Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

3sg

Semantic Field
grammar
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
el/ella
Meaning Portuguese
ele/ela

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
Bankalachi Toloim ĕh 223 kān 223 unknown
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone ma inheritance
Cahuilla pe' inheritance S&H 1979
Central Sierra Miwok 7is:ak-, his:ak- inheritance
Chemehuevi mang(a)/ (vis) inheritance
Chumash Barbareno s- unknown Ono 1996:21
Chumash Cruzeno tuwu unknown JPH
Chumash Ineseno kay (independent pronoun) unknown A 168
Chumash Obispeno t- unknown
Chumash Ventureno c- unknown Harrington 1974:3
Cocopa animate subj: a:-, aw-, u-, u:-, 7aw-, 7u-; non-subject p- unknown
Comanche ma7 inheritance
Cupeño pe' [pɨɁ] inheritance
Esselen aniki “that one” unknown Shaul 1995:213
Gabrielino po:7 inheritance
Iipay 'Aa puuch/puu [puˑ˅tʃ] loan
Kawaiisu sa-ma- “neutral definite” unknown
Kitanemuk 7ama7 inheritance
Lake Miwok 7i/Ti inheritance
Luiseño po:7 inheritance
Maidu my/ inheritance
Mojave vidach inheritance
Mutsun wa:k unknown O77:106, 307
Nisenan my inheritance
Northern Paiute u-su inheritance SAA82
Northern Sierra Miwok 7is:ak-y inheritance
Plains Miwok 7isy-, 7is:y- inheritance
Salinan A heyo/7 (A), unknown
Salinan M heo' unknown Mason 1918:32
Seri (Comcaac) ee unknown
Serrano ama-7 that, the one, he, she, it inheritance
Southern Paiute manga- he, that one (an.vis.) inheritance
Southern Sierra Miwok 7is:ak- inheritance
Southern Ute maas inheritance
Tübatulabal ts, tsa (clitics loan
Tümpisa Shoshone matyn inheritance
Wappo he/phi (nearby); he/, ce/7 unknown
Washo Suffixed glottal stop unknown J ?
Western Mono ihu, inheritance
Wintu pi inheritance
Yavapai nytha^ch inheritance
Yokuts Yowlumne ama:/ “third person” inheritance N1944:229
Yuki ki-, ki(7), ki:, kih unknown S&S1984
Arabana uka loan
Bardi ginjin_g kinyingk inheritance
Bunuba [missing] missing
Burarra [missing] missing
Dhangu nhän inheritance
Dhuwal ŋayi inheritance
Dhuwala ŋayi inheritance
Diyari nauja inheritance
DiyariREU [missing] missing
Djambarrpuyngu ŋayi inheritance
Djapu ŋayi inheritance
Djinang nyani inheritance
Gajirrabeng nawoo inheritance
Gooniyandi niyi
Gupapuyngu ŋayi inheritance
Gurindji nyantu inheritance
Jabirr-Jabirr ginjin_g kinyingk inheritance
Jaru nyandu inheritance
Jawi nyoru; ginyingg nyoru; kinyingk inheritance
Karajarri kinyangka loan Nyulnyulan
Kija nhawu inheritance
Malyangapa [missing] missing
Mangala -na inheritance
Miriwung nawoo inheritance
Mithaka nhanhi inheritance
Mudburra [missing] missing
Mudburra nyani inheritance
Ngamini najia inheritance
Ngarluma balu
Ngumbarl ginying kinyingk inheritance
Nhirrpi [missing] missing
Nimanburru ginjin_g kinyingk inheritance
Northern Mangarla [missing] missing
Northern Nyangumarta paliny inheritance
Nyangumarta paliny inheritance
Nyikina kinya kinya inheritance
Nyulnyul ginjin_g kinyingk inheritance
Paakantyi -(a)thu unique
Pirriya [missing] missing
Pitta-Pitta [missing] missing
Rirratjingu [missing] missing
Ritharrngu ŋa inheritance
Walmajarri nyantu inheritance
Wangkayutyuru [missing] missing
Warrwa kinya kinya inheritance
Worrorra nyangga, nyingge (FM), nyungga (C&C) nyangga, nyingge (FM), nyungga (C&C) loan Nyulnyulan
Yan-nhangu nhaniḻa inheritance
Yandruwandha nuniji unknown
Yarluyandi thana semantic shift
Yawarrawarrka nuniji unknown
Yawuru ginyangga kinyangka inheritance
Achagua lija/ ruja lija/ ruja inheritance See Language page
Piapoco úa úa See Language page
