Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

Chipaya

Family
Uru-Chipayan
Region
South America
ISO 639-3
Location
0.00°, 0.00°
Notes
Features
Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Data Sources
none


Basic Vocabulary (191)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
above encima, arriba acima location c̷eeku; xuntuɲ To put up or on top of is tewš. See Language page
and y e grammar See Language page
ash ceniza(s) cinzas environment ḳʰup See Language page
at en, a em, a location See Language page
back espalda costas body tax Uru-J form is tax. See Language page
bad mal mal quality ana šuma See Language page
belly barriga barriga body pʰuč Uru-J form is č̣ʰiri. See Language page
below abajo, debajo abaixo location ḳoštan To take down, let down is čʰixunš. See Language page
big grande grande quality paḳʰi; nuk-ta Also čakxʷa. To enlarge is tʰaḳ-š; txʷaḳ-š. See Language page
black negro preto colour c̷oḳ See Language page
blood sangre sangue body lxok Also means 'red' 15.660. Uru-J form is lxok. See Language page
boil/pimple espinilla, granos espinha, borbulha body See Language page
bone hueso osso body c̷ʰix Uru-J form is c̷ʰix. See Language page
breast pecho, seno peito body piš See Language page
child niño, niña criança human lukmaxč Male child 'niño'. See Language page
cloud nube nuvem environment c̷xiri A large cloud is aḳʰikila. 'Cloudy' is kopxa; koxpkiš. See Language page
cold frío frio quality saki; laawš The latter means to feel the cold. See Language page
correct/true verdad, de veras verdade quality werara See Language page
day día dia time tʰuɲi; noox The former also means 'sun' 01.520. See Language page
dirty sucio sujo quality loč; lop-; ṣ̌oxr- 'Dirty (skin or clothes)' is kʰaɲa. See Language page
dingo/wolf fauna See Language page
dry seco seco quality ḳʰoɲi Verbal form is ḳʰon-š. See Language page
dull/blunt sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo maçante, desamolado, não afiado quality ana puntučiš Means without a point or edge. See Language page
dust polvo poeira environment ṣ̌ḳeti Also means 'smoke' 01.830. See Language page
ear oreja orelha body kʰuɲi Uru-J form is kʰuɲi. See Language page
earth/soil tierra terra environment yoḳa See Language page
egg huevo ovo fauna šiɲi An egg that is not fresh is xinšxinta. See Language page
eye ojo olho body č̣ʰuxki Pupil of the eye is mamanilʸa. 'Cross-eyed' is č̣ʰuxk ḳaru; ḳˀiṣ̌u. Uru-J form is c̷ʰuxki. Uru-I form is c̷suki. See Language page
far lejos longe quality nakʰu See Language page
fat/grease grasa gordura body kʰewa Uru-J form is kʰewa. A 'fat' animal is x̣ata. See Language page
father padre, papá pai kinship exp Uru-J form is apayšu. Uru-I form is epḳʰaski. See Language page
feather pluma pena fauna pʰaši See Language page
fire fuego fogo environment ux Uru-J form is ux. See Language page
flower flor flor environment pʰaxḳalʸa See Language page
fog niebla, neblina nevoeira, bruma, neblina environment 'Misty' is čomara. See Language page
fruit fruta fruta flora See Language page
good bueno bom quality šuma; wali See Language page
hair (of head) cabello cabelo body čara Uru-J form is čera. See Language page
hand mano mão body ḳxara Includes the arm up to the elbow. 'Fist' is moḳ-o. Uru-J form is ḳxara. Uru-I form is ḳʰara. See Language page
3sg el/ella ele/ela grammar tii; nii; naa Respectively: 'he (close proximity); he (and general) (distant); she (distant)'. See Language page
head cabeza cabeça body ača Uru-J form is ača; Uru-I form is či. See Language page
heavy pesado pesado quality liksi See Language page
how? como como grammar xaknuš See Language page
1sg yo eu grammar werx; wexr-ki Note metathesis. Suffix -ki is a focus particle. 'My' is wext. See Language page
if si se grammar niki See Language page
in/inside dentro, adentro dentro location maxk- To put inside is maxk-š. Also ḳʰuyla; ḳʰuyltan. Suffix form is -kiš. See Language page
intestines intestinos intestinos body walu See Language page
lake lago lago environment x̣oči See Language page
leaf hoja folha environment čʰaɲi; šika The latter means 'green and dry (leaf)'. See Language page
left/left hand izquierdo esquerdo location/body šḳara To do something clumsily, with the left hand is šḳaranta. See Language page
leg/foot pierna perna body lis Uru-J form is lis. See Language page
lightning rayo, relámpago relampago environment lʸiwx lʸiwxɲi See Language page
liver hígado figado body pʰaaxtš See Language page
long largo comprido, longo quality laxč-a See Language page
louse piollo, piojo piolho fauna sami Uru-J form is šami. See Language page
