Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

3sg

Semantic Field: grammar
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish: el/ella
Meaning Portuguese: ele/ela

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Language	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Loan Source	General Notes	Source
Achagua	lija/ ruja	lija/ ruja		inheritance			See Language page
Aché		go		unknown			See Language page
Aguaruna	áu	áu		inheritance			See Language page
Akawaio	kɨrörö	kɨrörö		inheritance	Venezuelan		See Language page
Akawaio/Ingariko dialect	kɯrɤ, mɯkɤ	kɯrɤ, mɯkɤ					See Language page
Andoke	žakská			unique			See Language page
Apalai	ynoro, ynororo	ɨnoro, ɨnororo		inheritance			See Language page
Arabana	uka			loan
Araona		da; hoda; homa; oho				Also nominative wada.	See Language page
Ashuar	ni (ausent) / áu (present)	ni / au					See Language page
Ayoreo		uu'teʔ; uaa'teʔ					See Language page
Baniwa	lhía, rhóa	ɺhía, ɻhóa		inheritance			See Language page
Bankalachi Toloim	ĕh 223 kān 223			unknown
Barasano	~i (m.); so, ~so (YM) (f).; ti (n.)	~i (m.); so, ~so (YM) (f).; ti (n.)					See Language page
Bardi	ginjin_g	kinyingk		inheritance
Bare	kuhu/ kuhũ	kuhu/ kuhũ					See Language page
Bará		kɨ̃'ɨ̃́ (masc.), kõ'ṍ (fem.)					See Language page
Barí		oobãi				Colombia: ʔa; ʔi(?), respectively: 'he/she'; 'it'. Chibchan forms are a and *i-.	See Language page
Baure	ṛ̌o-'ti; ṛ̌i-'ti	ṛ̌o-'ti; ṛ̌i-'ti		inheritance			See Language page
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone	ma			inheritance
Bora	he: áá-nïḯ, aá-pʸe, aá-pe, aá-ti, tií-pʸe; she: áá-mʸeé, aá-če, tií-če; it: aá-pʸe	hɛ: áá-nɯɯ́, aá-pʲɛ, aá-pɛ, aá-ti, tií-pʲɛ; shɛ: áá-mʲɛέ, aá-tʃɛ, tií-tʃɛ; it: aá-pʲɛ		inheritance			See Language page
Bunuba	[missing]			missing
Burarra	[missing]			missing
Cahuilla	pe'			inheritance			S&H 1979
Camsa	tʃá	tʃá					See Language page
Candoshi-Shapra	ocha	otʃa		unknown	cf. Cofan, Camsa		See Language page
Canela		hũũ-tĩ				Jê form is -tĩ.	See Language page
Carapana	cʉ̃/cõ/to	kɨ̃/kɔ̃/tɔ					See Language page
Carijona	nərə (he)			inheritance			See Language page
Cavineña	to-ke; to-ra (former is absolutive form, latter is ergative form)	to-ke; to-ra		inheritance			See Language page
Cayuvava		r-; ri- ~ t- ~ ta- ~ ti- te- ~ i- ~ ∅; -ræ					See Language page
Central Aymara	jupa	xupa					See Language page
Central Sierra Miwok	7is:ak-, his:ak-			inheritance
Cha'palaa		ya-ʔ				Possessive: 'his' is yaʔ; 'his/hers' (substantive) is 'ya-či.	See Language page
Chemehuevi	mang(a)/ (vis)			inheritance
Chipaya		tii; nii; naa				Respectively: 'he (close proximity); he (and general) (distant); she (distant)'.	See Language page
Chiriguano		hae		inheritance			See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja		l-am					See Language page
Chumash Barbareno	s-			unknown			Ono 1996:21
Chumash Cruzeno	tuwu			unknown			JPH
Chumash Ineseno	kay (independent pronoun)			unknown			A 168
