Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

Lake Miwok

Family
Penutian
Region
North America
ISO 639-3
no
Location
39.00°, -122.62°
Notes
Features
Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Ethnographic Information
Data Sources
none


Basic Vocabulary (185)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
above encima, arriba acima location liile “high, on top” inheritance C1965 (unless noted otherwise)
again de nuevo, otra vez de novo grammar Se/wi, Se unknown
all todo todos other mu7e, 7awe/echu unknown
and y e grammar he T is post-alveolar inheritance
ankle tobillo tornozelo body ko/lon laja/aki “foot's wrist” unique
armpit axila, sobaco axila body ta/wlik he/lla “underneath the arm” unique
ash ceniza(s) cinzas environment wi/ilok inheritance
at en, a em, a location -wa CH inheritance
back espalda costas body lu/uma inheritance
bad mal mal quality 7o/bu “to be bad” inheritance
belly barriga barriga body pu/luk inheritance
below abajo, debajo abaixo location doka/awi unique
big grande grande quality 7a/de loan
bite morder morder body ma/Ta unknown
black negro preto colour mulu/umulu inheritance
blood sangre sangue body ki/ccaw inheritance
blow soplar soprar body p'u/cca-, pu/cca loan direction unknown
boil/pimple espinilla, granos espinha, borbulha body pa/aTal “sores” inheritance
bone hueso osso body ku/lum unknown
breast pecho, seno peito body mu/u inheritance
breathe respirar respirar body he/n- inheritance
burn quemar queimar environment ju/(u)l- (vt) inheritance
chew masticar, mascar mastigar body ju/ute unknown
child niño, niña criança human 7e/laj loan direction unknown
climb subir subir motion 7e/ttu inheritance
cloud nube nuvem environment mo/lpa inheritance
cold frío frio quality ti/pmuTi t is interdental inheritance
come venir vir motion 7o/niG- G: adjacent consonant is geminate if preceding V is short stressed inheritance
cook cocinar cozinhar impact kusne/eru loan
correct/true verdad, de veras verdade quality 7eme/ene unique
count contar contar mental mi/ttu, me/ttu “to count, read” inheritance
cry llorar chorar mental 7i/inte unknown
cut/hack cortar cortar impact ka/awa unknown
day día dia time hi/i inheritance
die/be dead morir morrer state jo/ok loan
dig cavar cavar impact he/mma unknown
dingo/wolf fauna hu/un (might be “panther”, but “wolf” elsewhere too) inheritance
dirty sucio sujo quality huwu/mnaka unknown
dream soñar sonhar mental 7u/kuc inheritance
drink beber, tomar beber body 7u/SSu inheritance
dry seco seco quality ka/aj unique
dull/blunt sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo maçante, desamolado, não afiado quality 7aalu inheritance
dust polvo poeira environment wi/ilok inheritance
ear oreja orelha body 7a/lok inheritance
earth/soil tierra terra environment jo/wa loan
eat comer comer body jo/lum inheritance
egg huevo ovo fauna pHa/kpHak, pa/kpak loan
eye ojo olho body Su/t S is post-alveolar inheritance
faeces heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol fezes body ke/e inheritance
fall caer cair motion 7u/t- unknown
far lejos longe quality 7eda/ak, 7e/dak “long, tall, far” inheritance
fat/grease grasa gordura body Se/tta inheritance
father padre, papá pai kinship 7appi inheritance
fear miedo medo mental co/wa unknown
feather pluma pena fauna pa/kah “flower, feather” inheritance
fire fuego fogo environment wi/ki inheritance
fish xx xx fauna ka/ac loan
flow fluir fluir motion Sola/a inheritance
flower flor flor environment pa/kah inheritance
fly volar voar motion li/lu- inheritance
fog niebla, neblina nevoeira, bruma, neblina environment missing
foot pie pé body ko/lo inheritance
fruit fruta fruta flora 7u/unu unique
good bueno bom quality 7eme/ene unique
grow crecer crescer state me/lih inheritance
hair (of head) cabello cabelo body Sa/apa (head) unique
hand mano mão body 7u/kku, 7u/ku inheritance
3sg el/ella ele/ela grammar 7i/Ti inheritance
head cabeza cabeça body Lubbuduk loan
hear oír ouvir mental 7a/lu inheritance
heavy pesado pesado quality 7i/iwak unique
hide esconder esconder motion So/la (vt) inheritance
hit golpear, pegar bater impact pa/ka loan
hold correr, asegurar, sostener segurar other wi/lik inheritance
how? como como grammar hi/nti inheritance
1sg yo eu grammar ka/nni, ka/ni inheritance
if si se grammar miTi inheritance
in/inside dentro, adentro dentro location tu/ule, -tule unique
intestines intestinos intestinos body pu/luk inheritance
itch hormiguear, sentir comezón coçar body pu/cpucuSi “to be itching” inheritance
kill matar matar impact ka/tt- unknown
know/be knowledgeable saber, conecer saber, conhecer mental ne/nut- inheritance
lake lago lago environment po/lpol inheritance
laugh reír rir mental jo/mu inheritance
leaf hoja folha environment Sa/anim unique
left/left hand izquierdo esquerdo location/body k'eSi/iliwa (direction), keSeeliwa unique
leg/foot pierna perna body lo/olo inheritance
lie down acostarse, echarse deitar motion ca/Te unknown
lightning rayo, relámpago relampago environment ke/lip unique
live/be alive vivir viver, morar body Su/kuh unknown
liver hígado figado body ku/lla inheritance
long largo comprido, longo quality 7eda/ak unknown
louse piollo, piojo piolho fauna ke/et (head) inheritance
lung pulmón pulmão body po/SSol “lungs” inheritance
man/male hombre homem human ta/jh inheritance
meat/flesh carne carne fauna Su/kki “deer, meat” unique
moon luna lua environment kome/enawa inheritance
mother madre, mamá mãe kinship 7u/nu inheritance
mouth boca boca body lu/ppe inheritance
name nombre nome human la/kte unknown
nape base del cuello, nuca nuca body Sodo/omaj unknown
near/close cerca de perto quality jo/le unknown
neck cuello pescoço body hele/eki inheritance
new nuevo novo quality Suku/u inheritance
night noche noite time ka/wul inheritance
no/not no não grammar he/lla inheritance