man/male hombre homem human luktaḳa; ṣ̌oɲi Cf. 'husband' 02.310 and 'boy' 02.250. Uru-J form is lukwawa. Uru-I form is luxa. See Language page
meat/flesh carne carne fauna čʰišwi Meat from wild animals is šalʸkˀa a specialized term, perhaps from Aymara (?). See Language page
moon luna lua environment xiiš Also means 'month'14.710. Uru-J form is xiiš. See Language page
mother madre, mamá mãe kinship mama; maa See Language page
mouth boca boca body ata Small mouth is spora. Uru-J form is ata. See Language page
name nombre nome human tʰuu See Language page
near/close cerca de perto quality xeeku 'Here' is tikʰu. See Language page
nape base del cuello, nuca nuca body tota Uru-J form is tota. See Language page
neck cuello pescoço body ḳaši See Language page
new nuevo novo quality ewu Uru-J form is ewu. See Language page
night noche noite time wen; ween Cf. 'dream' 04.620. Uru-J form is wiyani. See Language page
no/not no não grammar See Language page
nose nariz nariz body oša Also ḳʰiri, also means 'turned up'. Uru-J form is oša. See Language page
old viejo velho quality čawkʷa To grow old is čawk-š. See Language page
one uno um number c̷ʰii Also šinta; šintalʸa. Uru-J form is c̷ii. Uru-I form is čˀi. See Language page
other otro outro grammar See Language page
pain/painful/sick dolor, doloroso, enfermo dor, doloroso, doente body kona; laa; laači Also č̣ˀuxlɲi, a high fever. To make sick is laa kʰiš. 'To become sick (in a special context)' is ašinš. See Language page
person/human being persona pessoa human ṣ̌oɲi Uru-J form is ṣ̌oɲi. See Language page
rain lluvia chuva environment čixɲi Verbal form is čix-š. Uru-J form is čixɲi. See Language page
red rojo vermelho colour lxok Also means 'blood' 04.150. See Language page
right/right hand derecha direita location/body ṣ̌ewa Uru-J form is šew. See Language page
road/path camino caminho manufacture xikš See Language page
root raíz raiz flora šepˀa; lxomi The latter is a small edible tuberous root. A thick root is pira. See Language page
rotten podrido podre quality moxkči See Language page
sand arena areia environment pʰila Uru-J form is pʰila. See Language page
sharp afilado, filudo, filoso afiado quality ari; xat- Verbal form is xat-š. See Language page
short corto curto quality ḳolta; ḳoltalʸa See Language page
shoulder hombro ombro body ɲiɲi Uru-J form is ɲiɲi. See Language page
shy/ashamed tímido, vergonzoso timido, com vergonha mental aš-; aššakanaka The latter is noun form 'shameful things'. See Language page
skin piel pele body šḳiši Uru-J form is šḳiši. See Language page
sky cielo céu environment arax̣pača; pača (?) [loan Aymara] Uru-J form is tsiku. Cf. 'above' 12.080. See Language page
small pequeño pequeno quality ḳolta; čʰuxt-u The latter is used of animals. See Language page
smoke humo fumaça environment ṣ̌ḳeti Also means 'dust' 01.213. Uru-J form is ṣ̌ḳeti. See Language page
star estrella estrela environment wara-wara See Language page
stick/wood palo pau, vara flora para Refers to a small stick used for weaving or measuring. See Language page
stone piedra pedra environment č̣ara; maš Respectively: sedimentary rock, a flat, long rock; metamorphic rock. A hard rock, black or grey is ayi. A stone for the 'bola' is miči. Uru-J form is maši. See Language page
tail cola, rabo rabo body kʰurš 'Tailbone, end of spine' is šḳutu. Uru-J form is kʰursi. See Language page
that ese/esa esse grammar See Language page
3pl ellos/ellas eles/elas grammar ninaka See Language page
thick grueso, gordo, espeso grosso quality č̣oḳxa See Language page
thin delgado fino quality ḳooči To become thin is ḳooš; sḳosa. Also lxawa. See Language page
this este/esta este grammar See Language page
2sg xx xx grammar am 'Yours' is am-ta. See Language page
throat garganta garganta body x̣ora Also means 'voice' 18.110. Uru-J form is xora. See Language page
three tres tres number čʰep Uru-J form is čʰep. Uru-I form is čʰipi. See Language page
thunder truenos trovão environment xorxorɲi See Language page
bite morder morder body tʰup-; č̣ˀat-š Respectively: bite with front teeth (to cut); bite of an animal. Uru-J form is tʰup-. See Language page
blow soplar soprar body pʰuxš; tʰam Respectively: people; the wind. See Language page
breathe respirar respirar body xex-; xexa Verbal form is xex-š, also means 'rest' 04.912. See Language page
burn quemar queimar environment tʰap-š See Language page
chew masticar, mascar mastigar body muk- Means 'to chew' for making 'chicha' (a corn drink). See Language page
climb subir subir motion yaw- See Language page
come venir vir motion tʰon-š tʰon-siča means 'he visited'. See Language page
cook cocinar cozinhar impact taḳ-; wexl-š Also ḳis, means to stir while cooking. See Language page
