Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

pinyon pine

Semantic Field: flora-fauna
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
Meaning Portuguese

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Language	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

Language	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Etymology Notes	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous
Bankalachi Toloim	Pinus monophylla	missing			missing					missing						2		1		2				1				no
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone	Pinus monophylla	wa'a”pin		pine tree (M: Pinyon or nut pine (Pinus monophylla)	inheritance	*wa'aC	Northern Uto-Aztecan	Stubbs 414, usually “cedar, juniper”	same	other complex	has -pi ABS			Crapo 1976:163		2		1		2				1				no
Cahuilla	Pinus monophylla	tévat	ˈtevat	pine-nut, pinyon	inheritance	*tɨpat	Northern Uto-Aztecan	S1583 (Stubbs 2009:231). This is probably a loan into Proto-NUA from Proto-Kiowa-Tanoan (Hill 2008)	broader (includes both tree and nuts)	other complex	ˈteva-t	-ki7iw7a "waiting, claim"	-ki7iw7a "waiting, claim"	Seiler&Hioki 1979:212	Groves owned by local groups	2		1	Very important food source	no information	Gathered (wild but closely managed)	All	See Bean & Saubel 1972:103-104	1	Wanikik paid Serrano to gather in their groves. An important trade item.	Southwestern North America and Mexico	In pinyon-juniper woodland, 3500-9000 feet (for P. monophylla), 2500-8000 feet (for P. quadrifolia). Rocky hills and slopes.	no
Central Sierra Miwok	Pinus monophylla	missing			missing					missing						2		1		2				1				no
Chemehuevi	Pinus monophylla	toov', tuv'	təvápə (last schwa voiceless) JPH pinyon tree; CHM has “nut”	Pinyon or nut pine (Pinus monophylla)	inheritance	*tɨpat	Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan	Stubbs 1583 (2008:231, probably a Kiowa-Tanoan loan into PNUA		unknown				Merriam 59:537		2		1		2				1				no
Chumash Barbareno	Pinus monophylla	posh		Pinus monophylla	unique		Central Chumash only			underived				Timbrook 2007:142		2		1		2				1				no
Chumash Ineseno	Pinus monophylla	posh		Pinus monophylla (is this maybe just the nut?)	inheritance		Central Chumash only	Central Chumash		underived				Timbrook 2007:142		2		1		2				1				no
Chumash Obispeno	Pinus monophylla	twitak'a		el pinyon blandito	unique					other complex	t-; might be phrase			Harrington III:1:0263		2		1		2				1				no
Chumash Ventureno	Pinus monophylla	posh		Pinus monophylla	inheritance		Central Chumash only	Central Chumash		underived				Timbrook 2007:142		2		1		2				1				no
Cocopa	Pinus monophylla	ɂi·xwí·		pine (and pine nuts)	inheritance		Proto-Yuman	Note Kiliwa ?+khiiw; ?+xiw “pine nuts”	broader (includes pine nuts)	underived				Crawford 1989		2		1		2				1				no
Comanche	Pinus monophylla	missing			missing					missing						2		1		2				1				no
Cupeño	Pinus monophylla	tevat	ˈtəvat	conifer sp.	inheritance	*tɨpat	Northern Uto-Aztecan	S1583 (Stubbs 2009:231). This is probably a loan into Proto-NUA from Proto-Kiowa-Tanoan (Hill 2008	broader (includes tree and nuts)	other complex	ˈtəva-t pinyon-npn			Hill & Nolasquez 1973:175	no info	2		1	This is never mentioned in texts, it's always wichuxat. Tevat nuts may have been obtained only in trade.	no info	gathered (wild but closely managed)	all	collected in green cones, roasted to release nuts, parched, stored or eaten fresh	1	Cahuilla had a big stand at Pinyon Flats but Cupeno didn't, as far as I know	Southwestern U.S. and northern Mexico	In pinyon-juniper woodland, 3500-9000 feet (for P. monophylla), 2500-8000 feet (for P. quadrifolia). Rocky hills and slopes.	no
Esselen	Pinus monophylla	missing			missing					missing						2		1		2				1				no
