	1	0	0	0	no
beaver			flora-fauna	Castor	missing		missing								missing			2	1	0	0	0	no
beetle			flora-fauna	Coleoptera spp	c+phi?	stinkbug, Eleodes	unique							same	other complex	possibly from *c-p+si “flatulent thing”	Mixco 1985	2	0	0	0	0	no
big round tule			flora-fauna	Schoenoplectus acutus	xsuutk	round tule (cf. suq “reed, tule”)	inheritance		Proto-Yuman					same	underived		Mixco 1985	2	1	2	0	0	no
big skunk			flora-fauna	Mephitis mephitis	kw-ckhuw	skunk	inheritance	xwiw (kłʸikʷ)	Proto-Yuman		Mixco 1978:96, Langdon 1976:873 Metath			same	relative clause	from *kw-c-kw+xiw “that which smells”	Mixco 1985	2	2	0	0	0	no
big wolf (gray wolf)			flora-fauna	Canis lupus	that=kil	wolf	inheritance				Contains Proto-Yuman *(č)-xat “dog”; Maricopa hatkult			same	phrase	dog-? (kil “broken off, notched”??	Mixco 1985	1	2	0	0	0	yes
bighorn sheep			flora-fauna	Ovis canadensis	?+muw	Mountain sheep, domestic sheep, Orion's Sword	inheritance	*?-mu(w)	Proto-Yuman		Mixco 1978:80, 91 for P-Y	WW	%mo:	broader (includes all kinds of sheep)	other complex	? dummy.nominal.element +sheep	Mixco 1985	2	1	0	0	0	no
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna		t+walu	bird (generic)	inheritance	-waR “feather, bird”	Proto-Yuman		Mixco 1978:81 for P-Y			same	other complex	t- not treated clearly, but some kind of derivation from -waRu “wing”	Mixco 1985	0	0	0	0	0	no
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna		t-walu		unknown
black ant			flora-fauna	Camponotus pennsylvanicus/Lasius niger	kl?mayup	ant, black, medium-sized, lives in willow, sycamore, and cottonwood trees	unique							narrower (a kind of black ant)	underived		Mixco 1985	2	0	0	0	0	no
black bear			flora-fauna	Ursus americanus	kw+maqn	bear; engine	unique							same	relative clause	kw-maqn REL-sweet	Mixco 1985	1	2	0	0	0	yes
black-tail Jackrabbit			flora-fauna	Lepus californicus	?+x?ilu	jackrabbit	inheritance				metathesis of the various kuly forms???			same	other complex	? dummy.nominal.element + jackrabbit	Mixco 1985	2	1	0	0	0	no
blackberry			flora-fauna	Rubus ursinus	missing		missing								missing			2	1	2	0	0	no
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna	Diptera	c?in	housefly	unique							same	underived		Mixco 1985	0	0	0	0	0	no
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna		ch7in		unknown
blue grouse			flora-fauna	Dendrogapus?	missing		missing								missing			0	1	0	0	0	no
bobcat, lynx			flora-fauna	Lynx rufus	nmi?=pi-y+t-kw+yaq	wildcat, bobcat	inheritance	*nymi-	Proto-Yuman		Langdon 1979:638 LION			same	relative clause	nmi?=pi-y+t-kw+yaq cat=wilderness+in-REL-lies “wildnerness cat” (a marking reversal)	Mixco 1985	1	2	0	0	0	no
butterfly, moth	mariposa	borboleta	flora-fauna	Lepidoptera	kuu=xtap	butterfly (vars.)	unique							same	phrase	both elements meaningless; kuu onomatopoeic in a bird name	Mixco 1985	2	0	0	0	0	no
California condor			flora-fauna	Gymnogyps californianus	missing		missing								missing			1	2	0	0	1	no
California jay			flora-fauna	Aphelocoma californica?	?+suul	Mexican jay	unique							same	other complex	ɂ- “dummy nominal prefix”, suul only in this form	Mixco 1985	2	1	0	0	0	no
California woodpecker			flora-fauna	Melanerpes formicivorus?	t?lphuu	woodpecker	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		Note 'Iipay Aa hatepull			broader (is this generic for woodpeckers? Mixco gives no genus or species. Gila woodpecker?	underived		Mixco 1985	2	1	0	0	1	no
chia			flora-fauna	Salvia columbariae	psil	chia	loan			Takic	Widespread in California; cf. Cupan *pasal	WW	%pasv	same	underived		Mixco 1985	1	1	1	0	0	no
chipmunk			flora-fauna	Tamias spp.	missing		missing								missing			2	1	0	0	0	no
cliff swallow			flora-fauna	Petrochelidon pyrrhonota	pnwiitu	swallow (Hirundinidae)	unique							same	underived		Mixco 1985	2	1	0	0	0	no
coot			flora-fauna	Fulica americana	missing		missing								missing			2	1	0	0	0	no
cottontail rabbit			flora-fauna	Sylvilagus audobonii	xa?law	cottontail rabbit	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		Yavapai hló, Mojave halyɂaw; Cocopa xłyɂa·			same	underived		Mixco 1985	2	1	0	0	0	no