count contar contar mental See Language page
cry llorar chorar mental ḳaa-šša See Language page
cut/hack cortar cortar impact lar-š; rik-š To cut with a hard instrument (two hard pieces), such as teeth, pliers, or rocks, is kˀutš. To cut off is murš. See Language page
die/be dead morir morrer state tik-š; tik-č̣a See Language page
dig cavar cavar impact xʷetš; ḳulxš Respectively: dig a hole; to dig and move dirt with a shovel. See Language page
dream soñar sonhar mental wiy-a Cf. 'night' 14.420. See Language page
drink beber, tomar beber body lik-š See Language page
eat comer comer body luxl-; luxl-š To eat with the hands is č̣ʰawk-š. See Language page
fall caer cair motion eš; txoḳ- Respectively: refers to person falling down; cause to fall (people). To fall over is ḳʰatš. See Language page
fear miedo medo mental c̷ukči; eḳš; isḳs The former means 'fearful'. See Language page
flow fluir fluir motion oxk-š Such as the river. See Language page
fly volar voar motion layš Also means 'jump' 10.430. See Language page
grow crecer crescer state paxḳ-š See Language page
hear oír ouvir mental non-š See Language page
hide esconder esconder motion čʰox-š See Language page
hit golpear, pegar bater impact č̣axk-; xʷaxt-š Respectively: throw and hit with something like a stone; hit with hand or stick. See Language page
hold correr, asegurar, sostener segurar other See Language page
kill matar matar impact kon- Cf. 'sick' 04.840. See Language page
know/be knowledgeable saber, conecer saber, conhecer mental paxš; šiš The former is to recognize a person. See Language page
laugh reír rir mental tx̣as; x̣ar-x̣ar-š See Language page
lie down acostarse, echarse deitar motion axpš See Language page
live/be alive vivir viver, morar body ṣ̌et-š; ṣ̌eti Latter form is noun form. See Language page
open/uncover abrir abrir other kʰet- See Language page
pound/beat machacar, golpear bater impact See Language page
say decir dizer mental kʰi- See Language page
scratch rascar rasgar impact See Language page
see ver ver mental čerš See Language page
shoot tirar, disparar, balear atirar impact tʰak- Means 'to hit, throw the bola (wild game when hunting)'. See Language page
sit sentar(se) sentar state xulš See Language page
sleep dormir dormir body tx̣ax̣- To sleep well is tx̣ax̣i-maačiṣ̌; tx̣ax̣i-matš. Uru-J form is txax-. See Language page
sniff/smell olfatear, oler cheirar body mukš primarily transitive See Language page
spit escupir cuspir body tʰuxt-š; lomi; tʰaxr-ki- Respectively: verbal form; noun form; means 'to cause to salivate', perhaps Aymara or Quechua. To spit out something solid is latš. See Language page
split partir, dividir rachar, dividir, partir impact See Language page
squeeze estrujar, exprimir espremer impact See Language page
stab/pierce apuñalar, acuchillar apunhalar impact č̣ʰap- See Language page
stand estar de pié ficar em pé state apatatš; c̷ʰits- See Language page
steal robar roubar other txaŋ-š See Language page
suck chupar chupar body itš To suckle is tˀit-š. See Language page
swell hincharse inchar body tʰuu-š; -tʰuuči Former is verbal form. Also čˀawa, a hard swelling or lump. See Language page
swim nadar nadar motion See Language page
think pensar pensar mental lapˀiṣ̌iš See Language page
throw tirar, lanzar atirar, jogar impact č̣axk- To throw outside (to 'kick out') is čʰatḳatš. See Language page
tie up/fasten atar, amarrar amarrar impact moḳ-š; č̣exlš The latter means to tie up animals, people. See Language page
turn girar, volter, torcer virar other may be transitive or intransitive See Language page
vomit vomitar vomitar body x̣otš See Language page
walk caminar, andar andar motion oxḳ- Also means 'go' 10.470. Uru-J form is oḳčˀin. See Language page
work trabajar trabalhar other laŋš See Language page
yawn bostezar bocejar body See Language page
tongue lengua lingua body las Uru-J form is natsi. See Language page
tooth diente dente body iṣ̌-ḳe Uru-J form is iṣ̌ḳe. Front teeth are samitʰupš. See Language page
two dos dois number piška Uru-J form is piška. Uru-I form is pisti. See Language page
water agua agua environment ḳʰaš Uru-J form is ḳʰaši. Uru-I form is ḳoši. See Language page
1pl.incl nosotros (inclusivo) nós (inclusivo) grammar uč̣um no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
1pl.excl nosotros (exclusivo) nós (exclusivo) grammar wexr-naka See Language page
wet mojado molhado quality awči; awi Verbal form is aws. See Language page
what? que, qué que grammar č̣ʰulut See Language page
when? cuando quando grammar č̣ʰulora See Language page
where? donde onde grammar xaḳsi; xaḳsi-kin See Language page
white blanco branco colour čiwi See Language page
