Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

fence, palisade

Semantic Field
other
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
cerco
Meaning Portuguese
cerca

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Word Structure Word Structure Notes General Notes Source
Kakua wâyat-hɨdɨʔ wâyat-hʉdʉʔ [?-keep/hold] unknown Other complex ?-keep/hold may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Nheengatu kurara kurara loan Arawak or Spanish/Portuguese WW %kurara Nheengatu as likely donor into Arawak (e.g. Wapishana kʰurara); Baniwa koɻáaɻa; Nheengatu kurara; Northern Emberá korrá Simplex may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Waorani wææ kæ-ĩ unique Other complex wææ kæ= hinder, prevent; ĩ=?? may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Hodï mena laho unique Simplex may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Yanomami arana aɾana doubtful loan Spanish corral, via Arawak kurara Simplex may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Ninam šokia wei (ids) ʃ̌okia wei (ids) unknown Derived ʃ̌okia, unclear; wei nominalizer may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Kotiria pari kùnu pari kùnu loan TG pari Compound may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Cubeo biaido biaido fence, enclosure ('cerca') unknown Classifier -do may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Tukano sã'rî-ro sã'rî-ro inheritance shared Tuyuka Simplex may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Desano pohro pohro unknown Simplex may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Maihiki ɨayigo ja ɨajigo xã unknown may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Hup hicǎd hicǎd inheritance Tukano? Other complex FACTITIVE-? may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Dâw saàd ʃâd inheritance may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Sikuani [maneritanae (31)(wood to make fences)] missing may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Akawaio pe'wï peʔwɨ unknown may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Makushi seereka (SM) seereka (SM) loan Spanish/Portuguese may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Eñepa y-ankahtə-toʔ; tyankan, -ankajtë- (MM) j-ankahtë-tɔʔ; tjankan, -ankahtǝ- (MM) unknown Alternate: j-ankahtë-tɔʔ may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Yukuna kurára (R01) kurára (R01) loan Spanish/Portuguese may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Tariana wisíwai; na-itaníwi; yaɾukanáwi wisíwai; na-itaníwi; jaɾukanáwi unknown Alternate: wisíwei, na-itaníwi; jaɾukanáwi Simplex may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Wapishana kʰurara kʰurara loan Spanish/Portuguese WW %kurara Nheengatu kurara; Northern Emberá korrá Simplex may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Baniwa koráara koɻáaɻa loan Spanish/Portuguese WW %kurara Spanish source, via Nheengatu? Arawak (e.g. Wapishana kʰurara); Baniwa koɻáaɻa; Yavitero ku'rara; Nheengatu kurara; Northern Emberá korrá Simplex may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Achagua kuɻáaɻa (R01), kúura kuɻáaɻa (R01), kúura loan Spanish/Portuguese may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Piapoco kuráaru (R01) kuráaru (R01) may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Yavitero ku'rara ~ ku'ľaľa ku'rara ~ ku'ľaľa may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Wayuu kuľaľa Also puuľu, made of branches piled up. See Language page
Ignaciano nare-če; 'yučama may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Trinitario yučmo may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Baure ečosoe etʃosoe doubtful loan, direction unknown Siriono etarõsa may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Waurá aža-tapi aža-tapi unknown may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Cha'palaa 'weeta may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Bora mihlle, pámɨjco miʔtʃe, pʰámɨxkʰo unknown may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Mapoyo yawatapï'bë (?) yawatapʊ'bɛ (?) may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Wai Wai waača waača unknown may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Yukpa masísetupre masísetupre may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Muisca ca ka may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Barí watišišeše may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Northern Emberá korrá korá (from Spanish?) may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Cofán na´inchoe, pporotsse naʔintʃoɛ, phorotshɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Candoshi-Shapra vátsiriíta wátsiɾiita unknown cf. Ashuar wenúti may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Páez cafind kafind may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Tikuna na-pôgue (Alv44) naʔpoge unique may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Urarina ičï-nehe ičʉ-nehe unique may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Pumé jachí dãĩ may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Puinave wai wai unique may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Ashuar wenúrmau, wenúti wɯnurmau, wɯnuti may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Aguaruna taníish, péeg taní:ʃ, pɨ:g unknown may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Katukina kɨnɨ Also means 'room' 07.210; 'wall' 07.270. See Language page
Shipibo-Konibo čitɨ; kɨnɨ may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Yaminahua kɨnɨ-a See 'wall' 07.270. See Language page
Chácobo panɨwa- panɨwa- doubtful loan TG pari may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Yagua puryesiy purjesij unknown cf. TG pari may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Southern Pastaza Quechua caylla, cuchu kajʎa, tʃutʃu may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Ingá kincha kintʃa may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Napo Lowland Quichua mayan majan may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Quechua Ayacuchano qencha, perqa qentʃa, peɾqa may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Piaroa emuɨhunúh, muɨ'epuɨh emuɨhunúh, muɨɁepuɨh unknown may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Sáliva ohwahixa oʔwaʔixa unknown may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Tuyuka sã'dĩ-rõ sã'dĩ-rõ may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Kokama yuta juta unknown may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Wayampi pali pali unknown prob. TG, cf. ARN terms for 'fish barrier' may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Aché bue pečeatɨgi unique may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Chiriguano 'hokai may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Paraguayan Guaraní [kora]; t-o'kai may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Sirionó etarõsa etarõsa doubtful loan, direction unknown Baure etʃosoe may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Ocaina áán̈urah áán:ɯraʔ inheritance? may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Murui Witoto iaɨ́reì, ianoride iaɯ̀rɛì, ianoridɛ (B83) inheritance? may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Wari tawit (Sousa2009) tawit (Sousa2009) may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Ese Ejja hiiyo unique may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Tacana etiweiri may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Cavineña e-taraka-ne-ke; espiki (IDS notes the unusual consonant cluster in "espiki") e-taraka-ne-ke; espiki unique may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Central Aymara uyu may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Itonama wačobo; ahminičuloʔtʸo may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Mosetén-Chimané 'sope may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Movima čaʔ-ɓes tʃaʔ-ɓes may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Trumai ɨuɨr xomama ɨuɨr xomama unique may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Kaingang rò rɔ may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Djeoromitxi nitäkä nitǝkǝ may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Mocoví l-apo-ʁon-aʁat Lit. '3p possessor-cover-intrans-instrument (masc)'. See Language page
Pilagá ḳopadit Refers to fence made of posts and/or wire. See Language page
Toba [laamde] From Span. 'alambre' (wire). See Language page
Lengua ap-hathta may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité nosiyaniŋ may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet neŋhaɬtaam; moopeeyeen-yaamet may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay to-la'hʷek may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja -lafʷek (m.) Cf. 07.150. See Language page
Maca #NAME? may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Nivaclé ašklɔfeč may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
Mapudungun [koral] From Spanish 'corral'. Same in Ranquel. See Language page
Qawasqar yec̷etḳana From Ag. See Language page
Kariña jaran jaran fence, enclosure Courtz 2007:284