Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

Kiliwa

Family
Yuman
Region
North America
ISO 639-3
klb
Location
30.55°, -115.12°
Notes
Features
Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Ethnographic Information
Data Sources
none


Basic Vocabulary (185)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
above encima, arriba acima location nat unknown Mixco 1996
again de nuevo, otra vez de novo grammar kW-p-7nyi-7-i7 inheritance
all todo todos other kW-spi7l unknown
and y e grammar -7n "conjunctive" unknown Mixco 1985
ankle tobillo tornozelo body miy=n+kwaaw “anklebone” unique
armpit axila, sobaco axila body sl=paa inheritance
ash ceniza(s) cinzas environment mituw unknown
at en, a em, a location missing
back espalda costas body maq inheritance
bad mal mal quality h-u7-luuy, h-u7-luy-u unknown
belly barriga barriga body pha7 inheritance
below abajo, debajo abaixo location puq unknown
big grande grande quality 7-tay inheritance
bite morder morder body cha7 31 inheritance
black negro preto colour (kW)-nyiir inheritance
blood sangre sangue body t-khWat inheritance
blow soplar soprar body p-sul, p--suul ”soplar” inheritance
boil/pimple espinilla, granos espinha, borbulha body chiilq unknown Mixco 1985
bone hueso osso body haq(l) inheritance
breast pecho, seno peito body ny-maayu (senos) inheritance
breathe respirar respirar body yaay=caa-w (also “breath, voice”) inheritance Mixco 1985
burn quemar queimar environment maal (of flame), -chi7 “burn, kindle” unknown Mixco 1985
chew masticar, mascar mastigar body 7kway/-nya7 "with molars" inheritance
child niño, niña criança human nay unknown
climb subir subir motion ch7ii-k unknown
cloud nube nuvem environment 7-kWiy, 7-kWiy-u inheritance
cold frío frio quality 7xcha7k inheritance
come venir vir motion yii, t-yii inheritance
cook cocinar cozinhar impact t-h-maa h-uuy inheritance
correct/true verdad, de veras verdade quality chpiiy 49 “recto” inheritance
count contar contar mental t-t-siip-u inheritance
cry llorar chorar mental h-mii, h-mii-t inheritance
cut/hack cortar cortar impact qhat, t-qhat-u, qhaw inheritance
day día dia time 7-nyaay inheritance
die/be dead morir morrer state (s)-pi; (s)-pi-t-u inheritance
dig cavar cavar impact h-nuq, h-t-nuuq unknown
dingo/wolf fauna miti7, kW-san (coyote) unknown
dirty sucio sujo quality xpil inheritance
dream soñar sonhar mental t-7-smaa inheritance
drink beber, tomar beber body chhii, chhii-t c hachek inheritance
dry seco seco quality s7aay inheritance
dull/blunt sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo maçante, desamolado, não afiado quality missing
dust polvo poeira environment 7+mat=sa inheritance Mixco 1985
ear oreja orelha body smaql inheritance
earth/soil tierra terra environment 7-mat inheritance
eat comer comer body h-maa; h-maa-t inheritance
egg huevo ovo fauna xma7=yit inheritance
eye ojo olho body ny-7-yuw inheritance
faeces heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol fezes body waq loan direction unknown
fall caer cair motion tilu “caer uno”, tiilu “uno tras otro” inheritance
far lejos longe quality 7-mat=nyaa-m unique
fat/grease grasa gordura body sa7 inheritance
father padre, papá pai kinship h-s7uu, ny-p-s7uu unknown
fear miedo medo mental huu; huu-t unknown
feather pluma pena fauna walu inheritance
fire fuego fogo environment 7-7aaw inheritance
fish xx xx fauna mchaa unknown
flow fluir fluir motion yul p. 77 unknown
flower flor flor environment t-p-yaw-p unknown
fly volar voar motion p-i7-hiw, p-i7-hiiw-u unknown
fog niebla, neblina nevoeira, bruma, neblina environment yuw=hi7 unknown Mixco 1985
foot pie pé body ny-7-miy inheritance
fruit fruta fruta flora t-kW-ma7 unknown
good bueno bom quality mraay “esta bien” 50 unknown
grow crecer crescer state x7iip, t-x7iip unknown
hair (of head) cabello cabelo body 7iy=smaq inheritance
hand mano mão body ny-7-sal n tilde inheritance
3sg el/ella ele/ela grammar missing
head cabeza cabeça body 7iy inheritance
hear oír ouvir mental kWii; kWii-t inheritance
heavy pesado pesado quality mchaa unknown
hide esconder esconder motion h-nan, kW-7-n-yaw “escondido” unknown
hit golpear, pegar bater impact h-chi7, h-chi-t-u “golpear” unknown
hold correr, asegurar, sostener segurar other p-yaw, p-yaaw-u unknown
how? como como grammar p+aux unknown Mixco 1985
1sg yo eu grammar nya7-(p) inheritance
if si se grammar -win (on verb of protasis) unknown
in/inside dentro, adentro dentro location puq 77 unknown
intestines intestinos intestinos body pha7 inheritance
itch hormiguear, sentir comezón coçar body s7iir unique
kill matar matar impact h-nyuu, h-nyuu-t (kill one); tchaw (kill several) unknown
know/be knowledgeable saber, conecer saber, conhecer mental spuuw inheritance
lake lago lago environment xa7=7=tay “mar” inheritance
laugh reír rir mental h-chin, h-chiin unknown
leaf hoja folha environment smaq inheritance
left/left hand izquierdo esquerdo location/body sal=kw-sar-(y) inheritance
leg/foot pierna perna body ny-7-miy inheritance
lie down acostarse, echarse deitar motion yaq inheritance
lightning rayo, relámpago relampago environment h-nyam unknown
live/be alive vivir viver, morar body ipaa-y, p-ipaa-y “vivo, sanar inheritance
liver hígado figado body lphii unknown
long largo comprido, longo quality 7-kus, 7-kuus inheritance
louse piollo, piojo piolho fauna wa7=7il unknown