who? quien, quién quem grammar xekt; xekmi See Language page
wife esposa esposa kinship tʰun Uru-J form is tʰun. See Language page
wind viento vento environment tʰami A northeast wind is xarḳawi; xarḳʰawi. A west wind is tʰami. The god of the wind is šoḳo. Uru-J form is tʰami. See Language page
wing ala asa body ḳx̣ara Cf. 'arm' 04.310; 'hand' 04.330. See Language page
woman/female mujer mulher human maataḳa; ṣ̌on Cf. 'dress' 06.420. Uru-I form is urku. See Language page
yellow amarillo amarelo colour kˀilʸu See Language page
2pl ustedes vocês grammar anč̣ʰuk 'Yours' is anč̣ukalta. See Language page
foot pie pé body ḳx̣oxča wata means 'foot (of animal)'. See Language page
again de nuevo, otra vez de novo grammar wilta See Language page
all todo todos other ḳʰutu; šapa 'Everyone' is šapa-mayni. Also tʰappača lixu. See Language page
ankle tobillo tornozelo body See Language page
armpit axila, sobaco axila body See Language page
faeces heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol fezes body ṣ̌ḳon-š See Language page
lung pulmón pulmão body č̣ʰoxri See Language page
sweat sudar suor, suar body pʰalanš; pʰat-s Noun form is pʰalɲi; pʰalʸɲi. The latter has the meaning of 'bursts', as in 'burst out in sweat'. See Language page
itch hormiguear, sentir comezón coçar body kʰixsinš See Language page
bark corteza casca environment čʰax̣pi See Language page
fingernail uña unha body is-ɲi Also ḳx̣ar is-ɲi. Uru-J form is is-ni. See Language page
heart corazón coração body ḳuš; tuši Uru-J form is tusi. Uru-I form is tuši. See Language page
sun sol sol time tʰuɲi Also means 'day' 14.410. 'Sunshine' is siis. Uru-J form is tʰuɲi. See Language page
mountain/hill montaña, colina, loma, cerro morro, serra environment kuru Also čˀutu, a large or small mound; pata means 'small hill'. See Language page
green verde verde quality čˀoxɲa See Language page
hot caliente quente quality ḳʰaḳi ḳut- means 'to heat'. To be hot from the sun is laxkš; sii. See Language page


Flora Fauna Vocabulary (133)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Linnean Name Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Etymology Notes Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Range of Term Word Structure Word Structure Notes Classifier Classifier Notes Hypernym Source Association with Social Categories Ritual/Mythologically Significant Ritual Notes Food Source Food Notes Medicinal Medicinal Notes How Collected Who Collects How Prepared Psychotropic Psychotropic Notes Traded Trade Notes Distribution Habitat Dangerous Ethnobiology Notes Species Notes General Notes
horse caballo cavalho flora-fauna Equus caballus See Language page
bat murciélago morcego flora-fauna Chiroptera spp. čiɲa See Language page
bird pajaro, ave passaro flora-fauna weṣ̌la See Language page Uru-J form is weṣ̌la.
curassow mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini) mutum flora-fauna Crax sp., Nothocrax sp. See Language page Amazonia
toucan tucán, pinsha (Peru) tucano flora-fauna Ramphastos sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
gray-winged trumpeter Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris jacamim flora-fauna Psophia crepitans See Language page Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões
guan pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru) jacu flora-fauna Penelope sp. See Language page Different types have different localized ranges
tinamou tinamu, perdiz, gallineta inambu, inhambu flora-fauna family Tinamidae See Language page Widespread Amazonia
hummingbird colibrí, picaflor (Peru) beija-flor flora-fauna family Trochilidae See Language page Widespread
kingfisher martín pescador, catalan (Peru) martim-pescador flora-fauna family Alcedinidae See Language page Widespread Amazonia
owl (large) búho, lechuza corujão flora-fauna order Strigiformes ḳoṣ̌ka See Language page Widespread
macaw ara, guacamaya Arara flora-fauna family Psittacidae; Ara sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
parrot loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib) papagaio flora-fauna Amazona amazonica [loru] See Language page Widespread From Span. 'loro'.
dove paloma pomba flora-fauna family Columbidae See Language page
hawk halcón, gavilán gavião flora-fauna family Accipitridae ṣ̌ḳara; mamani [Aymara loan] See Language page Refers to specific kinds of hawks. Also paka. Uru-J form is ṣ̌ḳara.
vulture buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru) urubu flora-fauna family Cathartidae See Language page Widespread South America
duck pato pato, marreco flora-fauna Anatidae family ḳaša See Language page Uru-J form is ḳaša.
