Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

Big Smokey Valley Shoshone

Family: Uto-Aztecan
Region: North America
ISO 639-3: shh
Location: 37.00°, -117.00°
Notes
Features: Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Ethnographic Information

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Data Sources: none

Basic Vocabulary (185)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Etymology Code	Source
1pl.excl	nosotros (exclusivo)	nós (exclusivo)	grammar	nyhwyh (nyhi) (dl), nymmyn (nymmi) pl	semantic shift
1pl.incl	nosotros (inclusivo)	nós (inclusivo)	grammar	tahwyh (tahai) (dl), tammyn (tammi) pol	inheritance
1sg	yo	eu	grammar	ny	inheritance
2pl	ustedes	vocês	grammar	ynnyn (sg), myhwyh (dl), mymmyn (pl)	inheritance
2sg	xx	xx	grammar	yn	inheritance
3pl	ellos/ellas	eles/elas	grammar	ma-	inheritance
3sg	el/ella	ele/ela	grammar	ma	inheritance
above	encima, arriba	acima	location	pan, panai”, pa7ai	inheritance	Crapo 1976
again	de nuevo, otra vez	de novo	grammar	tya-syn “also, again”	inheritance
all	todo	todos	other	ojoon “all, everything”, no- “all, every”	inheritance
and	y	e	grammar	-mai (on nouns)	unknown
ankle	tobillo	tornozelo	body	ta-wincyh(-a”), ta-wincih(-a”)	inheritance
armpit	axila, sobaco	axila	body	missing	missing
ash	ceniza(s)	cinzas	environment	ku-kkwi-ppyh “smoke, ashes”	inheritance
at	en, a	em, a	location	-ka	inheritance
back	espalda	costas	body	kwa7im-pyh, kwain-pyh, wa7im-pyh; pi-	inheritance
bad	mal	mal	quality	acai”	inheritance
belly	barriga	barriga	body	sappyh	inheritance
below	abajo, debajo	abaixo	location	tukku-nankwa”(-ttyn)	inheritance
big	grande	grande	quality	pia (-n)	inheritance
bite	morder	morder	body	ky-cci7ah “ to bite something hard”	inheritance
black	negro	preto	colour	tuu”	inheritance
blood	sangre	sangue	body	pyy”-pin	inheritance
blow	soplar	soprar	body	puhki”, puhkwi” (of breath)	inheritance
boil/pimple	espinilla, granos	espinha, borbulha	body	ya, ya-ccih “sore, wound”	inheritance
bone	hueso	osso	body	cuhni, cuhwi-ppyh	inheritance
breast	pecho, seno	peito	body	pici	inheritance
breathe	respirar	respirar	body	sua-kkaih “to breathe, to be breathy”	inheritance
burn	quemar	queimar	environment	waihja”-nkyh (VT)	inheritance
chew	masticar, mascar	mastigar	body	missing	missing
child	niño, niña	criança	human	tua” “boy (son, child)	inheritance
climb	subir	subir	motion	to7aih, to7oih, to7ih (w Ips); tyn-to7aih “to climb up”	inheritance
cloud	nube	nuvem	environment	pakyna-ppyh “cloud, fog”	inheritance
cold	frío	frio	quality	yicyi”	inheritance
come	venir	vir	motion	kimma” (sg, pl) ki-kimma” (dl)	inheritance
cook	cocinar	cozinhar	impact	ku-hanni”	inheritance
correct/true	verdad, de veras	verdade	quality	caanku “rightly, properly, well”	inheritance
count	contar	contar	mental	tycyyh	unknown
cry	llorar	chorar	mental	jakai” (sg subj), namoi (dl, pl subj)	inheritance
cut/hack	cortar	cortar	impact	-ka7ah "to cut something flexible (sg obj),	inheritance
day	día	dia	time	tapai “sun, day”, tape, tapaini “day, noon”/ tapeni	inheritance
die/be dead	morir	morrer	state	tiaih (sg subj)	inheritance
dig	cavar	cavar	impact	hota”	inheritance
dingo/wolf			fauna	pia-7isa	inheritance
dirty	sucio	sujo	quality	tucca	inheritance
dream	soñar	sonhar	mental	na-puisaih, na-pusaih	inheritance
drink	beber, tomar	beber	body	hipi”	inheritance
dry	seco	seco	quality	pasa”	inheritance
dull/blunt	sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo	maçante, desamolado, não afiado	quality	ke kyma-kkantyn (of blade),	inheritance
dust	polvo	poeira	environment	hukkumpin	inheritance
ear	oreja	orelha	body	nainkih, nenkih	inheritance
earth/soil	tierra	terra	environment	soko-pin, soko-ppyh	inheritance
eat	comer	comer	body	tykkah	inheritance
egg	huevo	ovo	fauna	nojo, nojo-pin	inheritance
eye	ojo	olho	body	puih	inheritance
faeces	heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol	fezes	body	kwita-ppyh	inheritance
fall	caer	cair	motion	annih “fall”	inheritance
far	lejos	longe	quality	manakkwa	inheritance
fat/grease	grasa	gordura	body	juhu-pin	inheritance
father	padre, papá	pai	kinship	appy	loan direction unknown
fear	miedo	medo	mental	ty7yjah(-n), tyijah(-n)	inheritance
feather	pluma	pena	fauna	pyysi-ppyh	inheritance
fire	fuego	fogo	environment	waihja-ppyh	inheritance
fish	xx	xx	fauna	penkwi	inheritance
flow	fluir	fluir	motion	okwai”, okai”	inheritance
flower	flor	flor	environment	hypinky-ppyh	inheritance
fly	volar	voar	motion	jycy” “fly, get up, arise”	inheritance
fog	niebla, neblina	nevoeira, bruma, neblina	environment	pakyna-ppyh “cloud, fog	inheritance
foot	pie	pé	body	nampai	inheritance
fruit	fruta	fruta	flora	huu-ppih “wild strawberry, grows on a kind of cactus”	inheritance
good	bueno	bom	quality	caan-tyn “generous, good”	inheritance
grow	crecer	crescer	state	naa”, naha” “be, become, grow, grow up, dwell”	inheritance
hair (of head)	cabello	cabelo	body	pampi-(pyhy) “hair of head” (compare “feather”)	semantic shift
hand	mano	mão	body	moo, mo7o, (mo7i); na- IP, ma”- IP	inheritance
head	cabeza	cabeça	body	pampi”	semantic shift
hear	oír	ouvir	mental	nankah	inheritance
heavy	pesado	pesado	quality	pyttyn	inheritance
hide	esconder	esconder	motion	waci-tikkih “secrete, hide, keep secret”	inheritance
hit	golpear, pegar	bater	impact	-tokoh "punch, push"	inheritance
hold	correr, asegurar, sostener	segurar	other	cai” “hold in hand, lead”	inheritance
how?	como	como	grammar	hakani “of being”	inheritance
if	si	se	grammar	missing	missing
in/inside	dentro, adentro	dentro	location	-kuppan	inheritance
intestines	intestinos	intestinos	body	kohai	inheritance
itch	hormiguear, sentir comezón	coçar	body	pihja”	inheritance
kill	matar	matar	impact	paikkah, pekkah (sg obj),	inheritance
know/be knowledgeable	saber, conecer	saber, conhecer	mental	sumanaih “know, be acquinted with, learn”	inheritance
lake	lago	lago	environment	pia-paa-katy-tyn	unique
laugh	reír	rir	mental	jahnai”	inheritance
leaf	hoja	folha	environment	syki	unique
left/left hand	izquierdo	esquerdo	location/body	missing	missing
leg/foot	pierna	perna	body	oon, oom-pin (knee to ankle)	inheritance
lie down	acostarse, echarse	deitar	motion	hapi” (sg), kopi” (dl, pl)	inheritance
lightning	rayo, relámpago	relampago	environment	kwo-7ainkah-kwicai-caih “lightning”	unique