lung pulmón pulmão body nkhwal, x-7_kwiiy=waa-u7 inheritance
man/male hombre homem human kw-umiiy inheritance
meat/flesh carne carne fauna 7-xaq unknown
moon luna lua environment xa7la7 inheritance
mother madre, mamá mãe kinship h-ny7uu, ny-p-ny7uu unknown
mouth boca boca body ha7 inheritance
name nombre nome human ny-7-mil inheritance
nape base del cuello, nuca nuca body p-kw-7+ni7 unknown Mixco 1985
near/close cerca de perto quality nyaa-m mat; p-yaa-m unknown
neck cuello pescoço body 7iypuq inheritance Mixco 1978
new nuevo novo quality mraay-xay inheritance
night noche noite time tiiy inheritance
no/not no não grammar kWat (not); mat (no) inheritance
nose nariz nariz body phi7 inheritance
old viejo velho quality ipaa=7-tay inheritance
one uno um number msir inheritance
open/uncover abrir abrir other kap unknown
other otro outro grammar kW-chipi, kW-chiipi unknown
pain/painful/sick dolor, doloroso, enfermo dor, doloroso, doente body rap, rap-chaw, raap-u “doler”; ipaa=t-kW-rap “enfermo” inheritance
person/human being persona pessoa human 7-ipaa “gente” inheritance
pound/beat machacar, golpear bater impact h+nya7 (w/ hammer), p+tiiti “pound seeds” unknown Mixco 1985
rain lluvia chuva environment kwWiy=h=uhaa-k inheritance
red rojo vermelho colour 7-kwal inheritance
right/right hand derecha direita location/body sal=paa inheritance
road/path camino caminho manufacture wnya7 inheritance
root raíz raiz flora 7uuw=smaa inheritance
rotten podrido podre quality sax (podrir) inheritance
sand arena areia environment mat=xiw unique
say decir dizer mental 7ii, 7ii-t inheritance
scratch rascar rasgar impact s-7+xwal, xwaal “scratch at”, maat p-c+khip, /maat p-s+min “scratch body (dog)”, p+khil-t waa waqu “scratch (arse)”, x_kwiiyr-p “w/ claws” unknown
see ver ver mental saaw, saw-u unknown
sharp afilado, filudo, filoso afiado quality yaaw-p h-yuw inheritance
shoot tirar, disparar, balear atirar impact qhaa inheritance
short corto curto quality x7kWiiy, nmux unknown
shoulder hombro ombro body skimiy unknown
shy/ashamed tímido, vergonzoso timido, com vergonha mental m7siiy-p, m7siy-u-p unknown
sit sentar(se) sentar state p-waa; p-waa-t inheritance
skin piel pele body 7-kwal inheritance
sky cielo céu environment 7-wiiy unknown
sleep dormir dormir body smaa, smaa-t inheritance
small pequeño pequeno quality muwtt 36 unknown
smoke humo fumaça environment 7-7aaw=phuuy unique
sniff/smell olfatear, oler cheirar body khwisu inheritance
spit escupir cuspir body ha7=cha7 p+lax/p-c+phu unknown
split partir, dividir rachar, dividir, partir impact -cap inheritance
squeeze estrujar, exprimir espremer impact s-kWilu, s-kWiilu inheritance
stab/pierce apuñalar, acuchillar apunhalar impact p+sa7, s-x+khwap inheritance
stand estar de pié ficar em pé state ch7ii; yuw, 7iw “parado” unknown
star estrella estrela environment msi7 inheritance
steal robar roubar other x-chiit-p, xchit-u-p inheritance
stick/wood palo pau, vara flora 7-ipa7 “palo” 433 inheritance
stone piedra pedra environment 7-uha7 inheritance
suck chupar chupar body sip, siip, ch-phuup loan into protolanguage
sweat sudar suor, suar body m-x+mi7-y unknown
swell hincharse inchar body p+tap/haR unknown
swim nadar nadar motion xa7-h-paa unique
tail cola, rabo rabo body pisa7 unknown
that ese/esa esse grammar paa “ese” unknown
3pl ellos/ellas eles/elas grammar missing
thick grueso, gordo, espeso grosso quality missing
thin delgado fino quality x7uun, x7un-u unknown
think pensar pensar mental 7-l-t-h+7ip ha7 “ponder”; man h+7ip/yuw(p) h+7ip (believe) unknown
this este/esta este grammar mi unknown
2sg xx xx grammar ma7-(p) inheritance
three tres tres number xmi7q inheritance
throat garganta garganta body cmi (outer), t-m+nyal-u7 (esophagus) unknown
throw tirar, lanzar atirar, jogar impact 7+uha7 h-n+waa “stones” unknown
thunder truenos trovão environment 7-kW-iy-h-mii, ha7=kw=ny=mar kWiy unknown
tie up/fasten atar, amarrar amarrar impact riw 138 unknown
tongue lengua lingua body ha7=pal inheritance
tooth diente dente body ny-7-yaaw inheritance
turn girar, volter, torcer virar other wiR/kwiR inheritance
two dos dois number xwaq inheritance
vomit vomitar vomitar body yuq loan into protolanguage
walk caminar, andar andar motion (7-mal)7aaw unknown
water agua agua environment 7-xa7 inheritance
1pl.excl nosotros (exclusivo) nós (exclusivo) grammar pa-/mi-7+nya7-p inheritance
1pl.incl nosotros (inclusivo) nós (inclusivo) grammar pa-/mi-7+nya7-p inheritance
wet mojado molhado quality kW-chha7-y inheritance
what? que, qué que grammar 7-kWit unknown
when? cuando quando grammar 7-mat=p=7i-m unknown
where? donde onde grammar 7ap-l, 7ap-q unknown
white blanco branco colour (kW)-m7sap inheritance
who? quien, quién quem grammar 7-m7aa unknown
wife esposa esposa kinship ch7wa7 unknown
wind viento vento environment ha-t-u-k inheritance
wing ala asa body t-walu=haq=7-tay inheritance
woman/female mujer mulher human kW-kuu, kW-ku-t-u “hembra” inheritance
work trabajar trabalhar other t-i7-chhat “trabajo” unknown
yawn bostezar bocejar body ha7=phaap inheritance
yellow amarillo amarelo colour kW-7siiy unknown
2pl ustedes vocês grammar missing


