Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

Aguaruna

Family: Chicham (Jivaroan)
Region: South America
ISO 639-3: agr
Location: -5.30°, -77.92°
Notes
Features: Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Grammatical Data

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Data Sources: Overall, Simon. 2007. A grammar of Aguaruna. PhD Dissertation, La Trobe University, Bundoora. Wipio, Gerardo (recop.). 1996. Diccionario aguaruna-castellano, castellano-aguaruna.ILV, Lima.

Basic Vocabulary (191)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Etymology Code	Loan Source	General Notes	Source
1pl.excl	nosotros (exclusivo)	nós (exclusivo)	grammar			missing			See Language page
1pl.incl	nosotros (inclusivo)	nós (inclusivo)	grammar	íi	i:	inheritance		no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted	See Language page
1sg	yo	eu	grammar	wi	wi	inheritance		For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms	See Language page
2pl	ustedes	vocês	grammar	átum	átum	inheritance			See Language page
2sg	xx	xx	grammar	áme	ámɨ	inheritance			See Language page
3pl	ellos/ellas	eles/elas	grammar	dita	dita	inheritance			See Language page
3sg	el/ella	ele/ela	grammar	áu	áu	inheritance			See Language page
above	encima, arriba	acima	location	awántak, tuntupén	awantak, tuntupɨn	unique			See Language page
again	de nuevo, otra vez	de novo	grammar	aták, yamá	atak, jama	inheritance; unknown			See Language page
all	todo	todos	other	ashí	aʃi	inheritance			See Language page
and	y	e	grammar						See Language page
ankle	tobillo	tornozelo	body	wanus	wanus	inheritance			See Language page
armpit	axila, sobaco	axila	body	tsuká	tsuká	doubtful loan	Spanish sobaco		See Language page
ash	ceniza(s)	cinzas	environment	yugkúnip	jungkunip	inheritance			See Language page
at	en, a	em, a	location						See Language page
back	espalda	costas	body	tuntúp	tuntup	inheritance			See Language page
bad	mal	mal	quality	pégkechau, yájau	pɨngkɨtʃau, jáxau	inheritance			See Language page
bark	corteza	casca	environment	saepé	saɨpɨ	inheritance			See Language page
belly	barriga	barriga	body	tan'tan (IDS)	tan'tan	inheritance			See Language page
below	abajo, debajo	abaixo	location	ajáuu	axau:	unique			See Language page
big	grande	grande	quality	múun	mú:n	inheritance			See Language page
bite	morder	morder	body	esát	ɨsat	inheritance			See Language page
black	negro	preto	colour	bukúsea	bukúsɨa	inheritance			See Language page
blood	sangre	sangue	body	númpa	númpa	inheritance	cf. Cofan		See Language page
blow	soplar	soprar	body	umpúut	umpu:t	inheritance			See Language page
boil/pimple	espinilla, granos	espinha, borbulha	body	pántsum	pantsum	unique			See Language page
bone	hueso	osso	body	ukúnchi	ukúntʃi	inheritance			See Language page
breast	pecho, seno	peito	body	detsép, múntsu	dɨtsɨp, múntsu	inheritance			See Language page
breathe	respirar	respirar	body	mayatút	majatut	inheritance			See Language page
burn	quemar	queimar	environment	aéset, ekémat, apét	aɨsɨt, ɨkɨmat, apɨt	unknown; inheritance			See Language page
chew	masticar, mascar	mastigar	body	daút, kajít	daut, kaxit	unique; unique			See Language page
child	niño, niña	criança	human	úchi/náwa	útʃi/náwa	inheritance			See Language page
climb	subir	subir	motion	wát	wat	inheritance?			See Language page
cloud	nube	nuvem	environment	yujagkím	juxangkim	inheritance			See Language page
cold	frío	frio	quality	bichámchatu	bitʃámtʃatu	inheritance			See Language page
come	venir	vir	motion	minít, táat	minit, ta:t	unknown			See Language page
cook	cocinar	cozinhar	impact	inajút	inaxut	inheritance			See Language page
correct/true	verdad, de veras	verdade	quality	dekás	dɨkas	inheritance			See Language page
count	contar	contar	mental	dekápat	dɨkapat	inheritance			See Language page
cry	llorar	chorar	mental	búutut	bu:tut	unique			See Language page
cut/hack	cortar	cortar	impact	tsúpit, kúwaut	tsupit, kuwaut	loan (into protolanguage?), direction unknown	Candoshi		See Language page
day	día	dia	time	tsawán	tsawán	inheritance			See Language page
die/be dead	morir	morrer	state	besét	bɨsɨt	unique			See Language page
dig	cavar	cavar	impact	taúmat	taumat	inheritance			See Language page
dingo/wolf			fauna	dúbu (Spanish loan)	dubu				See Language page
dirty	sucio	sujo	quality	tsuwát, wapík	tsuwat, wapik	unique; inheritance			See Language page
dream	soñar	sonhar	mental	kajamát	kaxamat	inheritance			See Language page
drink	beber, tomar	beber	body	úmut	úmut	inheritance			See Language page
dry	seco	seco	quality	búku	búku	unique			See Language page
dull/blunt	sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo	maçante, desamolado, não afiado	quality	suyujú	sujuxu				See Language page
dust	polvo	poeira	environment	tsétse	tsɨtsɨ				See Language page
ear	oreja	orelha	body	kuwísh	kuwíʃ	doubtful loan, direction unknown	Candoshi		See Language page
earth/soil	tierra	terra	environment	núgka	núngka	inheritance			See Language page
eat	comer	comer	body	yút	jút	inheritance			See Language page
egg	huevo	ovo	fauna	nujín	nuxín	inheritance			See Language page
eye	ojo	olho	body	jíi	xí:	inheritance			See Language page
faeces	heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol	fezes	body	tsuwát	tsuwat	unique			See Language page
fall	caer	cair	motion	iyáut	ijaut	inheritance			See Language page
far	lejos	longe	quality	atúshat, dúkap, aján	atuʃat, dukap, axan	unique			See Language page
fat/grease	grasa	gordura	body	kuntúk	kuntúk	inheritance			See Language page
father	padre, papá	pai	kinship	ápa	ápa	inheritance			See Language page
fear	miedo	medo	mental	ishámamu	iʃamamu	inheritance			See Language page
feather	pluma	pena	fauna	úje	úxɨ	inheritance			See Language page
fingernail	uña	unha	body	nanchík	nantʃík	inheritance			See Language page
fire	fuego	fogo	environment	jíi	xí:	inheritance			See Language page
flow	fluir	fluir	motion	yumi 'pugkanu (IDS)	jumi pugkanu	unknown			See Language page
flower	flor	flor	environment	yagkúg	jangkung	inheritance			See Language page
fly	volar	voar	motion	nanamát	nanamát	inheritance			See Language page
fog	niebla, neblina	nevoeira, bruma, neblina	environment	yuhagkim uc̷anhau	juhagkim utsanhau				See Language page
foot	pie	pé	body	dáwe	dáwɨ	inheritance			See Language page
fruit	fruta	fruta	flora	jigkái, néje	xingkai, nɨxɨ	unique; inheritance			See Language page
good	bueno	bom	quality	pégkeg	pɨngkɨng	inheritance			See Language page
green	verde	verde	quality	samékbau	samɨkbau	inheritance			See Language page
grow	crecer	crescer	state	aentsmágat, muúmpat	aɨntsmagat, mu:mpat	unique; unique			See Language page
hair (of head)	cabello	cabelo	body	intásh	intáʃ	inheritance			See Language page
hand	mano	mão	body	uwéj	uwɨx	inheritance			See Language page
head	cabeza	cabeça	body	buúk	bu:k	inheritance			See Language page
hear	oír	ouvir	mental	ántut	ántut	inheritance			See Language page
heart	corazón	coração	body	anentái	anɨntái	inheritance			See Language page
heavy	pesado	pesado	quality	kakaúchu	kakautʃu	unique			See Language page
hide	esconder	esconder	motion	eját	ɨxat	unique			See Language page
hit	golpear, pegar	bater	impact	awatút, íjut	awatut, ixut	inheritance; unknown			See Language page
hold	correr, asegurar, sostener	segurar	other	ichíchtut	itʃitʃtut	unique			See Language page
hot	caliente	quente	quality	sukutín	sukutín	unique			See Language page
how?	como	como	grammar	wajúk	waxuk	unique			See Language page
if	si	se	grammar	ehé	ɨʔɨ				See Language page
in/inside	dentro, adentro	dentro	location	ínitak	initak	inheritance			See Language page
intestines	intestinos	intestinos	body	ámpug	ampung	inheritance			See Language page
itch	hormiguear, sentir comezón	coçar	body	tejéet	tɨxɨ:t				See Language page
kill	matar	matar	impact	máut	máut	inheritance			See Language page
know/be knowledgeable	saber, conecer	saber, conhecer	mental	dékamu	dɨkamu	unique			See Language page
lake	lago	lago	environment	kuča (Quechua cocha)	kutʃa	loan (into protolanguage?)	Quechua		See Language page
laugh	reír	rir	mental	dushíkagtut	duʃikangtut	unique			See Language page
leaf	hoja	folha	environment	dúka	dúka	inheritance			See Language page
left/left hand	izquierdo	esquerdo	location/body	ména	mɨna	inheritance			See Language page
leg/foot	pierna	perna	body	kagkág	kangkang	unique			See Language page
lie down	acostarse, echarse	deitar	motion	tepét	tɨpɨt	inheritance			See Language page
lightning	rayo, relámpago	relampago	environment	péem	pɨ:m	inheritance			See Language page
live/be alive	vivir	viver, morar	body	pujút	puxut	inheritance			See Language page
liver	hígado	figado	body	akáp	akáp	inheritance			See Language page
