Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

firewood

Semantic Field
other
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
leña
Meaning Portuguese
lenha

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Word Structure Word Structure Notes General Notes Source
Cahuilla kelawat wood; woods; tree inheritance *kutawi Northern Uto-Azteca Stubbs 2011 2409a other complex Seiler & Hioki 1979
Cupeño kelawet firewood, stick inheritance *kutawi Northern Uto-Azteca Stubbs 2011 2409a other complex Hill & Nolasquez 1973
Luiseño kulaawut wood, sticks, etc. inheritance *kutawi Northern Uto-Azteca Stubbs 2011 2409a other complex Eliott 1999
Gabrielino kuta: leña, trees inheritance *kutawi Northern Uto-Azteca Stubbs 2011 2409a other complex Hill Harrington notes 546
Serrano kuçāt firewood inheritance *kutawi Northern Uto-Azteca Stubbs 2011 2409a; S. thinks this is 2408 but loss of w is regular other complex
Kitanemuk kuča-t stick, pole, firewood inheritance *kutawi Northern Uto-Azteca Stubbs 2011 2409a other complex Anderton 1988
Tübatulabal kuttukatt firewood inheritance *kut-ta Northern Uto-Azteca Stubbs 2011 2408 other complex K. Hill Tb>Eng
Bankalachi Toloim ko'-too gut firewood inheritance *kut-ta Northern Uto-Azteca Stubbs 2011 2408 other complex Merriam 49:185
Kawaiisu missing missing
Chemehuevi kukwarI wood, palo, leña unknown *kukkwaC Stubbs 2011 2410 S. Numic only other complex Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969)
Southern Paiute quqqwappI wood unknown *kukkwaC Stubbs 2011 2410 S. Numic only other complex Sapir
Southern Ute kUkwa-pY firewood unknown *kukkwaC Stubbs 2011 2410 S. Numic only other complex Givon
Tümpisa Shoshone kunna" firewood, fire, firedrill, matches, something to burn inheritance *kunnaC Numic Stubbs 2011 884 simplex Dayley 1989
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone kuna" wood, firewood, burning wood inheritance *kunnaC Numic Stubbs 2011 884 simplex Crapo 1976
Comanche kunaA firewood inheritance *kunnaC Numic Stubbs 2011 884 simplex Robinson & Armagost 1990
Western Mono kUna wood inheritance *kunnaC Numic Stubbs 2011 884 simplex Loether & Bethel 1993
Northern Paiute koona firewood inheritance *kunnaC Numic Stubbs 2011 884 simplex Yerington 1987
Southern Sierra Miwok hyh:y- wood inheritance *şyş:-y- Proto-Sierra Miwok Callaghan 1971:31; maybe Yok-Utian Callaghan 1997:59 simplex Broadbent 1964
Central Sierra Miwok šy/š:y- wood inheritance *şyş:-y- Proto-Sierra Miwok Callaghan 1971:31; maybe Yok-Utian Callaghan 1997:59 simplex Freeland & Broadbent 1960
Northern Sierra Miwok sys:y- wood; firewood inheritance *şyş:-y- Proto-Sierra Miwok Callaghan 1971:31; maybe Yok-Utian Callaghan 1997:59 simplex Callaghan 1987
Plains Miwok tumaj wood, stalk, stick inheritance *tumaj Proto-Miwok Callaghan 1971:28 simplex Callaghan 1984
Lake Miwok wikíitumaj firewood inheritance *túmaj Proto-Miwok Callaghan 1970:75 and first part from Pmi *wyké- 'fire'? compound wíki 'fire' Callaghan 1965
Maidu c'á tree, wood, stik of wood inheritance *c'áh Proto-Maiduan Ultan 1964:362 simplex Shipley 1963