Chumash Obispeno	t-			unknown
Chumash Ventureno	c-			unknown			Harrington 1974:3
Chácobo	ha-a	ha-a		inheritance			See Language page
Cocopa	animate subj: a:-, aw-, u-, u:-, 7aw-, 7u-; non-subject p-			unknown
Cofán	jova, tsa	hoβa, tsa				phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
Comanche	ma7			inheritance
Cubeo	ʉ̃ (masc.), õ (fem.)	ɨ̃,õ		inheritance			See Language page
Cuiva		1. ba-pó-n, ba-ra-pó-n, po-n [he], 2. pó-wa, ba-pó-wa, ba-ra-po-wa [she]	1. él, he, 2. ella, she				1. Huber & Reed 1992:202, 2. Huber & Reed 1992:203
Cupeño	pe'	[pɨɁ]		inheritance
Desano	ĩgʉ̃, igo (she)	ĩgɨ̃, igo (she)		inheritance			See Language page
Dhangu	nhän			inheritance
Dhuwal	ŋayi			inheritance
Dhuwala	ŋayi			inheritance
Diyari	nauja			inheritance
DiyariREU	[missing]			missing
Djambarrpuyngu	ŋayi			inheritance
Djapu	ŋayi			inheritance
Djeoromitxi	na	na					See Language page
Djinang	nyani			inheritance
Dâw	tir	tih		inheritance			See Language page
Epena		'iru; 'iči				Respectively: unmarked; marked. 'His/hers' is iru-'de 'him/her (unmarked)-of'; iči-'de 'him/her (marked)-of'.	See Language page
Ese Ejja		oya		inheritance			See Language page
Ese Ejja/Huarayo	o-ya; o-ya-ya	o-ya; o-ya-ya					See Language page
Esselen	aniki “that one”			unknown			Shaul 1995:213
Eñepa	mək; mukuh	mək; mukuh		inheritance			See Language page
Gabrielino	po:7			inheritance
Gajirrabeng	nawoo			inheritance
Gooniyandi	niyi
Guayabero		ha-pón, -pon [he]; ha-pów, -pow [she]		inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
Gupapuyngu	ŋayi			inheritance
Gurindji	nyantu			inheritance
Hodï	che/kje - he yu/chu - she			unique			See Language page
Huambisa	nii	ni:					See Language page
Hup	tɨ́h	tɨ́h		inheritance			See Language page
Ignaciano		'e-ma; 'e-ɲi				Refers to male. 'She' is 'e-su.	See Language page
Iipay 'Aa	puuch/puu	[puˑ˅tʃ]		loan
Ingá	pai	pai					See Language page
Iquito	nu-, nuu (stand-alone pronominal form), anúu, anúuja	nu-, nuu (stand-alone pronominal form), anúu, anúuha		inheritance			See Language page
Itonama		ohni; pini					See Language page
Jabirr-Jabirr	ginjin_g	kinyingk		inheritance
Jaru	nyandu			inheritance
Jawi	nyoru; ginyingg	nyoru; kinyingk		inheritance
Kaingang	ti, -n	ti; Φi					See Language page
Kakataibo		aa				Panoan aa.	See Language page
Kakua		kǎn/kǎnʔ		inheritance			See Language page
Kamayurá	ɑˀe	ɑˀe		inheritance			See Language page
Karajarri	kinyangka			loan	Nyulnyulan
Karajá		tii					See Language page
Karitiana	i	i		inheritance			See Language page
Katukina		haa; hatõ; hãwɨ̃					See Language page
Kawaiisu	sa-ma- “neutral definite”			unknown
Kija	nhawu			inheritance
Kitanemuk	7ama7			inheritance
Kokama	ai	ai		inheritance			See Language page
Koreguaje	ikʉ (male) / iko (female)	ikʉ / iko		inheritance			See Language page
Kotiria	tiro (he); ticoro (she) (Waltz)	tíɾo; tikoɾo		inheritance	E-W Tuk		See Language page
Kwazá	-hata-	-hata-					See Language page