long	largo	comprido, longo	quality	esájam	ɨsaxam	doubtful loan (into protolanguage?)	Jivaroan		See Language page
louse	piollo, piojo	piolho	fauna	téma	tɨma	inheritance		order Phtiraptera	See Language page
lung	pulmón	pulmão	body	súwach	suwatʃ	doubtful loan (into protolg?), direction unknown	Candoshi		See Language page
man/male	hombre	homem	human	áishmag	áiʃmang	inheritance			See Language page
meat/flesh	carne	carne	fauna	néje	nɨxɨ	unique			See Language page
moon	luna	lua	environment	nántu	nántu	inheritance			See Language page
mother	madre, mamá	mãe	kinship	dúku	dúku	inheritance			See Language page
mountain/hill	montaña, colina, loma, cerro	morro, serra	environment	íkam	íkam	inheritance			See Language page
mouth	boca	boca	body	wénu	wɨnu	inheritance			See Language page
name	nombre	nome	human	da, na	da, na	inheritance			See Language page
nape	base del cuello, nuca	nuca	body	kuntujé	kuntuxɨ				See Language page
near/close	cerca de	perto	quality	ijús	ixus	inheritance			See Language page
neck	cuello	pescoço	body	kuntug, súwe	kuntung, suwɨ	inheritance			See Language page
new	nuevo	novo	quality	yamájan	jamáxam	inheritance			See Language page
night	noche	noite	time	káshi	káʃi	inheritance			See Language page
no/not	no	não	grammar	atsá	atsa	doubtful loan, direction unknown	Boran		See Language page
nose	nariz	nariz	body	dúji, níji	dúxi, níxi	inheritance			See Language page
old	viejo	velho	quality	múuntuch	mú:ntutʃ	unique			See Language page
one	uno	um	number	bakichik	bakitʃik	inheritance			See Language page
open/uncover	abrir	abrir	other	dakaekáu. juwáekiu	dakaɨkau, xuwaɨkiu	unknown; unknown			See Language page
other	otro	outro	grammar	tíkich	tikitʃ	inheritance			See Language page
pain/painful/sick	dolor, doloroso, enfermo	dor, doloroso, doente	body	jáu	xau	unique			See Language page
person/human being	persona	pessoa	human	aénts	aɨnts	inheritance			See Language page
pound/beat	machacar, golpear	bater	impact	dekéet, initát	dɨkɨ:t, initat				See Language page
rain	lluvia	chuva	environment	pujánti, yúmi	puxanti, jumi	unique; inheritance			See Language page
red	rojo	vermelho	colour	kapántu	kapántu	inheritance			See Language page
right/right hand	derecha	direita	location/body	tutúpit	tutupit	unique			See Language page
road/path	camino	caminho	manufacture	jínta	xínta	inheritance			See Language page
root	raíz	raiz	flora	kagkáp	kangkáp	inheritance			See Language page
rotten	podrido	podre	quality	kaujú, mámush	kauxu, mamuʃ	inheritance; unique			See Language page
sand	arena	areia	environment	kámatak	kámatak	unique			See Language page
say	decir	dizer	mental	tút(a)	tút(a)	inheritance			See Language page
scratch	rascar	rasgar	impact	nanchikít	nantʃikit	inheritance			See Language page
see	ver	ver	mental	diít	di:t	unknown			See Language page
sharp	afilado, filudo, filoso	afiado	quality	úyuk	ujuk	unique			See Language page
shoot	tirar, disparar, balear	atirar	impact	ípatut	ipatut	inheritance			See Language page
short	corto	curto	quality	báchik, sútag	batʃik, sutang	unique; inheritance			See Language page
shoulder	hombro	ombro	body	yakái	jakai	inheritance			See Language page
shy/ashamed	tímido, vergonzoso	timido, com vergonha	mental	sápig, datsámin	saping, datsamin	inheritance; inheritance			See Language page
sit	sentar(se)	sentar	state	ekémat	ɨkɨmat	inheritance			See Language page
skin	piel	pele	body	duwáp	duwáp	inheritance			See Language page
sky	cielo	céu	environment	nayaím	najaim	inheritance			See Language page
sleep	dormir	dormir	body	kánut	kánut	inheritance			See Language page
small	pequeño	pequeno	quality	manchúuch	mantʃú:tʃ	unique			See Language page
smoke	humo	fumaça	environment	bukunát	bukunát	inheritance			See Language page
sniff/smell	olfatear, oler	cheirar	body	kugkúut	kungku:t	unique		primarily transitive	See Language page
spit	escupir	cuspir	body	usukit	usukit	inheritance			See Language page
split	partir, dividir	rachar, dividir, partir	impact	dakát, akanát	dakat, akanat	unique; inheritance			See Language page
squeeze	estrujar, exprimir	espremer	impact	ijút	ixut	inheritance			See Language page
stab/pierce	apuñalar, acuchillar	apunhalar	impact	nawahai 'ihut	nawahai 'ihut	unknown			See Language page
stand	estar de pié	ficar em pé	state	tajíit	taxi:t	unique			See Language page
star	estrella	estrela	environment	yáya	jája	inheritance			See Language page
steal	robar	roubar	other	kasamát	kasamat	inheritance			See Language page
stick/wood	palo	pau, vara	flora	númi	numi	inheritance			See Language page
stone	piedra	pedra	environment	káya	kája	inheritance			See Language page
suck	chupar	chupar	body	bukunát	bukunat	inheritance			See Language page
sun	sol	sol	time	étsa	ɨtsa	inheritance			See Language page
sweat	sudar	suor, suar	body	seemát	sɨ:mat	inheritance?			See Language page
swell	hincharse	inchar	body	ímut, íyat, teémtut	imut, ijat, tɨ:mtut	unknown			See Language page
swim	nadar	nadar	motion	yukumát	jukumát	inheritance			See Language page
tail	cola, rabo	rabo	body	ujúk	uxúk	inheritance			See Language page
that	ese/esa	esse	grammar	anú	anú	inheritance			See Language page
thick	grueso, gordo, espeso	grosso	quality	bikámkatu	bikamkatu	inheritance			See Language page
thin	delgado	fino	quality	chíchap	tʃitʃap	unique			See Language page
think	pensar	pensar	mental	anentaímat	anɨntaimat	inheritance			See Language page
this	este/esta	este	grammar	juu	xu:	inheritance			See Language page
three	tres	tres	number	kampátum	kampátum	inheritance			See Language page
throat	garganta	garganta	body	jayák	xajak	unique			See Language page
throw	tirar, lanzar	atirar, jogar	impact	nagkítukút, tepét	nagkitukut, tɨpɨt	inheritance, unique			See Language page
thunder	truenos	trovão	environment	ipamát	ipamat	inheritance			See Language page
tie up/fasten	atar, amarrar	amarrar	impact	ánaut, jigkát	anaut, xingkat	unknown; inheritance			See Language page
tongue	lengua	lingua	body	idái	idái	inheritance			See Language page
tooth	diente	dente	body	dái	dái	inheritance			See Language page
turn	girar, volter, torcer	virar	other	papegát	papɨgat	unique		may be transitive or intransitive	See Language page
two	dos	dois	number	jímag	ximang	inheritance			See Language page
vomit	vomitar	vomitar	body	ímut	imut	inheritance			See Language page
walk	caminar, andar	andar	motion	wekagát	wɨkagát	inheritance			See Language page
water	agua	agua	environment	yúmi	júmi	inheritance			See Language page
wet	mojado	molhado	quality	chupíchpitu	tʃupítʃpitu	inheritance			See Language page
what?	que, qué	que	grammar	wají	waxí	inheritance			See Language page
when?	cuando	quando	grammar	wajutí, wajutíya	waxuti, waxutija	inheritance			See Language page
where?	donde	onde	grammar	tú	tu	inheritance			See Language page
white	blanco	branco	colour	chamíg	tʃamíng	inheritance			See Language page
who?	quien, quién	quem	grammar	yaa	ja:	inheritance			See Language page
wife	esposa	esposa	kinship	núwe	núwɨ	inheritance			See Language page
wind	viento	vento	environment	dáse	dasɨ	inheritance			See Language page
wing	ala	asa	body	nánap	nanap	inheritance			See Language page
woman/female	mujer	mulher	human	núwa	núwa	inheritance			See Language page
work	trabajar	trabalhar	other	takát	takat	inheritance			See Language page
yawn	bostezar	bocejar	body	waániimat	wa:ni:mat	inheritance			See Language page
yellow	amarillo	amarelo	colour	yagkú	jangkú	inheritance			See Language page


1pl.excl
1pl.incl
1sg
2pl
2sg
3pl
3sg
above
again
all
and
ankle
armpit
ash
at
back
bad
bark
belly
below
big
bite
black
blood
blow
boil/pimple
bone
breast
breathe
burn
chew
child
climb
cloud
cold
come
cook
correct/true
count
cry
cut/hack
day
die/be dead
dig
dingo/wolf
dirty
dream
drink
dry
dull/blunt
dust
ear
earth/soil
eat
egg
eye
faeces
fall
far
fat/grease
father
fear
feather
fingernail
fire
flow
flower
fly
fog
foot
fruit
good
green
grow
hair (of head)
hand
head
hear
heart
heavy
hide
hit
hold
hot
how?
if
in/inside
intestines
itch
kill
know/be knowledgeable
lake
laugh
leaf
left/left hand
leg/foot
lie down
lightning
live/be alive
liver
long
louse
lung
man/male
meat/flesh
moon
mother
mountain/hill
mouth
name
nape
near/close
neck
new
night
no/not
nose
old
one
open/uncover
other
pain/painful/sick
person/human being
pound/beat
rain
red
right/right hand
road/path
root
rotten
sand
say
scratch
see
sharp
shoot
short
shoulder
shy/ashamed
sit
skin
sky
sleep
small
smoke
sniff/smell
spit
split
squeeze
stab/pierce
stand
star
steal
stick/wood
stone
suck
sun
sweat
swell
swim
tail
that
thick
thin
think
this
three
throat
throw
thunder
tie up/fasten
tongue
tooth
turn
two
vomit
walk
water
wet
what?
when?
where?
white
who?
