Complex onsets
- Category
- Phonology - Segmental
- Notes
- Onset consists of more than one consonant phoneme
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | no | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 14 | ||||
| Aché | yes | Rossler 2008:58 | ||||
| Adnyamathanha | no | 0 | ||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | Yes | 38 | 1 | |||
| Aguaruna | yes | Overall 2007:58 | But on a surface level. Syllables have the (C)V(C) structure in a deep level but syllable structure may become rather complex at surface level because of processes of losing vowels | |||
| Alyawarr | no | 45 | 0 | |||
| Andoke | no | Landaburu 1979, p.53 | ||||
| Apurinã | no | Facundes, 2000: 87 | ||||
| Arabana | no | 0 | ||||
| Arrernte | Yes | 78 | 1 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | no | Mihas 2010:71 | ||||
| Añun | no | Patte 1989:25 | ||||
| Bandjalang | No | 26 | 0 | |||
| Baniwa | no | but cf. aspiration | Ramirez 2001 | |||
| Barasano | no | The phonological word may consist of from one to nine syllables. | Jones & Jones 1991, p.10 | |||
| Bardi | no | 0 | ||||
| Bare | no | Aikhenvald, 1995: 6 | ||||
| Batyala | no | 0 | ||||
| Baure | no | Danielsen 2007: p61 | ||||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | no | 20 | 0 | |||
| Bilinarra | no | 2.2.3 | 0 | |||
| Biri | no | 12 | 0 | |||
| Bora | no | Seifart - 2005:34-46 | ||||
| Bularnu | no | 10 | 0 | |||
| Bunuba | no | 0 | ||||
| Cabecar | no info | |||||
| Cahuilla | ||||||
| Central Aymara | no | Huayhua Pari 2001: 67 | ||||
| Chemehuevi | ||||||
| Comanche | ||||||
| Cubeo | no | Chacon 2012:164 | ||||
| Cupeño | ||||||
| Damana | no | |||||
| Darkinyung | no | 11 | 0 | |||
| Desano | no | Miller 1999, p. 15 | ||||
| Dharawal | no | 0 | ||||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | no | 25 | 0 | |||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | no | 20 | 0 | |||
| Djinang | Yes | 17 | 1 | |||
| Duungidjawu | no | 20 | 0 | |||
| Dyirbal | No | 272 | 0 | |||
| Dâw | no | Martins 2004:13-15 | ||||
| Eñepa | yes | Price 1984 | ||||
| Gabrielino | ||||||
| Garrwa | no info | X | ||||
| Githabul | No | 2 | 0 | |||
| Gooniyandi | yes | 1 | ||||
| Guaymí | yes | Quesada 2008:47 | ||||
| Gugu-Badhun | no | 82 | 0 | |||
| Gumbaynggirr | no | xix | 0 | |||
| Guna | no | Smith | ||||
| Gunya | No | 283 | 0 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no | 0 | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | yes | 40 | 1 | |||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | no | 23 | 0 | |||
| Hup | no | Epps 2008 | ||||
| Idaho Shoshone | ||||||
| Ika | yes | A (voiced or voiceless) stop plus r | Frank 1990:11 | |||
| Ingá | yes | Complex onsets are optional; simple onsets preferred | Levinson 1976:21 | |||
| Jaru | no | 44 | 0 | |||
| Jingulu | no | 0 | ||||
| Kaingang | yes | Cavalcante 1987:31 | ||||
| Kakua | no | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
| Kalkatungu | yes | 9 | 1 | |||
| Karajarri | No | 50 | 0 | |||
| Karitiana | no | Everett 2006:15-93 | ||||
| Katthang | no | 21 | 0 | |||
| Kaurna | No | 2 | 0 | |||
| Kawaiisu | ||||||
| Kinikinau | no | Souza 2008:68 | ||||
| Kitanemuk | ||||||
| Kogi | no info | |||||
| Kokama | yes | Vallejos 2010:112 | ||||
| Kokatha | No | 16 | 0 | |||
| Koreguaje | no | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.10 | ||||
| Kotiria | no | Stenzel 2007:38 | ||||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | yes | 378 | 1 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | no | 22 | 0 | |||
| Kunjen | yes | 15 | 1 | |||
| Kurrama | no? | 0 | ||||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | No | 44 | 0 | |||
| Luiseño | ||||||
| Macaguan | yes | C1C2VC3 | Buenaventura - 1993:28 | |||
| Maipure | no | Syllable structure: (C)V(V)(n/ɺ) | Zamponi 2003:18 | |||
| Makiritare | yes | Hall 1988:257, 265 | ||||
| Makuna | no | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p. 26 | ||||
| Makushi | no | Abbott 1991: 145-147 | Note from phonology sheet says CCV occurs in only one grammatical morpheme, however I was not able to locate it in the source cited. Relevant information: "Occasionally long consonants occur. These are indicated by writing two consonants together and they | |||
| Mapudungun | no | Salas 1992, p.81 | ||||
| Marrgany | No | 283 | 0 | |||
| Martuthunira | no | 31-34 | 0 | |||
| Mathi-Mathi | no | 59 | 0 | |||
| Matses | yes | Only if glides are treated as consonants | Fleck:106-7 | |||
| Mayi-Yapi | No | 27 | 0 | |||
| Minica Witoto | no | no consonantal clusters | Minor and Minor 1982. p.3-4 | check 'ng' | ||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | no | 37 | 0 | |||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | no | Barbosa 2005 | ||||