Gabrielino	Pinus monophylla	tova:'at	toˈva:ʔat	pinyon	inheritance	*tɨpat	Northern Uto-Aztecan	S1583 (Stubbs 2009:231). This is probably a loan into Proto-NUA from Proto-Kiowa-Tanoan (Hill 2008	broader (includes tree and nuts)	other complex	toˈva:ʔa-t pinyon-npn	-hi:n	classifier for worthwhile possessions	Harrington 584, 413	no info	2	were once human	1	pine nuts	no info	gathered (wild but closely managed)	all	cones roasted to pop out nuts	1		Southwestern North America and Mexico	In pinyon-juniper woodland, 3500-9000 feet (for P. monophylla), 2500-8000 feet (for P. quadrifolia). Rocky hills and slopes.	no
Iipay 'Aa	Pinus monophylla	ɂehwiiw		pinyon pine, pine nut	inheritance		Proto-Yuman	Note Kiliwa ?+khiiw; ?+xiw “pine nuts”; Yavapai ɂkʰō	broader, tree and nuts	underived				Couro & Hutcheson 1973		2		1		2				1				no
Kawaiisu	Pinus monophylla	tɨvapɨ		P. monophylla	inheritance	*tɨpat	Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan	Stubbs 1583 (2008:231); Kiowa-Tanoan loan into PNUA	same	other complex	tɨva-pɨ pine.nut-ABS	bɨ, pɨ	bɨ, pɨ seem to classify for plants, trees	1981 Zigmond		2		1		2				1				no
Kiliwa	Pinus monophylla	?+xiw		Pinus monophylla	inheritance		Proto-Yuman	Iipay Aa ɂehwiiw tree & nuts; Yavapai ɂkʰō	same	other complex	? dummy.nominal.element +pinyon.pine			Mixco 1985		2		1		2				1				no
Kitanemuk	Pinus monophylla	tɨvat	ˈtɨvat	pinyon	inheritance	*tɨpat	Northern Uto-Aztecan	S1583 (Stubbs 2009:231). This is probably a loan into Proto-NUA from Proto-Kiowa-Tanoan (Hill 2008	broader (tree and nuts)	other complex	ˈtɨva-t pinyon-npn	-niw	possessive classifier for things	Anderton 1988:534	no info	2		1		no info	gathered (wild but closely managed	all	cones roasted to pop out nuts	1	people who had groves traded these to the coast; Tubatulabal are usually mentioned here but Kitanemuk must have done it too	Southwestern U.S. and Mexico	In pinyon-juniper woodland, 3500-9000 feet (for P. monophylla), 2500-8000 feet (for P. quadrifolia). Rocky hills and slopes.	no
Lake Miwok	Pinus monophylla	missing			missing					missing						2		1		2				1				no
Luiseño	Pinus monophylla	tuvát	tuʹvat	pine nut, pinyon tree	inheritance	*tɨpat	Northern Uto-Aztecan	S1583 (Stubbs 2009:231). This is probably a loan into Proto-NUA from Proto-Kiowa-Tanoan (Hill 2008)	broader (includes pine nuts and tree)	other complex	tuʹva-t pinyon-non.possessed.noun			Elliott 1999:1084	no info	2	plural refers to the time when humans were trees. Wuyot cremated at Tuvanga -- white ash can be seen there.	1		no info	gathered (wild but closely managed)	all	green cones roasted,seeds extracted, parched, stored, ground into flour	1	perhaps -- people with access to groves throughout west did trade these	Southwestern North America and Mexico	In pinyon-juniper woodland, 3500-9000 feet (for P. monophylla), 2500-8000 feet (for P. quadrifolia). Rocky hills and slopes.	no
Maidu	Pinus monophylla	missing			missing					missing						2		1		2				1				no
Mojave	Pinus monophylla	missing			missing					missing						2		1		2				1				no
Mutsun	Pinus monophylla	missing			missing					missing						2		1		2				1				no
Nisenan	Pinus monophylla	missing			missing					missing						2		1		2				1				no
Northern Paiute	Pinus monophylla	tuba-pe		pinyon (M: Pinyon or nut pine (Pinus monophylla)	inheritance	*tɨpat	Northern Uto-Aztecan	Stubbs 1583 (2008;231)	same	other complex	has -pi ABS			Merriam 61:149		2		1		2				1				no
Northern Sierra Miwok	Pinus monophylla	missing			missing					missing						2		1		2				1				no
Plains Miwok	Pinus monophylla	missing			missing					missing						2		1		2				1				no
Salinan A	Pinus monophylla	To		pine nuts	unique		Salinan			underived	/T/ might be articular prefix			Mason 1918:130; Turner 1980:80		2		1		2				1				no
Salinan M	Pinus monophylla	t<o<		pine nuts	unique		Salinan			underived				Mason 1918:130		2		1		2				1				no
Seri (Comcaac)	Pinus monophylla	missing			missing					missing						2		1		2				1				no
Serrano	Pinus monophylla	tyvat		pinyon	inheritance	*tɨpat	Northern Uto-Aztecan	S1583 (Stubbs 2009:231); probably a loan into Proto-NUA from Proto-Kiowa Tanoan (Hill 2008)		other complex	-t NPN			KCHill ms 2001:58		2		1		2				1				no