nose nariz nariz body hu/k inheritance
old viejo velho quality kila/a, kela/a unknown
one uno um number ke/nne inheritance
open/uncover abrir abrir other wi/t inheritance
other otro outro grammar ne/e7oni unknown
pain/painful/sick dolor, doloroso, enfermo dor, doloroso, doente body ma/ak “sick” unknown
person/human being persona pessoa human ko/oca unknown
pound/beat machacar, golpear bater impact 7u/Tuk inheritance
rain lluvia chuva environment 7u/upa inheritance
red rojo vermelho colour 7a/wa- unknown
right/right hand derecha direita location/body ko/kkowa (direction) unknown
road/path camino caminho manufacture mu/k “trail, road” inheritance
root raíz raiz flora Su/uli loan direction unknown
rotten podrido podre quality ku/uh (of meat) unknown
sand arena areia environment Su/kuj unknown
say decir dizer mental li/law- unknown
scratch rascar rasgar impact Se/eka inheritance
see ver ver mental 7u/TeG- inheritance
sharp afilado, filudo, filoso afiado quality hu/na (of knife; also “pain, disease”) unknown
shoot tirar, disparar, balear atirar impact tu/wen inheritance
short corto curto quality c'oTo/oj, ch'oTo/oj loan
shoulder hombro ombro body kaca/aja loan
shy/ashamed tímido, vergonzoso timido, com vergonha mental 7ojah inheritance
sit sentar(se) sentar state ho/wo unknown
skin piel pele body Su/luk “skin, peel, shell” loan
sky cielo céu environment li/ilewali inheritance
sleep dormir dormir body 7ee/c, 7e/c- inheritance
small pequeño pequeno quality k'u/chchi, k'u/cci loan
smoke humo fumaça environment ka/al inheritance
sniff/smell olfatear, oler cheirar body hu/kSu inheritance
spit escupir cuspir body tuke/eTi inheritance
split partir, dividir rachar, dividir, partir impact ha/pa unknown
squeeze estrujar, exprimir espremer impact pa/c- loan
stab/pierce apuñalar, acuchillar apunhalar impact kHo/c'a loan
stand estar de pié ficar em pé state ta/lah (of person or thing) inheritance
star estrella estrela environment to7le inheritance
steal robar roubar other wu/la inheritance
stick/wood palo pau, vara flora tu/maj inheritance
stone piedra pedra environment ho/ka “rock, boulder” unknown
suck chupar chupar body c'um- inheritance
sweat sudar suor, suar body ka/lah unknown
swell hincharse inchar body po/hhol loan
swim nadar nadar motion 7u/puh inheritance
tail cola, rabo rabo body ko/ok inheritance
that ese/esa esse grammar ma/a inheritance
3pl ellos/ellas eles/elas grammar 7ikko (plural) inheritance
thick grueso, gordo, espeso grosso quality t'u/dduju loan
thin delgado fino quality c'iw7ele (of a person, naturally thin, scrawny) unknown
think pensar pensar mental ta/wkupo inheritance
this este/esta este grammar ne/e inheritance
2sg xx xx grammar mi/i inheritance
three tres tres number dele/eka, tele/eka inheritance
throat garganta garganta body dolo/omen loan
throw tirar, lanzar atirar, jogar impact Le/t'a- loan
thunder truenos trovão environment ta/alawa inheritance
tie up/fasten atar, amarrar amarrar impact ca/nih unknown
tongue lengua lingua body le/ttip inheritance
tooth diente dente body ku/t inheritance
turn girar, volter, torcer virar other tu/upHliTi “turn around” unknown
two dos dois number 7o/TTa inheritance
vomit vomitar vomitar body ku/na unknown
walk caminar, andar andar motion wi/caj unknown
water agua agua environment ki/ik inheritance
1pl.excl nosotros (exclusivo) nós (exclusivo) grammar ma/a (pl) inheritance
1pl.incl nosotros (inclusivo) nós (inclusivo) grammar ma/a (pl) inheritance
wet mojado molhado quality ka/at loan
what? que, qué que grammar hi/nti inheritance
when? cuando quando grammar hi/ntikat inheritance
where? donde onde grammar 7eke/e inheritance
white blanco branco colour ceTa/aw, ciTa/aw unknown
who? quien, quién quem grammar ma/nti inheritance
wife esposa esposa kinship ku/lle inheritance
wind viento vento environment he/na inheritance
wing ala asa body ta/wlik 'arm, wing' inheritance
woman/female mujer mulher human po/cci, p'o/cci loan
work trabajar trabalhar other ta/whal loan
yawn bostezar bocejar body ha/wwuk inheritance
yellow amarillo amarelo colour Su/len ke/e “baby's excrement” unique
2pl ustedes vocês grammar mi/kko (plural) inheritance


Flora Fauna Vocabulary (130)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Linnean Name Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Etymology Notes Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Range of Term Word Structure Word Structure Notes Classifier Classifier Notes Hypernym Source Association with Social Categories Ritual/Mythologically Significant Ritual Notes Food Source Food Notes Medicinal Medicinal Notes How Collected Who Collects How Prepared Psychotropic Psychotropic Notes Traded Trade Notes Distribution Habitat Dangerous Ethnobiology Notes Species Notes General Notes
abalone flora-fauna Haliotis spp. wákkah abalone unique underived Callaghan 1965 2 1 0 0 1 no
ant (generic) hormiga formiga flora-fauna Formicidae puTúukun tree ants, small ants (CHM: ant (all kinds)) unique underived Merriam 57:529 0 0 2 0 0 no
antelope flora-fauna Antilocapra americana hah-loo (erased?) antelope “here in early days” loan Miwokan unknown Mip hah-loo- “antelope” underived Merriam 57:515 2 1 0 0 0 no
badger flora-fauna Taxidea taxus ni'-ah badger unique underived Merriam 57:513 2 1 0 0 0 yes
bald eagle flora-fauna Haliaeetus leucocephalus pahn'-nak sool bald eagle loan Hill Patwin pahnak may be paanak “not to behave in a certain way”??? (this is a fishing eagle, not like Golden Eagle which is scavenger JHH) phrase X eagle Merriam 57:517 1 2 0 0 1 no
band-tail pigeon flora-fauna Patagioenas fasciata 7umúuwe Wild pigeon, Columba fasciata inheritance Miwokan Note Mip 7um:a:wil; Misn oo-mah'-wil-loo JHH; but some sound-im. here underived Callaghan 1965 0 1 0 0 0 no
bat murciélago morcego flora-fauna Chiroptera spp wáali bat inheritance *wirE:s Utian Callaghan 1962:102 underived Callaghan 1965 0 1 0 0 0 no