wife
wind
wing
woman/female
work
yawn
yellow

Showing 1 to 191 of 191 entries

Flora Fauna Vocabulary (133)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Source	Distribution	General Notes
achiote, anatto	achiote	urucum	flora-fauna	Bixa orellana	ipák	ipák		inheritance			See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	shrub
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti)	Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado	cutia	flora-fauna	Dasyprocta spp.	káyuk(a)	kájuk(a)		inheritance			See Language page
alligator, black caiman	babilla; cachirre	jacaré	flora-fauna	Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp.	semágkau	sɨmángkau		unique			See Language page	Throughout Amazonia	Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi
Amazon dolphin	bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco)	boto cor-de-rosa	flora-fauna	Inia geoffrensis	apuúpu	apu:pu		inheritance			See Language page	Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls
Amazon tree-grape	uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.)	cucura	flora-fauna	Pourouma cecropiifolia	shuwíya	ʃuwíja		doubtful loan, direction unknown	Iquito sawíti		See Language page	grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times	a tree; not a true grape
anaconda	anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande	sucuri	flora-fauna	genus Eunectes	págki	pángki					See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
angleworm	lombriz	minhoca	flora-fauna	order Opisthopora	námpichi	námpitʃi		inheritance			See Language page
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna	Formicidae	(no generic)	(no generic)					See Language page
anteater	oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus	tamanduá	flora-fauna	Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater)	wishiíshi	wiʃi:ʃi		inheritance			See Language page	Widespread Amazonian lowlands
armadillo	armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo)	tatu	flora-fauna	family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri	shushúi	ʃuʃúi		inheritance			See Language page	Widespread in Amazonia
arrow cane, wildcane	caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana	cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio	flora-fauna	Gynerium sagittatum	tagkán	tangkán					See Language page	tropical regions, especially river banks	plant
avocado	palta, aguacate	abacate	flora-fauna	Persea americana	kái	kái					See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	tree
açai palm	huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia)	açaí	flora-fauna	Euterpe sp.	saké	sakɨ		inheritance			See Language page	floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia
banana, plantain	banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano	banana	flora-fauna	Musa sp.	paampa (plantain), tsamau (Overall); baku, sangkúsuk	paampa (plantain), tsamau (Overall); baku, sangkúsuk		unknown	may be semantic shift from variant of 'bastard plantain' (puumpu); other Jivaroan forms are prob. loan from Quechua palanda < Spanish		See Language page		Names for banana/plantain may be derived from bastard plantain by semantic shift.
bat	murciélago	morcego	flora-fauna	Chiroptera spp.	jiíncham	xi:ntʃam		doubtful loan (into protolanguage?), direction unknown	Candoshi		See Language page
beans	frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas)	feijão	flora-fauna	Phaseolus spp.	bíik	bi:k		loan, direction unknown	Candoshi		See Language page		plant
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna		píshak	piʃak		loan - WW	%piʃku, from Quechua		See Language page
bitterwood	tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru)	envira	flora-fauna	Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala							See Language page	secondary forests, native to Brazil	tree
black palm	bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá	bacaba	flora-fauna	Oenocarpus bacaba				missing			See Language page	Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon	may be confused in some entries with O. bataua
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna	Diptera	kaáp	ka:p		inheritance			See Language page
boa	boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura	jiboia	flora-fauna	family Boidae, subf. Boinae	wapú	wapú		unknown			See Language page
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree)	calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara	cabaça	flora-fauna	Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine)	namúk ('calabaza'); punu ('calabaza, envase de agua')	namúk ('calabaza'); punu ('calabaza, envase de agua')					See Language page	indigenous gardens	plant; tree
brazil nut	castaña	castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis)	flora-fauna	Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia']							See Language page	1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua.	tree
brown woolly monkey	Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt	macaco barrigudo	flora-fauna	Lagothrix lagothricha	chúu	tʃúu		loan (into protolg?) - WW	%tʃuru; prob origin Quechua; cf. Candoshi		See Language page
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant	conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro	tocandira	flora-fauna	Paraponera clavata	yutúi	jutúi		inheritance	must be loan INTO Napo Quechua; other varieties have transparent compound forms		See Language page
butterfly, moth	mariposa	borboleta	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera	wámpishuk	wámpiʃuk		inheritance			See Language page
capybara	Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco	capivara	flora-fauna	Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris	ugkubíu	ungkubíu		loan (into protolg?), direction unknown	Candoshi		See Language page
cará tuber, purple or white	camote, sachapapa	cará roxo, branco	flora-fauna	Dioscorea sp.	kégke	kɨngkɨ					See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings	plant
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium occidentale / giganteum	káshu	káʃu		loan	Spanish (Port/Tupi)		See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties
centipede	ciempiés	centopéia	flora-fauna	class Chilopoda	kiíwi	ki:wi					See Language page
cicada	cigarra, chicharra	cigarra	flora-fauna	super fam. Cicadoidea	chiáchia	tʃiátʃia		doubtful loan (into protolg?) - WW	onomatopoeic		See Language page
cipó vine	tamishi, bejuco, yare	cipó	flora-fauna	Heteropsis spp.	káap; káapi (Overall)	ká:p, káapi (Overall)					See Language page	secondary forest, floodplain	vine
coca	coca	coca	flora-fauna	Erythroxylum coca				missing			See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes	plant
cockroach	cucaracha	barata-do-mato	flora-fauna	order Blattaria	tukajách; ʃuuta (Overall)	tukaxátʃ; ʃuuta (Overall)		loan; loan, direction unknown	Candoshi		See Language page
collared peccary	sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar	caititu, caetitu	flora-fauna	Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu	yugkipák	jungkipák		inheritance			See Language page
cotamundi, coatimundi	Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache	quati	flora-fauna	genus Nasua	kúshi	kúʃi		doubtful loan (into protolg?)	TG kwaʃi		See Language page
cotton	algodón	algodão	flora-fauna	Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers)	ujúch	uxútʃ		inheritance			See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation	plant; some sources may confound with kapok Ceiba pentandra (esp. if a single gloss for 'cotton' is given')
crab	cangrejo	caranguejo	flora-fauna	infraorder Brachyura	punúk	punúk		unique			See Language page
cricket	saltón, grillo	grilo	flora-fauna	family Gryllidae	mánchi	mántʃi		inheritance			See Language page
curassow	mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini)	mutum	flora-fauna	Crax sp., Nothocrax sp.	báshu	báʃu		loan (into protolanguage?), direction unknown	Candoshi		See Language page	Amazonia
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna	family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus	jápa, yuwíchu	xápa, juwítʃu		inheritance; loan	Quechua		See Language page
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna	Canis famililaris	yawá	jawá		loan (into Protolg?)	Tupi-Guarani?		See Language page	Not native; widespread
dog (wild; bush dog)	sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta	cachorro-do-mato	flora-fauna	Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis	putúkam	putúkam					See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
dove	paloma	pomba	flora-fauna	family Columbidae	yámpitsa	jámpitsa		inheritance			See Language page
duck	pato	pato, marreco	flora-fauna	Anatidae family	pátu (Spanish loan)	pátu		loan	Spanish		See Language page
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil)	suri, mojojoy	larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá	flora-fauna	Rhynchophorus sp.	dukúch	dukútʃ		doubtful loan	Quechua tuku		See Language page
electric eel	anguila eléctrica	poraquê	flora-fauna	Electrophorus electricus	jagkíya, nampichichiáu	xangkíja, nampitʃitʃiáu		unique			See Language page
firefly, lightning bug	lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin)	vagalume	flora-fauna	fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae	taigkák	taignkák		unknown			See Language page
fish (generic)	pez	peixe	flora-fauna		namák(a)	namák(a)		inheritance			See Language page
fish poison, barbasco	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	flora-fauna	Lonchocarpus spp.	timu	timu		loan	Tupi-Guarani, prob. loan into Candoshi		See Language page	secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation	shrub/tree
flea	pulga	pulga	flora-fauna	order Siphonaptera	súgku	súngku		inheritance			See Language page
genipap	jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico	genipapo, jenipapo	flora-fauna	Genipapa americana	súwa	súwa		inheritance			See Language page	widespread lowland SA	shrub
giant otter	Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria	ariranha	flora-fauna	Pteronura brasiliensis							See Language page
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna	(generic)	dupa	dupa		inheritance			See Language page
gray-winged trumpeter	Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris	jacamim	flora-fauna	Psophia crepitans	chíwa	tʃíwa		inheritance			See Language page	Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões
great egret	Garza Blanca, Guyratî	Garça-Branca-Grande	flora-fauna	Ardea alba	untúju, yawakám	untúxu, yawakám		unique; doubtful loan - WW	%wakara		See Language page	Widespread South America
green acouchi	Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo	cutiara	flora-fauna	Myoprocta pratti							See Language page
guan	pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru)	jacu	flora-fauna	Penelope sp.	aúnts	aúnts		inheritance			See Language page	Different types have different localized ranges
hallucinogenic snuff	vilca, cebil, yopo	paricá, yopo	flora-fauna	Anadenanthera sp. or virola							See Language page
