Makiritare
- Family
- Cariban
- Region
- South America
- ISO 639-3
- mch
- Location
- 4.71°, -64.39°
- Notes
- Features
-
Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Grammatical Data
Ethnographic Information
- Data Sources
- Escoriaza, Damián. Datos Linguisticos de la Lengua Makiritare. 1959. Hall, Katherine. 1988. The morphosyntax of discourse in De'kuana Carib. Ph.D. diss., Washington University in St. Louis. Hall, Katherine. Carib (De'cuana). 2007. In Mary R. Key, Intercontinental Dictionary Series.
Basic Vocabulary (191)
| English | Spanish | Portuguese | Semantic Field | Part of Speech | Orthographic Form | Phonemicized Form | Gloss as in Source | Etymology Code | Proto-Form | Proto-Language | Loan Source | Wanderwort Status | Etyma Set | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| above | encima, arriba | acima | location | kawə̄ (IDS) | kawə̄ (IDS) | inheritance | shared Wayana | See Language page | ||||||||
| and | y | e | grammar | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||
| ash | ceniza(s) | cinzas | environment | wedēnnə (IDS) | wedēnnə (IDS) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| at | en, a | em, a | location | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||
| back | espalda | costas | body | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||
| bad | mal | mal | quality | kənemhɨnɨ (IDS) (Noun form; verbal form is koneʔda); kone'da (KH) (means 'bad, evil'), konemhünü (KH) | kənemhɨnɨ (IDS); koneʔda (KH), konemhɨnɨ (KH) | unique | See Language page | |||||||||
| belly | barriga | barriga | body | dudūnoi (IDS) (means 'stomach'); dudu:noi (KH) (means 'stomach') | dudunoi | doubtful loan, direction unknown | Warekena nuneni | See Language page | ||||||||
| below | abajo, debajo | abaixo | location | doʔnə (IDS) | doʔnə (IDS) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| big | grande | grande | quality | nuwe (IDS); adai'hö (KH) (means 'big', 'large' and 'wide') | nuwe (IDS); adaiʔhə (KH) | unique | See Language page | |||||||||
| black | negro | preto | colour | hudumato (IDS, KH) | hudumato | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| blood | sangre | sangue | body | munu (IDS, kH) (Also āki [IDS]) | munu | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| boil/pimple | espinilla, granos | espinha, borbulha | body | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||
| bone | hueso | osso | body | yēʔhə (IDS); ye:'hö (KH) | je:ʔhə | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| breast | pecho, seno | peito | body | ʔdohɨ-dɨ (IDS); iyohü:Udü (KH) | ʔdohɨ-dɨ (IDS); ijohɨ:Udɨ (KH) | unique | See Language page | |||||||||
| child | niño, niña | criança | human | nnedɨ (IDS); inñe:dü (KH), nnedü (KH) | nnedɨ; inɲe:dɨ (KH) | unique | See Language page | |||||||||
| cloud | nube | nuvem | environment | kāʔdutu (IDS) | kāʔdutu (IDS) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| cold | frío | frio | quality | kəmme (IDS); kömme (KH) | kəmme | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| correct/true | verdad, de veras | verdade | quality | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||
| day | día | dia | time | anə̄to (IDS); ano:to (KH) | anə:to (IDS); ano:to (KH) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| dirty | sucio | sujo | quality | nossahe (IDS) | nossahe (IDS) | unique | See Language page | |||||||||
| dingo/wolf | fauna | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||||
| dry | seco | seco | quality | ssedēhe (IDS); ssede:he (KH) | ssede:he | unique | See Language page | |||||||||
| dull/blunt | sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo | maçante, desamolado, não afiado | quality | tuhuʔhūdato (IDS) | tuhuʔhūdato (IDS) | unknown | See Language page | |||||||||
| dust | polvo | poeira | environment | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||
| ear | oreja | orelha | body | hāna (IDS); hana | ha:na (IDS); hana (KH) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| earth/soil | tierra | terra | environment | nono (IDS) | nono (IDS) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| egg | huevo | ovo | fauna | iʔmoi (IDS); i'moi (KH) | iʔmoi | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| eye | ojo | olho | body | ənu (IDS); ye:nudu (KH) (means 'my eye'), önu (KH) | je:nudu (KH), ənu | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| far | lejos | longe | quality | amoinče (IDS) | amoinče (IDS) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| fat/grease | grasa | gordura | body | kātɨ (IDS); cha:tü (KH) (means 'animal fat') | ka:tɨ (IDS); tʃa:tɨ (KH) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| father | padre, papá | pai | kinship | haha (IDS); ha:ha (KH) | haha (IDS); ha:ha (KH) | doubtful loan | Portuguese | See Language page | ||||||||