beaver flora-fauna Castor tími beaver unique underived Callaghan 1965 2 1 0 0 0 no
beetle flora-fauna Coleoptera spp kunúunaj stinkbug unique might share root with Mip, Misn kyn:istal:li- “black beetle” (JHH) other complex -aj Callaghan 1965 2 0 0 0 0 no
big round tule flora-fauna Schoenoplectus acutus kóol round tule inheritance *xo:l... Utian Callaghan 1962:106 underived Callaghan 1965 2 1 2 0 0 no
big skunk flora-fauna Mephitis mephitis káluk skunk inheritance Pmiw only Bodega Dic underived Callaghan 1965 2 2 0 0 0 no
big wolf (gray wolf) flora-fauna Canis lupus húun wolf inheritance Miwokan Pmi *hu:n; an areal or perhaps Penutian word: Ceb xu:n “wolf” (Callaghan 1971:30; PW *hul (Callaghan 2001:325) underived Callaghan 1965 1 2 0 0 0 yes
bighorn sheep flora-fauna Ovis canadensis léep; hah-loo imitation of a large mythical game animal; bighorn sheep loan Miwokan unknown Mip hah-loo- “antelope” WW %lewasip underived Callaghan 1965; Merriam 57:515 2 1 0 0 0 no
bird pajaro, ave passaro flora-fauna méle, míle bird inheritance *mi(:)Te- Utian Proto-Utian *mi(:)Te- (Callaghan Utian 1986:3) underived Callaghan 1965 0 0 0 0 0 no
black ant flora-fauna Camponotus pennsylvanicus/Lasius niger holóot'aj large black ants loan Wappo “probably from Western Wappo ho:lotTew' “ant” with -aj by analogy with other insect terms” 39. Mib has almost exactly the Wappo word. other complex -aj Callaghan 1965 2 0 0 0 0 no
black bear flora-fauna Ursus americanus kúle bear semantic shift Miwokan Pmiw *kule “bear” < Pmie *kul “black” (presumably originally Pmi as “black”), a typical “bear” word underived Callaghan 1965 1 2 0 0 0 yes
black-tail Jackrabbit flora-fauna Lepus californicus c'ámih jackrabbit inheritance Pmiw only Bodega Dic; Callaghan 2001:325 underived Callaghan 1965 2 1 0 0 0 no
blackberry flora-fauna Rubus ursinus jáwe blackberry (Merriam confirms 57:535) unique underived Callaghan 1965 2 1 2 0 0 no
blue grouse flora-fauna Dendrogapus? lúmen cokóoko blue grouse (same as “mountain quail” in Callaghan) unique phrase lume- “yellow pine” Merriam 57:519 0 1 0 0 0 no
bobcat, lynx flora-fauna Lynx rufus tóleh wildcat inheritance *tol:o:a/*to:lom:a ? Miwokan Perhaps not really Utian, “Pco to:roma 'wildcat' is probably a loan from Miwok” (Callaghan 1997:33) underived Callaghan 1965 1 2 0 0 0 no
butterfly, moth mariposa borboleta flora-fauna Lepidoptera wolóolok butterfly loan Hill Patwin Patwin forms bo:lbolik, ba:lbalik, walalakai “butterfly, poppy” reduplicated Callaghan 1965 2 0 0 0 0 no
California condor flora-fauna Gymnogyps californianus mol'-luk California condor loan Miwokan Hill Patwin This form is also Proto-Wintun; Whistler (1977) thought it was of Miwokan origin. Word is in Mip and Misn, etc. but Callaghan thought this was Patwin word WW %moloko underived Merriam 57:517 1 2 0 0 1 no
California jay flora-fauna Aphelocoma californica? sajíic mountain bluejay (et) loan Kashaya Pomo note sw pomo s'ayí jay (1965:120); Proto-Pomo *c'ay(:)yi; Pmiw *$ajiic, Pmis *Tajich; an areal form but in this case probably a recent loan due to high similarity and non-cognacy with Miwokan WW %chaj underived Callaghan 1965 2 1 0 0 0 no
California woodpecker flora-fauna Melanerpes formicivorus? panáak woodpecker (et) loan unknown Note Clear Lake Wappo panak “woodpecker” 106; see Troike ms. on this very widespread form; Pmi is *palaT:a-?, Pynim is *pHala:tatH Callaghan 1997:61, who notes “there are peculiar developments in both Miwok and Yokuts” WW %palaka ~ %pana(k) underived Callaghan 1965 2 1 0 0 1 no
chia flora-fauna Salvia columbariae missing missing missing 1 1 1 0 0 no
chipmunk flora-fauna Tamias spp. tóktokciTe chipmunk (Merriam confirms 57:515) unique phrase, reduplicated Callaghan 1965 2 1 0 0 0 no
cliff swallow flora-fauna Petrochelidon pyrrhonota káttawkataw swallow (Merriam 57:521 OK for Hirundo; also tsah'-de “cliff swallow, barn swallow”, tse-lik'-tse-lik “Cliff swallow” “ unique Almost certainly a loan but source unidentified reduplicated Callaghan 1965 2 1 0 0 0 no
coot flora-fauna Fulica americana lóhlok, tóhlok mudhen loan Hill Patwin “probably fro Hill Patwin LoLok 'mudhen' and Hill Patwin toLok 'mudhen'” 1965:244 reduplicated Callaghan 1965 2 1 0 0 0 no
cottontail rabbit flora-fauna Sylvilagus audobonii nómeh cottontail (et) loan Pomo note Pomo forms no:mi, nomik, and Patwin nomi:k “cottontail”; but Pmiw *nome$ so an old loan underived Callaghan 1965 2 1 0 0 0 no
cottonwood flora-fauna Populus spp. lakáhtumaj cottonwood tree (Merriam has pah-tah'-pah al'-wah 57:533) unique Some kind of metathesis related to Mip tat:ahkal??? Note Merriam's form areal, cf. Wappo pah'-to, Yukki paNtme7 phrase lakah-tum-aj meaning of elements unknown Callaghan 1965 2 0 2 0 0 no
coyote flora-fauna Canis latrans 7óle coyote inheritance Miwokan Pmi *7ole- (Callaghan 1971) underived Callaghan 1965 1 2 0 0 0 no
crow flora-fauna Corvus brachyrhynchos káakali crow loan unknown might be loan from Costanoan Callaghan Bodega Dic 33, but note Mics ka:kulu- underived Callaghan 1965 2 1 0 0 0 no
datura flora-fauna Datura wrightii missing missing missing 1 1 1 1 0 yes
deer, mule flora-fauna Odocoileus hemionus şúkki deer, meat loan unknown widespread form, may be from Yokuts "elk" word WW %sok underived Callaghan 1965 2 1 0 0 0 no
digger pine flora-fauna Pinus sabiniana şanák7ala valley pine (Merriam confirms as P. sabiniana) inheritance *san(:)ak Miwokan Callaghan 1971; Callaghan 2001 says may be a deep Yok-Utian loan word from Pmis into Yokuts) phrase X tree Callaghan 1965 2 1 2 0 0 no
dog (camp, domestic) perro cachorro flora-fauna Canis familiaris háju dog (et) inheritance Miwokan similar forms in Patwin, Wappo, nearly all Pomo; but Pmi; see Bodega Dic, C2001:325 WW %kaju underived Callaghan 1965 0 0 0 0 0 no