live/be alive	vivir	viver, morar	body	missing	missing
liver	hígado	figado	body	nymyn	inheritance
long	largo	comprido, longo	quality	kypattax	inheritance
louse	piollo, piojo	piolho	fauna	posia, posia-ccih “louse”	inheritance
lung	pulmón	pulmão	body	sonko	inheritance
man/male	hombre	homem	human	tenkwan “man, adult”	loan direction unknown
meat/flesh	carne	carne	fauna	tukku” “meat, flesh, body, mountain sheep”	inheritance
moon	luna	lua	environment	mya	inheritance
mother	madre, mamá	mãe	kinship	pi7i, pii	inheritance
mouth	boca	boca	body	tympai “lips, mouth”, type (Cherry Creek)	inheritance
name	nombre	nome	human	na-tappinia-ppyh “name, signature”	unique
nape	base del cuello, nuca	nuca	body	kappitto “back of head, occipital area”;	unique
near/close	cerca de	perto	quality	ty-kynna “near, narrow”	unknown
neck	cuello	pescoço	body	kutax “larynx, neck”	inheritance
new	nuevo	novo	quality	yky	loan direction unknown
night	noche	noite	time	tukanih “night, dark”	inheritance
no/not	no	não	grammar	ke	inheritance
nose	nariz	nariz	body	mupin	inheritance
old	viejo	velho	quality	pyaittym-pyh (hum, anim, thing)	inheritance
one	uno	um	number	symmy	inheritance
open/uncover	abrir	abrir	other	missing	missing
other	otro	outro	grammar	kymmai “different one (someone else)	inheritance
pain/painful/sick	dolor, doloroso, enfermo	dor, doloroso, doente	body	kammah(-n) dull pain	inheritance
person/human being	persona	pessoa	human	nymy (nymi)	inheritance
pound/beat	machacar, golpear	bater	impact	to-ppaih “beat up”	inheritance
rain	lluvia	chuva	environment	paa-7yma”-pin (N)	inheritance
red	rojo	vermelho	colour	ainka, enka- (Cherry Creek)	inheritance
right/right hand	derecha	direita	location/body	missing	missing
road/path	camino	caminho	manufacture	po7ai	inheritance
root	raíz	raiz	flora	tyntana, tytana	inheritance
rotten	podrido	podre	quality	pisi” pisi-ppyh “decayed, rotten, something rotten, pus, mold”	inheritance
sand	arena	areia	environment	pasiam-pin	inheritance
say	decir	dizer	mental	missing	missing
scratch	rascar	rasgar	impact	-kittuih,	unknown
see	ver	ver	mental	puni”, pui” “look at, see”	inheritance
sharp	afilado, filudo, filoso	afiado	quality	kyma (of edge)	inheritance
shoot	tirar, disparar, balear	atirar	impact	wihi”	unknown
short	corto	curto	quality	kypix	unknown
shoulder	hombro	ombro	body	coa-ppyh	inheritance
shy/ashamed	tímido, vergonzoso	timido, com vergonha	mental	na-suain-tyn “bashfull”	inheritance
sit	sentar(se)	sentar	state	katy” (sg),	inheritance
skin	piel	pele	body	po7an, poan, pohon “bark, skin, peeling, surface layer”	inheritance
sky	cielo	céu	environment	tukum-pin, tukum-pana, tuku-pphy	inheritance
sleep	dormir	dormir	body	yppyih (sg), ykkoih (dl, pl); sysymih “go to sleep”	inheritance
small	pequeño	pequeno	quality	tytyn	inheritance
smoke	humo	fumaça	environment	ku-kkwi-ppyh “smoke, ashes”	inheritance
sniff/smell	olfatear, oler	cheirar	body	missing	missing
spit	escupir	cuspir	body	tusi”	loan into protolanguage
split	partir, dividir	rachar, dividir, partir	impact	-pahka (sg. obj), -paakuih (pl. obj.) "crack, break, split"; paijah (intr)	inheritance
squeeze	estrujar, exprimir	espremer	impact	-kicah -kica7ah "squeeze, mash"	unknown
stab/pierce	apuñalar, acuchillar	apunhalar	impact	-cakkwih "stab, pierce"	unknown
stand	estar de pié	ficar em pé	state	wyny” (sg)	inheritance
star	estrella	estrela	environment	taci7ym-pin	inheritance
steal	robar	roubar	other	tytykkax	inheritance
stick/wood	palo	pau, vara	flora	huu”-pin “tree, stick, wood, club”	inheritance
stone	piedra	pedra	environment	tym-pin	inheritance
suck	chupar	chupar	body	mu-pici”, mu-picih, pici”, picih	inheritance
sweat	sudar	suor, suar	body		missing
swell	hincharse	inchar	body	pekwi “puff up, swell up”	inheritance
swim	nadar	nadar	motion	pa-hapi”	inheritance
tail	cola, rabo	rabo	body	kwaisi, kwesi (Cherry Creek)	inheritance
that	ese/esa	esse	grammar	ma- “non-specific demonstrative”	inheritance
thick	grueso, gordo, espeso	grosso	quality	pohonan, pohanan	inheritance
thin	delgado	fino	quality	tatuih	inheritance
think	pensar	pensar	mental	sua” “to breathe, to feel, to think, pertaining to the mind	inheritance
this	este/esta	este	grammar	si-, se, i-, e- (near, touchable),	inheritance
three	tres	tres	number	paihtyn, pahai	inheritance
throat	garganta	garganta	body	kuiccih (inside)	unknown
throw	tirar, lanzar	atirar, jogar	impact	tawi” “throw something heavy” (sg obj)	inheritance
thunder	truenos	trovão	environment	to7ompaix, toom-piccih	inheritance
tie up/fasten	atar, amarrar	amarrar	impact	-tamah (sg. obj) "knot, tie", tamiih (pl obj)	inheritance
tongue	lengua	lingua	body	aikon, ekon	inheritance
tooth	diente	dente	body	taman	inheritance
turn	girar, volter, torcer	virar	other	puinuah, puinui”, puinukka” (Cherry Creek dialect)	inheritance
two	dos	dois	number	waattyn (wahan “twice”)	inheritance
vomit	vomitar	vomitar	body	wy-tto7aih	inheritance
walk	caminar, andar	andar	motion	mia” (sg, pl), mi-miah (dl)	inheritance
water	agua	agua	environment	paa	inheritance
wet	mojado	molhado	quality	paa-coih “to be wet”	inheritance
what?	que, qué	que	grammar	hiin, hakai (of saying), hakani (doing)	inheritance
when?	cuando	quando	grammar	himpai, himpe	inheritance
where?	donde	onde	grammar	haka-ppun which way?	inheritance
white	blanco	branco	colour	tosa”	inheritance
who?	quien, quién	quem	grammar	haka-tyn sg, haka-tyhwyh (dl), haka-tyyn (pl)	inheritance
wife	esposa	esposa	kinship	kwyhy (kwyhi), kwyy	inheritance
wind	viento	vento	environment	nyai”-pin	inheritance
wing	ala	asa	body	kasa	inheritance
woman/female	mujer	mulher	human	hypi	inheritance
work	trabajar	trabalhar	other	missing	missing
yawn	bostezar	bocejar	body	ppyih-kysappax	inheritance
yellow	amarillo	amarelo	colour	ohwa”, oha”, oa”	inheritance


1pl.excl
1pl.incl
1sg
2pl
2sg
3pl
3sg
above
again
all
and
ankle
armpit
ash
at
back
bad
belly
below
big
bite
black
blood
blow
boil/pimple
bone
breast
breathe
burn
chew
child
climb
cloud
cold
come
cook
correct/true
count
cry
cut/hack
day
die/be dead
dig
dingo/wolf
dirty
dream
drink
dry
dull/blunt
dust
ear
earth/soil
eat
egg
eye
faeces
fall
far
fat/grease
father
fear
feather
fire
fish
flow
flower
fly
fog
foot
fruit
good
grow
hair (of head)
hand
head
hear
heavy
hide
hit
hold
how?