great egret Garza Blanca, Guyratî Garça-Branca-Grande flora-fauna Ardea alba See Language page Widespread South America
woodpecker pájaro carpintero, carpintero pica-pau flora-fauna family Picidae See Language page Widespread Amazonia
dog (camp, domestic) perro cachorro flora-fauna Canis famililaris paḳu See Language page Not native; widespread Uru-J form is paḳu.
dog (wild; bush dog) sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta cachorro-do-mato flora-fauna Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis See Language page Widespread Amazonia
anteater oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus tamanduá flora-fauna Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater) See Language page Widespread Amazonian lowlands
armadillo armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo) tatu flora-fauna family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri See Language page Widespread in Amazonia
sloth pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru) macaco preguica flora-fauna Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
alligator, black caiman babilla; cachirre jacaré flora-fauna Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp. See Language page Throughout Amazonia Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi
electric eel anguila eléctrica poraquê flora-fauna Electrophorus electricus See Language page
fish (generic) pez peixe flora-fauna čˀiš; c̷ˀirḳa See Language page Respectively: with scales; without scales.
pacu fish palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru) pacu flora-fauna Mylossoma sp. See Language page
pirana piraña, caribe piranha flora-fauna subfamily Serrasalmidae See Language page Widespread Amazonia
tigerfish taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru) traíra flora-fauna Hoplias sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
mandi catfish maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish) mandi flora-fauna Auchenipterus sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
speckled catfish surubí, pintadillo surubim, sorubim flora-fauna Pseudoplatystoma sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
toad sapo sapo flora-fauna order Anura See Language page
iguana iguana, garipiares (Colombia) camaleão flora-fauna Iguana sp. See Language page iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana
small lizard lagartija calango flora-fauna order Squamata pʰixšḳa See Language page
stingray (generic) rayas látigo, raya arraia flora-fauna Potamotrygon sp. See Language page
crab cangrejo caranguejo flora-fauna infraorder Brachyura See Language page
anaconda anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande sucuri flora-fauna genus Eunectes See Language page Widespread Amazonia
boa boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura jiboia flora-fauna family Boidae, subf. Boinae See Language page
snake (generic) culebra, serpiente cobra flora-fauna šḳora See Language page Uru-J form is šḳora.
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara jararaca flora-fauna Bothrops jararaca/atrox See Language page Widespread South America
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant) tortuga, morrocoy, motelo jabutí, tartaruga flora-fauna Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria See Language page Widespread
Amazon dolphin bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco) boto cor-de-rosa flora-fauna Inia geoffrensis See Language page Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls
mushroom champiñón, hongo cogumelo flora-fauna (any edible generic) See Language page prioritize generic term that includes any edible species
black palm bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá bacaba flora-fauna Oenocarpus bacaba See Language page Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon may be confused in some entries with O. bataua
açai palm huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia) açaí flora-fauna Euterpe sp. See Language page floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia
miriti palm moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti buriti flora-fauna Mauritia flexuosa See Language page Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps trunks contain sago-like starch
palm for roof thatch pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná caraná flora-fauna Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana See Language page Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests palm
paxiuba palm pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba paxiuba flora-fauna Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea See Language page Widespread Amazonia palm
peach palm, pejibaye palm chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol) pupunha flora-fauna Bactris gasipaes See Language page
seje palm ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá patoá, patuá flora-fauna Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua See Language page mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries
coca coca coca flora-fauna Erythroxylum coca See Language page secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes plant
cotton algodón algodão flora-fauna Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers) See Language page secondary scrub vegetation plant; some sources may confound with kapok Ceiba pentandra (esp. if a single gloss for 'cotton' is given')
kapok ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.) sumaumeira flora-fauna Ceiba pentandra See Language page northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas tree
hot pepper ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru) pimenta flora-fauna Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens See Language page secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden plant
peanut maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete amendoim flora-fauna Arachis hypogaea See Language page plant
pineapple piña abacaxi flora-fauna Ananas comosus See Language page plant
arrow cane, wildcane caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio flora-fauna Gynerium sagittatum See Language page tropical regions, especially river banks plant
banana, plantain banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano banana flora-fauna Musa sp. See Language page Names for banana/plantain may be derived from bastard plantain by semantic shift.