dogbane flora-fauna Apocynum cannabinum wittum Indian string, probably Inidan Hemp, A. cannabinum unique underived Merriam 57:539 2 1 2 0 0 no
dove paloma pomba flora-fauna Zenaida macrocoura púllu dove loan Hill Patwin Patwin puluk “mourning dove” (Shepherd 2005:141); Proto-Wintun *puluq underived Callaghan 1965 2 1 0 0 0 no
duck pato pato, marreco flora-fauna Anatidae wátmaj Merriam “ducks, any” 57:523 inheritance Yok-Utian Pmiw *wat, also in Yokutsan; C1997:60 lists as possible Yok-Utian (but sound-imit. and loan-y JHH) WW %wat other complex -aj is suffix Merriam 57:523 0 1 0 0 0 no
elder flora-fauna Sambucus kíTen elderberry tree (et) loan Northern Pomo Note Northern Pomo kiTē “elderberry”; Callaghan 1962:103 also notes Mu xitna; JHH notes Wappo k'aTe underived Callaghan 1965 2 1 1 0 0 no
elk flora-fauna Cervas elaphus táami hulíila moose (Merriam confirms as “elk” 57:513) unique phrase Callaghan 1965 2 1 0 0 0 no
fish (generic) pez peixe flora-fauna káac fish unique underived Callaghan 1965 0 1 0 0 0 no
flea pulga pulga flora-fauna Siphonaptera kúkuh flea inheritance *ky:ky$ Miwokan Callaghan 1971:21 underived Callaghan 1965 2 0 0 0 0 no
flicker flora-fauna Colaptes sp. c'ijáak yellowhammer loan Hill Patwin “probably from Hill Patwin č'i:yak, č'iya:k “yellowhammer”” (1965:286) underived Callaghan 1965 2 1 0 0 1 no
blowfly/housefly mosca mosca flora-fauna Diptera hakáali fly unique underived Callaghan 1965 0 0 0 0 0 no
foothills yucca flora-fauna Yucca whipplei missing missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
fox flora-fauna Vulpes, Urocyon túucaj fox (et) (CHM says Urocyon 57:513) loan Patwin Note Patwin t'ucay “coyote”, S. pomo duZa “fox” 144 other complex -aj is suffix Callaghan 1965 2 2 0 0 0 no
frog (generic) flora-fauna kolóolo frog unique May be a sound-symb. variant of Pmiw form which has /t/ in Mib; Bodega Dic p. 40 has Pmiw *koto:la (?) 'frog, toad, notes S. Pomo go:tolo “tadpole” reduplicated Callaghan 1965 2 2 0 0 0 no
golden eagle flora-fauna Aquila chrysaetos şúul eagle , bald eagle(et) loan Hill Patwin 1965:150 probably Hill Patwin su:l “eagle”; and note SE Pomo, E. Pomo sul “condor” underived Callaghan 1965 1 2 0 0 1 no
gooseberry flora-fauna Ribes spp. missing missing missing 2 1 1 0 0 no
gopher snake, bull snake flora-fauna Pituophis catenifer 7áşkajak gopher snake (Merriam confirms) unique relative clause “one who gets angry under 7a$kaj Callaghan 1965 2 2 0 0 0 no
grass hierba, pasto capim, grama flora-fauna (NA) púTa grass unique Note Misn po:ca “grass”, no other Mis resemblants. underived Callaghan 1965 0 0 0 0 0 no
grasshopper flora-fauna Caelifera kóoTo grasshopper inheritance *ko:To- ? Miwokan Callaghan 1971 underived Callaghan 1965 2 1 0 0 0 no
gray ground squirrel flora-fauna Sphermophilus sp. cíTe ground squirrel inheritance Pmiw only Bodega Dic ; Note Wappo cihma ?? underived Callaghan 1965 2 1 0 0 0 no
gray tree squirrel flora-fauna Sciurus spp. cúmuk tree squirrel (et) loan Hill Patwin Note Hill Patwin čumuk “squirrel” (c1965); note also Kashaya Pomo cumaT, southern Pomo čumaT' “gree squirrel” (reconstructs to Ppomo *ku:máT7 McClendon 1973:92) underived Callaghan 1965 2 1 0 0 0 no
great horned owl flora-fauna Bubo virginianus túkkuli hoot owl (Merriam confirms as Great Horned owl 57:517) inheritance Miwokan Pmi *tuk:ú:li Callaghan Bodega Dic WW %(hu)tukul underived Callaghan 1965 1 2 2 0 1 no
grizzly bear flora-fauna Ursus arctos horribilis kúle grizzly bear semantic shift Miwokan see “bear” underived Callaghan 1965 1 2 0 0 0 yes
horned toad flora-fauna Phrynosomatidae missing missing missing 2 2 2 0 0 no
horse caballo cavalho flora-fauna Equus caballus káwaj horse loan Spanish WW %caballo underived Callaghan 1965 0 0 0 0 0 no
hummingbird colibrí, picaflor (Peru) beija-flor flora-fauna Trochilidae c'ujúulak hummingbird loan Patwin “probably from Patwin t'uyulok 'hummingbird'” (1965:234) underived Callaghan 1965 0 0 0 0 0 no
tobacco tabaco tabaco flora-fauna Nicotiana spp. kájaw tobacco inheritance Pmiw only Callaghan speculates MIGHT be Pmi (eastern forms have ka:sy-), it is Pmiw underived Callaghan 1965 1 1 1 1 0 yes
insect (generic) insecto insecto flora-fauna generic c' álaj insect loan Wappo “probably from Western Wappo č'ále 'bug'” (1965:235) other complex -aj is suffix Callaghan 1965 0 0 2 0 0 variable
junco flora-fauna Junco sppp t'óbt'obmele snowbird (et) (Merriam confirms for Junco) unique Callaghan's etymology compares to a Pomoan word for band-tail pigeon, an utterly different bird reduplicated Callaghan 1965 0 1 0 0 0 no
juniper flora-fauna Juniperus californica mónmon7ala juniper tree ? Merriam says is Cupressus goviniana 57:531 unique phrase, reduplicated monmon tree Callaghan 1965 2 1 1 0 0 no
louse flora-fauna order Phtiraptera kéet head louse inheritance *keT:- Miwokan Callaghan 1971; Bodega Dic underived Callaghan 1965 2 0 0 0 0 no
mallard flora-fauna Anas platyrhynchos wátmaj mallard duck (Merriam has oo-de-i watmaj “big duck” 57”523 inheritance Yok-Utian see “duck” WW %wat other complex -aj is suffix Callaghan 1965 2 1 0 0 0 no
manzanita flora-fauna Arctostaphylos spp. 7éjje7ala manzanita tree inheritance Miwokan Mip 7e:je, Misn 7e:je-, etc. (JHH) phrase manzanita tree Callaghan 1965 2 1 1 0 0 no
milkweed, broad leaf flora-fauna Asclepias eriocarpa múunkaj milkweed? California poppy? muun is “milk” unique other complex -aj Callaghan 1965 2 1 1 0 0 no
milkweed, narrow leaf flora-fauna Asclepias fascicularis missing missing missing 0 1 1 0 0 no
mission tule flora-fauna Juncus missing missing missing 2 1 2 0 0 no
mockingbird flora-fauna Mimus polyglottos pújpuj, p'újp'ujmele mockingbird? unique reduplicated Callaghan 1965 2 1 0 0 0 no