if
in/inside
intestines
itch
kill
know/be knowledgeable
lake
laugh
leaf
left/left hand
leg/foot
lie down
lightning
live/be alive
liver
long
louse
lung
man/male
meat/flesh
moon
mother
mouth
name
nape
near/close
neck
new
night
no/not
nose
old
one
open/uncover
other
pain/painful/sick
person/human being
pound/beat
rain
red
right/right hand
road/path
root
rotten
sand
say
scratch
see
sharp
shoot
short
shoulder
shy/ashamed
sit
skin
sky
sleep
small
smoke
sniff/smell
spit
split
squeeze
stab/pierce
stand
star
steal
stick/wood
stone
suck
sweat
swell
swim
tail
that
thick
thin
think
this
three
throat
throw
thunder
tie up/fasten
tongue
tooth
turn
two
vomit
walk
water
wet
what?
when?
where?
white
who?
wife
wind
wing
woman/female
work
yawn
yellow

Showing 1 to 185 of 185 entries

Flora Fauna Vocabulary (130)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Source	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Food Source	Medicinal	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Traded	Dangerous
abalone			flora-fauna	Haliotis spp.	missing			inheritance								missing			2	1	0		0	1	no
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna	Formicidae	tasamincih		black ant, ant (generic)	inheritance	*tasi'a	Numic		Stubbs 49 (2008:45) (Central and Southern Numic only)			same	other complex	has -tsi ABS	Crapo1976:106	0	0	2		0	0	no
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna		tasamincih “black ant, ant (generic)			inheritance
antelope			flora-fauna	Antilocapra americana	wancih, kwaty” (Duckwater: kwahaten)		antelope	inheritance	*wanci	Numic		Stubbs 53 (2008:45); what is the kwahatyn word, I wonder??? Also in Comanche from 19th C			same	underived	may mean “gray-haired one”	Crapo 1976:106	2	1	0		0	0	no
badger			flora-fauna	Taxidea taxus	hunan		Badger (Taxidea)	inheritance	*huLa	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 132 (2008:59)			same	underived		Crapo 1976:108	2	1	0		0	0	yes
bald eagle			flora-fauna	Haliaeetus leucocephalus	be'-ah gwin'-nah		bald eagle (Halioeetus)	inheritance	*kwi'na	Numic		Stubbs 717b (2008;131) Western, Central Numic; this adds “big”			same	phrase	big eagle -- note that sometimes Golden Eagle gets this label	Merriam 61:73	1	2	0		0	1	no
band-tail pigeon			flora-fauna	Patagioenas fasciata	mah'-ki-ho-ve (RM		Band-tail pigeon (Columba fasciata)	inheritance	*makahVwi	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 676 (2008:126)			same	underived	final -vi seems not to be from -pi ABS but is old *-wi animal classifier	Merriam 61:41	0	1	0		0	0	no
bat	murciélago	morcego	flora-fauna	Chiroptera spp	hono-ppiccih		Bat	inheritance	*ho'napi	Numic		Stubbs 126 (2008:58), western & Central Numic			narrower (a species of bat, probably)	other complex	has -piccih ABS	Crapo 1976:109	0	1	0		0	0	no
beaver			flora-fauna	Castor	a'nii		Beaver (Castor)	inheritance	*ha'ni	Numic		Stubbs 155 (2008:61) (may be only C. Numic)			same	underived		Crum & Dayley 1993:264	2	1	0		0	0	no
beetle			flora-fauna	Coleoptera spp	pippusi		stinkbug (M:beetle; 13-striped June Beetle	inheritance	*pippusi	Numic		Stubbs 311 (2008:83), possibly with pi- “with backside”			same	underived		Crapo 1976:182	2	0	0		0	0	no
big round tule			flora-fauna	Schoenoplectus acutus	sai-ppyh		reeds, tules (M: Big round tule (Scirpus lacustris)	inheritance	*sɨyi	Northern Uto-Aztecan		I think this goes with Stubbs 1735 (shown in reconstruction based on only Takic forms) which needs to be fixed since Numic is clearly sayi, see Kawaiisu seevibɨ			same	other complex	has has -pɨ ABS	Merriam 61;93	2	1	2		0	0	no
big skunk			flora-fauna	Mephitis mephitis	pō>n-he-atz (RV, RM)		Big skunk (Mephitis)	inheritance	*po(C)ni	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 1983 (2008:275)			same	other complex	has -tsi ABS	Merriam 61:69	2	2	0		0	0	no
big wolf (gray wolf)			flora-fauna	Canis lupus	pia 'isa, wonko ica		wolf	inheritance	*isa'a(N)pa	Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 552 (2008;112), with “big” and “pine” increments and consonant gradation in ica			same	phrase		Crapo 1976:110, 149	1	2	0		0	0	yes
bighorn sheep			flora-fauna	Ovis canadensis	wasy”-pin		mountain sheep, game animals	unique		Central Numic		From “kill several” -- not similarity with %lewasip, though			broader (can label other large game)	derived	kill-ed (with -pɨ	Crapo 1976:175	2	1	0		0	0	no
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna		kwinaa		generic for any large bird, eagle (M: A bird	inheritance	*kwi'na	Numic		Stubbs 717b (2008;131) Western, Central Numic			narrower (does not include small birds)	underived		Crapo 1976:127	0	0	0		0	0	no
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna		huiccuu “small bird (generic)”			inheritance
black ant			flora-fauna	Camponotus pennsylvanicus/Lasius niger	tuu-tasamincih		black ant	calque			English	black-black.ant			same	phrase		Crapo 1976:106	2	0	0		0	0	no
black bear			flora-fauna	Ursus americanus	wyyta		bear (M: Black Bear (Ursus americanus)	inheritance		Numic		See N. Paiute wɨdaɂa			same	underived		Crapo 1976:109	1	2	0		0	0	yes
black-tail Jackrabbit			flora-fauna	Lepus californicus	kammu		jackrabbit (M: Black-tail jackrabbit (Lepus texianus group)	inheritance	*kaNmu	Numic		Stubbs 1710 (2008:243)			same	underived		Crapo 1976:146	2	1	0		0	0	no
blackberry			flora-fauna	Rubus ursinus	tuu-ppihtyn pokwai-mpih		wild blacberry, black currant berry	inheritance	*pokoN	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 183 (2008:65)			broader (several kinds of berries, apparently, at least for modern speakers)	other complex	has -pi ABS	Crapo 1976:110	2	1	2		0	0	no
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna	Diptera	ana-muih		Fly	inheritance	*muwi/muCpi	Numic		Stubbs 887 (2008:151)			same	phrase	ana- (sometimes in a “mosquito” word? plus 'fly'	Crapo 1976:133	0	0	0		0	0	no
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna		ana-muih, anka-muih			inheritance
blue grouse			flora-fauna	Dendrogapus?	kah'-hah (RV, RM)		Blue grouse (Dendragapus)	inheritance	*kaka “quail, grouse”	Numic		Stubbs 1702a (2008:241), probably shouldn't be combined with quail			same	underived		Merriam 61:73	0	1	0		0	0	no
bobcat, lynx			flora-fauna	Lynx rufus	tukku-ppiccih		bobcat (M: Bob-cat (Lynx fasciatus)	inheritance	*tukkuC	Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 1306 (2008:2000)	WW	%tuku	same	other complex	has -piccih ABS	Crapo 1976:112	1	2	0		0	0	no
butterfly, moth	mariposa	borboleta	flora-fauna	Lepidoptera	a'ipputunkih		Butterfly	inheritance	*??-pu(tonki)	Numic		Stubbs 326 (2008:85), T. Shoshone has aasi-, not a'i”, but Stubbs puts in same set			same	underived	etymologically some kind of phrase	Crapo 1976:115	2	0	0		0	0	no