| feather | pluma | pena | fauna | iʔhōʔtɨ (IDS); i'ho'tü (KH) (also means 'hair') | iʔho:ʔtɨ (IDS); iʔhoʔtɨ (KH) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| fire | fuego | fogo | environment | wāʔto (IDS) (Also dudīnɲɨ); dudi:nñü, wa:'to (KH) | dudi:nɲɨ (KH), wa:ʔto | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| flower | flor | flor | environment | čə̄hɨdɨ (IDS) | čə̄hɨdɨ (IDS) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| fog | niebla, neblina | nevoeira, bruma, neblina | environment | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||
| fruit | fruta | fruta | flora | čə̄hɨdɨ̄-hɨdɨ (IDS) | čə̄hɨdɨ̄-hɨdɨ (IDS) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| good | bueno | bom | quality | ašiča (IDS) | aʃitʃa | unique | See Language page | |||||||||
| hair (of head) | cabello | cabelo | body | hū (IDS); hu: (KH) | hu: | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| hand | mano | mão | body | amō-dɨ (IDS); amo (KH) | amo:-dɨ (IDS); amo (KH) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| 3sg | el/ella | ele/ela | grammar | tɨwɨ (IDS); tüwü (KH) (also means 'him/her') | tɨwɨ | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| head | cabeza | cabeça | body | hūʔhə (IDS); hu:'hö (KH) (means 'my head') | hu:ʔhə | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| heavy | pesado | pesado | quality | tamənɲato (IDS) | tamənɲato (IDS) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| how? | como | como | grammar | ākene (IDS) | ākene (IDS) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| 1sg | yo | eu | grammar | ɨwɨ (IDS); üwü (KH) (also means 'me') | ɨwɨ | inheritance | For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms | See Language page | ||||||||
| if | si | se | grammar | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||
| in/inside | dentro, adentro | dentro | location | aʔka; anwaʔka (IDS) | aʔka; anwaʔka (IDS) | unique | See Language page | |||||||||
| intestines | intestinos | intestinos | body | hyōtɨ (IDS) | hyōtɨ (IDS) | unique | See Language page | |||||||||
| lake | lago | lago | environment | čūʔhə (IDS) | čūʔhə (IDS) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| leaf | hoja | folha | environment | yadɨ (IDS) | jadɨ | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| left/left hand | izquierdo | esquerdo | location/body | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||
| leg/foot | pierna | perna | body | hētɨ (IDS) | hētɨ (IDS) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| lightning | rayo, relámpago | relampago | environment | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||
| liver | hígado | figado | body | chö:dedü (KH) | tʃə:dedɨ | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| long | largo | comprido, longo | quality | nuwe (IDS) | nuwe (IDS) | unique | See Language page | |||||||||
| louse | piollo, piojo | piolho | fauna | dāmə (IDS); da:mö (KH) | da:mə | inheritance | order Phtiraptera | See Language page | ||||||||
| man/male | hombre | homem | human | danwa (IDS, KH) | danwa | unique | See Language page | |||||||||
| meat/flesh | carne | carne | fauna | hyunu (IDS, KH) | hjunu | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| moon | luna | lua | environment | nūnə (IDS); nu:nö (KH) | nu:nə | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| mother | madre, mamá | mãe | kinship | denɨ (IDS) (Reference term. Term of address is mama) | denɨ | inheritance | but cf. Arawak? | See Language page | ||||||||
| mouth | boca | boca | body | ənta (IDS); nta (KH), önta (KH) | nta (KH), ənta (KH) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| name | nombre | nome | human | tə̄tɨ (IDS) (call (=name)); ö:tü (KH) | tə:tɨ (IDS); ə:tɨ (KH) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| near/close | cerca de | perto | quality | amoinče-ʔdaɨ (IDS) | amoinče-ʔdaɨ (IDS) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| nape | base del cuello, nuca | nuca | body | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||