mosquito mosquito, zancudo mosquito, carapana flora-fauna Anopheles spp, Isoptera şójjo mosquito inheritance *shoj:u Utian Callaghan 1986:58 underived Callaghan 1965 0 0 0 0 0 no
moth mariposa nocturna, polilla mariposa flora-fauna Heterocera potóopoto hakáali moth (“grey butterfly” unique potoopoto looks like Yukian “gray, brown” word phrase, reduplicated Callaghan 1965 2 0 0 0 0 no
mountain lion flora-fauna Puma concolor 7úppukşe panther, lion unique Looks like Pmi 7upuksu “gray ground squirrel”!! A joke? Euphemism? This a “critter” word originally?? underived Callaghan 1965 1 2 0 0 0 yes
mountain quail flora-fauna Oreortyx pictus tsōl-tsōl mountain quail; loan Hill Patwin Proto-Wintun *čHol “mountain” and *čHolčHol “mountain quail” (Shepherd 2005:74) reduplicated Merriam 57:519 2 1 0 0 0 no
mussel flora-fauna Mytilus spp. c' áa type of shellfish, oyster? Merriam kah'-e 57:529) unique underived Callaghan 1965 2 1 0 0 1 no
olivella (olive snail) flora-fauna Callianax biplicata missing missing missing 2 2 0 0 1 no
pinyon jay flora-fauna Cyanocitta stelleri? wéşweş bluebird, crested loan Hill Patwin “probaby from Hill Patwin wê·swès “crested bluejay'” (1965:205) reduplicated Callaghan 1965 2 1 0 0 0 no
pinyon pine flora-fauna Pinus monophylla missing missing missing 2 1 2 0 1 no
pismo clam flora-fauna Tivella stultorum káaj clam, clam shell, seashell, shellfish loan unknown Note Salinan A, M xaiìk “mussel underived Callaghan 1965 2 1 0 0 1 no
pocket gopher flora-fauna Thomomys şúwwut gopher inheritance *sykw:ot Utian Callaghan 1986:57 underived Callaghan 1965 2 1 0 0 0 no
poison oak flora-fauna Toxicodendron diversilobum 7íttum poison oak inheritance Pmiw only Bodega Dic ; note Wappo k'icu:ma “poison oak”; what is status of k'? underived Callaghan 1965 2 2 2 0 0 yes
rattlesnake flora-fauna Crotalus spp. holóomaj rattlesnake loan Wappo Note Wappo holo:wik'a “snake” other complex -aj Callaghan 1965 1 2 0 0 0 yes
red ant flora-fauna Solenopsis spp 7awáakan red ants unique underived Callaghan 1965 1 0 1 0 0 no
red-shouldered blackbird flora-fauna Agelaius phoeniceus c'akáttu, cak'átta blackbird (Merriam confirms as OK 57;519) loan Hill Patwin “probably from Hill Patwin c'akatu “black bird”” 1965:204); but note Pmis *chakup-:a- (Callaghan 1997:58) WW %chak underived c'ak is probably the root but nature of -attu increment is unclear Callaghan 1965 2 1 0 0 0 no
red-tailed hawk flora-fauna Buteo jamaicensis şújju chicken hawk (Merriam confirms as red-tail 57:517) inheritance Miwokan Pmi *suj:u- Callaghan 1971 underived Callaghan 1965 2 2 0 0 0 no
roadrunner flora-fauna Geococcyx californianus huláaki roadrunner unique Note Wappo ho-lā'-lik “blue grouse” ?? underived Callaghan 1965 2 1 0 0 0 no
ruddy duck flora-fauna Oxyura jamaicensis tah-te'-nuk Ruddy duck unique underived Merriam 57:523 2 1 0 0 0 no
sage herb flora-fauna Artemisia californica kic(c)in wormwood (Merriam:Sage herb) inheritance Miwokan Pmie *kyčin; Pmiw kičin “with reverse assimilation postulated for Miw and Mip” Callaghan 1971:31; note PW *qeti (Shepherd 2005) underived Merriam 57:537 2 2 1 0 0 no
salmon/steelhead flora-fauna Oncorhynchus mykiss káşşi salmon inheritance Miwokan but with difficulties: Pmiw *kas:i, *ka:si; surely has something to do with Pmis *ko:sum (Callaghan 1997:42) underived Callaghan 1965 2 1 0 0 0 no
scaly lizard flora-fauna Pygopus lepidopodus? petéeli lizard (Merriam confirms as Sceloporus 57:527) inheritance Miwokan Pmiw *pe:te:li, also Mip pit:e:le- Callaghan 1971:24 WW %petel underived Callaghan 1965 2 2 0 0 0 no
small bird flora-fauna missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 0 no
small brown lizard flora-fauna missing missing missing 2 2 0 0 0 no
snake (generic) culebra, serpiente cobra flora-fauna p'ódwaj snake loan Hill Patwin “probably from Hill Patwin porwan “snake”” with -aj by analogy” (1965:117) other complex -aj Callaghan 1965 0 1 0 0 0 no
soaproot flora-fauna Chlorogalum se-ke'-te soap plant (C has şikíiti for an unidentified edible plant) inheritance *saka-:ni- Miwokan Callaghan 1971; WW %svkv underived -ti may be increment etymologically Merriam 57:539 2 1 1 0 0 no
sour berry flora-fauna Rhus trilobata hoo-goo'-tah-mi Rhus trilobata (the plant), berries are jawe unique phrase huku (?)-tum-aj (approximation); meaning of elements unknown Merriam 57:537 2 1 1 0 0 no
sparrow hawk flora-fauna Falco 7íit7it sparrow hawk (et) (Merriam confirms 57:517) loan Patwin C. notes Patwin 7i:t7it “sparrow hawk”; see also Yokutsan *?yt'ychH (Callaghan 1997:59 and Palewyami form reduplicated Callaghan 1965 2 2 0 0 0 no
spider araña aranha flora-fauna Arachnida, Araneae pókkon spider inheritance *pok:um Miwokan Callaghan 1971:28 “Mil /n/ is unexplained” underived Callaghan 1965 0 0 2 0 0 variable
spotted skunk flora-fauna Spilogale gracilis wíiceke spotted skunk (et) loan Patwin C. notes Patwin wi:cikaj “civet cat” underived Callaghan 1965 2 2 0 0 0 no
toad sapo sapo flora-fauna Bufonidae 7ukúuke toad frog (Merriam confirms as “toad” 57:57) unique underived Callaghan 1965 2 2 0 0 0 no
tree árbol arvore flora-fauna (NA) 7álwa, 7ála, -ala tree (et) inheritance *7alkwesh Utian Callaghan 1971; Callaghan 1986:62 underived Callaghan 1965 0 0 2 0 0 no
tree yucca flora-fauna Yucca schidegera missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 0 no
turkey buzzard flora-fauna Cathartes aura húuş, hús buzzard loan Hill Patwin “probably from Hill Patwin hu:s “buzzard” (1965:208); but note Pmis hu:$u- and Pmie *chy:$y-;PW *hu:s, PM *hy:s, *hu:s Callaghan 2001:326; an areal word also in Yukian JHH CHECK WW %hus underived Callaghan 1965 2 2 0 0 0 no
turtle (generic) flora-fauna Testudines meléeja turtle unique Pmiw only Bodega Dic; Callaghan 1997:60 underived Callaghan 1965 2 2 0 0 1 no
valley live oak flora-fauna Quercus agrifolia şáaTa live oak (Q. wislizeni CHM57:533) inheritance *sa:Ta Miwokan Callaghan 1997:19 underived Callaghan 1965 2 1 2 0 1 no