Flora Fauna Vocabulary (130)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Linnean Name Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Etymology Notes Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Range of Term Word Structure Word Structure Notes Classifier Classifier Notes Hypernym Source Association with Social Categories Ritual/Mythologically Significant Ritual Notes Food Source Food Notes Medicinal Medicinal Notes How Collected Who Collects How Prepared Psychotropic Psychotropic Notes Traded Trade Notes Distribution Habitat Dangerous Ethnobiology Notes Species Notes General Notes
abalone flora-fauna Haliotis spp. x?al=spa?i abalone unique same phrase abalone-seashell (x?al also appears in word for “boss” Mixco 1985 2 1 0 0 1 no
ant (generic) hormiga formiga flora-fauna Formicidae no generic unique unknown 0 0 2 0 0 no
antelope flora-fauna Antilocapra americana xpar antelope unique same underived Mixco 1985 2 1 0 0 0 no
badger flora-fauna Taxidea taxus mxwaa=pi-y-l=t-kw+yaq badger (lit. wild pig) inheritance Proto-Yuman Yavapai mhwá·; same relative clause mxwaa=pi-y-l=t-kw+yaq; pig=wilderness-in-NMR-REL=lies “wilderness pig” (a marking reversal) Mixco 1985 2 1 0 0 0 yes
bald eagle flora-fauna Haliaeetus leucocephalus missing missing missing 1 2 0 0 1 no
band-tail pigeon flora-fauna Patagioenas fasciata missing missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
bat murciélago morcego flora-fauna Chiroptera spp xmcaw bat (Eptesicus fucus); large, brown unique narrower (a kind of bat) underived Mixco 1985 0 1 0 0 0 no
beaver flora-fauna Castor missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 0 no
beetle flora-fauna Coleoptera spp c+phi? stinkbug, Eleodes unique same other complex possibly from *c-p+si “flatulent thing” Mixco 1985 2 0 0 0 0 no
big round tule flora-fauna Schoenoplectus acutus xsuutk round tule (cf. suq “reed, tule”) inheritance Proto-Yuman same underived Mixco 1985 2 1 2 0 0 no
big skunk flora-fauna Mephitis mephitis kw-ckhuw skunk inheritance *xwiw (*kłʸikʷ) Proto-Yuman Mixco 1978:96, Langdon 1976:873 Metath same relative clause from *kw-c-kw+xiw “that which smells” Mixco 1985 2 2 0 0 0 no
big wolf (gray wolf) flora-fauna Canis lupus that=kil wolf inheritance Contains Proto-Yuman *(č)-xat “dog”; Maricopa hatkult same phrase dog-? (kil “broken off, notched”?? Mixco 1985 1 2 0 0 0 yes
bighorn sheep flora-fauna Ovis canadensis ?+muw Mountain sheep, domestic sheep, Orion's Sword inheritance *?-mu(w) Proto-Yuman Mixco 1978:80, 91 for P-Y WW %mo: broader (includes all kinds of sheep) other complex ? dummy.nominal.element +sheep Mixco 1985 2 1 0 0 0 no
bird pajaro, ave passaro flora-fauna t+walu bird (generic) inheritance -waR “feather, bird” Proto-Yuman Mixco 1978:81 for P-Y same other complex t- not treated clearly, but some kind of derivation from -waRu “wing” Mixco 1985 0 0 0 0 0 no
black ant flora-fauna Camponotus pennsylvanicus/Lasius niger kl?mayup ant, black, medium-sized, lives in willow, sycamore, and cottonwood trees unique narrower (a kind of black ant) underived Mixco 1985 2 0 0 0 0 no
black bear flora-fauna Ursus americanus kw+maqn bear; engine unique same relative clause kw-maqn REL-sweet Mixco 1985 1 2 0 0 0 yes
black-tail Jackrabbit flora-fauna Lepus californicus ?+x?ilu jackrabbit inheritance metathesis of the various kuly forms??? same other complex ? dummy.nominal.element + jackrabbit Mixco 1985 2 1 0 0 0 no
blackberry flora-fauna Rubus ursinus missing missing missing 2 1 2 0 0 no
blue grouse flora-fauna Dendrogapus? missing missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
bobcat, lynx flora-fauna Lynx rufus nmi?=pi-y+t-kw+yaq wildcat, bobcat inheritance *nymi- Proto-Yuman Langdon 1979:638 LION same relative clause nmi?=pi-y+t-kw+yaq cat=wilderness+in-REL-lies “wildnerness cat” (a marking reversal) Mixco 1985 1 2 0 0 0 no
butterfly, moth mariposa borboleta flora-fauna Lepidoptera kuu=xtap butterfly (vars.) unique same phrase both elements meaningless; kuu onomatopoeic in a bird name Mixco 1985 2 0 0 0 0 no
California condor flora-fauna Gymnogyps californianus missing missing missing 1 2 0 0 1 no
California jay flora-fauna Aphelocoma californica? ?+suul Mexican jay unique same other complex ɂ- “dummy nominal prefix”, suul only in this form Mixco 1985 2 1 0 0 0 no
California woodpecker flora-fauna Melanerpes formicivorus? t?lphuu woodpecker inheritance Proto-Yuman Note 'Iipay Aa hatepull broader (is this generic for woodpeckers? Mixco gives no genus or species. Gila woodpecker? underived Mixco 1985 2 1 0 0 1 no
chia flora-fauna Salvia columbariae psil chia loan Takic Widespread in California; cf. Cupan *pasal WW %pasv same underived Mixco 1985 1 1 1 0 0 no
chipmunk flora-fauna Tamias spp. missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 0 no
cliff swallow flora-fauna Petrochelidon pyrrhonota pnwiitu swallow (Hirundinidae) unique same underived Mixco 1985 2 1 0 0 0 no
coot flora-fauna Fulica americana missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 0 no
cottontail rabbit flora-fauna Sylvilagus audobonii xa?law cottontail rabbit inheritance Proto-Yuman Yavapai hló, Mojave halyɂaw; Cocopa xłyɂa· same underived Mixco 1985 2 1 0 0 0 no
cottonwood flora-fauna Populus spp. ml=tay cottonwood unique contains *tay “big” same phrase ?-large Mixco 1985 2 0 2 0 0 no
coyote flora-fauna Canis latrans mlti? coyote unique same underived Mixco 1985 1 2 0 0 0 no
crow flora-fauna Corvus brachyrhynchos ?+qhaaq Crow inheritance Proto-Yuman Sound-im but probably good as *qaaq same other complex ɂ- “dummy nominal prefix”; qaaq onomatopoeia Mixco 1985 2 1 0 0 0 no