cottonwood			flora-fauna	Populus spp.	ml=tay	cottonwood	unique				contains *tay “big”			same	phrase	?-large	Mixco 1985	2	0	2	0	0	no
coyote			flora-fauna	Canis latrans	mlti?	coyote	unique							same	underived		Mixco 1985	1	2	0	0	0	no
crow			flora-fauna	Corvus brachyrhynchos	?+qhaaq	Crow	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		Sound-im but probably good as *qaaq			same	other complex	ɂ- “dummy nominal prefix”; qaaq onomatopoeia	Mixco 1985	2	1	0	0	0	no
datura			flora-fauna	Datura wrightii	smiil=kw+xaa	jimsonweed; toloache (which?)	unique				Note Yavapai smá·lkktū·, Mojave ɂamalykatu; loan direction unknown although Yuma es'-mi-kă-peet' is clearly from Cocopa. Smiil part is probably cognate, probably means crazy or bitter or something like that			same	relative clause	smiil=kw+xaa plant=REL+bitter	Mixco 1985	1	1	1	1	0	yes
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna		xaq=pi=y=t=kWyaq		inheritance
deer, mule			flora-fauna	Odocoileus hemionus	xaq=pi-y-l=t-kw+yaq	deer (modern way to say)	unique							same	relative clause	xaq=pi-y-l=t-kw+yaq meat=wilderness-in=NMR-REL-lies “wilderness meat” (a marking reversal)	Mixco 1985	2	1	0	0	0	no
digger pine			flora-fauna	Pinus sabiniana	?+xaal	pine (P. ponderosa or contorta)	unique							broader (diverse pines)	other complex	? dummy.nominalelement + pine	Mixco 1985	2	1	2	0	0	no
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna	Canis familiaris	?+that	dog	inheritance	*(č)-xat “dog”	Proto-Yuman		Mixco 1978:83			same	other complex	ɂ- “dummy nominal prefix”; “from *?-c+xat pet-thing)	Mixco 1985	0	0	0	0	0	no
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna		7-that		inheritance
dogbane			flora-fauna	Apocynum cannabinum	missing		missing								missing			2	1	2	0	0	no
dove	paloma	pomba	flora-fauna	Zenaida macrocoura	x-wi?	mourning dove	inheritance	*k-wi(?)	Proto-Yuman		Mixco 1978:84			same	underived	x- is NOT the causative; Mixco says “perhaps onomatopoetic in origin”	Mixco 1985	2	1	0	0	0	no
duck	pato	pato, marreco	flora-fauna	Anatidae	t+walu=xa?=kw+paa-t	duck (lit. tide bird)	inheritance				Note paat in 'Iipay Aa form, is it same or from Spanish pato?			same	phrase	t+walu=xa?=kw+paa-t bird=water=REL+leaves (Mixco glosses as “tide bird”)	Mixco 1985	0	1	0	0	0	no
elder			flora-fauna	Sambucus	x?wa?=msqhaan	elderberry in English-Kiliwa, Sycamore (Platanus racemosus) in Kiliwa-English???	unique							same	phrase	clearly complex but root elements undefined	Mixco 1985	2	1	1	0	0	no
elk			flora-fauna	Cervas elaphus	missing		missing								missing			2	1	0	0	0	no
fish (generic)	pez	peixe	flora-fauna		xa?=tay-l=t-kw+yaq	fish (lit. sea-dweller)	unique							same	relative clause	xa?=tay-l=t-kw+yaq water=big-in-NMR-REL-lie	Mixco 1985	0	1	0	0	0	no
flea	pulga	pulga	flora-fauna	Siphonaptera	wa?=?il	flea (lit. house vermin)	unique				Contains *?-?il WORM Langdon 1979:639			same	phrase	house=vermin	Mixco 1985	2	0	0	0	0	no
flicker			flora-fauna	Colaptes sp.	missing		missing								missing			2	1	0	0	1	no
foothills yucca			flora-fauna	Yucca whipplei	?+ma?	yucca (Y. baccata)	unique							same	other complex	?-ma? dummy.nominal.prefix-yucca	Mixco 1985	0	1	0	0	0	no
fox			flora-fauna	Vulpes, Urocyon	pnxaaw	fox (probably Kit Fox, Vulpes macrotis)	inheritance	*p-rxa·w/m-rxa·w	Proto-Yuman		Langdon 1979:637 FOX	WW	%kaw	same	underived		Mixco 1985	2	2	0	0	0	no
frog (generic)			flora-fauna		x?nqhaatq	toads, frogs	unique				Probably not Langdon 1979:637 *xa-nya FROG			broader (toads and frogs)	underived	but x? may be “water; perhaps xa?=naa “swim”???	Mixco 1985	2	2	0	0	0	no
golden eagle			flora-fauna	Aquila chrysaetos	ti?payu	Golden Eagle	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		Note 'Iipay Aa ɂihpaa			same	underived	“probably from *?+mat=?=ipa-y-u Earth Being, a deity	Mixco 1985	1	2	0	0	1	no
gooseberry			flora-fauna	Ribes spp.	missing		missing								missing			2	1	1	0	0	no
gopher snake, bull snake			flora-fauna	Pituophis catenifer	missing		missing								missing			2	2	0	0	0	no
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna	(NA)	t+hip	grass, fodder, pasture	unique				This may be same root as tobacco (?-hip “tobacco, cigarettes”			broader (grass and its functions)	other complex	t-hip ?-hip	Mixco 1985	0	0	0	0	0	no