Yukuna riká, ruká ɾiká (m), ɾuká inheritance See Language page
Tariana diha, dihya (non-feminine), duha, duhua (f) diha, dihja (non-feminine), duha, duhua (f) inheritance See Language page
Baniwa lhía, rhóa ɺhía, ɻhóa inheritance See Language page
Resígaro migí ' él, ese', eégí, tsó 'she, her', tsú 'he' migí ' él, ese', eégí, tsó 'she, heɾ', tsú 'he' unknown See Language page
Yavitero ani-hi ani-hi See Language page
Bare kuhu/ kuhũ kuhu/ kuhũ See Language page
Wapishana ɨrɨɨ; uruu ɨrɨɨ; uruu inheritance Proto North Arawak? See Language page
Yine waľe; waľa Respectively: 'he; she'. 'Her' is to-, o-. *Piro-Apuriná form for 'her' is *to. See Language page
Paresi exe (close); hatyo (farther away) eʃe (close); hatyo (farther away) unknown See Language page
Ignaciano 'e-ma; 'e-ɲi Refers to male. 'She' is 'e-su. See Language page
Trinitario ma- ~ mue-; ema; enʸi Respectively: 'he' prefix (before consonants and back vowels, alternate form occurs before front vowels); masc. form (man speaking); masc. form (woman speaking). 'She' is s- (prefix before consonants and front vowels; alternate form sʸ-, before back vowel See Language page
Baure ṛ̌o-'ti; ṛ̌i-'ti ṛ̌o-'ti; ṛ̌i-'ti inheritance See Language page
Waurá nežɨ nežɨ unknown See Language page
Cha'palaa ya-ʔ Possessive: 'his' is yaʔ; 'his/hers' (substantive) is 'ya-či. See Language page
Bora he: áá-nïḯ, aá-pʸe, aá-pe, aá-ti, tií-pʸe; she: áá-mʸeé, aá-če, tií-če; it: aá-pʸe hɛ: áá-nɯɯ́, aá-pʲɛ, aá-pɛ, aá-ti, tií-pʲɛ; shɛ: áá-mʲɛέ, aá-tʃɛ, tií-tʃɛ; it: aá-pʲɛ inheritance See Language page
Muinane he: díi-bo, áxáa-nɨ; she: díi-go, áxáa-mo; it: xáá-no he: díi-bo, áxáa-nɨ; she: díi-go, áxáa-mo; it: xáá-no See Language page
Akawaio kɨrörö kɨrörö inheritance Venezuelan See Language page
Akawaio/Ingariko dialect kɯrɤ, mɯkɤ kɯrɤ, mɯkɤ See Language page
Apalai ynoro, ynororo ɨnoro, ɨnororo inheritance See Language page
Wayana inëlë inǝlǝ inheritance See Language page
Carijona nərə (he) inheritance See Language page
Tiriyó nai (3rd person form of the copula) nai inheritance See Language page
Eñepa mək; mukuh mək; mukuh inheritance See Language page
Makiritare tɨwɨ (IDS); tüwü (KH) (also means 'him/her') tɨwɨ inheritance See Language page
Makushi mɨ́-kɨ-rɨ́ mɨ́-kɨ-rɨ́ inheritance See Language page
Mapoyo tëi tɛi See Language page
Pemon muere, mesere, michinek (just mean 'esto, esto, aquel' but not he or she) (A1981); mkrörö (E1980); mü'rörö (el) (M2000) mueɾe, meseɾe, mitʃinek (A1981); mkrörö (E1980) inheritance See Language page
Wai Wai noro; noro; ero noro; noro; ero inheritance See Language page
Waimiri Atroari anaphoric (he, she, they, it) mykyky, mykyka'a, ka, iry proximal (h)anji, kanji, anjinji, byby, by medial myry distal mo'o,mymo',myky anaphoric (he, she, they, it) mɨkɨkɨ, mɨkɨka'a, ka, irɨ proximal (h)anji, kanji, anjinji, bɨbɨ, bɨ medial mɨrɨ distal mo'o,mɨmo',mɨkɨ See Language page
Yabarana tawɨ See Language page
Yukpa ake, aki, márak ots̺ See Language page
Muisca asy asɨ See Language page
Barí oobãi Colombia: ʔa; ʔi(?), respectively: 'he/she'; 'it'. *Chibchan forms are *a and *i-. See Language page
Northern Emberá idyí, ãndyí idʒí, ãndʒí See Language page
Epena 'iru; 'iči Respectively: unmarked; marked. 'His/hers' is iru-'de 'him/her (unmarked)-of'; iči-'de 'him/her (marked)-of'. See Language page
Guayabero ha-pón, -pon [he]; ha-pów, -pow [she] inheritance Proto-Guahiban See Language page
Macaguan punú [he, she] inheritance Proto-Guahiban See Language page
Sikuani pó-ni: [he], pó-wa: [she] inheritance See Language page