Lake Miwok	7i/Ti			inheritance
Lokono	li	li	3rd SG.				Pet 1987:23
Luiseño	po:7			inheritance
Maca		-akhaʔ-an				Means 'he'. 'She' is -ekheʔ-en.	See Language page
Macaguan		punú [he, she]		inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
Maidu	my/			inheritance
Maihiki	ñi aguɨ (male)/ñio ago (female)	ɲi agɨ, ɲio ago		inheritance			See Language page
Makiritare	tɨwɨ (IDS); tüwü (KH) (also means 'him/her')	tɨwɨ		inheritance			See Language page
Makuna	~i (m.); iso (f.); iti (n.)	~i (m.); iso (f.); iti (n.)		inheritance			See Language page
Makushi	mɨ́-kɨ-rɨ́	mɨ́-kɨ-rɨ́		inheritance			See Language page
Malyangapa	[missing]			missing
Mangala	-na			inheritance
Mapoyo	tëi	tɛi					See Language page
Mapudungun		inčiɲ				Plural form. Same form in Ranquel.	See Language page
Matses	a	a		inheritance			See Language page
Minica Witoto	he: aɸé-mï.e; she: aɸéño; it: í.e	he: aɸέ-mɯ.ɛ; she: aɸέŋo; it: í.ɛ					See Language page
Miriwung	nawoo			inheritance
Mithaka	nhanhi			inheritance
Mocoví		-ʔmaʁare				This form must be prefixed by any of the six prefixes, which indicate gender, position, and motion. See discussion in language descriptions of MCV and Toba.	See Language page
Mojave	vidach			inheritance
Mosetén-Chimané		mœ; mo				Respectively: male and female.	See Language page
Movima	us-ko; is-ne	us-ko; is-ne					See Language page
Mudburra	[missing]			missing
Mudburra	nyani			inheritance
Muinane	he: díi-bo, áxáa-nɨ; she: díi-go, áxáa-mo; it: xáá-no	he: díi-bo, áxáa-nɨ; she: díi-go, áxáa-mo; it: xáá-no					See Language page
Muisca	asy	asɨ					See Language page
Murui Witoto	he: imɯ.e; she: iñaiño, maiñaiño; it: i.e	he: imɯ.ɛ; she: iɲaiɲo, maiɲaiɲo; it: i.ɛ		inheritance			See Language page
Mutsun	wa:k			unknown			O77:106, 307
Nadëb/Roçado dialect		ta- (proclitic)		inheritance	proclitic		See Language page
Napo Lowland Quichua	pai	pai					See Language page
Ngamini	najia			inheritance
Ngarluma	balu
Ngumbarl	ginying	kinyingk		inheritance
Nheengatu	u	u		inheritance			See Language page
Nhirrpi	[missing]			missing
Nimanburru	ginjin_g	kinyingk		inheritance
Ninam	kama (he/she), thə (it, inanimate EM72)	kama (animate), tʰə (inanimate)		inheritance			See Language page
Nisenan	my			inheritance
Nivaclé		ɬa-'waača	he/she/it				https://ids.clld.org/
Northern Emberá	idyí, ãndyí	idʒí, ãndʒí					See Language page
Northern Mangarla	[missing]			missing
Northern Nyangumarta	paliny			inheritance
Northern Paiute	u-su			inheritance			SAA82
Northern Sierra Miwok	7is:ak-y			inheritance
Nukak		kaan2, kaanʔ2		inheritance			See Language page
Nyangumarta	paliny			inheritance
Nyikina	kinya	kinya		inheritance
Nyulnyul	ginjin_g	kinyingk		inheritance
Nɨpode Witoto	he: apέ-ma, da; she: apέŋo; it: dáge	he: apέ-ma, da; she: apέŋo; it: dágɛ					See Language page
Ocaina	he: áʔii-m̵a, ïïm̵a, ĩĩhã, ha(ʔ)-; she: aʔiiko, ïïko, ĩĩhã, ña, ha- haʔ-; it: tʸã(hï̃), tʸa	he: áʔii-m̵a, ɯɯm̵a, ĩĩhã, ha(ʔ)-; she: aʔiiko, ɯɯko, ĩĩhã, ɲa, ha- haʔ-; it: tʲã(hɯ̃), tʲa		inheritance			See Language page