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca	ayahuasca, yage	ayahuasca, caapi	flora-fauna	Banisteriopsis caapi	yáji (loan), datém	jáxi, datɨm		loan - WW; inheritance	%jahe; cf. káapi 'tamshi vine' (used for tying)		See Language page	semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW	vine
hawk	halcón, gavilán	gavião	flora-fauna	family Accipitridae	chikiwí	tʃikiwí		loan, direction unknown	Candoshi		See Language page
honeybee	abeja	abelha	flora-fauna	Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis	dápa	dápa		doubtful loan (into protolg?)	Arawak; cf. Kokama, Candoshi		See Language page
horse	caballo	cavalho	flora-fauna	Equus caballus	[kawayu]	[kawayu]					See Language page
hot pepper	ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru)	pimenta	flora-fauna	Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens	jíma	xíma		loan, direction unknown	Huaorani gima		See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden	plant
howler monkey (red-handed)	mono aullador, mono coto (Peru)	guariba	flora-fauna	Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.]	yakuma	jakuma		inheritance			See Language page
hummingbird	colibrí, picaflor (Peru)	beija-flor	flora-fauna	family Trochilidae	jémpe	xɨmpɨ		inheritance			See Language page	Widespread
iguana	iguana, garipiares (Colombia)	camaleão	flora-fauna	Iguana sp.	iwán (loan?)	iwán		loan - WW	%jiwana (from Spanish?)		See Language page		iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana
inga	guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru)	inga	flora-fauna	Inga spp.	wámpa	wámpa		unknown			See Language page	Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia)
insect (generic)	insecto	insecto	flora-fauna	generic							See Language page
jaguar	yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru)	onca	flora-fauna	Panthera onca	puágkat	puángkat		unique			See Language page
japurá	oreja de murcielago	japurá	flora-fauna	Erisma japura							See Language page		large tree
kapok	ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.)	sumaumeira	flora-fauna	Ceiba pentandra	ménte	mɨntɨ					See Language page	northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas	tree
kingfisher	martín pescador, catalan (Peru)	martim-pescador	flora-fauna	family Alcedinidae	cháji	tʃáxi		doubtful loan	Panoan *čaraš (Shell)		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
leaf-cutter ant	Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse	saúva	flora-fauna	Atta sp.	weéka	wɨ:ka		doubtful loan into protolg, direction unknown	cf. Nadahup		See Language page
macaw	ara, guacamaya	Arara	flora-fauna	family Psittacidae; Ara sp.	yúsa, shaámak	júsa, ʃa:mak		inheritance			See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
maize, corn	mazorca, maiz	milho	flora-fauna	Zea mays	sháa	ʃáa		doubtful loan (into protolanguage?), direction unknown	Ticuna tʃa		See Language page	widespread, esp. in river floodplains	plant
manatee	vaca marina, manatí	peixe-boi	flora-fauna	Trichechus sp.							See Language page
mandi catfish	maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish)	mandi	flora-fauna	Auchenipterus sp.	yutúi, kumpáu, muyúsh 'all 'catfish')	jutúi, kumpáu, mujúʃ 'all 'catfish')					See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
manioc (bitter or generic)	yuca brava	mandioca	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta				missing			See Language page	not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition.	Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield
manioc (sweet)	yuca, caribe	macaxeira	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	yujúmak, máma	juxúmak, máma		unknown; loan, direction unknown (into protolg?)	Boran and Araona terms for 'manioc food/bread', e.g. Bora (archaic) maʔmá-ɯ		See Language page	Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
miriti palm	moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti	buriti	flora-fauna	Mauritia flexuosa	áchu	átʃu		doubtful loan (into protolg?), direction unknown	Candoshi katʃo, Quechua atʃwa		See Language page	Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps	trunks contain sago-like starch
mosquito	mosquito, zancudo	mosquito, carapana	flora-fauna	Anopheles sp.	wiyúnch (mosquito), mánchu (zancudo)	wijuntʃ, mantʃu		doubtful loan; loan, direction unknown	Pano, esp. Matses biuʃ; Candoshi		See Language page
moth	mariposa nocturna, polilla	mariposa	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera							See Language page
mouse, rat	ratón	camundongo, rata	flora-fauna	Mus musculus	katíp	katíp		inheritance			See Language page
mushroom	champiñón, hongo	cogumelo	flora-fauna	(any edible generic)	kuwísh	kuwíʃ		unique			See Language page		prioritize generic term that includes any edible species
neotropical otter (small)	Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia)	lontra	flora-fauna	Lontra longicaudis	úyu	úju		inheritance			See Language page
opossum	zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo	mucura	flora-fauna	family Didelphidae	kujáncham	kuxántʃam		inheritance			See Language page
owl (large)	búho, lechuza	corujão	flora-fauna	order Strigiformes	ampúsh	ampúʃ		loan, direction unknown	Candoshi; compare Matses bus		See Language page	Widespread
paca (lowland)	Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana)	paca	flora-fauna	Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.)	káshai	káʃai		inheritance			See Language page
pacu fish	palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru)	pacu	flora-fauna	Mylossoma sp.	paumít (Spanish loan?)	paumít					See Language page
palm for roof thatch	pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná	caraná	flora-fauna	Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana							See Language page	Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests	palm
parrot	loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib)	papagaio	flora-fauna	Amazona amazonica	kawáu	kawáu		loan, direction unknown - WW?	Candoshi kawaaro; see also %awaro		See Language page	Widespread
paxiuba palm	pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba	paxiuba	flora-fauna	Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea	kuún(ta), imáp(a)	ku:n(ta), imáp(a)		doubtful loan	Ocaina tʲoroodʲo, Nukak huruda		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia	palm
peach palm, pejibaye palm	chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol)	pupunha	flora-fauna	Bactris gasipaes	uyái	ujái; takuyám 'sp. of pihuayo without spines' (Wipio p.115)	pijuayo	inheritance		uyaínim 'sp of palm with small, inedible fruit' (Wipio p.135) (Overall 23Sept2019: The -nim appears with a few plant names and seems to be a reflex of numi 'wood, tree', so this would be an old compound that's become a single phonological word); Cognacy u	Wipio 1996:135		Simon Overall, 23Sept2019: I don't have a strong feeling one way or the other regarding cognacy of the Aguaruna term with the others. One possibility is that there was a proto-form like uwii, and pre-Aguaruna added a second element /ai/ giving uwii-ai,
peanut	maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete	amendoim	flora-fauna	Arachis hypogaea	dúse	dúsɨ					See Language page		plant
pineapple	piña	abacaxi	flora-fauna	Ananas comosus	pina	pina		loan	Spanish		See Language page		plant
pirana	piraña, caribe	piranha	flora-fauna	subfamily Serrasalmidae	páni	páni		loan (into protolg?), direction unknown	Candoshi		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
porcupine	puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru)	cuandu, porco-espinho	flora-fauna	family Erethizontidae	kúju	kúxu		loan, direction unknown	Candoshi		See Language page
potato	papa	batata	flora-fauna	Solanum tuberosum	pápa (Quechua loan?)	pápa					See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation	compare entries for sweet potato
potato, sweet potato	camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara	batata-doce	flora-fauna	Ipomoea batatas	idáuk	idáuk		doubtful loan	TG: Kokama jɨtika		See Language page		plant
praying mantis, stick insects	mantis religiosa	louva-a-deus	flora-fauna	order Mantodea, family Mantidae	tukágmanchis	tukángmantʃis					See Language page
rubber tree (sorva)	caucho, siringa, shiringa	seringa, borracha	flora-fauna	Hevea sp.	shijíg(ka) (Sp.)	ʃixíng(ka)					See Language page	Widespread Amazonia	tree
scorpion	escorpión; alacran	escorpião	flora-fauna	order Scorpiones	titígki	titíngki		inheritance			See Language page
seje palm	ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá	patoá, patuá	flora-fauna	Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua	kugkúk	kungkúk					See Language page	mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia	may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries
sloth	pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru)	macaco preguica	flora-fauna	Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp.	uyúsh	ujúʃ					See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
small lizard	lagartija	calango	flora-fauna	order Squamata	shampíu	ʃampíu		inheritance			See Language page
snail	caracol, churo (Peru)	caracol	flora-fauna	class Gastropoda	tejés, kúgku	tɨxɨs, kúngku		unique; inheritance			See Language page
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		dápi	dápi		inheritance			See Language page
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake	víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara	jararaca	flora-fauna	Bothrops jararaca/atrox	bakánchi	bakántʃi					See Language page	Widespread South America
speckled catfish	surubí, pintadillo	surubim, sorubim	flora-fauna	Pseudoplatystoma sp.							See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna	Arachnidae, Araneae	tséatsea	tsɨatsɨa		inheritance			See Language page
squash	calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru)	abóbora	flora-fauna	Cucurbita sp.	yuwí ('zapallo')	juwí ('zapallo')		inheritance			See Language page		plant
squirrel	ardilla, danta (Ven)	serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo	flora-fauna	family Sciuridae	kunám(pe)	kunám(pe)		loan (into protolg?), direction unknown	Candoshi		See Language page
stingray (generic)	rayas látigo, raya	arraia	flora-fauna	Potamotrygon sp.	kaáshap	ka:ʃap		inheritance			See Language page
tannia, yautia	huitina (Peru), ñame	taioba branca	flora-fauna	Xanthosoma spp.	ságku	sánku					See Language page
tapir	sachavaca, danta	anta	flora-fauna	Tapirus terrestris	pabáu	pabáu		loan (into protolg?), direction unknown	Candoshi		See Language page
termites, white-ants	comején (Peru), termitas	cupim	flora-fauna	order Isoptera	kábau	kábau		inheritance			See Language page
tick	garrapata	carrapato	flora-fauna	superfam Ixodoidea	piiti	pi:ti		inheritance			See Language page
tigerfish	taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru)	traíra	flora-fauna	Hoplias sp.	kugkúi	kugkúi					See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
tinamou	tinamu, perdiz, gallineta	inambu, inhambu	flora-fauna	family Tinamidae	wága	wága		inheritance			See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