datura flora-fauna Datura wrightii smiil=kw+xaa jimsonweed; toloache (which?) unique Note Yavapai smá·lkktū·, Mojave ɂamalykatu; loan direction unknown although Yuma es'-mi-kă-peet' is clearly from Cocopa. Smiil part is probably cognate, probably means crazy or bitter or something like that same relative clause smiil=kw+xaa plant=REL+bitter Mixco 1985 1 1 1 1 0 yes
deer, mule flora-fauna Odocoileus hemionus xaq=pi-y-l=t-kw+yaq deer (modern way to say) unique same relative clause xaq=pi-y-l=t-kw+yaq meat=wilderness-in=NMR-REL-lies “wilderness meat” (a marking reversal) Mixco 1985 2 1 0 0 0 no
digger pine flora-fauna Pinus sabiniana ?+xaal pine (P. ponderosa or contorta) unique broader (diverse pines) other complex ? dummy.nominalelement + pine Mixco 1985 2 1 2 0 0 no
dog (camp, domestic) perro cachorro flora-fauna Canis familiaris ?+that dog inheritance *(č)-xat “dog” Proto-Yuman Mixco 1978:83 same other complex ɂ- “dummy nominal prefix”; “from *?-c+xat pet-thing) Mixco 1985 0 0 0 0 0 no
dogbane flora-fauna Apocynum cannabinum missing missing missing 2 1 2 0 0 no
dove paloma pomba flora-fauna Zenaida macrocoura x-wi? mourning dove inheritance *k-wi(?) Proto-Yuman Mixco 1978:84 same underived x- is NOT the causative; Mixco says “perhaps onomatopoetic in origin” Mixco 1985 2 1 0 0 0 no
duck pato pato, marreco flora-fauna Anatidae t+walu=xa?=kw+paa-t duck (lit. tide bird) inheritance Note paat in 'Iipay Aa form, is it same or from Spanish pato? same phrase t+walu=xa?=kw+paa-t bird=water=REL+leaves (Mixco glosses as “tide bird”) Mixco 1985 0 1 0 0 0 no
elder flora-fauna Sambucus x?wa?=msqhaan elderberry in English-Kiliwa, Sycamore (Platanus racemosus) in Kiliwa-English??? unique same phrase clearly complex but root elements undefined Mixco 1985 2 1 1 0 0 no
elk flora-fauna Cervas elaphus missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 0 no
fish (generic) pez peixe flora-fauna xa?=tay-l=t-kw+yaq fish (lit. sea-dweller) unique same relative clause xa?=tay-l=t-kw+yaq water=big-in-NMR-REL-lie Mixco 1985 0 1 0 0 0 no
flea pulga pulga flora-fauna Siphonaptera wa?=?il flea (lit. house vermin) unique Contains *?-?il WORM Langdon 1979:639 same phrase house=vermin Mixco 1985 2 0 0 0 0 no
flicker flora-fauna Colaptes sp. missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 1 no
blowfly/housefly mosca mosca flora-fauna Diptera c?in housefly unique same underived Mixco 1985 0 0 0 0 0 no
foothills yucca flora-fauna Yucca whipplei ?+ma? yucca (Y. baccata) unique same other complex ?-ma? dummy.nominal.prefix-yucca Mixco 1985 0 1 0 0 0 no
fox flora-fauna Vulpes, Urocyon pnxaaw fox (probably Kit Fox, Vulpes macrotis) inheritance *p-rxa·w/m-rxa·w Proto-Yuman Langdon 1979:637 FOX WW %kaw same underived Mixco 1985 2 2 0 0 0 no
frog (generic) flora-fauna x?nqhaatq toads, frogs unique Probably not Langdon 1979:637 *xa-nya FROG broader (toads and frogs) underived but x? may be “water; perhaps xa?=naa “swim”??? Mixco 1985 2 2 0 0 0 no
golden eagle flora-fauna Aquila chrysaetos ti?payu Golden Eagle inheritance Proto-Yuman Note 'Iipay Aa ɂihpaa same underived “probably from *?+mat=?=ipa-y-u Earth Being, a deity Mixco 1985 1 2 0 0 1 no
gooseberry flora-fauna Ribes spp. missing missing missing 2 1 1 0 0 no
gopher snake, bull snake flora-fauna Pituophis catenifer missing missing missing 2 2 0 0 0 no
grass hierba, pasto capim, grama flora-fauna (NA) t+hip grass, fodder, pasture unique This may be same root as tobacco (?-hip “tobacco, cigarettes” broader (grass and its functions) other complex t-hip ?-hip Mixco 1985 0 0 0 0 0 no
grasshopper flora-fauna Caelifera xnkpaap grasshopper inheritance Proto-Yuman Note Yavapai kąpámka, Cocopa łxmpaţ same underived Mixco 1985 2 1 0 0 0 no
gray ground squirrel flora-fauna Sphermophilus sp. nway mexican ground squirrel (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus) inheritance Proto-Yuman probably related to MOUSE (Kiliwa waay; cf. Colorado River ?avee) same underived Mixco 1985 2 1 0 0 0 no
gray tree squirrel flora-fauna Sciurus spp. xmaal western gray squirrel (Sciurus griseus) inheritance Proto-Yuman Iipay Aa ɂehmaall same underived Mixco 1985 2 1 0 0 0 no
great horned owl flora-fauna Bubo virginianus missing missing missing 1 2 2 0 1 no
grizzly bear flora-fauna Ursus arctos horribilis missing missing missing 1 2 0 0 0 yes
horned toad flora-fauna Phrynosomatidae kw+x?yaan-p Horned toad unique same relative clause kw+x?yaan-p REL-?-(MEDIO)-PASSIVE Mixco 1985 2 2 2 0 0 no
horse caballo cavalho flora-fauna Equus caballus nay=t+tha? horse unique same phrase child=pet?? Mixco 1985 0 0 0 0 0 no
hummingbird colibrí, picaflor (Peru) beija-flor flora-fauna Trochilidae t?msuq hummingbird (Trochilidae) unique same underived Mixco 1985 0 0 0 0 0 no
tobacco tabaco tabaco flora-fauna Nicotiana spp. ?+hip tobacco, cigarettes loan into protolanguage Proto-Yuman unknown something like *hip originally???,i > u in whole family except Kiliwa??; cf. Karuk 7uhípih, Chimariko h-óphat ‘smoking’, Proto-Palaihnihan *o:xpi WW %7u:p broader (includes plant and cigarettes other complex ?-dummy nominal element + hip Mixco 1985 1 1 1 1 0 yes
insect (generic) insecto insecto flora-fauna generic no generic unique unknown 0 0 2 0 0 variable
junco flora-fauna Junco sppp missing missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