Paakantyi	-(a)thu			unique
Pacahuara		'haa				d'Orb aa, haa.	See Language page
Paraguayan Guaraní		haʔe					See Language page
Paresi	exe (close); hatyo (farther away)	eʃe (close); hatyo (farther away)		unknown			See Language page
Pemon	muere, mesere, michinek (just mean 'esto, esto, aquel' but not he or she) (A1981); mkrörö (E1980); mü'rörö (el) (M2000)	mueɾe, meseɾe, mitʃinek (A1981); mkrörö (E1980)		inheritance			See Language page
Piapoco	úa	úa					See Language page
Piaroa	jwau	hwãũ		unknown			See Language page
Pilagá		-ʔme				Cf. 02.960.	See Language page
Pirriya	[missing]			missing
Pitta-Pitta	[missing]			missing
Plains Miwok	7isy-, 7is:y-			inheritance
Playero		báhara-pó-nɨ [he], báhara-po-wá [she]					See Language page
Puinave	na'a; o'o	naʔa; oʔo		unique			See Language page
Pumé	ɔdɛ; inɛ̃						See Language page
Páez	quiná	kina					See Language page
Quechua Ayacuchano	pay	paj					See Language page
Resígaro	migí ' él, ese', eégí, tsó 'she, her', tsú 'he'	migí ' él, ese', eégí, tsó 'she, heɾ', tsú 'he'		unknown			See Language page
Rirratjingu	[missing]			missing
Ritharrngu	ŋa			inheritance
Salinan A	heyo/7 (A),			unknown
Salinan M	heo'			unknown			Mason 1918:32
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité		[zero]					See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet		--					See Language page
Sanumá	ki (he she EM72), te (it inan. EM72)	ki, te		inheritance			See Language page
Secoya	jaë/jao/jequë	hã'ɨ̃/'hãõ/'hɛ'kɨ					See Language page
Seri (Comcaac)	ee			unknown
Serrano	ama-7 that, the one, he, she, it			inheritance
Shipibo-Konibo		ha; nato					See Language page
Sikuani		pó-ni: [he], pó-wa: [she]		inheritance			See Language page
Siona	pˀa-kˀɨ; pˀakˀo; pˀakˀu	pˀa-kˀɨ; pˀakˀo; pˀakˀu		inheritance			See Language page
Siriano	igó	igó					See Language page
Sirionó	ae	ae		inheritance			See Language page
Southern Paiute	manga- he, that one (an.vis.)			inheritance
Southern Pastaza Quechua	pay	paj					See Language page
Southern Sierra Miwok	7is:ak-			inheritance
Southern Ute	maas			inheritance
Suyá	anĩ (ele), tã	anĩ (ele), tã					See Language page
Sáliva	llojoh/jixuh	ʤohoʔ/hixuʔ		unknown			See Language page
Tacana		toeda; toaweda				Intransitive and transitive, respectively.	See Language page
Tanimuca	i'ki (he); i'ko (she)	i'ki (he); i'ko (she)		inheritance			See Language page
Tariana	diha, dihya (non-feminine), duha, duhua (f)	diha, dihja (non-feminine), duha, duhua (f)		inheritance			See Language page
Tatuyo	kɨ̃ɨ̃, kɨ̃ (he); kõ, 'kõõ (she); tó (it)	kɨ̃ɨ̃, kɨ̃ (he); kõ, 'kõõ (she); tó (it)					See Language page
Taushiro	na´i	naʔi					See Language page
Tikuna	ngimax (feminine) [5, 4]	ŋimaʔ		unique			See Language page
Tiriyó	nai (3rd person form of the copula)	nai		inheritance			See Language page