Cuiva 1. ba-pó-n, ba-ra-pó-n, po-n [he], 2. pó-wa, ba-pó-wa, ba-ra-po-wa [she] 1. él, he, 2. ella, she 1. Huber & Reed 1992:202, 2. Huber & Reed 1992:203
Playero báhara-pó-nɨ [he], báhara-po-wá [she] See Language page
Cofán jova, tsa hoβa, tsa phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
Candoshi-Shapra ocha otʃa unknown cf. Cofan, Camsa See Language page
Taushiro na´i naʔi See Language page
Páez quiná kina See Language page
Tikuna ngimax (feminine) [5, 4] ŋimaʔ unique See Language page
Urarina aka aka unique See Language page
Camsa tʃá tʃá See Language page
Andoke žakská unique See Language page
Waorani tõbẽ-gã unique See Language page
Hodï che/kje - he yu/chu - she unique See Language page
Pumé ɔdɛ; inɛ̃ See Language page
Puinave na'a; o'o naʔa; oʔo unique See Language page
Warao aru, tai (he) aɾu, tai (he) See Language page
Ashuar ni (ausent) / áu (present) ni / au See Language page
Huambisa nii ni: See Language page
Aguaruna áu áu inheritance See Language page
Nukak kaan2, kaanʔ2 inheritance See Language page
Kakua kǎn/kǎnʔ inheritance See Language page
Hup tɨ́h tɨ́h inheritance See Language page
Yuhup tɨh tɨh See Language page
Dâw tir tih inheritance See Language page
Nadëb/Roçado dialect ta- (proclitic) inheritance proclitic See Language page
Matses a a inheritance See Language page
Kakataibo aa *Panoan *aa. See Language page
Katukina haa; hatõ; hãwɨ̃ See Language page
Pacahuara 'haa d'Orb aa, haa. See Language page
Shipibo-Konibo ha; nato See Language page
Yaminahua atõ; a Respectively: ergative; absolutive. Also nãtõ; na 'this'; oatõ; oa 'that'. See Language page
Chácobo ha-a ha-a inheritance See Language page
Yagua nini nı̃nı̃ unique See Language page
Southern Pastaza Quechua pay paj See Language page
Ingá pai pai See Language page
Napo Lowland Quichua pai pai See Language page
Quechua Ayacuchano pay paj See Language page
Piaroa jwau hwãũ unknown See Language page
Sáliva llojoh/jixuh ʤohoʔ/hixuʔ unknown See Language page
Bará kɨ̃'ɨ̃́ (masc.), kõ'ṍ (fem.) See Language page
Barasano ~i (m.); so, ~so (YM) (f).; ti (n.) ~i (m.); so, ~so (YM) (f).; ti (n.) See Language page
Cubeo ʉ̃ (masc.), õ (fem.) ɨ̃,õ inheritance See Language page
Carapana cʉ̃/cõ/to kɨ̃/kɔ̃/tɔ See Language page
Desano ĩgʉ̃, igo (she) ĩgɨ̃, igo (she) inheritance See Language page
Kotiria tiro (he); ticoro (she) (Waltz) tíɾo; tikoɾo inheritance E-W Tuk See Language page
Makuna ~i (m.); iso (f.); iti (n.) ~i (m.); iso (f.); iti (n.) inheritance See Language page
Yuruti kɨ̃́, 'kṍ kɨ̃́, 'kṍ See Language page
Waikhana tiki-ro, 'tiko-ro, 'ti tiki-ro, 'tiko-ro, 'ti See Language page
Siriano igó igó See Language page
Tanimuca i'ki (he); i'ko (she) i'ki (he); i'ko (she) inheritance See Language page
Tatuyo kɨ̃ɨ̃, kɨ̃ (he); kõ, 'kõõ (she); tó (it) kɨ̃ɨ̃, kɨ̃ (he); kõ, 'kõõ (she); tó (it) See Language page
Tukano cṹ, có (ella) kṹ/ kó inheritance E-W Tuk See Language page
Tuyuka kɨ̃'ɨ̃ / ko'o / -- kɨ̃ʔɨ̃ / koʔo / -- See Language page
Waimaja kɨ̃́ɨ̃́ (masc.), 'kṍṍ (fem.), 'tóó (neuter) kɨ̃́ɨ̃́ (masc.), 'kṍṍ (fem.), 'tóó (neuter) See Language page
Maihiki ñi aguɨ (male)/ñio ago (female) ɲi agɨ, ɲio ago inheritance See Language page
Koreguaje ikʉ (male) / iko (female) ikʉ / iko inheritance See Language page
Siona pˀa-kˀɨ; pˀakˀo; pˀakˀu pˀa-kˀɨ; pˀakˀo; pˀakˀu inheritance See Language page
Secoya jaë/jao/jequë hã'ɨ̃/'hãõ/'hɛ'kɨ See Language page
Karitiana i i inheritance See Language page
Nheengatu u u inheritance See Language page
Kokama ai ai inheritance See Language page