juniper flora-fauna Juniperus californica ?+saa Juniper unique same other complex ?dummy.nominal.element-juniper Mixco 1985 2 1 1 0 0 no
louse flora-fauna order Phtiraptera x?ciil head louse, flea unique Probably contains *?-?il WORM broader (pest) underived Mixco 1985 2 0 0 0 0 no
mallard flora-fauna Anas platyrhynchos missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 0 no
manzanita flora-fauna Arctostaphylos spp. missing missing missing 2 1 1 0 0 no
milkweed, broad leaf flora-fauna Asclepias eriocarpa missing missing missing 2 1 1 0 0 no
milkweed, narrow leaf flora-fauna Asclepias fascicularis missing missing missing 0 1 1 0 0 no
mission tule flora-fauna Juncus ?+suq reed, tule (Scirpus) inheritance Proto-Yuman Iipay Aa es-suk' (Merriam) same underived Mixco 1985 2 1 2 0 0 no
mockingbird flora-fauna Mimus polyglottos sman Mexican mockingbird, Mimus unique same underived Mixco 1985 2 1 0 0 0 no
mosquito mosquito, zancudo mosquito, carapana flora-fauna Anopheles spp, Isoptera cwaas mosquito unique same underived Mixco 1985 0 0 0 0 0 no
moth mariposa nocturna, polilla mariposa flora-fauna Heterocera ?+?aaw-(l)=kw-(p)+uhaa-m moth unique same relative clause ?+?aaw-(l)=kw-(p)+uhaa-m dummy.n.e.+fire-(in)=REL-(?)+arrive-different.subject Mixco 1985 2 0 0 0 0 no
mountain lion flora-fauna Puma concolor nmi?=tay cougar inheritance *-mi(?)-tay cat-big Proto-Yuman Mixco 1978:91, Langdon 1979:638 *nymi-t same phrase cat-big Mixco 1985 1 2 0 0 0 yes
mountain quail flora-fauna Oreortyx pictus xmmil California quail Lophortyx californucus unique same underived Mixco 1985 2 1 0 0 0 no
mussel flora-fauna Mytilus spp. m+la?, mla? unique broader (bivalve shells?) other complex m-la? archaic.adjectival.prefix-? (la? only in this word) Mixco 1985 2 1 0 0 1 no
olivella (olive snail) flora-fauna Callianax biplicata missing missing missing 2 2 0 0 1 no
pinyon jay flora-fauna Cyanocitta stelleri? kw+khwaa Pinyon jay unique same relative clause kw- a relativizing prefix; khwaa only in this form Mixco 1985 2 1 0 0 0 no
pinyon pine flora-fauna Pinus monophylla ?+xiw Pinus monophylla inheritance Proto-Yuman Iipay Aa ɂehwiiw tree & nuts; Yavapai ɂkʰō same other complex ? dummy.nominal.element +pinyon.pine Mixco 1985 2 1 2 0 1 no
pismo clam flora-fauna Tivella stultorum m+la? clam, mussel unique broader (bivalve shells?) other complex m-la? archaic.adjectival.prefix-? (la? only in this word) Mixco 1985 2 1 0 0 1 no
pocket gopher flora-fauna Thomomys sl=kaa gopher, shrew unique same phrase sl from *sal “hand”; kaa only in this form Mixco 1985 2 1 0 0 0 no
poison oak flora-fauna Toxicodendron diversilobum smiil=pa-kw-mat poison ivy unique same relative clause plant-plural.object-REL-? Mixco 1985 2 2 2 0 0 yes
rattlesnake flora-fauna Crotalus spp. ?+wi?=pnthit Rattlesnake inheritance Proto-Yuman narrower (species of rattlesnake, probably Crotalus viridus) phrase ?+wi?=pnthit dummy.nominal-snake-? (appears only in this expression) Mixco 1985 1 2 0 0 0 yes
red ant flora-fauna Solenopsis spp tlpaa large red ant unique narrower (a kind of red ant) underived Mixco 1985 1 0 1 0 0 no
red-shouldered blackbird flora-fauna Agelaius phoeniceus missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 0 no
red-tailed hawk flora-fauna Buteo jamaicensis pkwalu Western Red-tailed haw, Buteo borealis calurus) inheritance Proto-Yuman Note 'Iipay Aa ɂepkwall, Yavapai skwāla; UA *kwa'a “large hawk” should be considered as a source (S716) same relative clause “probaby from *kw-p+walu “feathered” Mixco 1985 2 2 0 0 0 no
roadrunner flora-fauna Geococcyx californianus tlpi? Roadrunner loan into protolanguage Proto-Yuman Hokan Langdon 1976:873 Metath; cognate with the %pu: words elsewhere in Yuman but phonologically dissimilar WW %pu: same underived Mixco 1985 2 1 0 0 0 no
ruddy duck flora-fauna Oxyura jamaicensis missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 0 no
sage herb flora-fauna Artemisia californica kw+?hiw sage-like plant, Spanish romerita unique same relative clause kw-?hiw REL-? Mixco 1985 2 2 1 0 0 no
salmon/steelhead flora-fauna Oncorhynchus mykiss missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 0 no
scaly lizard flora-fauna Pygopus lepidopodus? xmsilq spiny lizards. S. poinsetti? unique same underived Mixco 1985 2 2 0 0 0 no
small bird flora-fauna missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 0 no
small brown lizard flora-fauna xu?chiin lizard, similar to Mojave fringe-toed liazrd, U. scoparia unique same underived Mixco 1985 2 2 0 0 0 no
snake (generic) culebra, serpiente cobra flora-fauna ?+wi? snake, viper inheritance Proto-Yuman same underived Mixco 1985 0 1 0 0 0 no
soaproot flora-fauna Chlorogalum missing missing missing 2 1 1 0 0 no
sour berry flora-fauna Rhus trilobata xuwaal sumac, laurel (Rhus laurina) unique same underived Mixco 1985 2 1 1 0 0 no
sparrow hawk flora-fauna Falco missing missing missing 2 2 0 0 0 no
spider araña aranha flora-fauna Arachnida, Araneae ?+wi?=?il spider (lit. snake vermin) unique Contains *?-?il WORM Langdon 1979:639 and SNAKE same phrase snake-vermin Mixco 1985 0 0 2 0 0 variable
spotted skunk flora-fauna Spilogale gracilis missing missing missing 2 2 0 0 0 no
toad sapo sapo flora-fauna Bufonidae x?nqhaatq toads, frogs unique broader (toads and frogs) underived but x? may be “water; perhaps xa?=naa “swim”??? Mixco 1985 2 2 0 0 0 no