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna		smiil “hierba”		unknown
grasshopper			flora-fauna	Caelifera	xnkpaap	grasshopper	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		Note Yavapai kąpámka, Cocopa łxmpaţ			same	underived		Mixco 1985	2	1	0	0	0	no
gray ground squirrel			flora-fauna	Sphermophilus sp.	nway	mexican ground squirrel (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus)	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		probably related to MOUSE (Kiliwa waay; cf. Colorado River ?avee)			same	underived		Mixco 1985	2	1	0	0	0	no
gray tree squirrel			flora-fauna	Sciurus spp.	xmaal	western gray squirrel (Sciurus griseus)	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		Iipay Aa ɂehmaall			same	underived		Mixco 1985	2	1	0	0	0	no
great horned owl			flora-fauna	Bubo virginianus	missing		missing								missing			1	2	2	0	1	no
grizzly bear			flora-fauna	Ursus arctos horribilis	missing		missing								missing			1	2	0	0	0	yes
horned toad			flora-fauna	Phrynosomatidae	kw+x?yaan-p	Horned toad	unique							same	relative clause	kw+x?yaan-p REL-?-(MEDIO)-PASSIVE	Mixco 1985	2	2	2	0	0	no
horse	caballo	cavalho	flora-fauna	Equus caballus	nay=t+tha?	horse	unique							same	phrase	child=pet??	Mixco 1985	0	0	0	0	0	no
hummingbird	colibrí, picaflor (Peru)	beija-flor	flora-fauna	Trochilidae	t?msuq	hummingbird (Trochilidae)	unique							same	underived		Mixco 1985	0	0	0	0	0	no
insect (generic)	insecto	insecto	flora-fauna	generic	no generic		unique								unknown			0	0	2	0	0	variable
junco			flora-fauna	Junco sppp	missing		missing								missing			0	1	0	0	0	no
juniper			flora-fauna	Juniperus californica	?+saa	Juniper	unique							same	other complex	?dummy.nominal.element-juniper	Mixco 1985	2	1	1	0	0	no
louse			flora-fauna	order Phtiraptera	x?ciil	head louse, flea	unique				Probably contains *?-?il WORM			broader (pest)	underived		Mixco 1985	2	0	0	0	0	no
mallard			flora-fauna	Anas platyrhynchos	missing		missing								missing			2	1	0	0	0	no
manzanita			flora-fauna	Arctostaphylos spp.	missing		missing								missing			2	1	1	0	0	no
milkweed, broad leaf			flora-fauna	Asclepias eriocarpa	missing		missing								missing			2	1	1	0	0	no
milkweed, narrow leaf			flora-fauna	Asclepias fascicularis	missing		missing								missing			0	1	1	0	0	no
mission tule			flora-fauna	Juncus	?+suq	reed, tule (Scirpus)	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		Iipay Aa es-suk' (Merriam)			same	underived		Mixco 1985	2	1	2	0	0	no
mockingbird			flora-fauna	Mimus polyglottos	sman	Mexican mockingbird, Mimus	unique							same	underived		Mixco 1985	2	1	0	0	0	no
mosquito	mosquito, zancudo	mosquito, carapana	flora-fauna	Anopheles spp, Isoptera	cwaas	mosquito	unique							same	underived		Mixco 1985	0	0	0	0	0	no
moth	mariposa nocturna, polilla	mariposa	flora-fauna	Heterocera	?+?aaw-(l)=kw-(p)+uhaa-m	moth	unique							same	relative clause	?+?aaw-(l)=kw-(p)+uhaa-m dummy.n.e.+fire-(in)=REL-(?)+arrive-different.subject	Mixco 1985	2	0	0	0	0	no
mountain lion			flora-fauna	Puma concolor	nmi?=tay	cougar	inheritance	*-mi(?)-tay cat-big	Proto-Yuman		Mixco 1978:91, Langdon 1979:638 *nymi-t			same	phrase	cat-big	Mixco 1985	1	2	0	0	0	yes
mountain quail			flora-fauna	Oreortyx pictus	xmmil	California quail Lophortyx californucus	unique							same	underived		Mixco 1985	2	1	0	0	0	no
mussel			flora-fauna	Mytilus spp.	m+la?, mla?		unique							broader (bivalve shells?)	other complex	m-la? archaic.adjectival.prefix-? (la? only in this word)	Mixco 1985	2	1	0	0	1	no
olivella (olive snail)			flora-fauna	Callianax biplicata	missing		missing								missing			2	2	0	0	1	no
pinyon jay			flora-fauna	Cyanocitta stelleri?	kw+khwaa	Pinyon jay	unique							same	relative clause	kw- a relativizing prefix; khwaa only in this form	Mixco 1985	2	1	0	0	0	no
pinyon pine			flora-fauna	Pinus monophylla	?+xiw	Pinus monophylla	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		Iipay Aa ɂehwiiw tree & nuts; Yavapai ɂkʰō			same	other complex	? dummy.nominal.element +pinyon.pine	Mixco 1985	2	1	2	0	1	no