| neck | cuello | pescoço | body | hɨ̄mɨɨ (IDS) | hɨ̄mɨɨ (IDS) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| new | nuevo | novo | quality | eduwa:to (KH) | eduwa:to | unique | See Language page | |||||||||
| night | noche | noite | time | čomomɨ̄dɨ (IDS); chomomü:dü (KH) | tʃomomɨ:dɨ | unknown | See Language page | |||||||||
| no/not | no | não | grammar | mmʔhmɨ (IDS) | mmʔhmɨ (IDS) | unique | See Language page | |||||||||
| nose | nariz | nariz | body | ənna (IDS); önna (KH) | ənna | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| old | viejo | velho | quality | henaʔdohə (IDS); inchomo (KH) (means 'old one'), de'mu (KH) (means 'white hair, elder person') | henaʔdohə (IDS); inʃomo (KH), deʔmu (KH) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| one | uno | um | number | tōni (IDS) | to:ni | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| other | otro | outro | grammar | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||
| pain/painful/sick | dolor, doloroso, enfermo | dor, doloroso, doente | body | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||
| person/human being | persona | pessoa | human | ssoto (IDS) | ssoto | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| rain | lluvia | chuva | environment | konōhoɨ (IDS) | konōhoɨ (IDS) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| red | rojo | vermelho | colour | seweičato (IDS) (also means 'ripe') | seweitʃato (IDS) | unknown | See Language page | |||||||||
| right/right hand | derecha | direita | location/body | əmuʔdemhɨnɨɨ (IDS) | əmuʔdemhɨnɨɨ (IDS) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| road/path | camino | caminho | manufacture | ə̄ma (IDS); ö:ma (KH) (means 'road, route, path') | ə:ma | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| root | raíz | raiz | flora | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||
| rotten | podrido | podre | quality | čə̄tāhəɨ (IDS) | čə̄tāhəɨ (IDS) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| sand | arena | areia | environment | sāʔdaʔda (IDS); sa:'da'da (KH) | sa:ʔdaʔda | unique | See Language page | |||||||||
| sharp | afilado, filudo, filoso | afiado | quality | ākə̄tədɨɨ (IDS) | ākə̄tədɨɨ (IDS) | unknown | See Language page | |||||||||
| short | corto | curto | quality | tawedatoɨ (IDS) | tawedatoɨ (IDS) | unique | See Language page | |||||||||
| shoulder | hombro | ombro | body | nkawəɨ (IDS) | nkawəɨ (IDS) | unique | See Language page | |||||||||
| shy/ashamed | tímido, vergonzoso | timido, com vergonha | mental | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||
| skin | piel | pele | body | hiʔhə (IDS); hi'hö | hiʔhə | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| sky | cielo | céu | environment | kahuɨ (IDS) | kahuɨ (IDS) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| small | pequeño | pequeno | quality | šeʔkə (IDS); she:'kö, she:'koto'kö (KH) | ʃeʔkə (IDS); ʃe:ʔkə, ʃe:ʔkotoʔkə (KH) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| smoke | humo | fumaça | environment | widīnčə (IDS); widi:nchö (KH) (also means 'vapor') | widi:ntʃə | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| star | estrella | estrela | environment | šidīčə (IDS); shidi:chö (KH) | ʃidi:tʃə | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| stick/wood | palo | pau, vara | flora | dēɨ (IDS) | dēɨ (IDS) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| stone | piedra | pedra | environment | təʔhu (IDS) | təʔhu | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| tail | cola, rabo | rabo | body | dāʔkɨdɨ (IDS); da:'küdü (KH) | da:ʔkɨdɨ | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| that | ese/esa | esse | grammar | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||
| 3pl | ellos/ellas | eles/elas | grammar | tɨnwano (IDS); tünwanno, ka:nno (KH) (also them) | tɨnwano (IDS); tɨnwanno, ka:nno (KH) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| thick | grueso, gordo, espeso | grosso | quality | hūšīheɨ (IDS) | hūšīheɨ (IDS) | unique | See Language page | |||||||||
| thin | delgado | fino | quality | sāʔtaheɨ (IDS) | sāʔtaheɨ (IDS) | unique | See Language page | |||||||||
| this | este/esta | este | grammar | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||
| 2sg | xx | xx | grammar | əmədə (IDS); ömö:dö (KH) | əmədə (IDS); əmə:də (KH) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| throat | garganta | garganta | body | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||