tree árbol arvore flora-fauna (NA) sal=haq=?+tay tree unique same phrase sal=haq=?+tay hand=bone=dummy.nominal.element+big; sal=haq=tay is “branch” (literally “big arm (hand=bone)), so adding ? turns this into “tree” (thing with branches?) Mixco 1985 0 0 2 0 0 no
tree yucca flora-fauna Yucca schidegera missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 0 no
turkey buzzard flora-fauna Cathartes aura t+xaa=sii turkey buzzard, Cathartes aura inheritance Proto-Yuman Note Yavapai sé·, Mojave ?ase, Co. šayí· same phrase xaa may be “homosexual”, “hiss” or “bitter, poison, spicy”; t+sii is “black buzzard” Mixco 1985 2 2 0 0 0 no
turtle (generic) flora-fauna Testudines xnaal Desert Tortoise (Gopherus agassizi), rattle inheritance Proto-Yuman Note Cocopa xnya.r; Yuma axnaraxna/r Halpern 3:207 broader (tortoise and tortoise shell rattle) underived Mixco 1985 2 2 0 0 1 no
valley live oak flora-fauna Quercus agrifolia ?+?aal live oak unique same other complex ? dummy.nominal.element + live.oak Mixco 1985 2 1 2 0 1 no
valley oak flora-fauna Quercus lobata kw?il=msi? white oak, sweet acorn doubtful loan Takic Takic *kwinily “Black Oak” (best acorn) same phrase oak=star Mixco 1985 2 1 2 0 1 no
valley quail flora-fauna Callipepla californica xma?=pi-y-l+t-kw+yaq Gambel's quail (Lophortyx gamblei, lit wilderness hen inheritance Proto-Yuman Langdon 1976:871 Metath same relative clause xma? “poultry, hen”, pi-y “wilderness” kw-yaq REL-lies.on; xma? is the “quail” cognate, so this is marking reversal Mixco 1985 2 1 0 0 0 no
Washington clam flora-fauna Saxidomus nuttalli missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 1 no
Western Canada goose flora-fauna Branta canadensis missing missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
whale flora-fauna Eschrichtius robustus paa=naq California grey whale and Black Right Whale inheritance Proto-Yuman Note 'Iipay Aa ɂehpank same other complex obviously complex, paa- perhaps from xa?-paa “swim”? naq only in this expression Mixco 1985 2 1 2 0 1 no
white pelican flora-fauna Pelicanus erythrorhynchos ?+qhayu Pelican (probably American White Pelican, Pelianus erythrorhynchos) unique same other complex ɂ- “dummy nominal prefix”; qhayu only in this form Mixco 1985 0 2 0 0 0 no
wild grapevine flora-fauna Vitis californica missing missing missing 2 1 2 0 0 no
wild oats flora-fauna Avena (introduction) missing missing missing 2 1 2 0 0 no
wild rose flora-fauna Rosa californica kwstuut wildrose (Rosa minutifolia) inheritance Proto-Yuman Note 'Iipay Aa hŏ-toot' same underived (might be some kind of relative clause but not so treated by Crawford) Mixco 1985 0 1 2 0 0 no
wild sunflower flora-fauna Helianthus (and other genera) missing missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
willow flora-fauna Salix spp. ?+?yaaw willow inheritance with *-yaaw Proto-Yuman JHH same other complex dummy.nominal.element -willow Mixco 1985 2 2 1 0 0 no
wood rat, round-tail flora-fauna Neotoma spp. ?+maql rat (Neotoma) inheritance Proto-Yuman Iipay Aa ɂemallk; Yavapai (ɂ)mālka same other complex ? dummy.nominal.element + rat Mixco 1985 2 1 0 0 0 no
worm, hairy caterpillar flora-fauna Arctiidae (many species) missing missing missing 2 2 0 0 0 no
worm, smooth caterpillar flora-fauna Trichoplusia ni (?) cabbage looper ?+mi? worm, grub unique broader(diverse squirmy smooth (?) larvae) other complex ? dummy.nominal.element + worm Mixco 1985 2 2 0 0 0 no
yellow jacket flora-fauna Vespula spp., Dolichovespula spp. cpaaw wasp, yellow jacket inheritance Proto-Yuman Note Cocopa şxmpa·; 'Iipay Aa metpaaw, Mojave thaampo broader (includes other kinds of wasps) underived Mixco 1985 2 0 0 0 0 no
yellowbird flora-fauna Dendroica petechia missing missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
yerba santa flora-fauna Eriodictyon californicum smiil=xpiil Rama Santa, Yerba Santa (Eriodictyon angustifolium) unique Note 'Iipay Aa sa'mall same phrase plant-filthy Mixco 1985 2 1 1 0 0 no
ant (generic) hormiga formiga flora-fauna kl7mayup (black), tlpaa, t7msin unknown
bird pajaro, ave passaro flora-fauna t-walu unknown
blowfly/housefly mosca mosca flora-fauna ch7in unknown
dog (camp, domestic) perro cachorro flora-fauna 7-that inheritance
grass hierba, pasto capim, grama flora-fauna smiil “hierba” unknown
deer venado veado, cariacu flora-fauna xaq=pi=y=t=kWyaq inheritance
snake (generic) culebra, serpiente cobra flora-fauna 7-wi7 inheritance
spider araña aranha flora-fauna 7wa7=7il unique


Cultural Vocabulary (115)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Word Structure Word Structure Notes General Notes Source
acorn mush food s-7+wiy acorn mush, atole unknown Looks like Cupan wiwish but geography argues against derived swiy 'make acorn mush' Mixco 1985
ball game food 7+uha7=m=lim kickball unknown M. says lit. 'to lift with instep' but I can't figure out how compound 7uha7 stone, rock Mixco 1985
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven tierra do los muertos terra dos mortos culture-mythology t-kw+hiiy-p=ny+mat hell (lit. devil land) unknown compound Mixco 1985
feather headband dress t+sa7-y head plume, headdress unknown might include the 'bird' word derived sa7 stab, poke Mixco 1985
arrow flecha flecha subsistence tool 7+pa7 arrow, bullet, ammunition inheritance Proto-Yuman JHH derived Mixco 1985