valley oak flora-fauna Quercus lobata hah'-ke-ah al-wah Q. lobata loan Pomoan note Proto Pomo *xa7k'i(b7) “oak, live(?)”. McLendon 1973:83 The resemblance is to the Protolanguage JHH phrase X tree Merriam 57:533 2 1 2 0 1 no
valley quail flora-fauna Callipepla californica cokóoko quail (same word is in “blue grouse”) unique Note Mib $okkóttok “quail?” (Bodega Dic p. 67) reduplicated Callaghan 1965 2 1 0 0 0 no
Washington clam flora-fauna Saxidomus nuttalli missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 1 no
Western Canada goose flora-fauna Branta canadensis láka goose (et) loan Patwin Note Patwin lak'a7 “small goose”74; but this a very widespread form; Pcos *la:lak, Nisenan la:lak', Maidy lylyk' (Callaghan 1997:59); also Wappo lokh WW %lala ~ %lak underived Callaghan 1965 0 1 0 0 0 no
whale flora-fauna Eschrichtius robustus missing missing missing 2 1 2 0 1 no
white pelican flora-fauna Pelicanus erythrorhynchos k'áwk'aw pelican (Merriam has hel'-wah “white pelican” 57:523) unique seems unlikely to be %hew reduplicated Callaghan 1965 0 2 0 0 0 no
wild grapevine flora-fauna Vitis californica mutte grapes (CHM: the fruit; the vine is to'-loo, we-wah 57:541) inheritance Miwokan Note Mip mute- “grapes”, Misn mute- “grapes” underived Callaghan 1965 2 1 2 0 0 no
wild oats flora-fauna Avena (introduction) şiníija oats (et) loan Southwestern Pomo Spanish semilla or Russian pishnica “wheat” > SW Pomo $iniTča “wheat underived Callaghan 1965 2 1 2 0 0 no
wild rose flora-fauna Rosa californica ke'-le (thorn) moo'-mah (fruit) wild rose inheritance *kil:i- “horn, antler” Utian Bodega Dic; Mib has a cognate verb meaning “be hard, sharp” so Pmi may have included “thorn”. Note Misn kle'-de-de' “wild rose”, presumably from the same root. Utian is Callaghan 1997;33. Proto-Wintu **kHi:l “thorn”. underived Merriam 57:535 0 1 2 0 0 no
wild sunflower flora-fauna Helianthus (and other genera) híipakah large sunflower (Merriam ah-hi 57:541) unique probably a neologism: hii-pakah lit. sun-flower compound hii- “sun” Callaghan 1965 0 1 0 0 0 no
willow flora-fauna Salix spp. káje willow (generic) (et) unique Callaghan notes similar Pomo words for “manzanita” but I think this is too much of a semantic stretch; plants not similar in form or function JHH underived Callaghan 1965 2 2 1 0 0 no
wood rat, round-tail flora-fauna Neotoma spp. jullu woodrat unique underived Callaghan 1965 2 1 0 0 0 no
worm, hairy caterpillar flora-fauna Arctiidae (many species) koo-lā'-pal-lah hairy caterpillar unique compound kule “bear” Merriam 57:529 2 2 0 0 0 no
worm, smooth caterpillar flora-fauna Trichoplusia ni (?) cabbage looper tsah'-li smooth caterpillar unique same as “insect, bug” underived Merriam 57:529 2 2 0 0 0 no
yellow jacket flora-fauna Vespula spp., Dolichovespula spp. láşkin, jáşkin yellowjacket (Merriam has the latter 57:529) unique Note Mib ja$$um “to gig, spear, poker” underived Callaghan 1965 2 0 0 0 0 no
yellowbird flora-fauna Dendroica petechia kah-li-tsoo'-ke Yellowbird (Astragalinus) unique phrase must be, but can't find elements Merriam 57:521 0 1 0 0 0 no
yerba santa flora-fauna Eriodictyon californicum múlleponi Yerba santa (?) (Merriam confirms 57:537) unique underived must be complex etymologically Callaghan 1965 2 1 1 0 0 no
ant (generic) hormiga formiga flora-fauna 7awa/akan “red” unknown
bird pajaro, ave passaro flora-fauna me/le, mi/le inheritance
blowfly/housefly mosca mosca flora-fauna haka/ali unknown
dog (camp, domestic) perro cachorro flora-fauna haju loan direction unknown
grass hierba, pasto capim, grama flora-fauna pu/Ta unique
deer venado veado, cariacu flora-fauna Su/kki “deer, meat” unique
snake (generic) culebra, serpiente cobra flora-fauna p'o/dwaj loan
spider araña aranha flora-fauna po/kkon inheritance


Cultural Vocabulary (115)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Word Structure Word Structure Notes General Notes Source
acorn mush food 7ulki acorn soup, acorn mush inheritance Proto-Western Miwok Callaghan 1970:99 simplex Callaghan 1965
ball game food missing missing
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven tierra do los muertos terra dos mortos culture-mythology wejáawali hell, lower world unique again, we have wali here, what is? Also Pmiw *weja 'world' phrase wéja- 'base, bottom, lower' Callaghan 1965
feather headband dress c'ijáak yellowhammer, flicker stick (part of dance costume that fits across the forehead) loan Patwin Note Luiseno "cheeyat" word! simplex Callaghan 1965
arrow flecha flecha subsistence tool kíwwa arrow, arrow shaft unique see Shepherd's Proto-Wintun p. 104 on the *khi- words meaning 'thorn, sharp object' simplex Callaghan 1965
arrow straightener other piTéenuka to striaghten (an arrow) unique derived píTe- 'to be straight, smooth' Callaghan 1965
bait for fishing cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru) isca subsistence tool káac jolúmni bait (lit. fish food) unique phrase Callaghan 1965
school escuela escola acculturation papélweji school (book-house) loan Spanish WW %papel loan blend compound Callaghan 1965
stone bowl culture-material missing missing
basket (general) canasta, canasto, cesta cesto culture-material 7olúut Basket (general term), bowl, gallon unique is this the 'round' word? Does it maybe goe with Mis 7alu/y-ma??? Note also Wintun *o:n 'gathering basket' simplex Callaghan 1965
basket, small canasta, canasto, cesta cesto pequeno, tampado culture-material missing missing
basketry hat culture-material missing missing
bead abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar miçanga culture-material húuja bead, beads loan Southeastern Pomo but note e.g. *ho:wot (Pmie) Callaghan 1997:58 simplex Callaghan 1965
ochre culture-mythology missing missing