beans frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas) feijão flora-fauna Phaseolus spp. See Language page plant
grass hierba, pasto capim, grama flora-fauna (generic) sarḳi; toyi See Language page
maize, corn mazorca, maiz milho flora-fauna Zea mays tara See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
tobacco tabaco tabaco flora-fauna Nicotiana tabacum See Language page plant
tree árbol arvore flora-fauna munti See Language page
achiote, anatto achiote urucum flora-fauna Bixa orellana See Language page secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens shrub
inga guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru) inga flora-fauna Inga spp. See Language page Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia)
avocado palta, aguacate abacate flora-fauna Persea americana See Language page secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens tree
bitterwood tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru) envira flora-fauna Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala See Language page secondary forests, native to Brazil tree
brazil nut castaña castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis) flora-fauna Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia'] See Language page 1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua. tree
cashew anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela) caju flora-fauna Anacardium occidentale / giganteum See Language page secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties
genipap jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico genipapo, jenipapo flora-fauna Genipapa americana See Language page widespread lowland SA shrub
japurá oreja de murcielago japurá flora-fauna Erisma japura See Language page large tree
rubber tree (sorva) caucho, siringa, shiringa seringa, borracha flora-fauna Hevea sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia tree
ucuqui yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru) ucuqui flora-fauna Pouteria ucuqui See Language page native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant
Amazon tree-grape uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.) cucura flora-fauna Pourouma cecropiifolia See Language page grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times a tree; not a true grape
manioc (bitter or generic) yuca brava mandioca flora-fauna Manihot esculenta See Language page not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield
manioc (sweet) yuca, caribe macaxeira flora-fauna Manihot esculenta See Language page Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
potato papa batata flora-fauna Solanum tuberosum See Language page secondary scrub vegetation compare entries for sweet potato
potato, sweet potato camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara batata-doce flora-fauna Ipomoea batatas See Language page plant
cará tuber, purple or white camote, sachapapa cará roxo, branco flora-fauna Dioscorea sp. See Language page secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings plant
tannia, yautia huitina (Peru), ñame taioba branca flora-fauna Xanthosoma spp. See Language page
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree) calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara cabaça flora-fauna Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine) See Language page indigenous gardens plant; tree
squash calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru) abóbora flora-fauna Cucurbita sp. See Language page plant
cipó vine tamishi, bejuco, yare cipó flora-fauna Heteropsis spp. See Language page secondary forest, floodplain vine
fish poison, barbasco barbasco, matapez (Colombia) timbó flora-fauna Lonchocarpus spp. See Language page secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation shrub/tree
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca ayahuasca, yage ayahuasca, caapi flora-fauna Banisteriopsis caapi See Language page semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW vine
hallucinogenic snuff vilca, cebil, yopo paricá, yopo flora-fauna Anadenanthera sp. or virola See Language page
insect (generic) insecto insecto flora-fauna generic See Language page
ant (generic) hormiga formiga flora-fauna Formicidae kˀišimiri See Language page
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro tocandira flora-fauna Paraponera clavata See Language page
leaf-cutter ant Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse saúva flora-fauna Atta sp. See Language page
honeybee abeja abelha flora-fauna Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis See Language page
cockroach cucaracha barata-do-mato flora-fauna order Blattaria See Language page
firefly, lightning bug lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin) vagalume flora-fauna fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae See Language page
butterfly, moth mariposa borboleta flora-fauna order Lepidoptera pilpinti [cf. Aymara] See Language page
moth mariposa nocturna, polilla mariposa flora-fauna order Lepidoptera See Language page
angleworm lombriz minhoca flora-fauna order Opisthopora See Language page A water worm is skipu.
centipede ciempiés centopéia flora-fauna class Chilopoda See Language page
scorpion escorpión; alacran escorpião flora-fauna order Scorpiones yeḳˀačuŋkʰa See Language page Prob. from Aymara.
cicada cigarra, chicharra cigarra flora-fauna super fam. Cicadoidea See Language page
flea pulga pulga flora-fauna order Siphonaptera See Language page
blowfly/housefly mosca mosca flora-fauna Diptera lorakana See Language page
cricket saltón, grillo grilo flora-fauna family Gryllidae See Language page
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil) suri, mojojoy larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá flora-fauna Rhynchophorus sp. See Language page
praying mantis, stick insects mantis religiosa louva-a-deus flora-fauna order Mantodea, family Mantidae See Language page
mosquito mosquito, zancudo mosquito, carapana flora-fauna Anopheles sp. See Language page
termites, white-ants comején (Peru), termitas cupim flora-fauna order Isoptera See Language page
tick garrapata carrapato flora-fauna superfam Ixodoidea See Language page
wasp avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa caba flora-fauna order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita ux-ux-ɲi See Language page Includes morpheme for 'fire' ux 01.810.
snail caracol, churo (Peru) caracol flora-fauna class Gastropoda See Language page
spider araña aranha flora-fauna Arachnidae, Araneae kalʸa-kalʸa See Language page Refers to a black spider. A white spider is wayu.