California condor			flora-fauna	Gymnogyps californianus	missing			inheritance								missing			1	2	0		0	1	no
California jay			flora-fauna	Aphelocoma californica?	), zi'-vitch, chi'-itch (RM)tsai-pittsih		blue jay (M: Woodhouse jay (Aphelocoma)	loan into protolanguage	*ca'i	Northern Uto-Aztecan	unknown	a widespread arealism, but Stubbs has for PNUA (2009 (2008:68)	WW	%chaj	same	other complex	has -piccih ABS	Miller 1972:157	2	1	0		0	0	no
California woodpecker			flora-fauna	Melanerpes formicivorus?	putumpittsi; wampuni, wopin tottontaki, woppimpono 295 “type of woodpecker”		woodpecker	inheritance								unknown		Crum & Dayley 1993:281	2	1	0		0	1	no
chia			flora-fauna	Salvia columbariae	missing			inheritance								missing			1	1	1		0	0	no
chipmunk			flora-fauna	Tamias spp.	wo'ai		chipmunk, squirrel (M: chipmunk (Eutamias)	inheritance	*wo'ta	Numic		Stubbs 2100 (2008:289), might be PUA			same	underived		Crapo 1976:117	2	1	0		0	0	no
cliff swallow			flora-fauna	Petrochelidon pyrrhonota	pas”-wum'-be (RV); bă-so-wum'-be (RM, for all swallows) 61:43	pasokompii “swallow” Duckwater 278	Cliff swallow (Petrochelidon)	inheritance		Northern Uto-Aztecan		new set for “swallow with paso...				unknown		Merriam 61:75	2	1	0		0	0	no
coot			flora-fauna	Fulica americana	si'-ah (RV, RM);		coot (Fulica)	inheritance	*saya	Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 217 (2008:69)			same	underived		Merriam 61:79	2	1	0		0	0	no
cottontail rabbit			flora-fauna	Sylvilagus audobonii	tapun		Cottontail rabbit (Lepus auduboni)	inheritance	tapuC/taput	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 1707 (2008:242)			same	underived		Crapo 1976:120	2	1	0		0	0	no
cottonwood			flora-fauna	Populus spp.	soho-pin		Cottonwood (populus)	inheritance	*sohopin	Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 542a (2008:111, only Numic and Hopi			same	underived		Crapo 1976:120	2	0	2		0	0	no
coyote			flora-fauna	Canis latrans	ica-ppy, ica		Coyote (Canis lestes or ochropus)	inheritance	*isa'a(N)pa	Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 552 (2008:112) with consonant gradation			same	underived		Crapo 1976:121	1	2	0		0	0	no
crow			flora-fauna	Corvus brachyrhynchos	gak' (?)RV; kahk RM; Crapo 110 haih raven, crow; kaa”, kaa-cci crow		Crow (Corvus americanus)	inheritance	*kak	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 584 (2008:117) (I think haih is Yokutsan, check!			same	underived	sound imitative but throughout the family so not a neologistic sound-im, better simplex	Merriam 61:73	2	1	0		0	0	no
datura			flora-fauna	Datura wrightii	mui-ppeh		Jimsonweed	loan		Central Numic	Takic	may be related to “crazy, drunk” words but probably ultimately a loan from Takic “moon” word	WW	%moji ~ %moni	same	other complex	has -pɨ ABS	Miller 1972:162	1	1	1		1	0	yes
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna		tyhyja			inheritance
deer, mule			flora-fauna	Odocoileus hemionus	tyhyjya		deer (M: mule deer	inheritance	*tɨkɨya	Numic		Stubbs 625a (2008:121)			same	underived		Crapo 1976:123	2	1	0		0	0	no
digger pine			flora-fauna	Pinus sabiniana	missing		ponderosa only, wung-gah-be RM 61:53	inheritance								missing			2	1	2		0	0	no
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna	Canis familiaris	isa-punku, ica satii (Cherry Creek); satee Duckwater 282		dog	inheritance	isa'a(N)pa puNku	Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 552 (2008:112) compounded with the “pet” word; apparently satii not used in BSVS proper			same	phrase	coyote-pet (canine-pet?)	Crapo 1976:125	0	0	0		0	0	no
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna		isa-punku			inheritance
dogbane			flora-fauna	Apocynum cannabinum	missing			inheritance								missing			2	1	2		0	0	no
dove	paloma	pomba	flora-fauna	Zenaida macrocoura	haaiwi		Dove (Zenaidura)	inheritance	*hayɨwi	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 675 (2008:126)			same	underived	final -vi seems not to be from -pi ABS but is old *-wi animal classifier	Crapo 1976:125	2	1	0		0	0	no
duck	pato	pato, marreco	flora-fauna	Anatidae	pyjyn		duck (M: Ducks (all kinds)	inheritance	*picV	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 706a (2008:130)			same	underived		Crapo 1976:126	0	1	0		0	0	no
elder			flora-fauna	Sambucus	kunukippeh		elderberry plant	inheritance	*kunuki	Numic		Stubbs 180 (2008;64)			same	other complex	has -pɨ ABS	Crum & Dayley 1993:269	2	1	1		0	0	no
elk			flora-fauna	Cervas elaphus	pateheya		elk (M: Elk (Cervus)	inheritance	pa-tɨkɨya	Numic		Stubbs 625a (2008:121)				unknown		Crum & Dayley 1993:278	2	1	0		0	0	no
fish (generic)	pez	peixe	flora-fauna		penkwi		Fish (any)	inheritance	*paNkwi	Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 865 (2008:148)			same	underived	etymologically a phrase -- water-fish	Crapo 1976:132	0	1	0		0	0	no
flea	pulga	pulga	flora-fauna	Siphonaptera	missing			missing								missing			2	0	0		0	0	no
flicker			flora-fauna	Colaptes sp.	un-să ban'-nah (RM 61:41)		Flicker (Colaptes)	inheritance		Central Numic		has the -pana element noted by Troike for this bird; same word recorded by Merriam at Round Mountain for W. Shoshoni	WW	%palaka ~ %pana(k)	same	phrase	ansa pannah red bird?	Merriam 61:73	2	1	0		0	1	no
foothills yucca			flora-fauna	Yucca whipplei	missing			inheritance								missing			0	1	0		0	0	no
fox			flora-fauna	Vulpes, Urocyon	waahni		fox (M: Gray fox (Urocyon)	inheritance	*waCni	Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 562 (2008:113)			same	underived		Crapo 1976;134	2	2	0		0	0	no
frog (generic)			flora-fauna		pa-jakkosa, pa-jakwaca, waako (bullfrog at Duckwater)		frog, )M:Frog (Rana)	inheritance				-jakwaca with pa- "water"	WW	%wakat	same	phrase	water-?	Crapo 1976;134	2	2	0		0	0	no
golden eagle			flora-fauna	Aquila chrysaetos	kwinaa;		eagle, also generic for any large bird (M:Golden eagle (Aquila)	inheritance	*kwi'na	Numic		Stubbs 717b (2008;131) Western, Central Numic; this adds “big” in “modern” form			same	underived		Crapo 1976:110, 127	1	2	0		0	1	no
gooseberry			flora-fauna	Ribes spp.	pokwai-mpih, poko-mpih; pokono-ppyh the bush		currant berry	inheritance	*pokoN	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 183 (2008:65)			broader (several kinds of berries, apparently, at least for modern speakers)	other complex	has -pi ABS	Crapo 1976:122	2	1	1		0	0	no
gopher snake, bull snake			flora-fauna	Pituophis catenifer	kokon (Duckwater: kokkon)		bullsnake (M:Gopher or bull snake (Pityophis)	inheritance	*koNwa	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 2009 (2008:279)			same	underived		Crapo 1976:114	2	2	0		0	0	no
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna	(NA)	soni-ppyh		grass, hay (M: grass (any)	inheritance	*sonV	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 1029 (2008:166)			same	other complex	has -pɨ ABS	Crapo 1976:138	0	0	0		0	0	no