bow arco arco subsistence tool kóono bow, gun inheritance *kó:no Proto-Miwok Callaghan 1970:40 simplex Callaghan 1965
canoe canoa canoa transport missing missing
carrying net subsistence tool cáwah net, fish net unique simplex Callaghan 1965
bottle botella garrafa acculturation wotéeja bottle, glass loan Spanish WW %botella simplex Callaghan 1965
paper papel papel acculturation pápel paper, letter, newsaper, book loan Spanish WW %papel possibly by way of Patwin papel or E. Pomo pápel7 simplex Callaghan 1965
chief/leader jefe, cacique chefe culture-mythology hójpu chief, boss inheritance Proto-Miwok While Callaghan 1971:18 does not propose a Pmi reconstruction, note Pmis haja:-po- 'chief' (Callaghan 1971:18), perhaps from *hoj 'first'?? JHH); má:jyngy- woman chief, chief's wife or daughter; this also in Nisenan simplex Callaghan 1965
club garrote, cachiporra clava, porrete subsistence tool líja club unique simplex Callaghan 1965
loincloth taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla tanga, tapa-sexo dress missing missing
cook food food tonónka to be done, to cook something inheritance *To:m- Proto-Miwokan Note Mins To:mu 'to boil over' (callaghan 1997:53; Callaghan 1965 notes Patwin tHó:no 'all burned up', tHóntàrò7 'to catch fire' derived Callaghan 1965
corpse food jokkóoca dead person, dead people unique compound jok- 'to be dead', jóok 'to die', to be dead Callaghan 1965
dance (generic) culture-mythology lákih to dance, a dance inheritance *laxiš Proto-Miwok-Mutsun Callaghan 1962:103 simplex Callaghan 1965
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure dios(es), deidad divinidade, figura mítica culture-mythology 7oléenawa Old Man Coyote inheritance *ole:- Proto-Miwokan Callaghan 1970:94 compound Callaghan 1965
digging stick subsistence tool héllam digging stick unique simplex Callaghan 1965
dipper subsistence tool háaru cup, dipper, shaker loan Spanish WW %jarro simplex Callaghan 1965
dream sueño, soñar sonho, sonhar culture-mythology 7úukuc to dream inheritance *7ektu Proto-Utian Callaghan 1997:48 simplex this is iterative of 7úkuc 'to dream once' Callaghan 1965
drone pipe culture-mythology missing missing
drum tambor tambor culture-mythology missing missing
chicken gallina galinha acculturation kajíina chicken loan Spanish WW %gallina simplex Callaghan 1965
earring other missing missing
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio espirito culture-mythology missing missing
fire drill subsistence tool missing missing
fire-tender culture-mythology missing missing
fireplace hogar lareira other missing missing
firewood leña lenha other wikíitumaj firewood inheritance *túmaj Proto-Miwok Callaghan 1970:75 and first part from Pmi *wyké- 'fire'? compound wíki 'fire' Callaghan 1965
fish (with fish-poison) pescar con barbasco, barbasquear pescar com timbó; tinguijar food missing missing
fish (with line) anzuelear, pescar con linea pescar (com linha) food lúskume, lúckume to fish with hook and line, to hook fish unknown probably from Pmiw *luCku 'swallow' w/ causative other complex Callaghan 1965
fish poison barbasco, matapez (Colombia) timbó subsistence tool missing missing
fishing line cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze linha de pesca subsistence tool şucca string, fishing line unique simplex Callaghan 1965
fish hook subsistence tool lúskumeni fishhook unknown see remark on 'fish with line' other complex suffix -ni Callaghan 1965
acorn bread food cíppa acorn bread, any type of bread inheritance *cíp:a Proto-Western Miwok Callagan 1970:13 (Bodega Miwok Dictionary) simplex Callaghan 1965
wheat food tilíiku wheat loan Spanish WW %trigo possibly from Western Wappo tíli:kù7 or S. Pomo tilí:ku simplex Callaghan 1965
flute flauta, quena (Peru) flauta culture-mythology missing missing
gambling sticks other missing missing
game animal caza, animal de caza caça, animal de caça food missing missing
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio espirito culture-mythology wuTe to be wild, ghost unknown note Mie wyt:a 'to wail for the dead' simplex Callaghan 1965
glue subsistence tool missing missing
grave tumba, sepultura, sepulcro sepultura, sepulcro, cova culture-mythology 7ále grave inheritance *7al:é- bury Proto-Western Miwok Callaghan 1970:87 simplex 7álle 'to bury' Callaghan 1965
alcohol food kájkajkik whiskey (lit. 'hot water') semantic shift reduplicated, other complex káaj 'to be spicy hot, acrid, bitter' Callaghan 1965
Datura wrightii narcotics missing missing
shaman, healer chamán, brujo xaman, pajé, feiticeiro culture-mythology jómta to doctor, doctor loan unknown WW %jom note Hill Patwin yomta, Southern Pomo yomta 'doctor'; very widespread form simplex Callaghan 1965
honey miel mel food mijéel honey loan Spanish WW %miel simplex Callaghan 1965
house other wéeji house unique simplex Callaghan 1965
hunt cazar caçar food 7ónah to hunt or fish, go on a long hunt, stalk, hunting, a hunt unique This looks like pMis *wy:ny 'to walk' and the Utian forms in Callaghan 1997:27 simplex Callaghan 1965
initiate boy culture-mythology missing missing
initiate girl culture-mythology missing missing
knife cuchillo faca culture-material kučíija knife loan Spanish WW %cuchillo simplex Callaghan 1965
mat culture-material héTi mat, mattress unique simplex Callaghan 1965
mortar mortero pilão subsistence tool támih large stone mortar unique also tukúlli, portable mortar, a small, round rock about six inches deep used for pounding pepperwood berries 141 simplex Callaghan 1965
necklace other pojénni necklace, necktie, collar inheritance *póje- Proto-Western Miwok Callaghan 1970:60 other complex póje- to put something around neck Callaghan 1965
needle/awl subsistence tool húTik needle, awl, bone awl unique simplex Callaghan 1965