| three | tres | tres | number | aduwawə (IDS); a:duwa:wö (KH) | aduwawə (IDS); a:duwa:wə (KH) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| thunder | truenos | trovão | environment | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||
| bite | morder | morder | body | ēkādɨ (IDS) | ēkādɨ (IDS) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| blow | soplar | soprar | body | yaičumā-dɨ (IDS) | yaičumā-dɨ (IDS) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| breathe | respirar | respirar | body | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||
| burn | quemar | queimar | environment | transitive: ukā-dɨ; intransitive: daʔtwa-dɨ (IDS) | transitive: ukā-dɨ; intransitive: daʔtwa-dɨ (IDS) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| chew | masticar, mascar | mastigar | body | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||
| climb | subir | subir | motion | -annuʔku- (IDS) | -annuʔku- (IDS) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| come | venir | vir | motion | w-eʔ-nə (IDS) | w-eʔ-nə (IDS) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| cook | cocinar | cozinhar | impact | -aʔnə (IDS) | -aʔnə (IDS) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| count | contar | contar | mental | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||
| cry | llorar | chorar | mental | w-amo-nə (IDS) | w-amo-nə (IDS) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| cut/hack | cortar | cortar | impact | čūhiya-dɨ; yaʔka-dɨ (IDS) | čūhiya-dɨ; yaʔka-dɨ (IDS) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| die/be dead | morir | morrer | state | #NAME? | #NAME? | unique | See Language page | |||||||||
| dig | cavar | cavar | impact | tɨʔkādɨ (IDS) | tɨʔkādɨ (IDS) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| dream | soñar | sonhar | mental | wənētɨnə (IDS) | wənētɨnə (IDS) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| drink | beber, tomar | beber | body | enku (IDS) | enku | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| eat | comer | comer | body | wowašīnčənə (IDS); wowashi:nchönö (KH) | wowashi:ntʃənə | unique | See Language page | |||||||||
| fall | caer | cair | motion | w-eduka-nə (IDS) | w-eduka-nə (IDS) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| fear | miedo | medo | mental | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||
| flow | fluir | fluir | motion | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||
| fly | volar | voar | motion | wede:wede (KH) | wede:wede | unknown | See Language page | |||||||||
| grow | crecer | crescer | state | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||
| hear | oír | ouvir | mental | eta:dü (KH) | eta:dɨ | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| hide | esconder | esconder | motion | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||
| hit | golpear, pegar | bater | impact | -aiʔhuka-dɨ (IDS) | -aiʔhuka-dɨ (IDS) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| hold | correr, asegurar, sostener | segurar | other | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||
| kill | matar | matar | impact | aminɲaʔkadɨ (IDS) (Also ema-dɨ); aminña'kadü (KH) | aminɲaʔkadɨ | unique | See Language page | |||||||||
| know/be knowledgeable | saber, conecer | saber, conhecer | mental | t-owanəkə t-ɨdɨ-dɨ (IDS) | t-owanəkə t-ɨdɨ-dɨ | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| laugh | reír | rir | mental | waʔsenɲo (IDS) | waʔsenɲo (IDS) | unknown | See Language page | |||||||||
| lie down | acostarse, echarse | deitar | motion | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||
| live/be alive | vivir | viver, morar | body | wenɲə (IDS) | wenɲə (IDS) | unique | See Language page | |||||||||
| open/uncover | abrir | abrir | other | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||
| pound/beat | machacar, golpear | bater | impact | -aiʔhuka-dɨɨ (IDS) | -aiʔhuka-dɨɨ (IDS) | unknown | See Language page | |||||||||
| say | decir | dizer | mental | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||
| scratch | rascar | rasgar | impact | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||