Toba		-maǰi				This morpheme occurs with prefixes indicating gender, number, position, and motion. Also for 'they' 02.960. See chart in language descriptions. According to position: ka 'absent', da 'standing', na 'coming', ɲi 'sitting', so 'going', ǰi 'lying'.	See Language page
Trinitario		ma- ~ mue-; ema; enʸi				Respectively: 'he' prefix (before consonants and back vowels, alternate form occurs before front vowels); masc. form (man speaking); masc. form (woman speaking). 'She' is s- (prefix before consonants and front vowels; alternate form sʸ-, before back vowel	See Language page
Trumai	hine; -n/-e	hine; -n/-e		unique			See Language page
Tukano	cṹ, có (ella)	kṹ/ kó		inheritance	E-W Tuk		See Language page
Tuyuka	kɨ̃'ɨ̃ / ko'o / --	kɨ̃ʔɨ̃ / koʔo / --					See Language page
Tübatulabal	ts, tsa (clitics			loan
Tümpisa Shoshone	matyn			inheritance
Urarina	aka	aka		unique			See Language page
Wai Wai	noro; noro; ero	noro; noro; ero		inheritance			See Language page
Waikhana	tiki-ro, 'tiko-ro, 'ti	tiki-ro, 'tiko-ro, 'ti					See Language page
Waimaja	kɨ̃́ɨ̃́ (masc.), 'kṍṍ (fem.), 'tóó (neuter)	kɨ̃́ɨ̃́ (masc.), 'kṍṍ (fem.), 'tóó (neuter)					See Language page
Waimiri Atroari	anaphoric (he, she, they, it) mykyky, mykyka'a, ka, iry proximal (h)anji, kanji, anjinji, byby, by medial myry distal mo'o,mymo',myky	anaphoric (he, she, they, it) mɨkɨkɨ, mɨkɨka'a, ka, irɨ proximal (h)anji, kanji, anjinji, bɨbɨ, bɨ medial mɨrɨ distal mo'o,mɨmo',mɨkɨ					See Language page
Walmajarri	nyantu			inheritance
Wangkayutyuru	[missing]			missing
Waorani	tõbẽ-gã			unique			See Language page
Wapishana	ɨrɨɨ; uruu	ɨrɨɨ; uruu		inheritance	Proto North Arawak?		See Language page
Wappo	he/phi (nearby); he/, ce/7			unknown
Warao	aru, tai (he)	aɾu, tai (he)					See Language page
Wari	ko maʔ	ko maʔ					See Language page
Warrwa	kinya	kinya		inheritance
Washo	Suffixed glottal stop			unknown			J ?
Waurá	nežɨ	nežɨ		unknown			See Language page
Wayampi	ɔ-; ãwĩ	ɔ-; ãwĩ		inheritance			See Language page
Wayana	inëlë	inǝlǝ		inheritance			See Language page
Western Mono	ihu,			inheritance
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay		oɬam-iɬ					See Language page
Wintu	pi			inheritance
Worrorra	nyangga, nyingge (FM), nyungga (C&C)	nyangga, nyingge (FM), nyungga (C&C)		loan	Nyulnyulan
Yabarana		tawɨ					See Language page
Yagua	nini	nı̃nı̃		unique			See Language page
Yaminahua		atõ; a				Respectively: ergative; absolutive. Also nãtõ; na 'this'; oatõ; oa 'that'.	See Language page
Yan-nhangu	nhaniḻa			inheritance
Yandruwandha	nuniji			unknown
Yanomam	kama (he/she, EM72), thə (it, inanimate EM72)	kama, tʰə		inheritance			See Language page
Yanomami	a, kama (he/she, EM72), thə (it, inanimate EM72)	a, kama, tʰə		inheritance			See Language page
Yarluyandi	thana			semantic shift
Yavapai	nytha^ch			inheritance
Yavitero	ani-hi	ani-hi					See Language page
Yawarrawarrka	nuniji			unknown
Yawuru	ginyangga	kinyangka		inheritance