Wayampi ɔ-; ãwĩ ɔ-; ãwĩ inheritance See Language page
Aché go unknown See Language page
Chiriguano hae inheritance See Language page
Paraguayan Guaraní haʔe See Language page
Sirionó ae ae inheritance See Language page
Kamayurá ɑˀe ɑˀe inheritance See Language page
Ocaina he: áʔii-m̵a, ïïm̵a, ĩĩhã, ha(ʔ)-; she: aʔiiko, ïïko, ĩĩhã, ña, ha- haʔ-; it: tʸã(hï̃), tʸa he: áʔii-m̵a, ɯɯm̵a, ĩĩhã, ha(ʔ)-; she: aʔiiko, ɯɯko, ĩĩhã, ɲa, ha- haʔ-; it: tʲã(hɯ̃), tʲa inheritance See Language page
Nɨpode Witoto he: apέ-ma, da; she: apέŋo; it: dáge he: apέ-ma, da; she: apέŋo; it: dágɛ See Language page
Minica Witoto he: aɸé-mï.e; she: aɸéño; it: í.e he: aɸέ-mɯ.ɛ; she: aɸέŋo; it: í.ɛ See Language page
Murui Witoto he: imɯ.e; she: iñaiño, maiñaiño; it: i.e he: imɯ.ɛ; she: iɲaiɲo, maiɲaiɲo; it: i.ɛ inheritance See Language page
Ninam kama (he/she), thə (it, inanimate EM72) kama (animate), tʰə (inanimate) inheritance See Language page
Yanomam kama (he/she, EM72), thə (it, inanimate EM72) kama, tʰə inheritance See Language page
Yanomami a, kama (he/she, EM72), thə (it, inanimate EM72) a, kama, tʰə inheritance See Language page
Sanumá ki (he she EM72), te (it inan. EM72) ki, te inheritance See Language page
Iquito nu-, nuu (stand-alone pronominal form), anúu, anúuja nu-, nuu (stand-alone pronominal form), anúu, anúuha inheritance See Language page
Záparo na na See Language page
Wari ko maʔ ko maʔ See Language page
Araona da; hoda; homa; oho Also nominative wada. See Language page
Ese Ejja oya inheritance See Language page
Ese Ejja/Huarayo o-ya; o-ya-ya o-ya; o-ya-ya See Language page
Tacana toeda; toaweda Intransitive and transitive, respectively. See Language page
Cavineña to-ke; to-ra (former is absolutive form, latter is ergative form) to-ke; to-ra inheritance See Language page
Central Aymara jupa xupa See Language page
Cayuvava r-; ri- ~ t- ~ ta- ~ ti- te- ~ i- ~ ∅; -ræ See Language page
Itonama ohni; pini See Language page
Kwazá -hata- -hata- See Language page
Mosetén-Chimané mœ; mo Respectively: male and female. See Language page
Movima us-ko; is-ne us-ko; is-ne See Language page
Trumai hine; -n/-e hine; -n/-e unique See Language page
Kaingang ti, -n ti; Φi See Language page
Canela hũũ-tĩ *Jê form is *-tĩ. See Language page
Suyá anĩ (ele), tã anĩ (ele), tã See Language page
Karajá tii See Language page
Djeoromitxi na na See Language page
Chipaya tii; nii; naa Respectively: 'he (close proximity); he (and general) (distant); she (distant)'. See Language page
Mocoví -ʔmaʁare This form must be prefixed by any of the six prefixes, which indicate gender, position, and motion. See discussion in language descriptions of MCV and Toba. See Language page
Pilagá -ʔme Cf. 02.960. See Language page
Toba -maǰi This morpheme occurs with prefixes indicating gender, number, position, and motion. Also for 'they' 02.960. See chart in language descriptions. According to position: ka 'absent', da 'standing', na 'coming', ɲi 'sitting', so 'going', ǰi 'lying'. See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité [zero] See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet -- See Language page
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay oɬam-iɬ See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja l-am See Language page
Maca -akhaʔ-an Means 'he'. 'She' is -ekheʔ-en. See Language page
Nivaclé ɬa-'waača he/she/it https://ids.clld.org/
Ayoreo uu'teʔ; uaa'teʔ See Language page
Mapudungun inčiɲ Plural form. Same form in Ranquel. See Language page
Lokono li li 3rd SG. Pet 1987:23