toad	sapo	sapo	flora-fauna	order Anura	takásh (see also other sp.)	takáʃ					See Language page
tobacco	tabaco	tabaco	flora-fauna	Nicotiana tabacum	tsaág	tsa:ng		doubtful loan into protolanguage	Arawak tsema		See Language page		plant
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant)	tortuga, morrocoy, motelo	jabutí, tartaruga	flora-fauna	Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria	kugkúim	kungkuím		inheritance			See Language page	Widespread
toucan	tucán, pinsha (Peru)	tucano	flora-fauna	Ramphastos sp.	piígsha	pi:ngʃa		loan	Quechua (Cuzco?)		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
tree	árbol	arvore	flora-fauna		númi	númi		inheritance			See Language page
tufted capuchin monkey	mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero	macaco prego	flora-fauna	Cebus apella				missing			See Language page
ucuqui	yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru)	ucuqui	flora-fauna	Pouteria ucuqui	yaás	ja:s					See Language page	native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions	other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant
vulture	buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru)	urubu	flora-fauna	family Cathartidae	káasip	ká:sip		unique			See Language page	Widespread South America
wasp	avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa	caba	flora-fauna	order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita	éte	ɨtɨ		inheritance			See Language page
white-fronted capuchin	Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru)	Caiarara	flora-fauna	Cebus albifrons	jaagkúam (?)	haagkúam (?)		doubtful loan	cf. Iquito hakáana		See Language page
white-fronted spider monkey	Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia)	macaco aranha, coatá, quatá	flora-fauna	Ateles belzebuth/paniscus	wáshi	wáʃi		doubtful loan (into protolg?)	Arawak 'capuchin'; e.g. Yavitero huatsĩ		See Language page
white-lipped peccary	Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana	queixada	flora-fauna	Tayassu pecari	páki	páki		inheritance			See Language page
woodpecker	pájaro carpintero, carpintero	pica-pau	flora-fauna	family Picidae	sawáke (small type), tátasham	sawáke (small type), tátaʃam		inheritance			See Language page	Widespread Amazonia

Showing 1 to 133 of 133 entries

Cultural Vocabulary (97)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Etymology Code	Loan Source	General Notes	Source
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven	tierra do los muertos	terra dos mortos	culture-mythology						See Language page
arrow	flecha	flecha	subsistence tool	shikiít	ʃiki:t	unique		hunting, warfare	See Language page
axe/stone axe	hacha (de piedra)	machado (de pedra)	subsistence tool	kanám(pa)	kanám(pa)	unique		especially for clearing fields	See Language page
bait for fishing	cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru)	isca	subsistence tool	wiya 'bait'	wija 'bait'			can refer to worms; more generic	See Language page
basin/bowl	tazón, plato hondo, taza	tijela	culture-material	ɨgkɨa yu-tai 'dish'	ɨgkɨa yu-tai 'dish'	unknown			See Language page
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	chagkín, piták, tukúpi	tʃangkín, piták, tukúpi	inheritance; loan (into protolg?) - WW; unknown	%panaku, cf. Candoshi ptak		See Language page
basket, small	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto pequeno, tampado	culture-material	tukúpi, piták	tukúpi, piták				See Language page
bead	abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar	miçanga	culture-material	shaúk	ʃaúk	unknown			See Language page
bed	cama	cama	culture-material	pegák	pɨgák	inheritance			See Language page
bench, seat	banco, silla, asiento	banco	culture-material	ekeémtai	ɨkɨ:mtai	inheritance	derived from 'sit'		See Language page
blowgun	cerbatana, pucuna (Peru)	zarabatana	subsistence tool	úum	ú:m	inheritance		currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region	See Language page
boomerang/throwing stick (generic)			subsistence tool						See Language page
bottle	botella	garrafa	acculturation	butíya	butíja				See Language page
bottom grinding stone			manufacture	káya	kája			if different word from top grinding stone	See Language page
bow	arco	arco	subsistence tool	numi 'apun-bau (IDS); tumág (bow used as musical instrument)	numi 'apun-bau; tumág (bow used as musical instrument)	unique; inheritance		arco	See Language page
broom	escoba	vassoura	culture-material	japímuk	xapímuk	inheritance			See Language page
canoe	canoa	canoa	transport	kánu	kánu	loan - WW	%kanawa		See Language page
cat	gato	gato	acculturation	[bišu]	[bišu]	loan - WW	%miʃi		See Language page
chicken	gallina	galinha	acculturation	ataš	ataʃ	unknown	diffused throughout family; possibly from %kara + -ʃo; cf. Candoshi ktáʃó		See Language page
chief/leader	jefe, cacique	chefe	culture-mythology	apu-hi (Quechua loan)	apu-hi	loan - WW	%apu		See Language page
clothing	ropa	roupa	culture-mythology	jáanch	xá:ntʃ	inheritance			See Language page
club	garrote, cachiporra	clava, porrete	subsistence tool	kačuim	katʃuim				See Language page
Curupira (spirit type)	Curupira, Madremonte	Curupira	culture-mythology					malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region	See Language page
dart (blowgun)	dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru)	dardo, seta	subsistence tool	tsɨntsaka	tsɨntsaka			hunting and warfare	See Language page
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure	dios(es), deidad	divinidade, figura mítica	culture-mythology	apa-hui	apa-hui	semantic shift	father'	In RN region, frequently translates as 'Bone-Son', 'One on the bone', etc.	See Language page
digging stick			subsistence tool						See Language page
dream	sueño, soñar	sonho, sonhar	culture-mythology	kaha; kahi (v.)	kaha; kahi (v.)				See Language page
drum	tambor	tambor	culture-mythology	tampúg	tampúng	loan	Spanish		See Language page
drum (large signal)	tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia)	tambor	culture	túntui	túntui	loan - WW	%toto (onomatopoeic?)	Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances	See Language page
fan	abanico	abanador, abano	subsistence tool	awág(ku)	awáng(ku)	inheritance		esp. for fanning a cooking fire	See Language page
feather headdress	plumaje, corona de plumas	enfeite/capacete de penas	culture-mythology	atséjutai	atsɨxutai				See Language page
fence, palisade	cerco	cerca	other	taníish, péeg	taní:ʃ, pɨ:g	unknown		may be related to defense/warfare?	See Language page
fermented drink	masato, chicha	caxiri, chicha	culture	nijamánch	nixamántʃ	inheritance		prioritizes manioc beer where distinction is made	See Language page
fetish, charm	fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga	feitiço, puçanga	culture-mythology	tsumaík	tsumaík				See Language page
fireplace	hogar	lareira	other	hii ika'pag-bau	hii ika'pag-bau				See Language page
firewood	leña	lenha	other	chígkim	tʃíngkim	inheritance			See Language page
fish (with fish-poison)	pescar con barbasco, barbasquear	pescar com timbó; tinguijar	food			missing			See Language page
fish (with line)	anzuelear, pescar con linea	pescar (com linha)	food	agséamat, ajuntút	angsɨamat, axuntút				See Language page
fishing line	cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze	linha de pesca	subsistence tool	agsɨa anagkɨ (agsɨa=fishhook)	agsɨa anagkɨ (agsɨa=fishhook)				See Language page
fishtrap	trampa de peces, trampa	matapi, cacuri	subsistence tool						See Language page
flat bread, cassava bread	pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe	beiju	food	tata	tata	loan	Quechua tanda	usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits	See Language page
flour/meal from manioc	fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina	farinha	food	mama puwahi i'nanh-amu	mama puwahi i'nanh-amu	unique	cf. 'mama', poss. loan Boran?	agriculture	See Language page
flute	flauta, quena (Peru)	flauta	culture-mythology	pigkúi	pingkúi	loan	Quechua/Aymara pinkillu	multiple types? japurutu, deer-bone, etc.	See Language page
game animal	caza, animal de caza	caça, animal de caça	food	kuntin	kuntin	inheritance		Interesting correlation to 'fish' in Tukanoan languages	See Language page
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit	espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio	espirito	culture-mythology	wa'kan ('ghost')	wa'kan ('ghost')	inheritance			See Language page
gourd (dipper/bowl)	cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo	cuia	subsistence tool	tsápa, namúk ('calabaza'); punu ('calabaza, envase de agua')	tsápa, namúk ('calabaza'); punu ('calabaza, envase de agua')	inheritance; inheritance; loan, direction unknown	Quechua punu		See Language page
grater	rallador, rallo	ralador, ralo	subsistence tool			missing		esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well	See Language page
grave	tumba, sepultura, sepulcro	sepultura, sepulcro, cova	culture-mythology	u'kumas-bau	u'kumas-bau				See Language page
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf)	barbacoa	jirau	subsistence tool			missing			See Language page
griddle for cooking flatbread	tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru)	forno para beiju	subsistence tool			missing		agriculture?	See Language page
gun	arma, escopeta	espingarda, fusil	acculturation	aka'hu	aka'hu	unknown			See Language page
hammock	hamaca, chinchorro	rede	culture-material	amák (Sp.), tampu (small hammock)	amák (Sp.), tampu (small hammock)	inheritance			See Language page
hat	sombero	chapéu	dress	ac̷ɨhu-tai	atsɨhu-tai	unknown			See Language page
healer	curandero	benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano)	culture-mythology	iwishín, tsuwájatin	iwiʃín, tsuwáxatin			Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well.	See Language page
hollow log/trough for beer-making	canoa para chicha	cocho de caxiri	narcotics						See Language page
honey	miel	mel	food	dapa yumi-hi 'bee liquid'	dapa yumi-hi 'bee liquid'	inheritance		only gathered in wild throughout Amazonia?	See Language page
house			other	jéga	xɨga	inheritance			See Language page
hunt	cazar	caçar	food	máut, egamát	máut, ɨgamát				See Language page
knife	cuchillo	faca	culture-material	cuchí (Spanish loan)	kutʃí	loan	Spanish cuchillo		See Language page
loincloth	taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla	tanga, tapa-sexo	dress	itípak	itípak				See Language page
machete	machete	facão	culture-material	máchit (Spanish loan)	mátʃit	loan	Spanish machete		See Language page
mortar	mortero	pilão	subsistence tool	čimihinč	tʃimihintʃ	unique			See Language page
paddle/oar	remo	remo	transport	kadaít	kadaít	unique			See Language page
paint body, body paint	pintura corporal	pintura corporal	culture-mythology	jámpu	xámpu				See Language page
panpipe	carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora	caniço, flauta de pã	culture-mythology						See Language page
paper	papel	papel	acculturation	[pa'pi]	[pa'pi]	loan	Span/Port 'papel'		See Language page