arrow straightener other 7+pa7=ny+paa-u7 arrow straightener (lit. where arrow is reclined) unique compound Mixco 1985
bait for fishing cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru) isca subsistence tool missing missing
school escuela escola acculturation t-x+pha7=t-h-u7+sa-w-tay-u7 school (lit. shere they teach (cause to read) unique compound Mixco 1985
stone bowl culture-material missing missing
basket (general) canasta, canasto, cesta cesto culture-material 7+hay shallow seed basket (used generically throughout dictionary) unknown x-(7)s+kwin flat basket/bowl (58) kwin twist; derived Mixco 1985
basket, small canasta, canasto, cesta cesto pequeno, tampado culture-material missing missing
basketry hat culture-material m+puul hat, sack (from hat basket) inheritance Proto-Yuman Note 'Iipay Aa form with puull derived Mixco 1985
bead abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar miçanga culture-material missing missing
ochre culture-mythology m+sil ochre unknown derived siR 'rub', m- Adj. Mixco 1985
bow arco arco subsistence tool h+tim rifle, bow inheritance Proto-Yuman JHH derived Mixco 1985
canoe canoa canoa transport missing missing
carrying net subsistence tool missing missing
bottle botella garrafa acculturation kul7suuw bottle (modern), large water jar, amphora semantic shift see Mojave, Yavapai 'boat', a container word with kul… simplex Mixco 1985
paper papel papel acculturation t-x+pha7 paper (perhaps part of the ruminant digestive system called "el libro" in Sp., or related to sheepskin parchment? unknown derived Mixco 1985
chief/leader jefe, cacique chefe culture-mythology 7ipaa=kw-t+hiy chief, headman (lit spirit, great person) unknown compound Mixco 1985
club garrote, cachiporra clava, porrete subsistence tool t-h+nyuu=7+uha7 war club (lit. kill=stone) compound Mixco 1985
loincloth taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla tanga, tapa-sexo dress missing missing
cook food food t-h+maa=kw+uu-y-tay cook inheritance *u:y < *wi Proto-Yuman Mixco 1978:84 compound food-make Mixco 1985
corpse food ny-7+maat-pi a body a corpse, also live body (spiritless) inheritance *pi 'die' Proto-Yuman Mixco 1978:84 derived maat 'body, self' -pi 'die' Mixco 1985
dance (generic) culture-mythology h+ima dance inheritance *-ma(7) Proto-Yuman Mixco 1978:84 derived Mixco 1985
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure dios(es), deidad divinidade, figura mítica culture-mythology mt=ipaa Creator (earth-being) unique inherited elements compound Mixco 1985
digging stick subsistence tool missing missing
dipper subsistence tool t-s-7+yaa-w-tay-u7 ladle, large spoon unknown tay is 'large' derived s-7+yaa-w extract, dig out Mixco 1985
dream sueño, soñar sonho, sonhar culture-mythology s-7+maa dream something inheritance Proto-Yuman JHH always from 'sleep' derived smaa 'sleep' Mixco 1985
drone pipe culture-mythology missing missing
drum tambor tambor culture-mythology missing missing
chicken gallina galinha acculturation xma7 poultry, hen semantic shift Proto-Yuman marking reversal from Gamble's Quail, now 'wilderness hen"; note Cocopa has same shift simplex Mixco 1985
earring other s-7+miilu-p earrings unknown derived miilu 'hang' Mixco 1985
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio espirito culture-mythology t-kw+hiiy-p devil, evil spirit, goat unknown derived Mixco 1985
fire drill subsistence tool missing missing
fire-tender culture-mythology missing missing
fireplace hogar lareira other mil pit campfire, pit fire (archaic) unknown phrase Mixco 1985
firewood leña lenha other 7+ipa7 firewood, stick, wood, lumber unknown does this reflect PY *ii7?? derived Mixco 1985
fish (with fish-poison) pescar con barbasco, barbasquear pescar com timbó; tinguijar food missing missing
fish (with line) anzuelear, pescar con linea pescar (com linha) food x+wiitu fishing; use fishing line unknown derived wii 'give' Mixco 1985
fish poison barbasco, matapez (Colombia) timbó subsistence tool missing missing
fishing line cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze linha de pesca subsistence tool missing missing
fish hook subsistence tool missing missing
acorn bread food missing missing
wheat food npaay wheat (unknown aboriginal referent) semantic shift Proto-Yuman Cocopa has same word simplex Mixco 1985
flute flauta, quena (Peru) flauta culture-mythology tuw7=tuw7=h-7-h+uu-7-u7 flute unknown derived, reduplicated Mixco 1965
gambling sticks other missing missing
game animal caza, animal de caza caça, animal de caça food missing missing
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio espirito culture-mythology t+hiy spirit, ghost unknown derived perhaps from *hi-y, see hi 'omen' Mixco 1985
glue subsistence tool missing missing
grave tumba, sepultura, sepulcro sepultura, sepulcro, cova culture-mythology mat h+nuq grave unknown phrase earth dig Mixco 1985
alcohol food xa7=kw+xaa liquor (lit. bitter water) semantic shift compound Mixco 1985
Datura wrightii narcotics smill=kw+xaa Jimsonweed inheritance smal, smil, etc.; see remarks for C, compound smiil bush, plant, medicine Mixco 1985
shaman, healer chamán, brujo xaman, pajé, feiticeiro culture-mythology kw+miiy shaman, sorcerer, healer (lit. one who is powerful) unknown derived Mixco 1985
honey miel mel food 7+mi7=yaw-t honey unknown compound Mixco 1985