Nisenan c'a, c'a: tree, wood, stick inheritance *c'áh Proto-Maiduan Ultan 1964:362 simplex Uldall & Shipley 1966
Yokuts Yawelmani hides wood (for fire) inheritance Proto-Nim-Yokuts hidesh in Chaw? Gash? In Newman before p. 134, search; Harrington has Yawl hit'es 'post, leña' 2,97,0009 derived this is verbal noun derived by truncation; *hide:s 'gahter wood' (where * is 'root', not proto) Newman 154 Newman 1944
Yokuts Yawdanchi hitec c=sh wood inheritance Proto-Nim-Yokuts hidesh in Chaw? Gash? In Newman before p. 134, search; Harrington has Yawl hit'es 'post, leña' 2,97,0009 derived truncated verbal noun Kroeber 1907
Yokuts Palewyami 7etis wood inheritance Proto-Yokutsan see Yd, Yw forms derived Gamble 1991
Washo má7ak/g wood unknown simplex Washo Project Dictionary
Wintu č'u:s wood, stick, club, log inheritance *č'us Proto-Wintun Shepherd 2006:83 simplex Schlichter 1981
Yuki 7al wood, stick inheritance *7al Proto-Yukian Reconstruction is PNY; also 7al yi:kul' wood fire.instrument S&S 83 simplex Schlichter 1985
Wappo hélhol firewood inheritance Proto-Yukian compound fire-wood Sawyer 1965
Mutsun tappur wood unknown simplex Okrand 1977
Esselen i7i wood unknown simplex Shaul 1995
Salinan A Ta:/ka'at< Tá:k'ata Turner p. 70, 101 wood unknown Proto-Salinan other complex Mason 1918
Salinan M Ta:/kaTa wood unknown Proto-Salinan other complex Mason 1918
Chumash Obispeno pono7 wood, tree, stick inheritance *pono Proto-Chumashan tu-pâ'-na-ti-na (Henshaw) 'firewood'; Fages had tuxugo 'la leña', but R.C. insisted pono7 was only word simplex Klar 1977
Chumash Ineseno sapiwil'e7 kindling, firewood inheritance Proto-Central Chumash also pon' 'tree, stick, wood' e.g. wood on p. 299; note B. sapiyiw 'red-hot coal', sapixi 'kindle' derived su+api+wil=7i7 Applegate 1972
Chumash Barbareno 7aqtïp'i7 firewood inheritance derived aqtïp 'to make fire' Wash 2001
Chumash Ventureno pon' wood, tree, stick inheritance *pono Proto-Chumashan Merriam confirms 39:19 simplex Klar 1977
Iipay 'Aa 7ily wood, stick, tree inheritance Proto-Yuman JHH simplex Couro & Hutcheson 1973
Cocopa 7i: wood inheritance Proto-Yuman JHH simplex Crawford 1989
Mojave 7a7ii wood, firewood inheritance Proto-Yuman JHH simplex Munro et al. 1992
Yavapai 77í:tqWātča firewood inheritance Proto-Yuman JHH compound 77i: 'wood', tqwātči 'they light' Shaterian 1983
Kiliwa 7+ipa7 firewood, stick, wood, lumber unknown does this reflect PY *ii7?? derived Mixco 1985
Seri (Comcaac) haquéjöc firewood unknown compound ?? Does this have 'fire'? Moser & Marlett 2005
Kakua tɨ̀-kɨt tʉ̃̂; tɨ̀-kɨt inheritance Compound fire-clːtree.log See Language page
Nheengatu yepeawa jepeawa inheritance Mello 2000 gives 'japeawa' as reflex of protoform *japeaßa Simplex See Language page
Waorani tẽdẽ-wæ̃ unique See Language page
Hodï kule ʰkule bo unique Also: kule Other complex ʰkule 'fire'; bo 'log, wood'? See Language page
Yanomami kõã ãsho kõã ãʃo inheritance Proto-Yanomami/Yanomam Compound kõã, “fire” See Language page