pestle	pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor	mão de pilão	subsistence tool	tuntuip kuntuhɨ-amu	tuntuip kuntuhɨ-amu				See Language page
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other						See Language page
plate	plato	prato	culture-material	parátu	parátu	loan	Spanish		See Language page
policeman	polícia	policía	acculturation						See Language page
pot	olla, pote	panela, vasilha	subsistence tool	ichínak	itʃínak	inheritance			See Language page
rattle	matraca, maraca	marico, chocalho	culture-mythology			missing			See Language page
resin	resina, brea, copal	resina, brea, breu	subsistence tool	púwag, pégkae	púwang, pɨngkaɨ	inheritance			See Language page
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya)	kapiwaya	capiwaya	culture-mythology						See Language page
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture	daék	daɨk	inheritance			See Language page
salt	sal	sal	food	wɨɨ	wɨɨ	inheritance			See Language page
school	escuela	escola	acculturation	[pa'pi] auh-tai ('paper-read')	[pa'pi] auh-tai ('paper-read')				See Language page
shaman, healer	chamán, brujo	xaman, pajé, feiticeiro	culture-mythology	iwishín, pámuk	iwiʃín, pámuk	inheritance	loan into Candoshi; cf. iwishi-inu 'bewitch-NMLZ'	In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
shoes	zapatos	sapatos	dress	[sapat]	[sapat]				See Language page
skirt	falda, saya, fustan, pollera	saia	culture-material	i'tipak	i'tipak	unique			See Language page
soldier	soldado	soldado	acculturation	suntag	suntag	loan	Span/Port soldado		See Language page
song (generic)	canción, canto	canção	culture-mythology	kantamtái (Sp.), anen (trad. song type), nampét	kantamtái (Sp.), anen (trad. song type), nampét	loan; inheritance	Spanish		See Language page
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool	nágki, túpu	nángki, túpu	inheritance; loan	Bora tɯpoo 'arrow'		See Language page
spearthrower			subsistence tool						See Language page
starch (tapioca, other)	almidón	goma de tapioca	food			missing			See Language page
stone for lighting fires	piedra para hacer fuego	pedra para acender fogo	culture-material						See Language page
sugarcane/sugar	azúcar, caña de azúcar	açucar (de cana)	acculturation	pagat 'sugar cane'	pagat 'sugar cane'				See Language page
tapioca drink, mingau	cahuana, caguana	mingau	food			missing		agriculture	See Language page
tattoo	tatuaje, tatu	tatuagem	culture-mythology	u'sum-tai; u'su-mat	u'sum-tai; u'su-mat				See Language page
thatch/roof	crisneja	palha, caraná	culture-material	duka inumha hɨgamk-amu (IDS)	duka inumha hɨgamk-amu	inheritance			See Language page
tipiti (manioc squeezer)	tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca	tipiti	food			missing		word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc	See Language page
top grinding stone	metate, mano; piedra de moler	metate, mano	manufacture					use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone	See Language page
tripod for washing manioc	trípode	tripé	subsistence tool					agriculture	See Language page
venom for darts, poison	veneno	curare	subsistence tool	tikún, tsegás	tikún, tsɨgás	inheritance		hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?)	See Language page
wax	cera	cera	other	nuhi (beeswax)	nuhi (beeswax)	inheritance			See Language page
woven strainer/sieve	colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru)	peneira, cumatá	subsistence tool	tsatsamtái	tsatsamtái	inheritance		agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour	See Language page
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women)	yurupari	jurupari	culture-mythology					a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women.	See Language page

Showing 1 to 97 of 97 entries

Grammatical Data (226)

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Category	Grammatical Feature	Grammatical Feature: Notes	Feature Status	Grammatical Notes	Source	General Notes
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive NN compounding	Noun compounds created from two noun phrases are common and systematically produced	yes		Overall 2007: 131
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive VV serialization (without compounding)	Verb roots can be combined in a single predicate without markers of subordination (distinct from subordinating construction) or distinct inflection	no info			more likely no
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive VV compounding	Serial verb constructions involve chaining of roots together in one morphophonological word	no info			more likely no
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Verb-adjunct (aka light verb) constructions	There is a set of semantically weak verbs used in complex verbal constructions, e.g. 'take a nap'	no info			more likely no
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Auxiliary verb(s)	There are verbs that accompany main verbs of clauses and take grammatical marking not expressed by main verbs	yes	There are 11 verbs that can function as auxiliary verbs.	Overall 2007:279-80	There are six auxiliary verbs
Morphology - General	Verbal fusion (2+ categories marked by portmanteau morphemes on verb)	Verb combines two or more categories (tense, aspect, mood, person, number, etc.) in portmanteau morphemes{ [ignore proclitics unless they are fused with values other than person/number]	yes	Some third person markers are fused with tense markers.	Overall 2007:329-30	However, this is a very peripheral feature of the grammar since fusion only occurs in suffixes marking 3rd person and TAM under certain circunstances
Morphology - General	Inflection manifested by replacement of segmental or suprasegmental phonemes	Stem change, tone	no		Overall 2007:328-57
Morphology - General	Verbal synthesis (1+ inflectional categories marked by verbal affixes)	Morphological complexity in verbs - multiple inflectional affixes in a single verb word	yes		Overall 207:271
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly prefixing	There are many more prefixes than suffixes	no		Overall 2007:301	The causative is the only prefix in the language
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly suffixing	There are many more suffixes than prefixes	yes		Overall 2007:301
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: roughly equal or one weakly preferred	The numbers of suffixes and prefixes are not notably different	no		Overall 2007:301
Morphology - General	Reduplication: full	The full morpheme is reduplicated	no		Overall 2007:109-11
Morphology - General	Reduplication: partial	Only part of the morpheme is reduplicated	yes		Overall 2007:109-11
Morphology - Incorporation	Incorporation of nouns into verbs is a productive intransitivizing process	Verb contains nominal segment	no		Overall 2007:269-72
Morphology - Incorporation	Productive incorporation of other elements (adjectives, locatives, etc.) into verbs	Like noun incorporation, but incorporated elements are not nouns	no		Overall 2007:269-72
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Adpositions mark core NPs	Prepositions or postpositions mark subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients	no		Overall 2007:214
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: number of cases	Note the number of grammatical relations that may be morphologically marked on the noun	7		Overall 2007:214	Genitive is not considered as case
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: only non-core arguments morphologically marked	Subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients NOT marked, but other grammatical relations are	no		Overall 2007:214
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: symmetrical	All NPs marked if in appropriate syntactic relation; no distinction in marking based on semantics (type of entity)	yes		Overall 2007:21-30
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: asymmetrical	Semantically defined subset of NPs marked for case, e.g. animates	no		Overall 2007:21-30	However, some NP can be left without case mark according to a EAH
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: suffix or postpositional clitic		yes		Overall 2007:214
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: prefix or prepositional clitic		no		Overall 2007:214
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: infix or inpositional clitic		no		Overall 2007:214
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: stem change		no		Overall 2007:214
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: tone		no		Overall 2007:214
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: comitative = instrumental	Same marking for 'with a person' and 'with an instrument'	no		Overall 2007:214-30
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Definite or specific articles	Definite = particular referent known to both speaker and addressee; specific = particular referent known to speaker only	no info
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Marker of definiteness distinct from demonstratives	Focus on articles/markers whose primary function is to mark definiteness	no		Overall 2007:243-69
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Indefinite or non-specific article	or marker	no info
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Inclusive/exclusive: in free pronominals	Inclusive =us + you, exclusive = us but not you	no		Overall 2007:154
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Inclusive/exclusive: in verbal inflection (bound)		no		Overall 2007:362
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Distance contrasts in demonstratives (number)	Note the number of distances in the demonstrative system	3	Those are the nominative forms of the demosntratives. The demosntratives vary thier form according to the case they have (acc., loc., instr., etc.)	Overall 2007:157
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Other contrasts in demonstratives (visibility, elevation, etc.)		no		Overall 2007:157-9
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Noun classes/genders	Nouns are organized into sets with distinct morphological treatment; usually affects all nouns and involves agreement within the NP	yes		Overall 2007:137	There are 4 noun classes: proper names, kin terms, locational terms and others
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Number of noun classes/genders	Note the (approximate) total number of noun classes/genders	4	These noun clasea are based on morphosyntactic criteria rather than on semantic criteria	Overall 2007:137
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Noun classifiers (distinct from noun classes/genders)	Nouns are organized into sets, but only a limited set of nouns may be implicated, with no or limited agreement marking. If only numeral classifiers exist, indicate yes but explain.	no		Overall 2007:124-37
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for animates	Masculine, feminine, neuter	no		Overall 2007:124-5	Only four nouns are distinguished lexically for gender.