pismo clam			flora-fauna	Tivella stultorum	m+la?	clam, mussel	unique							broader (bivalve shells?)	other complex	m-la? archaic.adjectival.prefix-? (la? only in this word)	Mixco 1985	2	1	0	0	1	no
pocket gopher			flora-fauna	Thomomys	sl=kaa	gopher, shrew	unique							same	phrase	sl from *sal “hand”; kaa only in this form	Mixco 1985	2	1	0	0	0	no
poison oak			flora-fauna	Toxicodendron diversilobum	smiil=pa-kw-mat	poison ivy	unique							same	relative clause	plant-plural.object-REL-?	Mixco 1985	2	2	2	0	0	yes
rattlesnake			flora-fauna	Crotalus spp.	?+wi?=pnthit	Rattlesnake	inheritance		Proto-Yuman					narrower (species of rattlesnake, probably Crotalus viridus)	phrase	?+wi?=pnthit dummy.nominal-snake-? (appears only in this expression)	Mixco 1985	1	2	0	0	0	yes
red ant			flora-fauna	Solenopsis spp	tlpaa	large red ant	unique							narrower (a kind of red ant)	underived		Mixco 1985	1	0	1	0	0	no
red-shouldered blackbird			flora-fauna	Agelaius phoeniceus	missing		missing								missing			2	1	0	0	0	no
red-tailed hawk			flora-fauna	Buteo jamaicensis	pkwalu	Western Red-tailed haw, Buteo borealis calurus)	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		Note 'Iipay Aa ɂepkwall, Yavapai skwāla; UA *kwa'a “large hawk” should be considered as a source (S716)			same	relative clause	“probaby from *kw-p+walu “feathered”	Mixco 1985	2	2	0	0	0	no
roadrunner			flora-fauna	Geococcyx californianus	tlpi?	Roadrunner	loan into protolanguage		Proto-Yuman	Hokan	Langdon 1976:873 Metath; cognate with the %pu: words elsewhere in Yuman but phonologically dissimilar	WW	%pu:	same	underived		Mixco 1985	2	1	0	0	0	no
ruddy duck			flora-fauna	Oxyura jamaicensis	missing		missing								missing			2	1	0	0	0	no
sage herb			flora-fauna	Artemisia californica	kw+?hiw	sage-like plant, Spanish romerita	unique							same	relative clause	kw-?hiw REL-?	Mixco 1985	2	2	1	0	0	no
salmon/steelhead			flora-fauna	Oncorhynchus mykiss	missing		missing								missing			2	1	0	0	0	no
scaly lizard			flora-fauna	Pygopus lepidopodus?	xmsilq	spiny lizards. S. poinsetti?	unique							same	underived		Mixco 1985	2	2	0	0	0	no
small bird			flora-fauna		missing		missing								missing			2	1	0	0	0	no
small brown lizard			flora-fauna		xu?chiin	lizard, similar to Mojave fringe-toed liazrd, U. scoparia	unique							same	underived		Mixco 1985	2	2	0	0	0	no
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		?+wi?	snake, viper	inheritance		Proto-Yuman					same	underived		Mixco 1985	0	1	0	0	0	no
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		7-wi7		inheritance
soaproot			flora-fauna	Chlorogalum	missing		missing								missing			2	1	1	0	0	no
sour berry			flora-fauna	Rhus trilobata	xuwaal	sumac, laurel (Rhus laurina)	unique							same	underived		Mixco 1985	2	1	1	0	0	no
sparrow hawk			flora-fauna	Falco	missing		missing								missing			2	2	0	0	0	no
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna	Arachnida, Araneae	?+wi?=?il	spider (lit. snake vermin)	unique				Contains *?-?il WORM Langdon 1979:639 and SNAKE			same	phrase	snake-vermin	Mixco 1985	0	0	2	0	0	variable
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna		7wa7=7il		unique
spotted skunk			flora-fauna	Spilogale gracilis	missing		missing								missing			2	2	0	0	0	no
toad	sapo	sapo	flora-fauna	Bufonidae	x?nqhaatq	toads, frogs	unique							broader (toads and frogs)	underived	but x? may be “water; perhaps xa?=naa “swim”???	Mixco 1985	2	2	0	0	0	no
tobacco	tabaco	tabaco	flora-fauna	Nicotiana spp.	?+hip	tobacco, cigarettes	loan into protolanguage		Proto-Yuman	unknown	something like hip originally???,i > u in whole family except Kiliwa??; cf. Karuk 7uhípih, Chimariko h-óphat ‘smoking’, Proto-Palaihnihan o:xpi	WW	%7u:p	broader (includes plant and cigarettes	other complex	?-dummy nominal element + hip	Mixco 1985	1	1	1	1	0	yes
tree	árbol	arvore	flora-fauna	(NA)	sal=haq=?+tay	tree	unique							same	phrase	sal=haq=?+tay hand=bone=dummy.nominal.element+big; sal=haq=tay is “branch” (literally “big arm (hand=bone)), so adding ? turns this into “tree” (thing with branches?)	Mixco 1985	0	0	2	0	0	no