| see | ver | ver | mental | ene-dɨ (IDS); ene:dü (KH) (means 'to see, know) | ene-dɨ (IDS); ene:dɨ (KH) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| shoot | tirar, disparar, balear | atirar | impact | t-ɨwə̄-dɨɨ (IDS) | t-ɨwə̄-dɨɨ (IDS) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| sit | sentar(se) | sentar | state | w-atahhimā-nəɨ (IDS) | w-atahhimā-nəɨ (IDS) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| sleep | dormir | dormir | body | w-ɨnɨʔ-nə (IDS); wü:nküno (KH) | w-ɨnɨʔ-nə (IDS); wɨ:nkɨno (KH) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| sniff/smell | olfatear, oler | cheirar | body | hyoʔhōdɨɨ (IDS) | hyoʔhōdɨɨ (IDS) | unique | primarily transitive | See Language page | ||||||||
| spit | escupir | cuspir | body | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||
| split | partir, dividir | rachar, dividir, partir | impact | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||
| squeeze | estrujar, exprimir | espremer | impact | eʔkukā-dɨɨ (IDS) | eʔkukā-dɨɨ (IDS) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| stab/pierce | apuñalar, acuchillar | apunhalar | impact | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||
| stand | estar de pié | ficar em pé | state | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||
| steal | robar | roubar | other | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||
| suck | chupar | chupar | body | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||
| swell | hincharse | inchar | body | awonɲəʔkādɨɨ (IDS) | awonɲəʔkādɨɨ (IDS) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| swim | nadar | nadar | motion | tɨwəʔhiyɨ (IDS) (Also hənɨn-nə; and tɨwəʔhiyɨ, with the sense of bathe, swim); tüwö'hiyü (KH) (also means 'to bathe') | tɨwəʔhijɨ | unique | See Language page | |||||||||
| think | pensar | pensar | mental | tɨtahə-nəɨ (IDS) | tɨtahə-nəɨ (IDS) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| throw | tirar, lanzar | atirar, jogar | impact | himā-dɨɨ (IDS) | himā-dɨɨ (IDS) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| tie up/fasten | atar, amarrar | amarrar | impact | imɨdɨɨ (IDS) | imɨdɨɨ (IDS) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| turn | girar, volter, torcer | virar | other | missing | may be transitive or intransitive | See Language page | ||||||||||
| vomit | vomitar | vomitar | body | wenaʔtahəʔeʔnəɨ (IDS) | wenaʔtahəʔeʔnəɨ (IDS) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| walk | caminar, andar | andar | motion | w-ōhoyma-nə (IDS) (Also īʔčə̄dɨ); wo:hoimanö (KH), hüdüi (KH) (means 'stop, bet, parade, walk) | w-o:hojma-nə (IDS); wo:hoimanə (KH), hɨdɨi (KH) | unique | See Language page | |||||||||
| work | trabajar | trabalhar | other | tadawāhuɨ (IDS) | tadawāhuɨ (IDS) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| yawn | bostezar | bocejar | body | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||
| tongue | lengua | lingua | body | ɲūdu (IDS); ñu:du (KH) | ɲu:du | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| tooth | diente | dente | body | dedɨ (IDS); dedü (KH) | dedɨ | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| two | dos | dois | number | āʔkə (IDS); a:kö (KH) | a:ʔkə (IDS); a:kə (KH) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| water | agua | agua | environment | tuna (IDS, KH) | tuna | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| 1pl.incl | nosotros (inclusivo) | nós (inclusivo) | grammar | kɨnwanno (includes more than one listener); künwanno (KH) (also means 'su') | kɨnwanno (KH) | unique | no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted | See Language page | ||||||||
| 1pl.excl | nosotros (exclusivo) | nós (exclusivo) | grammar | kɨwɨ (IDS) (speaker + 1 listener) | kɨwɨ (IDS) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| wet | mojado | molhado | quality | ennüichahö (KH) (means 'soaking') | ennɨitʃahə | unique | See Language page | |||||||||
| what? | que, qué | que | grammar | ākene (IDS); a:kene (KM) (also means how), önekö:mü (KH) | a:kene (KM), ənekə:mɨ (KH) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| when? | cuando | quando | grammar | əičənnāwəkəɨ (IDS) | əičənnāwəkəɨ (IDS) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| where? | donde | onde | grammar | ə̄išaɨ (IDS) | ə̄išaɨ (IDS) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| white | blanco | branco | colour | təʔkeʔne (IDS); tö'ke'ne, tö'kena:to (KH) | təʔkeʔne, təʔkena:to | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| who? | quien, quién | quem | grammar | ənə̄kɨ (IDS) | ənə:kɨ | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| wife | esposa | esposa | kinship | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||