house other wa7 house, dwelling inheritance *wa(7) Proto-Yuman JHH simplex Mixco 1985
hunt cazar caçar food h-7=kwir-u hunt unknown derived x+kwiir make a turn Mixco 1985
initiate boy culture-mythology missing missing
initiate girl culture-mythology missing missing
knife cuchillo faca culture-material nay=c+ruuw knife, sword, clubs (in cards; Sp. Espadas) unknown compound ruuw wrap, bind up Mixco 1985
mat culture-material t+qhaw mat, rug (lit. piece of something) unknown derived qhaw 'break, sunder (non-rigid object) Mixco 1985
mortar mortero pilão subsistence tool t-h+nya7-tay-u7 deep mortar (Sp. molcajete) unknown tay is 'big' derived h-nya7 'pound, hammer' Mixco 1985
necklace other t-p+naq necklace, neckerchief inheritance Proto-Yuman WW derived p+naq 'wear around neck' Mixco 1985
needle/awl subsistence tool t-x+pap-u-u7 needle unknown derived x+pap-u 'sew, darn' Mixco 1985
paddle/oar remo remo transport missing missing
pestle pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor mão de pilão subsistence tool xmaa pestle, muller unknown simplex Mixco 1985
pinole food missing missing
pipe for tobacco pipa cachimbo other 7+hip=p+ciw-u7 pipe (lit. what you smoke tobacco in) unknown derived Mixco 1985
pitch food t+xpil pine pitch, turpentine inheritance Proto-Yuman see Cocopa 'glue' derived xpil tacky, filthy Mixco 1985
pot olla, pote panela, vasilha subsistence tool xskaa ceramic bowl (modern) inheritance Proto-Yuman JHH; see 'Iipay Aa simplex Mixco 1985
quiver subsistence tool 7+pa7=p+sul-u7 quiver (lit. where arrows are inserted) unknown compound Mixco 1985
rattle matraca, maraca marico, chocalho culture-mythology xnaal Desert Tortoise, rattle inheritance Proto-Yuman JHH; see Kiliwa simplex Mixco 1985
red paint culture-mythology missing missing
salt sal sal food kw+7iy salt (what is salty) inheritance *7iR < s-7iR Proto-Yuman Mixco 1978:95 derived not transparent for kw+7il-y 'what is salty' Mixco 1985
seed beater subsistence tool missing missing
clothing ropa roupa culture-mythology missing missing
sinew-backed bow subsistence tool missing missing
skirt falda, saya, fustan, pollera saia culture-material h-7+wiin dress, skirt unknown derived Mixco 1985
snare subsistence tool missing missing
song (generic) canción, canto canção culture-mythology missing missing
spear lanza lança subsistence tool missing missing
stirring stick food missing missing
rope/string mecate, cuerda, soga corda culture chuul string, cord unknown simplex Mixco 1985
bag, sack culture-material xi(7)mi7 bag, sack inheritance Proto-Yuman see Cocopa simplex Mixco 1985
string of shell money other missing missing
sugarcane/sugar azúcar, caña de azúcar açucar (de cana) acculturation t-kw-s+maqn sweets, sugar unknown derived maqn be sweet Mixco 1985
sweathouse other missing missing
tell history culture-mythology t+ha7 (w)+naa tell a story unknown phrase ha 'tell' naa narration Mixco 1985
cremate culture-mythology h-7+chi7 h=maa cremate unknown phrase maa 'eat' chi7 'burn' Mixco 1985
tobacco (native) narcotics 7+hip tobacco, cigarettes loan into protolanguage Proto-Yuman Hokan WW %7u:p JHH derived Mixco 1985
tule boat transport missing missing
white paint culture-mythology missing missing
winnowing basket culture-material missing missing
wood tray subsistence tool missing missing
shoes zapatos sapatos dress m-x+nyaw shoe, footgear inheritance Proto-Yuman JHH; see 'Iipay AA derived Mixco 1985
medicine narcotics smiil bush, plant, medicine unknown simplex Mixco 1985
cradleboard culture-material p-u7+khwit cradleboard inheritance Proto-Yuman JHH, see kwil forms derived p+khwit carry in cradleboard/piggyback Mixco 1985
policeman polícia policía acculturation ipaa-m=kw+skwaa-y policeman (lit. people guard) unknown compound Mixco 1985
soldier soldado soldado acculturation miy=kw-x+7al=u=h-7=h+uuy soldier (lit. made into a Mexican) unknown compound h+uuy is 'made' part Mixco 1985
corn food ta7=yit corn, maize (Zea mays) inheritance Proto-Yuman from the 'seed' word derived t+yit seed Mixco 1985
beans food xpiip beans unique where on earth does this come from? simplex Mixco 1985
cat gato gato acculturation nmi7 cat semantic shift *-mi(7) 'mountain lion' Proto-Yuman Mixco 1978:82 simplex *n-mi 'cry'??? Mixco 1985
gun arma, escopeta espingarda, fusil acculturation h+tim rifle, bow semantic shift Proto-Yuman JHH derived Mixco 1985
hat sombero chapéu dress m+puul hat, sack (from hat basket) semantic shift Proto-Yuman note 'Iipay As basket hat with puull derived phuuy having to do w/ smoke Mixco 1985
clapper acculturation missing missing
thatch/roof crisneja palha, caraná culture-material h+say (vb) unknown Mixco 1985
rope/string mecate, cuerda, soga corda culture x7yiil “mecate” 86 inheritance
bottom grinding stone manufacture inheritance
digging stick subsistence tool nay=chruuw unknown
winnow aventar, tirar (sementes) joeirar manufacture missing
top grinding stone metate, mano; piedra de moler metate, mano manufacture xmaa unknown Mixco 1985
boomerang/throwing stick (generic) subsistence tool missing
spearthrower subsistence tool h+tim inheritance Mixco 1985
spear lanza lança subsistence tool 7-pa7 “flecha” loan
house other 7-wa7 inheritance


Ethnographic Information
Current Population (speakers) Former Population Estimate Subsistence Preference Density Sedentism Ecotome Marriage Pattern Notes Source
small HG low mobile no