tree yucca			flora-fauna	Yucca schidegera	missing		missing								missing			2	1	0	0	0	no
turkey buzzard			flora-fauna	Cathartes aura	t+xaa=sii	turkey buzzard, Cathartes aura	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		Note Yavapai sé·, Mojave ?ase, Co. šayí·			same	phrase	xaa may be “homosexual”, “hiss” or “bitter, poison, spicy”; t+sii is “black buzzard”	Mixco 1985	2	2	0	0	0	no
turtle (generic)			flora-fauna	Testudines	xnaal	Desert Tortoise (Gopherus agassizi), rattle	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		Note Cocopa xnya.r; Yuma axnaraxna/r Halpern 3:207			broader (tortoise and tortoise shell rattle)	underived		Mixco 1985	2	2	0	0	1	no
valley live oak			flora-fauna	Quercus agrifolia	?+?aal	live oak	unique							same	other complex	? dummy.nominal.element + live.oak	Mixco 1985	2	1	2	0	1	no
valley oak			flora-fauna	Quercus lobata	kw?il=msi?	white oak, sweet acorn	doubtful loan			Takic	Takic *kwinily “Black Oak” (best acorn)			same	phrase	oak=star	Mixco 1985	2	1	2	0	1	no
valley quail			flora-fauna	Callipepla californica	xma?=pi-y-l+t-kw+yaq	Gambel's quail (Lophortyx gamblei, lit wilderness hen	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		Langdon 1976:871 Metath			same	relative clause	xma? “poultry, hen”, pi-y “wilderness” kw-yaq REL-lies.on; xma? is the “quail” cognate, so this is marking reversal	Mixco 1985	2	1	0	0	0	no
Washington clam			flora-fauna	Saxidomus nuttalli	missing		missing								missing			2	1	0	0	1	no
Western Canada goose			flora-fauna	Branta canadensis	missing		missing								missing			0	1	0	0	0	no
whale			flora-fauna	Eschrichtius robustus	paa=naq	California grey whale and Black Right Whale	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		Note 'Iipay Aa ɂehpank			same	other complex	obviously complex, paa- perhaps from xa?-paa “swim”? naq only in this expression	Mixco 1985	2	1	2	0	1	no
white pelican			flora-fauna	Pelicanus erythrorhynchos	?+qhayu	Pelican (probably American White Pelican, Pelianus erythrorhynchos)	unique							same	other complex	ɂ- “dummy nominal prefix”; qhayu only in this form	Mixco 1985	0	2	0	0	0	no
wild grapevine			flora-fauna	Vitis californica	missing		missing								missing			2	1	2	0	0	no
wild oats			flora-fauna	Avena (introduction)	missing		missing								missing			2	1	2	0	0	no
wild rose			flora-fauna	Rosa californica	kwstuut	wildrose (Rosa minutifolia)	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		Note 'Iipay Aa hŏ-toot'			same	underived	(might be some kind of relative clause but not so treated by Crawford)	Mixco 1985	0	1	2	0	0	no
wild sunflower			flora-fauna	Helianthus (and other genera)	missing		missing								missing			0	1	0	0	0	no
willow			flora-fauna	Salix spp.	?+?yaaw	willow	inheritance	with *-yaaw	Proto-Yuman JHH					same	other complex	dummy.nominal.element -willow	Mixco 1985	2	2	1	0	0	no
wood rat, round-tail			flora-fauna	Neotoma spp.	?+maql	rat (Neotoma)	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		Iipay Aa ɂemallk; Yavapai (ɂ)mālka			same	other complex	? dummy.nominal.element + rat	Mixco 1985	2	1	0	0	0	no
worm, hairy caterpillar			flora-fauna	Arctiidae (many species)	missing		missing								missing			2	2	0	0	0	no
worm, smooth caterpillar			flora-fauna	Trichoplusia ni (?) cabbage looper	?+mi?	worm, grub	unique							broader(diverse squirmy smooth (?) larvae)	other complex	? dummy.nominal.element + worm	Mixco 1985	2	2	0	0	0	no
yellow jacket			flora-fauna	Vespula spp., Dolichovespula spp.	cpaaw	wasp, yellow jacket	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		Note Cocopa şxmpa·; 'Iipay Aa metpaaw, Mojave thaampo			broader (includes other kinds of wasps)	underived		Mixco 1985	2	0	0	0	0	no
yellowbird			flora-fauna	Dendroica petechia	missing		missing								missing			0	1	0	0	0	no
yerba santa			flora-fauna	Eriodictyon californicum	smiil=xpiil	Rama Santa, Yerba Santa (Eriodictyon angustifolium)	unique				Note 'Iipay Aa sa'mall			same	phrase	plant-filthy	Mixco 1985	2	1	1	0	0	no

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Cultural Vocabulary (115)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Source
acorn bread			food	missing		missing