Southern Paiute	Pinus monophylla	tɨvapɨ		Pinyon pine (P. monophylla)	inheritance	*tɨpat	Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan	Stubbs 1583 (2008:231), probably a Kiowa-Tanoan loan into PNUA	same	other complex	has -pɨ ABS			Sapir 1930:677		2		1		2				1				no
Southern Sierra Miwok	Pinus monophylla	sak:y-		pinyon	inheritance	sa:k, sak:y-	Utian	Callaghan 1997:18		underived				Broadbent 1964:		2		1		2				1				no
Southern Ute	Pinus monophylla	wa?á-pŲ		pinyon, juniper	semantic shift	*wa'aC	Northern Uto-Aztecan	Stubbs 415 (2008:94), always “juniper” or “cedar” but sometimes labels pinyon-juniper biome, probably the route of shift here	broader (also means juniper)	other complex	has -pɨ ABS			Givon 1979		2		1		2				1				no
Tübatulabal	Pinus monophylla	tüpatt	tɨˈbat	nuts from pinyon pine; pinyon pine, Pinus monophylla	inheritance	*tɨpat	Northern Uto-Aztecan	S1583 (Stubbs 2009:231). This is probably a loan into Proto-NUA from Proto-Kiowa-Tanoan (Hill 2008	broader (includes tree and nuts)	other complex	tɨˈba-t pinyon-npn			Hill 2010:97	no info	2		1		no info	gathered (wild)	all	ripe (but unopened) cones roasted, nuts removed, dried, cached	1	traded to Chumash for beads	Southwestern U.S. and Mexico	In pinyon-juniper woodland, 3500-9000 feet (for P. monophylla), 2500-8000 feet (for P. quadrifolia). Rocky hills and slopes.	no
Tümpisa Shoshone	Pinus monophylla	wahappin		Pinyon pine tree	semantic shift	*wa'aC	Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan	Stubbs 414 , usually “cedar, juniper” (shift in the biome)	same	other complex	waha-ppin pinyon-CL	ppin		Dayley 1989:375		2		1		2				1				no
Wappo	Pinus monophylla	missing			missing					missing						2		1		2				1				no
Washo	Pinus monophylla	t'á:gɨm		Pinyon or nut pine	unique					underived				Merriam 55:313; WPD		2		1		2				1				no
Western Mono	Pinus monophylla	tɨba'		pinyon pine nuts (Pinus edulis)	inheritance	*tɨpat	Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan	Kiowa-Tanoan loan into PNUA; Stubbs 1583 (2008:231)	same	underived	tree is probably tɨbapɨ			Bethel et al.:211	no info	2		1		no info	Gathered (wild but closely managed)	all	nuts from roasted green cone (mainly obtained in trade from Eastern Mono)	1	all Mono but Northfork got from E. Mono; Northfork visited eastern slope to collect			no
Wintu	Pinus monophylla	missing			missing					missing						2		1		2				1				no
Yavapai	Pinus monophylla	ɂkʰō		pinyon pine, nut	inheritance		Proto-Yuman	Note Kiliwa ?+khiiw; ?+xiw		unknown				Shaterian 1983		2		1		2				1				no
Yokuts Palewyami	Pinus monophylla	wetʰak'		pinyon	inheritance		Yokutsan	Kroeber lists similar forms for Yawd, Wik, Tach, Chun, Yowl at p. 211 #163; Note Merriam's Yowl wut'-tuk	broader (includes tree and nuts)	underived				Gamble 1991 (from Harrington)		2		1		2				1				no
Yokuts Yawdanchi	Pinus monophylla	missing			missing					missing						2		1		2				1				no
Yokuts Yowlumne	Pinus monophylla	wut'-tuk		Pinyon pine (see K, N for “nuts” spelling	inheritance		Yokutsan	Kroeber lists similar forms for Yawd, Wik, Tach, Chun, Harrington had wetʰak' for Pal.	narrower (includes just the nuts, which were traded)	underived				Merriam 58:565		2		1		2				1				no
Yuki	Pinus monophylla	missing			missing					missing						2		1		2				1				no
Yuma	Pinus monophylla	missing			missing					missing						2		1		2				1				no


Bankalachi Toloim
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone
Cahuilla
Central Sierra Miwok
Chemehuevi
Chumash Barbareno
Chumash Ineseno
Chumash Obispeno
Chumash Ventureno
Cocopa
Comanche
Cupeño
Esselen
Gabrielino
Iipay 'Aa
Kawaiisu
Kiliwa
Kitanemuk
Lake Miwok
Luiseño
Maidu
Mojave
Mutsun
Nisenan
Northern Paiute
Northern Sierra Miwok
Plains Miwok
Salinan A
Salinan M
Seri (Comcaac)
Serrano
Southern Paiute
Southern Sierra Miwok
Southern Ute
Tübatulabal
Tümpisa Shoshone
Wappo
Washo
Western Mono
Wintu
Yavapai
Yokuts Palewyami
Yokuts Yawdanchi
Yokuts Yowlumne
Yuki
Yuma

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