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna		soni-ppyh “grass, hay”			inheritance
grasshopper			flora-fauna	Caelifera	aa-ttankih		Grasshopper	inheritance	*attaNkaC	Numic		Stubbs 1036 (2008:167)			narrower (a species of grasshopper)	underived	probably complex etymologically	Crapo 1976:138	2	1	0		0	0	no
gray ground squirrel			flora-fauna	Sphermophilus sp.	tseep' (RV, pencil at RM with ??; tsippih duckwater 291		Gray ground squirrel (Citellus beecheyi group)	inheritance	*cippi	Numic		Stubbs 2098b (2008:289)			same	underived	perhaps sound-imititive originally	Merriam 61:69	2	1	0		0	0	no
gray tree squirrel			flora-fauna	Sciurus spp.	tsikih		squirrel, golden mantled squirrel	loan into protolanguage	*tɨku/ciku	Uto-Aztecan	Gabrielino	Stubbs 2093a, b (2008;288)	WW	%sik	same	underived	probably onomatopoeia in origin	Crum & Dayley 1993:291	2	1	0		0	0	no
great horned owl			flora-fauna	Bubo virginianus	mom-piccih, mum-piccih		owl (M: Great horned owl (Bubo)	inheritance	*muhuN	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 1542 (2008;227)			same	other complex	has -piccih ABS	Crapo 1976:159	1	2	2		0	1	no
grizzly bear			flora-fauna	Ursus arctos horribilis	to'-să woo'-rah (RV unless otherwise noted)		Grizzly bear (Ursus horribilis)	inheritance		Numic		See N.P. wɨdaɂa ; Grizzly also “white bear” in Comanche			same	phrase		Merriam 61:67	1	2	0		0	0	yes
horned toad			flora-fauna	Phrynosomatidae	mahaccianka, maccinkipo		Horned toad (Phrynosoma)	inheritance	*makaCta	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 1333 (2008:202)			same	underived	must be complex etymologically	Crapo 1976:143	2	2	2		0	0	no
horse	caballo	cavalho	flora-fauna	Equus caballus	punku		horse	semantic shift	*puNku/pukku	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 38 (2008:43)			broader (can include other domestic animals)	underived		Crapo 1976:143	0	0	0		0	0	no
hummingbird	colibrí, picaflor (Peru)	beija-flor	flora-fauna	Trochilidae	, be'she (RM) 61:45; pisi Duckwater 280		humming bird	inheritance	*piti	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 1184 (2008:185)			same	underived		Merriam 61:77	0	0	0		0	0	no
insect (generic)	insecto	insecto	flora-fauna	generic	missing			missing								missing			0	0	2		0	0	variable
junco			flora-fauna	Junco sppp	dahk' hoo'-choo snow little.bird (RV), dah'-kahn-ze = snow bird RM 61:45 aso tah-kahn'tah-roi	takka”-”snow”; takkahuittsuu snow bird (Duckwater 284)	Junco (Junco)	inheritance				all Numic has “snow-bird” but every language has different plug-in lexical items!			same	phrase	snow bird	Merriam 61:77	0	1	0		0	0	no
juniper			flora-fauna	Juniperus californica	sow-wah'-be, RM 61:53		Juniper (Juniperus)	inheritance	*sama	Central Numic		Stubbs 416 (2008:95			same	other complex	has -pi ABS	Merriam 61:85	2	1	1		0	0	no
louse			flora-fauna	order Phtiraptera	pampipusia		head lice	inheritance	*pampi-pusia	Numic		Stubbs 1358a (2008:205) (the pusia word; pampi is the head/pot word, actually UA)			same	phrase	head-louse	Crum & Dayley 1993:278	2	0	0		0	0	no
mallard			flora-fauna	Anas platyrhynchos	koo-rab'-be (RM);		Mallard (Anas boschas)	inheritance	*kutV	Numic		Note Kawaiisu kura-; also a Chem. form; my notes in Stubbs for this new “mallard” set. Possibly related to “neck”				unknown		Merriam 61:47	2	1	0		0	0	no
manzanita			flora-fauna	Arctostaphylos spp.	missing			inheritance								missing			2	1	1		0	0	no
milkweed, broad leaf			flora-fauna	Asclepias eriocarpa	pitsitepuhippeh		milkweed	inheritance				pitsa “milk” puhi “green”				unknown			2	1	1		0	0	no
milkweed, narrow leaf			flora-fauna	Asclepias fascicularis	missing			inheritance								missing			0	1	1		0	0	no
mission tule			flora-fauna	Juncus	missing			inheritance								missing			2	1	2		0	0	no
mockingbird			flora-fauna	Mimus polyglottos	sajemma		mockingbird	inheritance							same	underived		Crapo 1976:153	2	1	0		0	0	no
mosquito	mosquito, zancudo	mosquito, carapana	flora-fauna	Anopheles spp, Isoptera	wawahtyn		Mosquito	inheritance	*wa ...	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 894 gives only southern forms (2008:152), but looks promising; see also Stubbs 162 (2008:62)			same	underived		Crapo 1976;154	0	0	0		0	0	no
moth	mariposa nocturna, polilla	mariposa	flora-fauna	Heterocera	tso'appatuntsih		moth (ghost, spirit)	semantic shift	*so'aC	Numic		Stubbs 2064 (2008:285) W. and Central Numic only			broader (includes ghosts)	other complex	tso'appeh ghost, plus -tun-tsi	Crum & Dayley 1993:292	2	0	0		0	0	no
mountain lion			flora-fauna	Puma concolor	toja-tukku-ppiccyh		Mountain lion (Felis hippolestes)	doubtful calque	*tukkuC		English	Stubbs 1306 (2008:200), with toja “mountain”; Comanche does this too			same	phrase	mountain-wildcat	Crapo 1976:112	1	2	0		0	0	yes
mountain quail			flora-fauna	Oreortyx pictus	too'-wit-tă (RM)		Mountain Quail (Oreortyx)	inheritance		Numic		Southern Paiute (Amargosa) too-wit; might be areal, Numic dubious if not found elsewhere; could it be related to Walker Lake and Tumpisa Shoshone tu'uk, tu:k forms???			same	underived		Merriam 61:41	2	1	0		0	0	no
mussel			flora-fauna	Mytilus spp.	missing			inheritance								missing			2	1	0		0	1	no
olivella (olive snail)			flora-fauna	Callianax biplicata	po'an, poan ?		shell, skin, bark, outher layer	inheritance	*po'owa			Stubbs 1907 (2008:267), Olivella in W. Mono, “seashell” in T. Shoshone. Perhaps OK for all shells, Crapo quite inadequate.				unknown		Crapo 1979	2	2	0		0	1	no
pinyon jay			flora-fauna	Cyanocitta stelleri?	kaiyattsih, kayattsih		pine jay (M: Pinyon jay (Cyanocephalus)	loan into protolanguage		Central Numic	unknown	In Tumpisa Shoshone for Aphelocoma “scrub jay”	WW	%kaj	same	other complex	has -tsi ABS	Crum & Dayley 1993:268	2	1	0		0	0	no
pinyon pine			flora-fauna	Pinus monophylla	wa'a”pin		pine tree (M: Pinyon or nut pine (Pinus monophylla)	inheritance	*wa'aC	Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 414, usually “cedar, juniper”			same	other complex	has -pi ABS	Crapo 1976:163	2	1	2		0	1	no
pismo clam			flora-fauna	Tivella stultorum	missing			inheritance								missing			2	1	0		0	1	no
pocket gopher			flora-fauna	Thomomys	jyha”, jyha”-piccih		gopher (M: Pocket gopher (Thomomys)	unique		Central Numic		Note Northern Paiute Note Northern Paiute yɨngngaciba “gopher”			same	underived		Crapo 1976:137	2	1	0		0	0	no
poison oak			flora-fauna	Toxicodendron diversilobum	nat'-soo ō>k ?		Poison oak	loan			English	nahtasu “medicine, poison”, pls ok from 'oak'			same	phrase	poison oak	Merriam 61:89	2	2	2		0	0	yes