acorn mush			food	s-7+wiy	acorn mush, atole	unknown						Looks like Cupan wiwish but geography argues against	derived	swiy 'make acorn mush'	Mixco 1985
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven	tierra do los muertos	terra dos mortos	culture-mythology	t-kw+hiiy-p=ny+mat	hell (lit. devil land)	unknown							compound		Mixco 1985
alcohol			food	xa7=kw+xaa	liquor (lit. bitter water)	semantic shift							compound		Mixco 1985
arrow	flecha	flecha	subsistence tool	7+pa7	arrow, bullet, ammunition	inheritance		Proto-Yuman				JHH	derived		Mixco 1985
arrow straightener			other	7+pa7=ny+paa-u7	arrow straightener (lit. where arrow is reclined)	unique							compound		Mixco 1985
bag, sack			culture-material	xi(7)mi7	bag, sack	inheritance		Proto-Yuman				see Cocopa	simplex		Mixco 1985
bait for fishing	cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru)	isca	subsistence tool	missing		missing
ball game			food	7+uha7=m=lim	kickball	unknown						M. says lit. 'to lift with instep' but I can't figure out how	compound	7uha7 stone, rock	Mixco 1985
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	7+hay	shallow seed basket (used generically throughout dictionary)	unknown						x-(7)s+kwin flat basket/bowl (58) kwin twist;	derived		Mixco 1985
basket, small	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto pequeno, tampado	culture-material	missing		missing
basketry hat			culture-material	m+puul	hat, sack (from hat basket)	inheritance		Proto-Yuman				Note 'Iipay Aa form with puull	derived		Mixco 1985
bead	abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar	miçanga	culture-material	missing		missing
beans			food	xpiip	beans	unique						where on earth does this come from?	simplex		Mixco 1985
boomerang/throwing stick (generic)			subsistence tool			missing
bottle	botella	garrafa	acculturation	kul7suuw	bottle (modern), large water jar, amphora	semantic shift						see Mojave, Yavapai 'boat', a container word with kul…	simplex		Mixco 1985
bottom grinding stone			manufacture			inheritance
bow	arco	arco	subsistence tool	h+tim	rifle, bow	inheritance		Proto-Yuman				JHH	derived		Mixco 1985
canoe	canoa	canoa	transport	missing		missing
carrying net			subsistence tool	missing		missing
cat	gato	gato	acculturation	nmi7	cat	semantic shift	*-mi(7) 'mountain lion'	Proto-Yuman				Mixco 1978:82	simplex	*n-mi 'cry'???	Mixco 1985
chicken	gallina	galinha	acculturation	xma7	poultry, hen	semantic shift		Proto-Yuman				marking reversal from Gamble's Quail, now 'wilderness hen"; note Cocopa has same shift	simplex		Mixco 1985
chief/leader	jefe, cacique	chefe	culture-mythology	7ipaa=kw-t+hiy	chief, headman (lit spirit, great person)	unknown							compound		Mixco 1985
clapper			acculturation	missing		missing
clothing	ropa	roupa	culture-mythology	missing		missing
club	garrote, cachiporra	clava, porrete	subsistence tool	t-h+nyuu=7+uha7	war club (lit. kill=stone)								compound		Mixco 1985
cook food			food	t-h+maa=kw+uu-y-tay	cook	inheritance	u:y < wi	Proto-Yuman				Mixco 1978:84	compound	food-make	Mixco 1985
corn			food	ta7=yit	corn, maize (Zea mays)	inheritance		Proto-Yuman				from the 'seed' word	derived	t+yit seed	Mixco 1985
corpse			food	ny-7+maat-pi	a body a corpse, also live body (spiritless)	inheritance	*pi 'die'	Proto-Yuman				Mixco 1978:84	derived	maat 'body, self' -pi 'die'	Mixco 1985
cradleboard			culture-material	p-u7+khwit	cradleboard	inheritance		Proto-Yuman				JHH, see kwil forms	derived	p+khwit carry in cradleboard/piggyback	Mixco 1985
cremate			culture-mythology	h-7+chi7 h=maa	cremate	unknown							phrase	maa 'eat' chi7 'burn'	Mixco 1985
dance (generic)			culture-mythology	h+ima	dance	inheritance	*-ma(7)	Proto-Yuman				Mixco 1978:84	derived		Mixco 1985
Datura wrightii			narcotics	smill=kw+xaa	Jimsonweed	inheritance						smal, smil, etc.; see remarks for C,	compound	smiil bush, plant, medicine	Mixco 1985
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure	dios(es), deidad	divinidade, figura mítica	culture-mythology	mt=ipaa	Creator (earth-being)	unique						inherited elements	compound		Mixco 1985
digging stick			subsistence tool	missing		missing