jaguar yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru) onca flora-fauna Panthera onca See Language page
manatee vaca marina, manatí peixe-boi flora-fauna Trichechus sp. See Language page
brown woolly monkey Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt macaco barrigudo flora-fauna Lagothrix lagothricha See Language page
howler monkey (red-handed) mono aullador, mono coto (Peru) guariba flora-fauna Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.] See Language page
tufted capuchin monkey mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero macaco prego flora-fauna Cebus apella See Language page
white-fronted capuchin Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru) Caiarara flora-fauna Cebus albifrons See Language page
white-fronted spider monkey Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia) macaco aranha, coatá, quatá flora-fauna Ateles belzebuth/paniscus See Language page
opossum zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo mucura flora-fauna family Didelphidae See Language page
giant otter Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria ariranha flora-fauna Pteronura brasiliensis See Language page
neotropical otter (small) Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia) lontra flora-fauna Lontra longicaudis See Language page
collared peccary sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar caititu, caetitu flora-fauna Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu See Language page
white-lipped peccary Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana queixada flora-fauna Tayassu pecari See Language page
porcupine puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru) cuandu, porco-espinho flora-fauna family Erethizontidae See Language page
cotamundi, coatimundi Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache quati flora-fauna genus Nasua See Language page
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti) Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado cutia flora-fauna Dasyprocta spp. See Language page
capybara Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco capivara flora-fauna Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris See Language page
green acouchi Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo cutiara flora-fauna Myoprocta pratti See Language page
paca (lowland) Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana) paca flora-fauna Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.) See Language page
mouse, rat ratón camundongo, rata flora-fauna Mus musculus ačiku; ačuku See Language page
squirrel ardilla, danta (Ven) serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo flora-fauna family Sciuridae See Language page
tapir sachavaca, danta anta flora-fauna Tapirus terrestris See Language page
deer venado veado, cariacu flora-fauna family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus See Language page


Cultural Vocabulary (97)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Word Structure Word Structure Notes General Notes Source
basket (general) canasta, canasto, cesta cesto culture-material ṣ̌epa A small open-weave b. Also pac̷, means 'to make a b. (low, flat)', tightly woven of straw and pig thong. See Language page
basket, small canasta, canasto, cesta cesto pequeno, tampado culture-material See Language page
bead abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar miçanga culture-material See Language page
bed cama cama culture-material axpš See Language page
hammock hamaca, chinchorro rede culture-material See Language page
bench, seat banco, silla, asiento banco culture-material See Language page
canoe canoa canoa transport warku See Language page
drum (large signal) tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia) tambor culture Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances See Language page
drum tambor tambor culture-mythology kaxa See Language page
shaman, healer chamán, brujo xaman, pajé, feiticeiro culture-mythology yatiri; waytˀiri In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
healer curandero benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano) culture-mythology Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well. See Language page
broom escoba vassoura culture-material See Language page
clothing ropa roupa culture-mythology škiti Uru-J form is škiti. See Language page
fence, palisade cerco cerca other may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
firewood leña lenha other ṣ̌up Cf. 'pole' 07.560. Uru-J form is para. See Language page
Curupira (spirit type) Curupira, Madremonte Curupira culture-mythology malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region See Language page
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio espirito culture-mythology See Language page
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure dios(es), deidad divinidade, figura mítica culture-mythology [yooš] From Span. 'Dios'. See Language page
flute flauta, quena (Peru) flauta culture-mythology pirkalʸu multiple types? japurutu, deer-bone, etc. See Language page
panpipe carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora caniço, flauta de pã culture-mythology See Language page
hollow log/trough for beer-making canoa para chicha cocho de caxiri narcotics See Language page
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya) kapiwaya capiwaya culture-mythology See Language page
knife cuchillo faca culture-material See Language page
machete machete facão culture-material See Language page
axe/stone axe hacha (de piedra) machado (de pedra) subsistence tool [ača] From Span. 'hacha'. See Language page
arrow flecha flecha subsistence tool hunting, warfare See Language page
spear lanza lança subsistence tool See Language page
bow arco arco subsistence tool arco See Language page
paddle/oar remo remo transport See Language page
plate plato prato culture-material kˀoru; čuwa Also šḳʰex̣ra, a shallow plate. See Language page
pot olla, pote panela, vasilha subsistence tool ḳʰuč̣a See Language page
basin/bowl tazón, plato hondo, taza tijela culture-material kˀoru See Language page
griddle for cooking flatbread tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru) forno para beiju subsistence tool To put in the oven is anantiš. See Language page
rattle matraca, maraca marico, chocalho culture-mythology See Language page
resin resina, brea, copal resina, brea, breu subsistence tool See Language page
wax cera cera other See Language page