Yine		waľe; waľa				Respectively: 'he; she'. 'Her' is to-, o-. Piro-Apuriná form for 'her' is to.	See Language page
Yokuts Yowlumne	ama:/ “third person”			inheritance			N1944:229
Yuhup	tɨh	tɨh					See Language page
Yuki	ki-, ki(7), ki:, kih			unknown			S&S1984
Yukpa	ake, aki, márak	ots̺					See Language page
Yukuna	riká, ruká	ɾiká (m), ɾuká		inheritance			See Language page
Yuruti	kɨ̃́, 'kṍ	kɨ̃́, 'kṍ					See Language page
Záparo	na	na					See Language page


Achagua
Aché
Aguaruna
Akawaio
Akawaio/Ingariko dialect
Andoke
Apalai
Arabana
Araona
Ashuar
Ayoreo
Baniwa
Bankalachi Toloim
Barasano
Bardi
Bare
Bará
Barí
Baure
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone
Bora
Bunuba
Burarra
Cahuilla
Camsa
Candoshi-Shapra
Canela
Carapana
Carijona
Cavineña
Cayuvava
Central Aymara
Central Sierra Miwok
Cha'palaa
Chemehuevi
Chipaya
Chiriguano
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja
Chumash Barbareno
Chumash Cruzeno
Chumash Ineseno
Chumash Obispeno
Chumash Ventureno
Chácobo
Cocopa
Cofán
Comanche
Cubeo
Cuiva
Cupeño
Desano
Dhangu
Dhuwal
Dhuwala
Diyari
DiyariREU
Djambarrpuyngu
Djapu
Djeoromitxi
Djinang
Dâw
Epena
Ese Ejja
Ese Ejja/Huarayo
Esselen
Eñepa
Gabrielino
Gajirrabeng
Gooniyandi
Guayabero
Gupapuyngu
Gurindji
Hodï
Huambisa
Hup
Ignaciano
Iipay 'Aa
Ingá
Iquito
Itonama
Jabirr-Jabirr
Jaru
Jawi
Kaingang
Kakataibo
Kakua
Kamayurá
Karajarri
Karajá
Karitiana
Katukina
Kawaiisu
Kija
Kitanemuk
Kokama
Koreguaje
Kotiria
Kwazá
Lake Miwok
Lokono
Luiseño
Maca
Macaguan
Maidu
Maihiki
Makiritare
Makuna
Makushi
Malyangapa
Mangala
Mapoyo
Mapudungun
Matses
Minica Witoto
Miriwung
Mithaka
Mocoví
Mojave
Mosetén-Chimané
Movima
Mudburra
Mudburra
Muinane
Muisca
Murui Witoto
Mutsun
Nadëb/Roçado dialect
Napo Lowland Quichua
Ngamini
Ngarluma
Ngumbarl
Nheengatu
Nhirrpi
Nimanburru
Ninam
Nisenan
Nivaclé
Northern Emberá
Northern Mangarla
Northern Nyangumarta
Northern Paiute
Northern Sierra Miwok
Nukak
Nyangumarta
Nyikina
Nyulnyul
Nɨpode Witoto
Ocaina
Paakantyi
Pacahuara
Paraguayan Guaraní
Paresi
Pemon
Piapoco
Piaroa
Pilagá
Pirriya
Pitta-Pitta
Plains Miwok
Playero
Puinave
Pumé
Páez
Quechua Ayacuchano
Resígaro
Rirratjingu
Ritharrngu
Salinan A
Salinan M
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet
Sanumá
Secoya
Seri (Comcaac)
Serrano
Shipibo-Konibo
Sikuani
Siona
Siriano
Sirionó
Southern Paiute
Southern Pastaza Quechua
Southern Sierra Miwok
Southern Ute
Suyá
Sáliva
Tacana
Tanimuca
Tariana
Tatuyo
Taushiro
Tikuna
Tiriyó
Toba
Trinitario
Trumai
Tukano
Tuyuka
Tübatulabal
Tümpisa Shoshone
Urarina
Wai Wai
Waikhana
Waimaja
Waimiri Atroari
Walmajarri
Wangkayutyuru
Waorani
Wapishana
Wappo
Warao
Wari
Warrwa
Washo
Waurá
Wayampi
Wayana
Western Mono
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay
Wintu
Worrorra
Yabarana
Yagua
Yaminahua
Yan-nhangu
Yandruwandha
Yanomam
Yanomami
Yarluyandi
Yavapai
Yavitero
Yawarrawarrka
Yawuru
Yine
Yokuts Yowlumne
Yuhup
Yuki
Yukpa
Yukuna
Yuruti
Záparo

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