Yanomam kõã ãʃo kõã ãʃo inheritance Proto-Yanomami/Yanomam Compound koa, “fire”; ãšo “unclear” See Language page
Ninam thalukuk tʰalukuk inheritance Proto-Yanomami/Yanomam Simplex See Language page
Kotiria picha (Waltz) piʧa (Waltz) inheritance Proto-Tukanoan Simplex See Language page
Cubeo peca; pecave peka; pekave inheritance Proto-Tukanoan Classifier -vɛ See Language page
Tukano pekâ pekâ inheritance Proto-Tukanoan Simplex See Language page
Desano pea pea inheritance Proto-Tukanoan Also: gũmu 'log' Simplex See Language page
Maihiki jeca ja xeka xã inheritance Proto-Tukanoan Simplex See Language page
Hup těg těg inheritance Proto-Nadahup Simplex See Language page
Dâw beedur bæduh inheritance Proto-DYH Compare Puinave du; Kakua tʉ̃̂ Simplex See Language page
Sikuani íso (CM72) inheritance See Language page
Macaguan isó-t isó-t inheritance Simplex See Language page
Guayabero hĩ (R18) ʔi unknown Also: hĩ (Rivet 1918) Simplex See Language page
Pemon apok, keme, werke (A1981) apok, keme, weɾke (A1981) inheritance Venezuelan (N. Amazonian) subgroup Alternate: apok, weɾke See Language page
Akawaio abok kemee abɔk kɛme inheritance Venezuelan (N. Amazonian) subgroup Other complex abɔk=fire; kɛme= ?? See Language page
Makushi apoʔ-keme (SIL) apoʔ-keme (SIL) inheritance Venezuelan (N. Amazonian) subgroup See Language page
Eñepa wahto wahtɔ inheritance Proto-Carib See Language page
Yukuna siyá, jiyá sija, hijá inheritance Proto Central North Arawak from 'fire' Also: hijá Simplex See Language page
Tariana tsié[e] tsié[e] inheritance Proto North Arawak from 'fire' Simplex See Language page
Wapishana ẓuwaakʰarɨ ẓuwaakʰarɨ inheritance Proto North Arawak See Language page
Baniwa ttidzéena t̪idzéena inheritance Proto North Arawak Derived t̪idzée “fire”, See Language page
Resígaro itsítsó itsítsó inheritance Proto North Arawak donor for Cofan siʔtsi? Simplex See Language page
Yir-Yoront thum fire, firewood inheritance *cuma pPaman Cognates meaning 'smoke' at least as far away as Gumbainggir; poss. also Pilbara thama 'fire'
Ritharrngu ba:l loan direction unknown Rembarrnga
Gupapuyngu dha:dhi(y) unique
Djinang dyuŋgi inheritance with semantic shift fire <> firewood
Nyulnyul jungku doubtful loan
Yawuru jungku; nimilkarr; rikarri inheritance
Warrwa kungka: jungku inheritance
Mangala murimuri loan direction unknown Yulparija
Bardi nuurru semantic shift
Rembarrnga pal-na loan direction unknown Ritharrngu
Ngarluma thama doubtful inheritance
Karajarri tyuŋku loan Nyulnyulan
Nyikina tyuŋku; ŋumal inheritance
Yulparija waru inheritance
Nyangumarta wika unique
Walmajarri warlu inheritance warlu lalka - dry firewood warlu lalka - dry firewood
Mudburra warlu inheritance
Jaru yityartkarru semantic shift <fire
Gurindji warlu inheritance
Gooniyandi wayanti unique fire
Bunuba winthali unique
Gajirrabeng wutya inheritance fire, wood inseparable prefix
Jingulu pupa unknown fire
Kija marne inheritance marne
Miriwung katyawulang unique fire, firewood
Achagua tʃitʃába tʃitʃába inheritance prob. rel. 'fire' See Language page
