| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
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| Kawaiisu |
|
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|
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| Timbisha |
|
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|
|
|
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| Western Mono |
|
|
|
|
|
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| Chemehuevi |
|
|
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|
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| Southern Paiute |
|
|
|
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|
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| Southern Ute |
|
|
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| Shoshone |
|
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| Comanche |
|
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| Idaho Shoshone |
|
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|
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| Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
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| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 14 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
|
Allin, 1976, p. 75 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 6 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
|
Sudo, 1976 p. 9 and Galindo, 1992, p. 62 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no |
|
Shauer and Shauer, 1972, p. 4 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
|
Mosonyi (1987) |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos, 2006:69 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no |
|
Alvarez, 1985: p. 78 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
the sequences Cy or Cw can be interpreted as a complex onset or as a syllable of CV structure |
Aikhenvald 2003: 37 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
|
Facundes, 2000: 87 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
|
Mihas 2010:71 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no |
Syllable structure: (C)V(V)(n/ɺ) |
Zamponi 2003:18 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
yes |
This is limited to a maximum of two consonants |
Fast 1953:193 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no |
|
Souza 2008:68 |
|
|
|
| Baure |
no |
|
Danielsen 2007: p61 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 225 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no |
|
Brandão 2010:11 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no info |
|
Launey 2003 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no |
|
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no |
|
Patte 1989:25 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
no |
|
Seifart - 2005:34-46 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
yes |
|
Hall 1988:257, 265 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
no |
|
Abbott 1991: 145-147 |
|
Note from phonology sheet says CCV occurs in only one grammatical morpheme, however I was not able to locate it in the source cited. Relevant information: "Occasionally long consonants occur. These are indicated by writing two consonants together and they |
|
| Eñepa |
yes |
|
Price 1984 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
yes |
CCV allowed |
Pessoa 2005:67 |
|
Tuarepang dialect |
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith |
|
|
|
| Naso |
yes |
kl, pl are the only ones I found |
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
yes |
A (voiced or voiceless) stop plus r |
Frank 1990:11 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
yes |
|
Quesada 2008:47 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
yes |
|
de Kondo (Vol.1)- 1985: 9 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
yes |
C1C2VC3 |
Buenaventura - 1993:28 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
yes |
|
Overall 2007:58 |
|
But on a surface level. Syllables have the (C)V(C) structure in a deep level but syllable structure may become rather complex at surface level because of processes of losing vowels |
|
| Northern Emberá |
no |
Only the complex onset Cr is allowed. Southern Embera does not allow complex onset Cr (Aguirre 1999:16-7) |
Mortensen 1999:6 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no |
|
Saint and Pike 1962:14 |
|
No consonant clusters are allowed |
|
| Ingá |
yes |
Complex onsets are optional; simple onsets preferred |
Levinson 1976:21 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
yes |
Only if glides are treated as consonants |
Fleck:106-7 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
|
Salas 1992, p.81 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
yes |
|
Jung 2000:140-3 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
It only occurs in loans from Spanish |
Parker 1965:16 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no |
|
Montes 2000:295 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
yes |
|
Olawsky:75-6 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
yes |
they only occur in word medial and word final position |
Loewen 1954:22-24 |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no |
|
Landaburu 1979, p.53 |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
yes |
CCV - first C must be [-voice]; second C must be an approximant /j,w/; vowel following complex onset must be [-high] |
Giron 2008: p35 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 67 |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
no |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
yes |
|
Cavalcante 1987:31 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
no consonantal clusters |
Minor and Minor 1982. p.3-4 |
|
check 'ng' |
|
| Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
|
Barbosa 2005 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004:13-15 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
no |
|
Miller 1999, p. 15 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
no |
|
Chacon 2012:164 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no |
|
Stenzel 2007:38 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p. 26 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.10 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
no |
The phonological word may consist of from one to nine syllables. |
Jones & Jones 1991, p.10 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
Neither consonant clusters nor closed syllables are permitted except that a glottal stop may follow a vowel |
Strom 1992, p.21 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
no |
CV(V) |
Wheeler - 1970:21 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
no |
|
West and Welch 2004 |
|
no evidence for this |
|
| Yanomami |
yes |
CCV - first C is [-cor] |
Migliazza 1972: p.201 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
yes |
very rare, only attested sequences in Goodwin-Gomez are kr and pr |
Migliazza 1972: p.154; Goodwin-Gomez 1990: 26 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no |
|
Migliazza 1972: p.205 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no |
|
Bontkes and Bontkes 2009:3-4 |
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:15-93 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011:62 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
No closed syllable is allowed in the language |
Krivoshein and Acosta 2001:22 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
yes |
|
Rossler 2008:58 |
|
|
|
| Kokama |
yes |
|
Vallejos 2010:112 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Warrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Worrorra |
yes |
|
ms2.4.1 |
|
|
1 |
| Garrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Gooniyandi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Warlpiri |
no |
|
n78 |
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no |
|
46 |
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no |
|
14 |
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yandruwandha |
no |
|
36 |
|
|
0 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no |
|
10, 11 |
|
|
0 |
| Woiwurrung |
no |
|
63-64 |
|
|
0 |
| Wirangu |
No |
|
39 |
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
yes |
|
H 7 |
|
|
1 |
| Warumungu |
No |
|
7 |
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
yes |
|
6 |
|
|
1 |
| Uradhi |
Yes |
|
322 |
|
|
1 |
| Paakantyi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
188 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no |
|
40 |
|
|
0 |
| Nyungar |
no |
|
d33 |
|
|
0 |
| Nhanta |
no |
|
18 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngiyambaa |
no |
|
35 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
no info |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Muruwari |
no |
|
37 |
|
|
0 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
27 |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
no |
|
31-34 |
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
283 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
44 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no |
|
22 |
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
yes |
|
378 |
|
|
1 |
| Kaurna |
No |
|
2 |
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
yes |
|
9 |
|
|
1 |
| Jaru |
no |
|
44 |
|
|
0 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
yes |
|
40 |
|
|
1 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
xix |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no |
|
82 |
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
20 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
272 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
20 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
Yes |
|
17 |
|
|
1 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
25 |
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Darkinyung |
no |
|
11 |
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
no |
|
10 |
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
no |
|
12 |
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no |
|
20 |
|
|
0 |
| Batyala |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Arabana |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
no |
|
45 |
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
17 |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
no |
|
68 |
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
59 |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
23 |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
21 |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
no |
|
133 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Kurrama |
no? |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
2 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
283 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
yes |
|
15 |
|
|
1 |
| WesternTorres |
no |
|
K81 123, 125 |
|
|
0 |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
ch 4 |
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
no |
|
501 |
|
|
0 |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
26 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
11 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
Yes |
|
78 |
|
|
1 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
16 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
50 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
G 24 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
10 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
21 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no |
|
852 |
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
No |
|
11 |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
no |
|
20 |
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
no |
|
2.2.3 |
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
Yes |
|
38 |
|
|
1 |
| Narungga |
No |
|
39 |
|
|
0 |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
6 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
30 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
yes |
|
102-3 |
|
|
1 |
| Adnyamathanha |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yagua |
no |
|
Payne and Payne 1990:431 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
but cf. aspiration |
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