| wind | viento | vento | environment | hehēnčəɨ (IDS) | hehēnčəɨ (IDS) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| wing | ala | asa | body | ahəʔsaiɨ (IDS) | ahəʔsaiɨ (IDS) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| woman/female | mujer | mulher | human | wodi (IDS, KH) | wodi | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| yellow | amarillo | amarelo | colour | kɨnota (IDS) | kɨnota | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| 2pl | ustedes | vocês | grammar | ənwanno (IDS); önwanno (KH) | ənwanno | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| foot | pie | pé | body | hūdu (IDS); u'hu (KH) | hu:du (IDS); uʔhu (KH) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| again | de nuevo, otra vez | de novo | grammar | dea (IDS) | dea (IDS) | unknown | See Language page | |||||||||
| all | todo | todos | other | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||
| ankle | tobillo | tornozelo | body | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||
| armpit | axila, sobaco | axila | body | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||
| faeces | heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol | fezes | body | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||
| lung | pulmón | pulmão | body | ʔtaway-dɨ (IDS) | ʔtaway-dɨ (IDS) | unique | See Language page | |||||||||
| sweat | sudar | suor, suar | body | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||
| itch | hormiguear, sentir comezón | coçar | body | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||
| bark | corteza | casca | environment | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||
| fingernail | uña | unha | body | əmmi (IDS); ömmi (KH) (also means 'claw') | əmmi | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| heart | corazón | coração | body | yēwanɨ (IDS); chö:wanü (KH) (means 'his heart') | je:wanɨ (IDS); tʃə:wanɨ (KH) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| sun | sol | sol | time | šī (IDS); shi: (KH) | ʃi: | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| mountain/hill | montaña, colina, loma, cerro | morro, serra | environment | hɨ̄ (IDS); hü: (KH), chu (KH) (means 'mountain', 'forest') | hɨ:; tʃu (KH) | inheritance; unique | See Language page | |||||||||
| green | verde | verde | quality | šēne (IDS) (Same as 'blue'); she:ne, she:'na'to (KH) (means 'green, blue, not ripe') | ʃe:ne, ʃe:ʔnaʔto (KH) | unique | See Language page | |||||||||
| hot | caliente | quente | quality | taʔne (IDS); ta:'ne (KH) (also means 'warm') | taʔne (IDS); ta:ʔne (KH) | inheritance | See Language page |
Flora Fauna Vocabulary (133)
| English | Spanish | Portuguese | Semantic Field | Part of Speech | Linnean Name | Orthographic Form | Phonemicized Form | Gloss as in Source | Etymology Code | Proto-Form | Proto-Language | Loan Source | Etymology Notes | Wanderwort Status | Etyma Set | Range of Term | Word Structure | Word Structure Notes | Classifier | Classifier Notes | Hypernym | Source | Association with Social Categories | Ritual/Mythologically Significant | Ritual Notes | Food Source | Food Notes | Medicinal | Medicinal Notes | How Collected | Who Collects | How Prepared | Psychotropic | Psychotropic Notes | Traded | Trade Notes | Distribution | Habitat | Dangerous | Ethnobiology Notes | Species Notes | General Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| bat | murciélago | morcego | flora-fauna | Chiroptera spp. | adu:du (small flying animal, like a bat) (KH) | adu:du (KH) | unique | See Language page | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| bird | pajaro, ave | passaro | flora-fauna | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| curassow | mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini) | mutum | flora-fauna | Crax sp., Nothocrax sp. | missing | See Language page | Amazonia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| toucan | tucán, pinsha (Peru) | tucano | flora-fauna | Ramphastos sp. | shahoko (KH); ka:'shai | ʃahoko; ka:ʔʃai | inheritance | See Language page | Widespread Amazonia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| gray-winged trumpeter | Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris | jacamim | flora-fauna | Psophia crepitans | missing | See Language page | Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| guan | pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru) | jacu | flora-fauna | Penelope sp. | missing | See Language page | Different types have different localized ranges | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| tinamou | tinamu, perdiz, gallineta | inambu, inhambu | flora-fauna | family Tinamidae | missing | See Language page | Widespread Amazonia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| hummingbird | colibrí, picaflor (Peru) | beija-flor | flora-fauna | family Trochilidae | tu'kui (KH) | tuʔkui | inheritance | See Language page | Widespread | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| kingfisher | martín pescador, catalan (Peru) | martim-pescador | flora-fauna | family Alcedinidae | missing | See Language page | Widespread Amazonia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| owl (large) | búho, lechuza | corujão | flora-fauna | order Strigiformes | missing | See Language page | Widespread | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| macaw | ara, guacamaya | Arara | flora-fauna | family Psittacidae; Ara sp. | kadu:wai | kadu:wai | unknown | possible %ara form? | See Language page | Widespread Amazonia | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| parrot | loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib) | papagaio | flora-fauna | Amazona amazonica | dodo (IDS) (Probably from Spanish 'loro'. Other kinds of parrots are kayʔčay; kudēwa); dodo (KH) kai'chai (KH), kadu:wai (KH) (means 'macaw, large parrot') | dodo, kaiʔtʃai (KH), kadu:wai (KH) | doubtful loan | from Span or Arawak? | See Language page | Widespread | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| dove | paloma | pomba | flora-fauna | family Columbidae | hadūma (IDS); hadu:ma (KH) | hadu:ma | loan | Spanish paloma | See Language page | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| hawk | halcón, gavilán | gavião | flora-fauna | family Accipitridae | hiyāna (IDS); hiya:na (KH) | hija:na | inheritance | See Language page | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| vulture | buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru) | urubu | flora-fauna | family Cathartidae | kudūmu (IDS) (Refers to 'black vulture'); kada:kada:di (KH) (means 'king volture' - Sarcoramphus papa) | kudu:mu (IDS); kada:kada:di (KH) | inheritance | cf. TG urubu | See Language page | Widespread South America | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| duck | pato | pato, marreco | flora-fauna | Anatidae family | hātu (IDS) (From Spanish 'pato'); ha:tu (KH) | ha:tu | loan | Spanish | See Language page | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| great egret | Garza Blanca, Guyratî | Garça-Branca-Grande | flora-fauna | Ardea alba | missing | See Language page | Widespread South America | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| woodpecker | pájaro carpintero, carpintero | pica-pau | flora-fauna | family Picidae | wana:di (KH) | wana:di | semantic shift | believed to be spirit of Wanadi, creator; compare Arawak forms resembling kuwai | See Language page | Widespread Amazonia | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| dog (camp, domestic) | perro | cachorro | flora-fauna | Canis famililaris | sɨ̄ʔna (IDS); sü:'na (KH) (also means 'wolf') | sɨ:ʔna | loan | Arawak | See Language page | Not native; widespread | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| dog (wild; bush dog) | sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta | cachorro-do-mato | flora-fauna | Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis | missing | See Language page | Widespread Amazonia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| anteater | oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus | tamanduá | flora-fauna | Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater) | hömu:kö (KH) | həmu:kə | unknown | See Language page | Widespread Amazonian lowlands | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| armadillo | armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo) | tatu | flora-fauna | family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri | kahaw (KH); ötü:kö (KH) (means 'small armadillo') | kahaw (KH); ətɨ:kə (KH) | inheritance | See Language page | Widespread in Amazonia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| sloth | pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru) | macaco preguica | flora-fauna | Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp. | wade'da'ta (KH) | wadeʔdaʔta | unique | See Language page | Widespread Amazonia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| alligator, black caiman | babilla; cachirre | jacaré | flora-fauna | Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp. | missing | See Language page | Throughout Amazonia | Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| electric eel | anguila eléctrica | poraquê | flora-fauna | Electrophorus electricus | missing | See Language page | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| fish (generic) | pez | peixe | flora-fauna | nākukwāno (IDS) ( Refers to fish in the water; lit. 