Piapoco kitʃái, àicu míisíiri (àicu 'wood', míisíiri 'ripe, dry?') kitʃái, àiku mí:sí:ɾi See Language page
Yavitero ka(ɬi) (dp91), kaľ̥i ka(ɬi) (dp91), kaľ̥i See Language page
Wayuu siki Also means 'fire' 01.810. See Language page
Yine čiči; hičima See Language page
Paresi moitsati mujtsati unknown See Language page
Ignaciano 'nereruka; ti'ahiki See Language page
Trinitario tohɣeru To make firewood is -neriko. See Language page
Baure ya'kis ja'kis unknown See Language page
Waurá ic̷ei-c̷iwi i¢ei-¢iwi inheritance See Language page
Cha'palaa te Cf. 'tree stump' 08.720. See Language page
Bora kʰoʔ-pa, kʰoó-kwa, kʰó-kʷaxkʰa, kʰó-βïḯrï kʰoʔ-pa, kʰoó-kwa, kʰó-kʷaxkʰa, kʰó-βɯɯ́rɯ inheritance See Language page
Muinane kúúxo-ʔo {firewood-wood} kúúxo-ʔo {firewood-wood} See Language page
Apalai apotoimo, ipokony apotoimo, ipokonɨ inheritance See Language page
Wayana wewe wewe inheritance See Language page
Carijona wewe (wood, tree) M2000 inheritance See Language page
Makiritare -keme-dɨ (IDS) -keme-dɨ inheritance See Language page
Wai Wai o-wehto-rɨ o-wehto-rɨ inheritance See Language page
Waimiri Atroari wiwe wiwi See Language page
Yabarana wah'to See Language page
Yukpa ueta ueta See Language page
Muisca ja γa See Language page
Barí kaa Also means 'tree/wood' 01.420. Colombia: kããnə. *Chibchan form is *'buʔ. See Language page
Northern Emberá tɨbʉ onokó tɨbʉ onokó See Language page
Epena 'tʰɨpɨ Also means 'fire' 01.810. See Language page
Cuiva isó- (CM72) See Language page
Cofán si´tsi siʔtsi phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
Candoshi-Shapra sorama soɾama unique See Language page
Taushiro honto´ hontoʔ See Language page
Páez equí ekí See Language page
Tikuna ê-ê (Alv44) ɨʔɨ unique See Language page
Urarina fwei fwei unique See Language page
Pumé kʰõdo See Language page
Puinave du du unique cf. Nadahup See Language page
Ashuar chúpum, chápum ʧupum, ʧapum See Language page
Huambisa chigkim tʃiŋgkim See Language page
Aguaruna chígkim tʃíngkim inheritance See Language page
Nukak tɨa inheritance See Language page
Yuhup dˀuh See Language page
Nadëb/Roçado dialect tɤːk̚ inheritance See Language page
Matses cuëte kuɨte inheritance See Language page
Kakataibo karo *Panoan *ka[a]ro. See Language page
Katukina karo See Language page
Pacahuara 'kařo d'Orb karu. Arm caru, karu. See Language page
Shipibo-Konibo karo See Language page
Yaminahua karo See Language page
Chácobo karo karo inheritance See Language page
Yagua jipu xipu unique See Language page
Southern Pastaza Quechua yanda janda See Language page
Ingá iamta iamta See Language page
Napo Lowland Quichua yanda janda See Language page
Quechua Ayacuchano yanta yanta See Language page
Piaroa mɨ' mɨɁ unknown See Language page
Bará pe'ka See Language page
Barasano hea hea See Language page
Carapana naorõ, naurõ (tortoa de mandioca); 'pee (H&R) nãoɾɔ̃, nãuɾɔ̃ See Language page
Makuna jea xɛa inheritance See Language page
Yuruti pe'ká pe'ká See Language page
Waikhana pe'ka pe'ka See Language page
Siriano peá peá See Language page
Tanimuca pe'ka pe'ka inheritance See Language page