digging stick			subsistence tool	nay=chruuw		unknown
dipper			subsistence tool	t-s-7+yaa-w-tay-u7	ladle, large spoon	unknown						tay is 'large'	derived	s-7+yaa-w extract, dig out	Mixco 1985
dream	sueño, soñar	sonho, sonhar	culture-mythology	s-7+maa	dream something	inheritance		Proto-Yuman				JHH always from 'sleep'	derived	smaa 'sleep'	Mixco 1985
drone pipe			culture-mythology	missing		missing
drum	tambor	tambor	culture-mythology	missing		missing
earring			other	s-7+miilu-p	earrings	unknown							derived	miilu 'hang'	Mixco 1985
feather headband			dress	t+sa7-y	head plume, headdress	unknown						might include the 'bird' word	derived	sa7 stab, poke	Mixco 1985
fire drill			subsistence tool	missing		missing
fire-tender			culture-mythology	missing		missing
fireplace	hogar	lareira	other	mil pit	campfire, pit fire (archaic)	unknown							phrase		Mixco 1985
firewood	leña	lenha	other	7+ipa7	firewood, stick, wood, lumber	unknown						does this reflect PY *ii7??	derived		Mixco 1985
fish (with fish-poison)	pescar con barbasco, barbasquear	pescar com timbó; tinguijar	food	missing		missing
fish (with line)	anzuelear, pescar con linea	pescar (com linha)	food	x+wiitu	fishing; use fishing line	unknown							derived	wii 'give'	Mixco 1985
fish hook			subsistence tool	missing		missing
fish poison	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	subsistence tool	missing		missing
fishing line	cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze	linha de pesca	subsistence tool	missing		missing
flute	flauta, quena (Peru)	flauta	culture-mythology	tuw7=tuw7=h-7-h+uu-7-u7	flute	unknown							derived, reduplicated		Mixco 1965
gambling sticks			other	missing		missing
game animal	caza, animal de caza	caça, animal de caça	food	missing		missing
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit	espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio	espirito	culture-mythology	t-kw+hiiy-p	devil, evil spirit, goat	unknown							derived		Mixco 1985
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit	espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio	espirito	culture-mythology	t+hiy	spirit, ghost	unknown							derived	perhaps from *hi-y, see hi 'omen'	Mixco 1985
glue			subsistence tool	missing		missing
grave	tumba, sepultura, sepulcro	sepultura, sepulcro, cova	culture-mythology	mat h+nuq	grave	unknown							phrase	earth dig	Mixco 1985
gun	arma, escopeta	espingarda, fusil	acculturation	h+tim	rifle, bow	semantic shift		Proto-Yuman				JHH	derived		Mixco 1985
hat	sombero	chapéu	dress	m+puul	hat, sack (from hat basket)	semantic shift		Proto-Yuman				note 'Iipay As basket hat with puull	derived	phuuy having to do w/ smoke	Mixco 1985
honey	miel	mel	food	7+mi7=yaw-t	honey	unknown							compound		Mixco 1985
house			other	wa7	house, dwelling	inheritance	*wa(7)	Proto-Yuman				JHH	simplex		Mixco 1985
house			other	7-wa7		inheritance
hunt	cazar	caçar	food	h-7=kwir-u	hunt	unknown							derived	x+kwiir make a turn	Mixco 1985
initiate boy			culture-mythology	missing		missing
initiate girl			culture-mythology	missing		missing
knife	cuchillo	faca	culture-material	nay=c+ruuw	knife, sword, clubs (in cards; Sp. Espadas)	unknown							compound	ruuw wrap, bind up	Mixco 1985
loincloth	taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla	tanga, tapa-sexo	dress	missing		missing
mat			culture-material	t+qhaw	mat, rug (lit. piece of something)	unknown							derived	qhaw 'break, sunder (non-rigid object)	Mixco 1985
medicine			narcotics	smiil	bush, plant, medicine	unknown							simplex		Mixco 1985
mortar	mortero	pilão	subsistence tool	t-h+nya7-tay-u7	deep mortar (Sp. molcajete)	unknown						tay is 'big'	derived	h-nya7 'pound, hammer'	Mixco 1985
necklace			other	t-p+naq	necklace, neckerchief	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		WW			derived	p+naq 'wear around neck'	Mixco 1985
needle/awl			subsistence tool	t-x+pap-u-u7	needle	unknown							derived	x+pap-u 'sew, darn'	Mixco 1985
ochre			culture-mythology	m+sil	ochre	unknown							derived	siR 'rub', m- Adj.	Mixco 1985
paddle/oar	remo	remo	transport	missing		missing