rattlesnake			flora-fauna	Crotalus spp.	to'-gwah (RV), to-go'-ah (RM) 61:49		rattlesnake (Crotalus)	inheritance	tɨ-koNwa	Numic		Stubbs 2009, this prefix only in Numic			same	underived	etymologicall a phrase, rock-snake	Merriam 61:81	1	2	0		0	0	yes
red ant			flora-fauna	Solenopsis spp	hu'nitan		red ant	unique							same	underived		Crum & Dayley 1993:266	1	0	1		0	0	no
red-shouldered blackbird			flora-fauna	Agelaius phoeniceus	pakancukki; saaipakantsukkih “red-winged blackbird” Duckwater 282		blackbird (M: Red-shouldered blackbird (Agelaius)	inheritance	*paCkwa	Northern Uto-Aztecan		Note paakonga (Cupan paaxingish, Kit. pakongyat. Tumpisa Shoshone pokkotoppe, pakkwatoppe				unknown		Merriam 61:75	2	1	0		0	0	no
red-tailed hawk			flora-fauna	Buteo jamaicensis	sah'-nah kwin'-nah RV, RM		Swainson hawk (Buteo swainsoni)	inheritance	*kwi'na	Numic		Stubbs 717b (2008:131) with increment sana- also recorded at Duckwater for “eagle”??			same	phrase	pinyon big.bird???	Merriam 61:73	2	2	0		0	0	no
roadrunner			flora-fauna	Geococcyx californianus	un-nup'-pe (RM) 61:41		Road runner (Geococcyx)	inheritance		Central Numic		Tumpisa Shoshone üngüppi				unknown		Merriam 61:73	2	1	0		0	0	no
ruddy duck			flora-fauna	Oxyura jamaicensis	pi'-gan (RV); tan-no'-an-ne'-che (RM 61:47)		Ruddy Duck (Erismatura)	inheritance				Note Stubbs *kan “duck”, SUA only, 707 (2008:130)			same	underived		Merriam's Skull Valley Gosiute: 61:301, Merriam RV 61:79	2	1	0		0	0	no
sage herb			flora-fauna	Artemisia californica	missing			inheritance								missing			2	2	1		0	0	no
salmon/steelhead			flora-fauna	Oncorhynchus mykiss	akai		fish (M:Salmon trout (big trout); “Salmon” at Duckwater	inheritance	*akai	Numic		Stubbs 868 (2008:148)			same	underived		Crapo 1976:132	2	1	0		0	0	no
scaly lizard			flora-fauna	Pygopus lepidopodus?	tŭ'-moi (RV), dĕ'-hoi (RM)		Scaly lizard (Sceloporus)	inheritance	*tɨko	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 1336 (2008:203) SUA only, needs elevation. And perhaps unite with Stubbs 1342			same	underived	has tɨ- “earth” prefix etymologically	Merriam 61:81	2	2	0		0	0	no
small bird			flora-fauna		huiccuu		small bird (generic)	inheritance	*hutti/huttu	Numic		Stubbs 205c (2008:69)			same	underived		Crapo 1976:110	2	1	0		0	0	no
small brown lizard			flora-fauna		pokoicii, pokwaicii		lizard (generic)	inheritance	*poko	Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 1338 (2008:203); distribution looks areal,Western & Central Numic, Tubatulabal check Yokuts, Miwok			broader (generic for “lizard”)	other complex	has -tsi ABS	Crapo 1976:150	2	2	0		0	0	no
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		tokoa		snake (generic), rattlesnake	inheritance	tɨ-koNwa	Numic		Stubbs 2009 (2008:279), prefix only in Numic			same	underived	etymologicall a phrase, rock-snake	Crapo 1976:179	0	1	0		0	0	no
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		tokoa “rattlesnake, snake (generic)”			inheritance
soaproot			flora-fauna	Chlorogalum	missing			inheritance								missing			2	1	1		0	0	no
sour berry			flora-fauna	Rhus trilobata	ŭ'-chip; ittse-ppeh “Rhus trilobata, sumac” Miller 1972 170		Sour berry; Aromatic sumac (Rhus trilobata)	inheritance		Numic		Note Kawaiisu Ɂiičivɨ, possibly a loan from Kitanemuk hɨč “Rhus trilobata), but maybe this is a different Numic word??? I'm going with Numic but worrying about the *s- forms			same	other complex	has -pɨ ABS	Merriam's Skull Valley Gosiute: 61:313	2	1	1		0	0	no
sparrow hawk			flora-fauna	Falco	pik-ker'-ige RM;		sparrow hawk (Falco sparverius)	inheritance	*pik-	Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 727 (2008:132); (Mono, Timbisa Shoshone, Round Mountain, Hopi piikwa “lesser nighthawk” ???. This form in Central, Western Numic	WW	%kili	same	underived	may be onomatopoeia	Merriam 61:73	2	2	0		0	0	no
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna	Arachnida, Araneae	mankaccywasih, mankasuancih		Spider	unique				Note mari-soka “tarantula” in TrC ... and so element in tokoso (Stubbs 2061, 2062 (2008:285))			narrower (a species of spider, probably)	other complex	has -tsi ABS; stems clearly complex but no analysis	Crapo 1976;180	0	0	2		0	0	variable
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna		mankaccywasih, mankasuancih, makasuancih			unknown
spotted skunk			flora-fauna	Spilogale gracilis	tu-rŭ'-ah		Little spotted skunk (Spilogale)	unique							same	underived		Merriam's Skull Valley Gosiute: 61:291	2	2	0		0	0	no
toad	sapo	sapo	flora-fauna	Bufonidae	pi'-ah gwah'-ne		Toad (Bufo)	inheritance	*kwa'Lo	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 941 (2008:157), modified with pia “big”			same	phrase	big frog/toad	Merriam 61:81	2	2	0		0	0	no
tobacco	tabaco	tabaco	flora-fauna	Nicotiana spp.	nymy-pahmon		wild tobacco	inheritance			Yokutsan	Loan into Proto-Central Numic	WW	%pa7mo	same	phrase	Indian tobacco	Crapo 1976:145	1	1	1		1	0	yes
tree	árbol	arvore	flora-fauna	(NA)	huu”-pin		A tree, stick wood, club	inheritance	*huCV	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 63 (2008:47) often “arrow”			broader (includes wood and wood products)	other complex	has -pi ABS	Crapo 1976:194	0	0	2		0	0	no
tree yucca			flora-fauna	Yucca schidegera	oop'		Tree yucca (Hesperoyucca arborescens)	inheritance				There's a set here, find it! Looks a bit like the “mesquite” word				unknown		Merriam 61:59	2	1	0	red root in basket designs	0	0	no
turkey buzzard			flora-fauna	Cathartes aura	wen'num'-bitch, we'-hum'-bitch (RM);		Turkey buzzard (Cathartes)	inheritance	*wiLhukuN	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 727 (2008:132); (Mono, Timbisa Shoshone, Round Mountain, Hopi piikwa “lesser nI think Stubbs 335 is absurd, but there is something going on here, note Hopi wisoko, Serrano wirokt, wiru in southern languages, etc. But wiho is only Western Numic.ig			same	other complex	has -piccih ABS	Merriam 61:43	2	2	0		0	0	no
turtle (generic)			flora-fauna	Testudines	an-not'-se (RM)	enna-tsi	turtle (not here)	inheritance	*ayaC	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 2539 (2008:316), with na- increment like in Tumpisa Shoshone			same	other complex	has -tsi ABS	Merriam 61:49	2	2	0		0	1	no
valley live oak			flora-fauna	Quercus agrifolia	missing			inheritance								missing			2	1	2		0	1	no
valley oak			flora-fauna	Quercus lobata	missing			inheritance								missing			2	1	2		0	1	no
valley quail			flora-fauna	Callipepla californica	kah-har'-rah, tah-kah'-gah (RM)		Valley Quail (Lophortyx)	inheritance	*takkaka/kakkata	Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 1702 (2008:241); widespread arealism	WW	%kaka	same	underived	ultimately onomatopoeia	Merriam 61:41	2	1	0		0	0	no
Washington clam			flora-fauna	Saxidomus nuttalli	missing			inheritance								missing			2	1	0		0	1	no