Tatuyo pee pee See Language page
Tuyuka pe'ka pe'ka See Language page
Waimaja ᵽekʰá yukʰì ɸekʰá jukʰì See Language page
Koreguaje jẽka xẽkha inheritance See Language page
Siona enca, jenca enka, henka inheritance See Language page
Secoya jeca hɛka See Language page
Karitiana sõg sõg unknown See Language page
Kokama ipia ipia inheritance See Language page
Wayampi yapɛʔa japɛʔa inheritance See Language page
Aché čãkã unknown See Language page
Chiriguano ye-pe-a inheritance See Language page
Paraguayan Guaraní ǰepeʔa See Language page
Sirionó ɲea ɲea inheritance? See Language page
Kamayurá jepeˀap jepeˀap inheritance See Language page
Ocaina dyam̈oon,dyam̈oonjun dʲam̵õõ, dʲamõõhɯ̃ unique See Language page
Nɨpode Witoto ré.ï-ïe rέɯ-ɯɛ See Language page
Minica Witoto ré.ï.e, ré.ï-ïe rέ.ɯ.ɛ, rέ.ɯ-ɯɛ See Language page
Murui Witoto re.ï-ai rɛ.ɯ-ai unique See Language page
Sanumá thalõkõ thalõkõ inheritance See Language page
Iquito járaqui háraki unique See Language page
Záparo ayshawka ajʃawka See Language page
Wari tʃe (fire, wood) (Sousa2009) tʃe (fire, wood) (Sousa2009) See Language page
Araona kʷa-ti Also means 'fire' 01.810. *Tacn form is *ka-ti. See Language page
Ese Ejja kʷa-ki, eši inheritance See Language page
Ese Ejja/Huarayo kwaki kwaki See Language page
Tacana kʷati See Language page
Cavineña kʷa-ti kʷa-ti inheritance See Language page
Central Aymara lawa pʰaya-ɲa-lawa See Language page
Cayuvava 'bisi; ɨ̃kæ See Language page
Itonama u-bari Same as 'fire' 01.810. See Language page
Kwazá hi, hitsu, dodoja- (dodoja- specifically means "cut firewood") hi, hitsu, dodoja- (dodoja- specifically means "cut firewood") See Language page
Mosetén-Chimané 'c̷ih Same as 'fire' 01.810. See Language page
Movima coˈo koˈo See Language page
Trumai tsipup tsipup doubtful loan Kamaiura jepeʔap See Language page
Kaingang pĩ pĩ See Language page
Suyá ywĩ-ŋró jwĩ-ŋró See Language page
Djeoromitxi pitxerakü pitʃerakø See Language page
Chipaya ṣ̌up Cf. 'pole' 07.560. Uru-J form is para. See Language page
Mocoví ḳoʔpaḳ Masc. form; same as 'wood' 01.430. See Language page
Pilagá 'd-oleʔ l-asek Lit. 'prefix-fire 3pp-fuel'. See Language page
Toba nodek l-asoḳ; l-ašik nodek is 'fire'; -asoḳ/-ašik mean 'fuel'. See Language page
Lengua yant-apuk See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité yintapa See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet aɬpoŋha See Language page
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay -'ɬet See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja -xoxpat ~ -oxpat See Language page
Maca naxak (m.) Same as 'wood' 01.430. See Language page
Nivaclé wat-kaxuy See Language page
Ayoreo eero-'godeʔ See Language page
Mapudungun mamɨlʸ Same form in Ranquel. See Language page
Qawasqar afc̷ˀar Also means 'fire'. Sk, Bo, Cy, Li, Gui record kakas for Central QWS. SpS records afsar for South QWS. See Language page
Selknam xàhwḳˀ See Language page
Tehuelche 'yēnoy; 'kˀāk See Language page
Lokono ikhi-khodo ikʰi-kʰodo firewood Pet 1987:357
Kariña ja'ty jaʔtɨ firewood Yamada 2010:744