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for inanimates		no		Overall 2007:124-5
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Animacy (w/o reference to sex) is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system	Animate/inanimate, human/non-human	no		Overall 2007:124-37
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex/gender distinction only in 3rd person pronouns	add in notes section whether gender is present in other PNs or not in any PNs; consider with reference to pronouns and person marking only	no		Overall 2007:124-37
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for animates		no		Overall 2007:124-37
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for inanimates		no		Overall 2007:124-37
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	"Repeater" classifiers	Where no distinct classifier exists, a copy of the noun itself may function in the morphosyntactic classifier "slot"	no		Overall 2007:124-37	However, the words for "male" and "female" can be used to convey gender
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Numeral classifiers (specific to numerals)	Special classifier forms that occur only with numerals	no		Overall 2007:162-8
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Classifiers used as derivational suffixes to derive nouns	Verb + classifier = 'thing for doing V, thing that does V, etc.'	no		Overall 2007:208-14
Nominal Categories - Number	Singular number may be marked on the noun	Often occurs in a small subset of nouns if a single entity is referred to, e.g. insects that normally occur in groups	no		Overall 2007:124, 195-7	more likely no
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural affix on noun		no		Overall 2007:124, 195-7
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked by stem change or tone on noun		no		Overall 2007:124, 195-7
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked by reduplication of noun		no		Overall 2007:124, 195-7
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural word/clitic		no		Overall 2007:124, 195-7
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked on human or animate nouns only		no		Overall 2007:124, 195-7
Nominal Categories - Number	Pronominal plural: stem + nominal plural affix	Pronouns use a nominal plural affix not specific to pronouns	no		Overall 2007:124, 195-7
Nominal Categories - Number	Unique associative plural marker	e.g. 'John and his associates', 'John and them'	no info		more likely no
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-2	At least some part of the system involves base-2	no		Overall 2007:163
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-5	At least some part of the system involves base-5	yes		Overall 2007:163
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-10	At least some part of the system involves base-10	no		Overall 2007:163
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Other base (specify)	4, 20, etc.	no		Overall 2007:163
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Etymological transparency in any numerals under 5	e.g. two = 'eye-quantity'	yes	For numeral 4: ipak usumtɨt "8finger used to) paint with annato (e.g. index figer)	Overall 2007:163	From 4 up to 10
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Numerals do not go above 5	'Many' or some other non-exact term used	no		Overall 2007:163
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Numerals do not go above 10	'Many' or some other non-exact term used	no		Overall 2007:163	Numbers go up to 20
Nominal Categories - Other nominal	Tense or aspect inflection on non-verbal predicates	i.e. nominal or adjectival	yes		Overall 2007:241
Nominal Categories - Other nominal	Person inflection on non-verbal predicates	i.e. nominal or adjectival	yes		Overall 2007:241
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 3sg pronouns		no		Overall 2007:154
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 3pl pronouns		no		Overall 2007:154
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 1st and/or 2nd person pronouns		no		Overall 2007:154
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Formal/informal distinction in pronouns	Polite pronominal variants or differential avoidance of pronouns	no		Overall 2007:154
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Reflexive pronouns	e.g. English 'himself', Spanish 'se'; distinct form(s) from basic (non-reflexive) pronominals; distinct from reflexive verbal affix	no info		Overall 2007:154-61, 311-13	more likely no
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives	Underived adjectives	There are underived adjectives which do not have counterparts in other word classes	yes		Overall 2007:137-8	There are about 40 underived adjectives
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives	Gender inflection on adjectives within the NP	There is gender agreement/concord (animate/inanimate or masc/fem, etc.) within the NP, e.g. la casa blanca, el perro blanco	no		Overall 2007:137-41
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: action/state (arrive/arrival)	There is a morpheme which derives an event from a verb	yes		Overall 2007:428
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: agentive (sing/singer)	There is a morpheme which derives an agent or subject from a verb	yes		Overall 2007:430-1
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: object (sing/song)	There is a morpheme which derives a patient or object from a verb	yes		Overall 2007:433
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive verbalizing morphology	There is a morpheme which derives a verb from a noun or adjective	no info
Nominal Syntax - Other	NP coordination and comitative phrases marked differently	'John and Mary went to market' is marked differently from 'John went to market with Mary'	yes		Overall 2007:265	There is other strategy in which the NPs are just listed (yuxtaposition)
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Pronominal possessive affixes: prefix on N	alienable/inalienable?	no		Overall 2007:261-2
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Pronominal possessive affixes: suffix on N	alienable/inalienable?	yes		Overall 2007:261-2	However, for first person singular pronoun the possesive marker is attached to the possesor pronoun
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: dependent	e.g. 'the boy-'s dog'	no		Overall 2007:261
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: head	e.g. 'the boy his-dog'	yes		Overall 2007:261
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Possessive classifiers	There are special classifiers that occur with possessed entities	no		Overall 2007:261-2
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Morphological marking of inalienable possession	Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the former takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun)	no info		Overall 2007:261-2	more likely no
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Morphological marking of alienable possession	Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the latter takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun)	no info		Overall 2007:261-2	more likely no
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Default marker for inalienably possessed nouns if unpossessed	An inalienable noun that is in an unpossessed state must have a derivational affix or associated form	no info		Overall 2007:261-2	more likely no
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Inalienable possession of kin terms	'my-father' but *father	no info		Overall 2007:261-2	more likely no
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Inalienable possession of body parts (human/animal)	'my-leg' but *leg	no info		Overall 2007:261-2	more likely no
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Generic human nouns are obligatorily bound/possessed	Human nouns must co-occur with another noun (e.g. Hup-man, NonIndian-woman, but *man)	no info		Overall 2007:261-2	more likely no
Phonology - Segmental	Pre-/post-nasalized stops	Analysis posits that the stop is the most relevant underlying phoneme. Comment in notes on whether the nasal contour is understood as a phonetic (allophonic) effect, or is phonologically contrastive.	no		Overall 2007:20-7
Phonology - Segmental	Glottalized/ejective consonants	Phonemic contrast [NOT counting glottal stop/fricative]	no		Overall 2007:20
Phonology - Segmental	Palatalized stops	Phonemic contrast	no		Overall 2007:20
Phonology - Segmental	Phonemic vowel length	Does the language have long and short vowels?	no		Overall 2007:42
Phonology - Segmental	Phonemic glottalization/laryngealization of vowels		no		Overall 2007:40
Phonology - Segmental	Complex onsets	Onset consists of more than one consonant phoneme	yes		Overall 2007:58	But on a surface level. Syllables have the (C)V(C) structure in a deep level but syllable structure may become rather complex at surface level because of processes of losing vowels
Phonology - Segmental	No codas	*(C)VC [no also equals highly constrained]	no		Overall 2007:58	Codas are allowed
Phonology - Segmental	Word-final coda required	Do all syllables end in a consonant?	no		Overall 2007:58
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Contrastive tones	Note how many contrastive tones	no		Overall 2007:19-115
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Contrastive stress	Does stress occur on different syllables with meaning difference?	yes		Overall 2007:96-9	However, it seems that stress assignment is different for nouns/andjectives and verbs
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Nasalization property of morpheme or syllable	In contrast to nasalization as a property of segments	no		Overall 2007:49-51	Nasalization to contiguos vowels and/or glides but it is blocked by any non-glide segment.
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Nasal spreading across some morpheme boundaries	Do some affixes or other morphemes take the nasal/oral properties of the root they attach to?	yes		Overall 2007:49-51
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Vowel harmony		yes		Overall 2007:93-4	But only with one suffix. Otherwise, it does not occur.
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked accusative	Objects of transitive clauses ('P') have a unique marker, while subjects of transitive ('A') and intransitive ('S') clauses are unmarked or share a different marker from that occurring on objects	yes		Overall 2007:214
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked nominative	Subjects of transitive and intransitive clauses share a marker, while objects of transitives are unmarked	no		Overall 2007:214
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: ergative-absolutive	Subjects of intransitive clauses and objects of transitives share a unique marker, while subjects of transitive clauses are unmarked or have a different marker	no		Overall 2007:214
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: tripartite	Intransitive subjects, transitive subjects, and transitive objects all receive distinct case markers	no		Overall 2007:214
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: active-inactive	Subjects of intransitive clauses are treated two different ways: like subjects of transitives if they are more agent-like (e.g. he jumped), and like objects of transitives if they are more patient-like (e.g. he fell asleep)	no		Overall 2007:214
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked accusative		yes		Overall 2007:215
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked nominative		no		Overall 2007:215
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: ergative-absolutive	yes, no, mixed, other	no		Overall 2007:215
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: tripartite		no		Overall 2007:215
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: active-inactive		no		Overall 2007:215
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: nominative-accusative	Same as above, for pronominal affixes/clitics on verbs	yes		Overall 2007:328-31, 361-5
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: ergative-absolutive	yes, no, mixed, other	no		Overall 2007:328-31, 361-5
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: active-inactive		no		Overall 2007:328-31, 361-5
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: hierarchical	Marking of A and P depends on their relative ranking on a hierarchy (usually 1>2>3 or 2>1>3)	no		Overall 2007:328-31, 361-5
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: split	More than one of the above systems is represented in person marking, depending on e.g. person (e.g. 1/2 vs. 3), tense-aspect value, main vs. subordinate clause type, etc.	no		Overall 2007:328-31, 361-5
Simple Clauses - Desiderative expressions	Grammaticalized verbal desiderative	Indicates that the subject desires to carry out the action denoted by the verb (distinct from verb 'want', but may be grammaticalized from it)	yes		Overall 2007:354
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: interrogative particle	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative particle	yes		Overall 2007:476
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: verb morphology	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative verb morphology	no		Overall 2007:476	However, the polar interrogative particle can also be attached to verbs
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: word order	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion)	no		Overall 2007:476-8
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: intonation only	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by intonation only	no		Overall 2007:476-8
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Content questions: word order differs from declaratives	Content questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion) as well as by presence of Q-word (who, what, etc.)	no		Overall 2007:478-9	Presence of wh-word and no apocope in the verb marks content questions
Simple Clauses - Negation	Clausal negator is a preposed element	Clausal negator is a preposed element	no		Overall 2007:324-6, 481-2
Simple Clauses - Negation	Clausal negator is a postposed element	Clausal negator is a postposed element	no		Overall 2007:324-6, 481-2
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: affix	Negatives: affix	yes		Overall 2007:324-6	The first suffix occurs in present and remote past tenses whereas the second occurs elsewhere
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: particle	Negatives: particle	no		Overall 2007:324-6, 481-2
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: auxiliary verb	Negatives: auxiliary verb	no		Overall 2007:324-6, 481-2
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: double	Standard (non-emphatic) negation typically requires two morphemes, e.g. French 'ne V pas'	no		Overall 2007:324-6, 481-2
Simple Clauses - Negation	Distinct negative form for 'NP does not exist'		no info			There is a verb which means "it does not exist"
Simple Clauses - Negation	Distinct negative expression 'I don't know'	Lexical expression or highly idiomatic phrase	no		Overall 2007:324-6, 481-2	However, negative clause need to have a focused NP
Simple Clauses - Other	Clause chaining	Clauses can be grouped such that only one bears most of the verb morphology, and the others are marked as to whether they share a subject with this reference clause.	yes		Overall 2007:483
Simple Clauses - Other	Morphologically marked switch-reference system	There are special markers to indicate same vs. different subject when two clauses are combined	yes		Overall 2007:390-404
Simple Clauses - Other	Morphologically marked distinction between simultaneous and sequential clauses	Morphology (usually on verb) distinguishes between clauses denoting events that occur at the same time or in sequence	no		Overall 2007:496-500