paper	papel	papel	acculturation	t-x+pha7	paper (perhaps part of the ruminant digestive system called "el libro" in Sp., or related to sheepskin parchment?	unknown							derived		Mixco 1985
pestle	pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor	mão de pilão	subsistence tool	xmaa	pestle, muller	unknown							simplex		Mixco 1985
pinole			food	missing		missing
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other	7+hip=p+ciw-u7	pipe (lit. what you smoke tobacco in)	unknown							derived		Mixco 1985
pitch			food	t+xpil	pine pitch, turpentine	inheritance		Proto-Yuman				see Cocopa 'glue'	derived	xpil tacky, filthy	Mixco 1985
policeman	polícia	policía	acculturation	ipaa-m=kw+skwaa-y	policeman (lit. people guard)	unknown							compound		Mixco 1985
pot	olla, pote	panela, vasilha	subsistence tool	xskaa	ceramic bowl (modern)	inheritance		Proto-Yuman				JHH; see 'Iipay Aa	simplex		Mixco 1985
quiver			subsistence tool	7+pa7=p+sul-u7	quiver (lit. where arrows are inserted)	unknown							compound		Mixco 1985
rattle	matraca, maraca	marico, chocalho	culture-mythology	xnaal	Desert Tortoise, rattle	inheritance		Proto-Yuman				JHH; see Kiliwa	simplex		Mixco 1985
red paint			culture-mythology	missing		missing
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture	chuul	string, cord	unknown							simplex		Mixco 1985
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture	x7yiil “mecate” 86		inheritance
salt	sal	sal	food	kw+7iy	salt (what is salty)	inheritance	*7iR < s-7iR	Proto-Yuman				Mixco 1978:95	derived	not transparent for kw+7il-y 'what is salty'	Mixco 1985
school	escuela	escola	acculturation	t-x+pha7=t-h-u7+sa-w-tay-u7	school (lit. shere they teach (cause to read)	unique							compound		Mixco 1985
seed beater			subsistence tool	missing		missing
shaman, healer	chamán, brujo	xaman, pajé, feiticeiro	culture-mythology	kw+miiy	shaman, sorcerer, healer (lit. one who is powerful)	unknown							derived		Mixco 1985
shoes	zapatos	sapatos	dress	m-x+nyaw	shoe, footgear	inheritance		Proto-Yuman				JHH; see 'Iipay AA	derived		Mixco 1985
sinew-backed bow			subsistence tool	missing		missing
skirt	falda, saya, fustan, pollera	saia	culture-material	h-7+wiin	dress, skirt	unknown							derived		Mixco 1985
snare			subsistence tool	missing		missing
soldier	soldado	soldado	acculturation	miy=kw-x+7al=u=h-7=h+uuy	soldier (lit. made into a Mexican)	unknown							compound	h+uuy is 'made' part	Mixco 1985
song (generic)	canción, canto	canção	culture-mythology	missing		missing
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool	missing		missing
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool	7-pa7 “flecha”		loan
spearthrower			subsistence tool	h+tim		inheritance									Mixco 1985
stirring stick			food	missing		missing
stone bowl			culture-material	missing		missing
string of shell money			other	missing		missing
sugarcane/sugar	azúcar, caña de azúcar	açucar (de cana)	acculturation	t-kw-s+maqn	sweets, sugar	unknown							derived	maqn be sweet	Mixco 1985
sweathouse			other	missing		missing
tell history			culture-mythology	t+ha7 (w)+naa	tell a story	unknown							phrase	ha 'tell' naa narration	Mixco 1985
thatch/roof	crisneja	palha, caraná	culture-material	h+say (vb)		unknown									Mixco 1985
tobacco (native)			narcotics	7+hip	tobacco, cigarettes	loan into protolanguage		Proto-Yuman	Hokan	WW	%7u:p	JHH	derived		Mixco 1985
top grinding stone	metate, mano; piedra de moler	metate, mano	manufacture	xmaa		unknown									Mixco 1985
tule boat			transport	missing		missing
wheat			food	npaay	wheat (unknown aboriginal referent)	semantic shift		Proto-Yuman				Cocopa has same word	simplex		Mixco 1985
white paint			culture-mythology	missing		missing
winnow	aventar, tirar (sementes)	joeirar	manufacture			missing
winnowing basket			culture-material	missing		missing
wood tray			subsistence tool	missing		missing

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Current Population (speakers)	Former Population Estimate	Subsistence Preference	Density	Sedentism	Ecotome	Marriage Pattern	Notes	Source
	small	HG	low	mobile		no

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