Western Canada goose			flora-fauna	Branta canadensis	nĕ'-gint (RV) RM “geese, all kinds”, with WCG nu-gun'dah (61:47)		Western Canada goose (Branta canadensis occidentalis)	inheritance	*nakɨ	Numic		Stubbs 711 (2008:130); looks like only W. and Central Numic			same	underived		Merriam 61:79	0	1	0		0	0	no
whale			flora-fauna	Eschrichtius robustus	missing			inheritance								missing			2	1	2		0	1	no
white pelican			flora-fauna	Pelicanus erythrorhynchos	pah' maw'-guts/mo'-guts (water sack)		White pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos	inheritance							same	phrase		Merriam 61:77	0	2	0		0	0	no
wild grapevine			flora-fauna	Vitis californica	missing			inheritance								missing			2	1	2		0	0	no
wild oats			flora-fauna	Avena (introduction)	missing			inheritance								missing			2	1	2		0	0	no
wild rose			flora-fauna	Rosa californica	cia-pin		rose bush (wild) (M: Wild rose (Rosa sp.)	inheritance	*ci'aN	Numic		Stubbs 190 (2008:65)			same	other complex	has -pi ABS	Crapo 1976:170	0	1	2		0	0	no
wild sunflower			flora-fauna	Helianthus (and other genera)	akken		sunflower	inheritance	*(pa)-'akka(C)	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 2191 (2008:299)			same	underived		Crum & Dayley 1993:263	0	1	0		0	0	no
willow			flora-fauna	Salix spp.	syhy-pin		willow tree, generic tree in Cherry Creek dialect (M: willow (Salix sp.)	inheritance	*sɨhɨ	Numic		Stubbs 2486 (2008:332); is this related to the *sɨhɨ Rhus trilobata words? Both used for basketry withes.			narrower (a species of willow, probably)	other complex	has -pi ABS	Crapo 1976:188	2	2	1		0	0	no
wood rat, round-tail			flora-fauna	Neotoma spp.	kaan		rat (M: wood rat, Neotoma (RM)	inheritance	*kawa	Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 1423 (2008:213)			same	underived		Crapo 1976:167	2	1	0		0	0	no
worm, hairy caterpillar			flora-fauna	Arctiidae (many species)	piaken		caterpillar	inheritance	*pi'akɨC	Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 2527 (2008:338)			same	underived		Miller 1972:157	2	2	0		0	0	no
worm, smooth caterpillar			flora-fauna	Trichoplusia ni (?) cabbage looper	wo'a-pin		Worm	inheritance	*wo'a	Numic		Stubbs 2526 (2008:338)			same	other complex	has -pi ABS	Crapo 1976:195	2	2	0		0	0	no
yellow jacket			flora-fauna	Vespula spp., Dolichovespula spp.	paijan		Yellow jacket, bee, honeybee	unique							broader (bees, etc.)	underived		Crapo 1979:110	2	0	0		0	0	no
yellowbird			flora-fauna	Dendroica petechia	sĕ-hoo-choo (willow bird) (RV); so'-e-yu'-e-che (RM) 61:45		Yellowbird (Astragalinus)	inheritance							same	phrase	willow bird	Merriam 61:77	0	1	0		0	0	no
yerba santa			flora-fauna	Eriodictyon californicum	missing			inheritance								missing			2	1	1		0	0	no

Showing 1 to 130 of 130 entries

Cultural Vocabulary (115)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Source
acorn bread			food	missing		missing
acorn mush			food	missing		missing
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven	tierra do los muertos	terra dos mortos	culture-mythology	missing		missing
alcohol			food	ontom-paa	whiskey	unique							compound	brown-water	Crapo 1976
arrow	flecha	flecha	subsistence tool	pakan	arrow, penis	inheritance	*pakaN-	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1778; in meaning "arrow" only in Numic	simplex		Crapo 1976
arrow straightener			other	ma-ca-ttunaah-py	a tool for straightening something	inheritance	*tuna	Numic				Stubbs 2011 2208 'straight'	compound-other complex	hand- straight-ABS	Crapo 1976
bag, sack			culture-material	mokoccih	bag, sack, handbag	inheritance	*maku…	Uto-Aztecan		WW	%mok	Stubbs 2011 115a	other complex		Crapo 1976
bait for fishing	cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru)	isca	subsistence tool	missing		missing
ball game			food	missing		missing
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	pasakkittah	basket	inheritance	*pasa(ta)	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1706; with /kk/ from somewhere, maybe trying to be English?	compound		Crapo 1976
basket, small	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto pequeno, tampado	culture-material	toonampi wosa	small basket for storage of seeds or berries	inheritance	*hoCca	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 118	phrase		Miller 1972
basketry hat			culture-material	missing		missing
bead	abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar	miçanga	culture-material	coon	beads	inheritance	*coiN	Numic				Also in Southern Numic; Stubbs 1513	simplex		Crapo 1976
beans			food	missing		missing
boomerang/throwing stick (generic)			subsistence tool	missing		missing
bottle	botella	garrafa	acculturation	sy-wocca	water bottle, water basket	inheritance	*hoCca	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 118	ompound		Crapo 1976
bottom grinding stone			manufacture	tusu” “metate”		inheritance
bow	arco	arco	subsistence tool	aiti, aitikko	bow and arrow, gun	inheritance	*aCta	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 275	simplex		Crapo 1976
canoe	canoa	canoa	transport	missing		missing
carrying net			subsistence tool	missing		missing
cat	gato	gato	acculturation	kyti	housecat, cat	loan			English	WW	%kitty		simplex		Crapo 1976
chicken	gallina	galinha	acculturation	cikkinah	chicken	loan			English	WW	%chicken		simplex		Crapo 1976
chief/leader	jefe, cacique	chefe	culture-mythology	tekwa-ni	chief, boss	inheritance							derived	tekwa" 'to talk'	Crapo 1976
clapper			acculturation	missing		missing
clothing	ropa	roupa	culture-mythology	kwasun	dress, shrit, clothes	inheritance	*kwasu	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 483	simplex		Crapo 1976
club	garrote, cachiporra	clava, porrete	subsistence tool	pia-7anni-nymphy	big club	unique						ty-7anni-nympyh 'small club	compound, derived	7annih 'to fall'	Crapo 1976
cook food			food	ku-hanni"	to cook, roast	unique							compound	fire-make	Crapo 1976
corn			food	missing		missing
corpse			food	tiaih-ppyh	corpse	inheritance	*ja7ay	Numic				Stubbs 2011 656	derived	tiaih 'to die (sg)'	Crapo 1976
cradleboard			culture-material	kohno	cradle board, baby basket	inheritance	*kono	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 142	simplex		Crapo 1976
cremate			culture-mythology	missing		missing
dance (generic)			culture-mythology	nykkah	to dance	inheritance	*nykkaC	Numic				Stubbs 2011 633	simplex		Crapo 1976
Datura wrightii			narcotics	mui-ppeh	Jimsonweed	loan			Tubatulabal	WW	%moji ~ %moni	Takic or Chumash by way of Tubatulabal into Proto-Central Numic	other complex		Miller 1972
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure	dios(es), deidad	divinidade, figura mítica	culture-mythology	missing		missing						spirit helper poha-nym-ppyh??