| Nanti | no | Michael, 2008. p. 225 | ||||
| Narungga | No | 39 | 0 | |||
| Naso | yes | kl, pl are the only ones I found | Quesada 2000 | |||
| Ngaatjatjara | No | 11 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | No info | x | ||||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | no info | 0 | ||||
| Ngiyambaa | no | 35 | 0 | |||
| Nhanta | no | 18 | 0 | |||
| Nheengatu | no | Cruz 2011:62 | ||||
| Ninam | yes | very rare, only attested sequences in Goodwin-Gomez are kr and pr | Migliazza 1972: p.154; Goodwin-Gomez 1990: 26 | |||
| Northern Emberá | no | Only the complex onset Cr is allowed. Southern Embera does not allow complex onset Cr (Aguirre 1999:16-7) | Mortensen 1999:6 | Catío | ||
| Northern Paiute | ||||||
| Nyangumarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyikina | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nyungar | no | d33 | 0 | |||
| Paakantyi | no | 0 | ||||
| Palikur | no info | Launey 2003 | ||||
| Panyjima | no | 133 | 0 | |||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | no | No closed syllable is allowed in the language | Krivoshein and Acosta 2001:22 | |||
| Paresi | no | Brandão 2010:11 | ||||
| Pemon | yes | CCV allowed | Pessoa 2005:67 | Tuarepang dialect | ||
| Piapoco | no | Sudo, 1976 p. 9 and Galindo, 1992, p. 62 | ||||
| Pintupi | no | 40 | 0 | |||
| Pitjantjatjara | No | G 24 | 0 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | No | 188 | 0 | |||
| Puinave | yes | CCV - first C must be [-voice]; second C must be an approximant /j,w/; vowel following complex onset must be [-high] | Giron 2008: p35 | |||
| Páez | yes | Jung 2000:140-3 | ||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | no | It only occurs in loans from Spanish | Parker 1965:16 | |||
| Resígaro | no | Allin, 1976, p. 75 | ||||
| Ritharrngu | No | 10 | 0 | |||
| Sanumá | no | Migliazza 1972: p.205 | ||||
| Serrano | ||||||
| Shoshone | ||||||
| Sikuani | yes | de Kondo (Vol.1)- 1985: 9 | ||||
| Siona | no | CV(V) | Wheeler - 1970:21 | |||
| Southern Paiute | ||||||
| Southern Ute | ||||||
| Surui | no | Bontkes and Bontkes 2009:3-4 | ||||
| Tanimuca | no | Neither consonant clusters nor closed syllables are permitted except that a glottal stop may follow a vowel | Strom 1992, p.21 | |||
| Tariana | no | the sequences Cy or Cw can be interpreted as a complex onset or as a syllable of CV structure | Aikhenvald 2003: 37 | |||
| Thanggati | no | 0 | ||||
| Tharrkari | No | 6 | 0 | |||
| Tikuna | no | Montes 2000:295 | ||||
| Timbisha | ||||||
| Tukano | no | West and Welch 2004 | no evidence for this | |||
| Uradhi | Yes | 322 | 1 | |||
| Urarina | yes | Olawsky:75-6 | ||||
| Wajarri | No | 30 | 0 | |||
| Wakaya | no | ch 4 | 0 | |||
| Walmajarri | no | 0 | ||||
| Wambaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Wangkumara | yes | 6 | 1 | |||
| Waorani | no | Saint and Pike 1962:14 | No consonant clusters are allowed | |||
| Wapishana | no | Santos, 2006:69 | ||||
| Warlpiri | no | n78 | 0 | |||
| Warluwarra | no | 852 | 0 | |||
| Warnman | No | 11 | 0 | |||
| Warrgamay | No | 21 | 0 | |||
| Warrwa | no | 0 | ||||
| Warumungu | No | 7 | 0 | |||
| Warungu | yes | 102-3 | 1 | |||
| Wathawurrung | no | 68 | 0 | |||
| Waunana | yes | they only occur in word medial and word final position | Loewen 1954:22-24 | |||
| Wayuu | no | Alvarez, 1985: p. 78 | ||||
| Wemba-Wemba | yes | H 7 | 1 | |||
| Western Mono | ||||||
| WesternTorres | no | K81 123, 125 | 0 | |||
| Wiradjuri | no | 0 | ||||
| Wirangu | No | 39 | 0 | |||
| Woiwurrung | no | 63-64 | 0 | |||
| Worrorra | yes | ms2.4.1 | 1 | |||
| Yagua | no | Payne and Payne 1990:431 | ||||
| Yalarnnga | no | 10, 11 | 0 | |||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | no | 36 | 0 | |||
| Yanesha' | yes | This is limited to a maximum of two consonants | Fast 1953:193 | |||
| Yanomami | yes | CCV - first C is [-cor] | Migliazza 1972: p.201 | |||
| Yanyuwa | no info | x | ||||
| Yavitero | no | Mosonyi (1987) | ||||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | no | 0 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | no | 14 | 0 | |||
| Yindjilindji | no | 501 | 0 | |||
| Yine | no | Matteson 1965 | ||||
| Yingkarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | no | 46 | 0 | |||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | no | Shauer and Shauer, 1972, p. 4 | ||||
| Yulparija | No | 17 | 0 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | No | 20 | 0 |
| Language |
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