paddle/oar remo remo transport 7ólak oar, mush spoon inheritance *7o:lak Proto-Western Miwok Callaghan 1970:96 other complex 7óol-- to dip the oars, 7óolak 'to row, be rowing' Callaghan 1965
pestle pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor mão de pilão subsistence tool tówaj pestle, mano, a cylindrical stone or an iron bar used as a pestle unique simplex Callaghan 1965
pinole food 7úşkun pinole, balls of powdered manzanita inheritance *7úşkun Proto-Western Miwok Callaghan 1970:100 simplex Callaghan 1965
pipe for tobacco pipa cachimbo other şúmkitumaj an Indian pipe, a plant that grows along the creek and produces small stalks which were used for smoking, 'smoking stick' inheritance Yok-Utian WW %sokon Callaghan 1997:41 compound şúmki 'to smoke a pipe or cigarette, smoke from a pipe or cigarette; tumaj 'wood, stick' Callaghan 1965
pitch food jútte pitch, gum, chewing gu inheritance *jut:e- Proto-Miwok JHH other complex júute 'to chew' Callaghan 1965
pot olla, pote panela, vasilha subsistence tool 7óoja pot loan Spanish WW %la olla simplex Callaghan 1965
quiver subsistence tool túlim quiver unique simplex Callaghan 1965
rattle matraca, maraca marico, chocalho culture-mythology şok'óşşo cocoon rattle, rattle inheritance *şokoş:a- Proto-Miwok WW %soko Callaghan 1971:18 simplex Callaghan 1965
red paint culture-mythology missing missing
salt sal sal food kójjo salt inheritance *koj:o- Utian Callaghan 1997:33 simplex Callaghan 1965
seed beater subsistence tool missing missing
clothing ropa roupa culture-mythology kolénni clothes, things to wear unique also númmanuma 'clothes, possessions, things equipment' 103 fromnúma 'some sort of' other complex kóle 'to wear' Callaghan 1965
sinew-backed bow subsistence tool missing missing
skirt falda, saya, fustan, pollera saia culture-material missing missing
snare subsistence tool túkah trap (and in word for spiderweb, pókkontukah) unique also mowénni from mówen 'to trap' simplex Callaghan 1965
song (generic) canción, canto canção culture-mythology kója song, singing, to sing inheritance *kója Proto-Western Miwok Callaghan 1970:39 simplex Callaghan 1965
spear lanza lança subsistence tool hócci spear, a stick weapon six feet long with an arrow point made of flint, for self-protection and bear fighting unknown note S. Pomo hóž:I 'spear", but note also Miss hoca 'spear' simplex Callaghan 1965
stirring stick food missing missing
rope/string mecate, cuerda, soga corda culture wíttum Indian string, bowstring, Apocynum unique simplex Callaghan 1965
bag, sack culture-material T''úkuh purse, bag, change purse, suitcase loan Western Wappo one inf. Thinks is t' with plain t simplex Callaghan 1965
string of shell money other t'úpşeTi a short string of beads unknown probably loan with the t' other complex tup- 'to break horizontally Callaghan 1965
sugarcane/sugar azúcar, caña de azúcar açucar (de cana) acculturation kawáacu sugar, sugar from sugar pine, honey, anything sweet loan Western Wappo simplex Callaghan 1965
sweathouse other lámma sweathouse, round house inheritance *lam:a Proto-Western Miwok Callaghan 1970:43 simplex Callaghan 1965
tell history culture-mythology lílaw to say, tell (includes 'story') unique simplex Callaghan 1965
cremate culture-mythology hókol to cremate unique is this cog with wyky words?? simplex Callaghan 1965
tobacco (native) narcotics kájaw tobacco inheritance *kájaw Proto-Western Miwok possibly Pmi (Callaghan 1970:33) simplex Callaghan 1965
tule boat transport nuuh boat loan Hill Patwin WW %nuh Note Proto-Wintun *nuh 'boat' (Shepherd 2006:134); see also Callaghan 2001:322 simplex Callaghan 1965
white paint culture-mythology missing missing
winnowing basket culture-material c'ájwa a large basket used for shaking hulls loose from acorns, a type of basket for letting dough rise unique unknown WW %chaj2 also cáajaka 'sifter' 11 simplex Callaghan 1965
wood tray subsistence tool missing missing
shoes zapatos sapatos dress missing missing
medicine narcotics wéne medicine, herb inheritance Proto-Miwok WW %wene JHH see Mip; note Hill Patwin wene, SE Pomo wéne, both 'medicine' simplex Callaghan 1965
cradleboard culture-material túnuk cradle, cradle basket unknown note Patwin tunuk 'cradle', but see 'daughter', 'child', 'doll' words in Mib, Mip simplex Callaghan 1965
policeman polícia policía acculturation čiríife police loan Spanish WW %cherife simplex Callaghan 1965
soldier soldado soldado acculturation missing missing
corn food máajuş corn loan Spanish WW %maiz probably from S. Pomo may:yish or W. Wappo ma:ish simplex Callaghan 1965
beans food jíhol beans loan Spanish WW %frijol perhaps by way of SE Pomo yíhol or some other lg. simplex Callaghan 1965
cat gato gato acculturation káatu cat loan Spanish WW %gato simplex Callaghan 1965
gun arma, escopeta espingarda, fusil acculturation kóono bow, gun semantic shift *kó:no Proto-Miwok Callaghan 1970:40 simplex Callaghan 1965
hat sombero chapéu dress sumléelu hat loan Spanish WW %sombrero maybe from W. Wappo sómle:lu7 'hat simplex Callaghan 1965
clapper acculturation missing missing
thatch/roof crisneja palha, caraná culture-material cu/ulculu “one-way roof” unknown
rope/string mecate, cuerda, soga corda culture ciko/ote loan
bottom grinding stone manufacture ta/mih (large), unique
digging stick subsistence tool he/llam unique
winnow aventar, tirar (sementes) joeirar manufacture missing
top grinding stone metate, mano; piedra de moler metate, mano manufacture to/waj “pestle” unique
boomerang/throwing stick (generic) subsistence tool missing
spearthrower subsistence tool ko/ono “bow” loan direction unknown
spear lanza lança subsistence tool ki/wwa “arrow” unknown
house other we/eji inheritance


Ethnographic Information
Current Population (speakers) Former Population Estimate Subsistence Preference Density Sedentism Ecotome Marriage Pattern Notes Source
small HG medium seasonal no