digging stick			subsistence tool	poton	digging stick	inheritance	*poto	Numic				Stubbs 2011 673	simplex		Miller 1972
digging stick			subsistence tool	poton “cruch, cane, walking stick, digging stick”		inheritance
dipper			subsistence tool	kwaisi-7awy	dipper	unique							compound	tail-cup	Crapo 1976
dream	sueño, soñar	sonho, sonhar	culture-mythology	na-puisaih, na-pusaih	to dream	unknown						Stubbs 2011 718; Central Numic only	derived		Crapo 1976
drone pipe			culture-mythology	missing		missing
drum	tambor	tambor	culture-mythology	missing		missing
earring			other	nainkihtoon, nainkihtsoon	earring	unique						duckwaer, also nainkisimoo	compound	nainkih 'ear'-tsoon 'bead'	Miller 1972
feather headband			dress	missing		missing
fire drill			subsistence tool	koso-pin	fire drill, match (old word)	unique							other complex		Miller 1972
fire-tender			culture-mythology	missing		missing
fireplace	hogar	lareira	other	missing		missing
firewood	leña	lenha	other	kuna"	wood, firewood, burning wood	inheritance	*kunnaC	Numic				Stubbs 2011 884	simplex		Crapo 1976
fish (with fish-poison)	pescar con barbasco, barbasquear	pescar com timbó; tinguijar	food	missing		missing
fish (with line)	anzuelear, pescar con linea	pescar (com linha)	food	missing		missing
fish hook			subsistence tool	missing		missing
fish poison	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	subsistence tool	missing		missing
fishing line	cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze	linha de pesca	subsistence tool	missing		missing
flute	flauta, quena (Peru)	flauta	culture-mythology	mujatainka	flute (used in Sun Dance, not locally)	unique						looks loan-y	simplex		Miller 1972
gambling sticks			other	ty-huu"pin(-tta"	Handgame counters (literally 'rock sticks'	unique							compound		Crapo 1976
game animal	caza, animal de caza	caça, animal de caça	food	waseppin	game	unknown						Central Numic only, wasyG	other complex	waseG to kill (dl, pl obj)	Miller 1972
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit	espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio	espirito	culture-mythology	co7a-ppiccih	ghost, monster (mythological creature)	inheritance	*co7aC	Numic				Stubbs 2011 2114 W. and Central Numic, a loaN??	other complex		Crapo 1976
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit	espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio	espirito	culture-mythology	co7a-ppyh, co7a	ghost, spirit of dead person	inheritance	*co7aC	Numic				Stubbs 2011 2114 W. and Central Numic, a loaN??	other complex		Crapo 1976
glue			subsistence tool	missing		missing
grave	tumba, sepultura, sepulcro	sepultura, sepulcro, cova	culture-mythology	naku-ppyh	grave	inheritance	*ku7way	Northern Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 322	derived		Crapo 1976
gun	arma, escopeta	espingarda, fusil	acculturation	aiti, aitikko	bow and arrow, gun	semantic shift	*aCta	Uto-Aztecan					simplex		Crapo 1976
hat	sombero	chapéu	dress	kaiccoh	hat	inheritance	*kaCcokoC	Numic				Stubbs 2011 1151	simplex		Crapo 1976
honey	miel	mel	food	paijan	bee, honey	semantic shift						painan in west; is this word for 'bee' anywhere else?	simplex		Miller 1972
house			other	kahni	house	inheritance	*kaNLi	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1213	simplex		Crapo 1976
house			other	kahni		inheritance
hunt	cazar	caçar	food	tykai"	to hunt	unknown						ty- plus probably a 'walk around' word ka7i; Stubbs 2011 puts this with 1235 tyho, seems a serious stretch	simplex		Crapo 1976
initiate boy			culture-mythology	missing		missing
initiate girl			culture-mythology	missing		missing
knife	cuchillo	faca	culture-material	wiin	knife	inheritance	*wikiC	Northern Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1267	simplex		Crapo 1976
loincloth	taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla	tanga, tapa-sexo	dress	pihi-wyaH	breech clout, loin cloth, shirt tail	unique						H is ", Excel keeps changing way	derived		Crapo 1976
mat			culture-material	missing		missing
medicine			narcotics	nattahsun	medicine	inheritance	*natysuC	Numic				can't find in Stubbs	simplex		Crapo 1976
mortar	mortero	pilão	subsistence tool	ty-ta-mma-wy-kkicah	mortar (for a pestle)	unique							compound		Crapo 1976
necklace			other	kotokki"	necklace	unknown						Is this koLoka or kuta?	simplex		Crapo 1976
needle/awl			subsistence tool	tyci-typpykkih	awl	unique							compound, derived	pointed.tool-to.make.hole	Crapo 1976
ochre			culture-mythology	pisa-ppyh, pisa"-pin(-tta")	red ochre, red face-paint clay	inheritance	pisa, paisa	Numic				not in Stubbs	other complex		Crapo 1976
paddle/oar	remo	remo	transport	missing		missing
paper	papel	papel	acculturation	tepooppeh	paper, book	unique						Duckwater	derived	pooH 'write, mark'	Miller 1972
pestle	pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor	mão de pilão	subsistence tool	tsokkainompeh	pestle, any object used to pound dry food	unique						this is with 'stone' IP	compound, other complex		Miller 1972
pinole			food	kwini"	gruel (made of pine nuts)	semantic shift						looks like acorn word???	simplex		Crapo 1976
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other	pahmun-toi	pipe	loan	*to7i		Yokuts, Sierra Miwok	WW	%pa7mo, %to7i	pahmun is Yokuts loan but headword is C, W Numic	compound	tobacco-	Crapo 1976
pitch			food	sana"-pin	pine pitch, sap of tree	inheritance	*salaC	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1634	other complex		Crapo 1976
policeman	polícia	policía	acculturation	tyca-ttemah	policeman	unique							compound	temaah 'to obey'	Crapo 1976
pot	olla, pote	panela, vasilha	subsistence tool	wittua	pot, pan, cup	inheritance	*wiC-tuhuwa	Numic				Stubbs 2011 1713	simplex		Crapo 1976
quiver			subsistence tool	hya-ppi-ttan na-mokoccih	quiver	inheritance				WW	%mok		phrase	bow.and.arrow-abs/acc refl-sack	Crapo 1976
rattle	matraca, maraca	marico, chocalho	culture-mythology	wesajukinompeh	rattle	unknown						might be Stubbs 2140 *sawala (UA) with the metathesis	compound		Miller 1972
red paint			culture-mythology	pisa-ppyh, pisa"-pin(-tta")	red ochre, red face-paint clay	inheritance	pisa, paisa	Numic				not in Stubbs	other complex		Crapo 1976
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture	wisun	string	inheritance	*wika	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1843	simplex		Miller 1972
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture	tymukkun, tuhmun (Cherry Creek)		inheritance
salt	sal	sal	food	oha-pin	salt	inheritance	*omCa	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1865	other complex		Crapo 1976
school	escuela	escola	acculturation	missing		missing
seed beater			subsistence tool	tanihkun	seed beater	inheritance	*taniku	Numic				See Kawaiisu; this is Duckwater form	simplex		Miller 1972
shaman, healer	chamán, brujo	xaman, pajé, feiticeiro	culture-mythology	poha-kantyn	Indian doctor	inheritance	*puha	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1160a	derived	power-	Crapo 1976
shoes	zapatos	sapatos	dress	mampuh, mampyh	shoes, sandals	inheritance	*naNpa	Northern Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 938a with consonant assim; Cherry Creek, Duckwater have nampyh 'foot-abs'	other complex		Crapo 1976
sinew-backed bow			subsistence tool	missing		missing
skirt	falda, saya, fustan, pollera	saia	culture-material	matsinka	aboriginal bark skirt	unique						looks like a loan	simplex		Miller 1972
snare			subsistence tool	missing		missing
soldier	soldado	soldado	acculturation	tuu-kkwasun	soldier (old word)	semantic shift	*kwasu	Northern Uto-Aztecan				shirt' Hill/Miller kwa-12	phrase	black-clothes	Crapo 1976
song (generic)	canción, canto	canção	culture-mythology	hupia"	song	inheritance	*hupiya	Numic				Stubbs 2011 1985	simplex		Crapo 1976
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool	tytonax	a spear	unique						is final x a typo? English is tytona, and no accusative is given	simplex	ty- may be an IP	Crapo 1976
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool	takkam-muchin “arrow”		inheritance
spearthrower			subsistence tool	aitikko “bow”; aiti “bow and arrow, gun”		inheritance
stirring stick			food	missing		missing
stone bowl			culture-material	missing		missing
string of shell money			other	missing		missing
sugarcane/sugar	azúcar, caña de azúcar	açucar (de cana)	acculturation	pihnaa-pin	sugar	semantic shift	*pisa(L)	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 2259	other complex	pihnaah 'sweet'	Crapo 1976
sweathouse			other	missing		missing
tell history			culture-mythology	natekwina	to tell someone something	inheritance	*tykwi	Numic				Stubbs 2011 1876a	derived		Miller 1972
thatch/roof	crisneja	palha, caraná	culture-material	missing		missing
tobacco (native)			narcotics	pahmun, pahmon	tobacco	loan			Yokuts	WW	%pa7mo	into proto-central?	simplex		Crapo 1976
top grinding stone	metate, mano; piedra de moler	metate, mano	manufacture	potton		inheritance
tule boat			transport	missing		missing
wheat			food	missing		missing
white paint			culture-mythology	missing		missing
winnow	aventar, tirar (sementes)	joeirar	manufacture	waattahaih		unknown
winnowing basket			culture-material	jantun	winnowing basket	inheritance	*jata	Numic				can't find in Stubbs	simplex		Crapo 1976
wood tray			subsistence tool	missing		missing

Showing 1 to 115 of 115 entries

Ethnographic Information

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Current Population (speakers)	Former Population Estimate	Subsistence Preference	Density	Sedentism	Ecotome	Marriage Pattern	Notes	Source
	small	AG	low	mobile		no

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