honey miel mel food miskˀi only gathered in wild throughout Amazonia? See Language page
stone for lighting fires piedra para hacer fuego pedra para acender fogo culture-material See Language page
rope/string mecate, cuerda, soga corda culture ḳoxč Uru-J form is ḳoxč. Also kˀaya, a tightly braided rope. A rope used for measuring is eḳa. Rope made of straw is ḳaru. Rope with four 'caitos' is molukˀu. R. with five 'caitos' is šḳata. R. with eight 'caitos' is tika; tikḳoč. A 'caito' is a braided rope o See Language page
tattoo tatuaje, tatu tatuagem culture-mythology See Language page
thatch/roof crisneja palha, caraná culture-material čoxša Refers to the 'tola' for the roof. Cf. Quechua 'hut' 07.130. also pʰit, 'straw'. See Language page
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women) yurupari jurupari culture-mythology a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women. See Language page
fetish, charm fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga feitiço, puçanga culture-mythology See Language page
feather headdress plumaje, corona de plumas enfeite/capacete de penas culture-mythology See Language page
paint body, body paint pintura corporal pintura corporal culture-mythology See Language page
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven tierra do los muertos terra dos mortos culture-mythology araxpača See Language page
school escuela escola acculturation See Language page
bottle botella garrafa acculturation See Language page
paper papel papel acculturation [papila] From Span. 'papel'. See Language page
dream sueño, soñar sonho, sonhar culture-mythology wiy-a Cf. 'night' 14.420. See Language page
chicken gallina galinha acculturation walʸpa See Language page
grave tumba, sepultura, sepulcro sepultura, sepulcro, cova culture-mythology [sipultura] From Span. 'sepultura'. See Language page
pipe for tobacco pipa cachimbo other See Language page
sugarcane/sugar azúcar, caña de azúcar açucar (de cana) acculturation See Language page
skirt falda, saya, fustan, pollera saia culture-material See Language page
shoes zapatos sapatos dress č̣ʰata Refers to sandals. To put on sandals is č̣ʰat-š. See Language page
policeman polícia policía acculturation See Language page
soldier soldado soldado acculturation See Language page
cat gato gato acculturation [miši] See Language page
gun arma, escopeta espingarda, fusil acculturation See Language page
hat sombero chapéu dress skara See Language page
chief/leader jefe, cacique chefe culture-mythology xiliri See Language page
club garrote, cachiporra clava, porrete subsistence tool See Language page
loincloth taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla tanga, tapa-sexo dress See Language page
fireplace hogar lareira other See Language page
fishing line cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze linha de pesca subsistence tool A hunting line for catching flamingos is čala. See Language page
salt sal sal food yaku Rock salt' is ḳulo/ḳulu. Uru-J form is yiku. See Language page
song (generic) canción, canto canção culture-mythology it-s A special kind of singing with words is rim-š. See Language page
blowgun cerbatana, pucuna (Peru) zarabatana subsistence tool currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region See Language page
dart (blowgun) dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru) dardo, seta subsistence tool hunting and warfare See Language page
fan abanico abanador, abano subsistence tool esp. for fanning a cooking fire See Language page
fish (with line) anzuelear, pescar con linea pescar (com linha) food See Language page
fish (with fish-poison) pescar con barbasco, barbasquear pescar com timbó; tinguijar food See Language page
hunt cazar caçar food parina xwaxti oxḳ Refers to flamingo hunting, 'to go to hit' flamingo. See Language page
game animal caza, animal de caza caça, animal de caça food Interesting correlation to 'fish' in Tukanoan languages See Language page
gourd (dipper/bowl) cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo cuia subsistence tool See Language page
grater rallador, rallo ralador, ralo subsistence tool esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well See Language page
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf) barbacoa jirau subsistence tool See Language page
mortar mortero pilão subsistence tool takira, tʰaax; txʷaax The latter is a grinding stone, used on flat surface. See Language page
pestle pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor mão de pilão subsistence tool tʰaax; txʷaax The latter is a grinding stone, used on flat surface. See Language page
fermented drink masato, chicha caxiri, chicha culture keši Refers to 'chicha'. See Language page
flour/meal from manioc fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina farinha food xakˀu Flour that is not ground well is čʰama. See Language page
flat bread, cassava bread pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe beiju food usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits See Language page
starch (tapioca, other) almidón goma de tapioca food See Language page
tapioca drink, mingau cahuana, caguana mingau food agriculture See Language page
tipiti (manioc squeezer) tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca tipiti food word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc See Language page
tripod for washing manioc trípode tripé subsistence tool agriculture See Language page
venom for darts, poison veneno curare subsistence tool hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?) See Language page
woven strainer/sieve colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru) peneira, cumatá subsistence tool agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour See Language page
bait for fishing cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru) isca subsistence tool can refer to worms; more generic See Language page
fishtrap trampa de peces, trampa matapi, cacuri subsistence tool kakuna Uru-J form is kana. See Language page
bottom grinding stone manufacture if different word from top grinding stone See Language page
digging stick subsistence tool See Language page
top grinding stone metate, mano; piedra de moler metate, mano manufacture use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone See Language page
boomerang/throwing stick (generic) subsistence tool See Language page
spearthrower subsistence tool See Language page
house other ḳʰuya A house not in use is ḳatsa. Uru-J form is ḳʰuya. Uru-I form is ḳoya. See Language page