Simple Clauses - Predication	Predicate adjectives: verbal	Adjectives act like verbs in predicative position	yes		Overall 2007:238-9	Based on the examples
Simple Clauses - Predication	Predicate adjectives: nominal	Adjectives act like nouns in predicative position	no		Overall 2007:238-9	Based on the examples
Simple Clauses - Predication	Zero copula for predicate nominals is possible	Predicate nominals may occur without a copula (i.e. grammatical in some circumstances, if not all)	no info		Overall 2007:237-42	more likely not
Simple Clauses - Predication	Headless relative clauses	Compare Eng 'the one that fell' (but in Eng 'one' could be considered a head)	yes		Overall 2007:253-5
Simple Clauses - Predication	Headless relative clauses are the dominant or only form of relative clause	Relative clauses that form a constituent with a head noun (in a single noun phrase) are rare or nonexistent; some descriptions may refer to adjoined or correlative clauses.	no		Overall 2007:253-5
Simple Clauses - Predication	Relative clause may occur with a noun classifier/class marker	It may be unclear whether the classifier is the nominal head of the construction or is an agreement marker on the relative clause	no		Overall 2007:253-5
Simple Clauses - Predication	Relativizer is a verbal affix		yes		Overall 2007:253-5
Simple Clauses - Predication	Morphological relativizer is homophonous with nominalizer	The same morpheme marks a relative clause and is a nominalizer on verbs (and/or other word classes)	no		Overall 2007:198, 253-7
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: pronouns in subject position	Pronominal subjects are free pronouns that occur in the same position as full NP subjects	yes		Overall 2007:214	However, pronouns usually appear to mark contrast or disambiguate a sentence
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: prefixes on verb	Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal prefixes (free pronouns may be another option)	no		Overall 2007:328-31, 361-5
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: suffixes on verb	Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal suffixes (free pronouns may be another option)	yes		Overall 2007:328-31, 361-5
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: clitics on variable host	Pronominal subjects are clitics that can attach to verbs, nominal constituents, etc.	no		Overall 2007:154-7
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: pronouns in non-subject position	Pronominal subjects are free pronouns but do not normally occur in the position expected for full NP subjects	no		Overall 2007:214
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person marking on intransitive verbs	Intransitive verbs take person-marking clitics/affixes	yes		Overall 2007:328-31, 361-5
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person marking (of agents) on transitive verbs	Transitive verbs take subject (A) markers	yes		Overall 2007:328-31, 361-5
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person-marking (of objects) on transitive verbs	Transitive verbs take object (P) markers	yes		Overall 2007:315, 328-31, 361-5
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	3rd person zero in verbal person marking: subjects	3rd person subjects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system	no		Overall 2007:328-31, 361-5	However, 3rd person can be zero-marked in some instacnes depending on TAM while 1st and 2nd are always marked
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	3rd person zero in verbal person marking: objects	3rd person objects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system	yes		Overall 2007:315
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Number can be marked separately from person on the verb	Verbal person marking exists, but number is (or can) be marked separately	no		Overall 2007:361
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Possessive affixes/clitics on nouns are same as verbal person markers	Where nouns take possessive affixes, these are the same as the person-marking affixes	no		Overall 2007:261, 361
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Gender distinguished in verbal person markers	For any person, verbal person markers exhibit different forms depending on the gender (masc/fem, animate/inanimate, etc.) of the referent	no		Overall 2007:361
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: indirect object	In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives a book to Bill'), the theme (book) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated differently	no		Overall 2007:456-7
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: double object	In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives Bill a book'), both the theme (book) and the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives	yes		Overall 2007:456-7	Both objects receive accusaitve case
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: secondary object	In ditransitives, the recipient/beneficiary is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the theme (book) is treated differently	no		Overall 2007:456-7
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reciprocal: dedicated morpheme	Verb becomes reciprocal through use of reciprocal morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is only used to mean reciprocal.	yes		Overall 2007:313
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reflexive: dedicated morpheme	Verb becomes reflexive through use of reflexive morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is used only to mean reflexive.	yes		Overall 2007:311
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reciprocal/reflexive: same morpheme	Verb becomes reciprocal or reflexive through use of a morpheme that means either reciprocal or reflexive which attaches to the root of the verb	no		Overall 2007:311-3
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Passive	Passive voice usually involves a change to the verb, while the object of the active voice verb is promoted to subject in the passive voice, and the former subject is deleted/demoted	no info		Overall 2007:305	More likely no
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Antipassive	Like passive, but deletes or demotes the object of a transitive verb; usually found in ergative languages	no info		Overall 2007:305	More likely no
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Other intransitivizing morphology	There is/are some other mechanism(s) for reducing valency	yes			Detransitivizer in which the O argument becomes S of the ntransitive
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Applicative: benefactive	Applicative adds a beneficiary/maleficiary object argument to the verb	yes		Overall 2007:306	The varinats are lexically conditioned
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Applicative: other	Applicative adds some other object argument to the verb	yes	This same suffix can add a "malefactive" or a "goal"	Overall 2007:306	The applicative can introduce also a malefactive or goal argument
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: prefix	Causative is morphological and is attached before the root of the verb	yes		Overall 2007:302-3	unpredictable prefixed vowel
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: suffix	Causative is morphological and is attached after the root of the verb	yes		Overall 2007:302-3	There are two causative: the suffix /-miti(ka)/ and a prefixed vowel which is not predictable. But the suffix is much more productive
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative marked by circumfix, stem change, or tone	Morphological causative other than simple prefix/suffix	no		Overall 2007:302-4
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: serial verb or analytical construction	Causative construction that involves periphrasis or serialization	no		Overall 2007:302-4
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: dedicated 'make do by proxy'	Indicates that the causer does not directly cause the action of the verb to be realized, but does so by inducing someone else to carry out the action, e.g. 'John had the house painted.'	no info			more likely no
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: dedicated sociative	Indicates that causer participates in event	no info			more likely no
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Other transitivizing morphology (adds valence)	There is/are some other mechanism(s) for increasing valency	yes		Overall 2007:311
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Dedicated past marker(s)	Past tense is regularly morphologically marked on the verb or elsewhere	yes	There are six different suffixes marking different past tenses which also encode differences in aspect	Overall 2007:334	There are four past tense markers
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Multiple past tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference	e.g. distant vs. recent past	yes		Overall 2007:334
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Multiple future tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference	e.g. imminent vs. distant future	yes		Overall 2007:347-57
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Dedicated future or non-past marker(s)		yes		Overall 2007:347-57
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: prefix		no		Overall 2007:331-57
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: suffix		yes		Overall 2007:331-57
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: tone or ablaut		no		Overall 2007:331-57
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect suppletion		no		Overall 2007:331-57
Verbal Categories - Directionals	Directional elements affixed to the verb	There are grammaticalized elements indicating movement away, toward, there and back, etc.	no info			more likely no
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized visual	Indicates information has been witnessed visually - indicate only if an overt marker	no		Overall 2007:471, 549
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized nonvisual	Indicates information has been sensed firsthand but not visually (usually heard; also smelled, tasted, felt)	no		Overall 2007:471, 549
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized inferential	Indicates information has not been experienced firsthand, but inferred from some kind of evidence - indicate only if an overt marker.	no		Overall 2007:471, 549
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized reportive	Indicates speaker is not responsible for veracity of statement, merely reporting; 'allegedly'	no		Overall 2007:471, 549
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized quotative	Indicate presence of adjacent representation of repeated discourse	no		Overall 2007:471, 549
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Other evidential	Any other evidential values not represented above	no		Overall 2007:471, 549
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: verb affix or clitic		no		Overall 2007:471, 549
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: part of tense system	Includes portmanteau morphs	no		Overall 2007:471, 549
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: separate particle		no		Overall 2007:471, 549
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: modal morpheme		no		Overall 2007:471, 549
Verbal Categories - Mood	Dedicated imperative morpheme or verb form	There is a special morpheme (or morphemes, or a bare verb root where inflection is normally expected) used to signal imperative (command) mood	yes		Overall 2007:350
Verbal Categories - Mood	Polite imperative morpheme	There is a distinct morpheme for polite imperative constructions (specify if it has other functions in the language)	yes		Overall 2007:350	more likely not
Verbal Categories - Mood	Difference between negation in imperative (prohibitive) and declarative clauses	There are different strategies for marking negation in imperative and declarative clauses	yes		Overall 2007:324, 358
Verbal Categories - Mood	Dedicated hortative morpheme or verb form (1pl or 3rd person imperative)	as opposed to imperative; the person in control of desired state of affairs is not the addressee; ex: 'Let's sing' / 'Let him sing'	yes		Overall 2007:353
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: affix on verb	Inflectional marking of capacity to do something	no
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: verbal construction		no info
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: other marking		no info
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: affix on verb	Modal expressing hypothesis	yes		Overall 2007:371
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: verbal construction		no		Overall 2007:371
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: other marking		no info
Verbal Categories - Mood	Marking of expected/unexpected action or result	There is inflectional marking of expected/unexpected	yes		Overall 2007:375
Verbal Categories - Mood	Verbal frustrative	Modal expressing frustration ("in vain")	yes		Overall 2007:384
Verbal Categories - Mood	Verbal habitual	Modal expressing habituality	no		Overall 2007:332	Present tense conveys habituality
Verbal Categories - Mood	Apprehensive construction	There is a single morpheme or verb form to mean '(be careful lest) X happens'	yes		Overall 2007:357
Verbal Categories - Mood	Reality status marking on verbs	There are dedicated morpheme(s) for realis/irrealis 'actualized/unactualized events'	no info
Verbal Categories - Mood	Affect markers (positive/negative)	Note whether these inflectional markers are positive or negative	no info
Verbal Categories - Other	Social interaction markers	Note the type of interaction	no info			more likely not
Verbal Categories - Verbal number	Verbal number suppletion		no		Overall 2007:123
Word Order	No fixed basic constituent order		yes		Overall 2007:545	However, it is preferred to have the V at the end of the sentence
Word Order	VS in intransitive clauses	Verb precedes subject	no		Overall 2007:545	But there may be some variation
Word Order	VS in transitive clauses		no		Overall 2007:546	But there may be some variation
Word Order	VO in transitive clauses	Verb precedes object	no		Overall 2007:545	But there may be some variation
Word Order	OS in transitive clauses	Object precedes subject	no		Overall 2007:545
Word Order	Preposition-Noun		no		Overall 2007:214-30
Word Order	Noun-Postposition or case suffix		yes		Overall 2007:214-30	case suffix
Word Order	Gen-Noun	Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessor first (e.g. John's book)	yes		Overall 2007:545
Word Order	Noun-Gen	Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessum first (e.g. 'book of John')	no		Overall 2007:545
Word Order	Adj-Noun	Adjective precedes the noun	no		Overall 2007:243
Word Order	Noun-Adj	Adjective follows the noun	yes		Overall 2007:243	So, the general structure of Aguaruna NP is (Det)N(Adj)
Word Order	Dem-Noun		yes		Overall 2007:243
Word Order	Noun-Dem		no		Overall 2007:243
Word Order	Num-Noun		yes		Overall 2007:248
Word Order	Noun-Num		yes		Overall 2007:248
Word Order	Noun-Rel	Relative clause follows noun that it modifies	yes		Overall 2007:243
Word Order	Rel-Noun	Relative clause precedes noun that it modifies	no		Overall 2007:243
Word Order	Re<Noun>l (internally headed relative)	e.g. 'the dog cat chased-NMZR got away' ('the cat that the dog chased got away')	no		Overall 2007:253-61
Word Order	Relative clause is correlative or adjoined	e.g. 'what is running, the dog chased that cat'	no		Overall 2007:253-61
Word Order	Question word is clause initial	'what', 'who', etc. come first in interrogative clause	yes		Overall 2007:365-70

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