'people who live in the river'. Fish caught and out of the river is oʔtāho); na:kukwa:no (KH) | na:kukwa:no | unique | See Language page | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| pacu fish | palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru) | pacu | flora-fauna | Mylossoma sp. | missing | See Language page | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| pirana | piraña, caribe | piranha | flora-fauna | subfamily Serrasalmidae | ka:'shai (KH) | ka:ʔʃai | unique | See Language page | Widespread Amazonia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| tigerfish | taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru) | traíra | flora-fauna | Hoplias sp. | missing | See Language page | Widespread Amazonia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| mandi catfish | maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish) | mandi | flora-fauna | Auchenipterus sp. | kudi:di (KH) (means 'catfish') | kudi:di | loan direction unknown | Arawak (Achagua) | See Language page | Widespread Amazonia | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| speckled catfish | surubí, pintadillo | surubim, sorubim | flora-fauna | Pseudoplatystoma sp. | kudi:di (KH) (means 'catfish') | kudi:di | loan direction unknown | See Language page | Widespread Amazonia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| toad | sapo | sapo | flora-fauna | order Anura | kawaw, tudu:du (KH) | kawaw, tudu:du (KH) | inheritance | See Language page | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| iguana | iguana, garipiares (Colombia) | camaleão | flora-fauna | Iguana sp. | yama:nadi (KH) | jama:nadi | loan - WW | %tʃamana, from North Arawak (cf. -li) | See Language page | iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| small lizard | lagartija | calango | flora-fauna | order Squamata | asü:kü (KH) | asɨ:kɨ | inheritance | See Language page | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| stingray (generic) | rayas látigo, raya | arraia | flora-fauna | Potamotrygon sp. | missing | See Language page | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| crab | cangrejo | caranguejo | flora-fauna | infraorder Brachyura | sada:kani (KH) (also means 'crayfish') | sada:kani | inheritance | See Language page | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| anaconda | anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande | sucuri | flora-fauna | genus Eunectes | missing | See Language page | Widespread Amazonia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| boa | boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura | jiboia | flora-fauna | family Boidae, subf. Boinae | monse (KH) | monse (KH) | doubtful loan | cf. Arawak *maʔnu forms | See Language page | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| snake (generic) | culebra, serpiente | cobra | flora-fauna | əkə̄yu (IDS) (Also tadādwēmə); ökö:yu (KH) | əkə:ju | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake | víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara | jararaca | flora-fauna | Bothrops jararaca/atrox | künno'to (KH) (means 'poisonous snake') | kɨnnoʔto | unique | See Language page | Widespread South America | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant) | tortuga, morrocoy, motelo | jabutí, tartaruga | flora-fauna | Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria | heʔde (IDS) (Means 'turtle'); he'de (KH) | heʔde | inheritance | See Language page | Widespread | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amazon dolphin | bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco) | boto cor-de-rosa | flora-fauna | Inia geoffrensis | missing | See Language page | Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| mushroom | champiñón, hongo | cogumelo | flora-fauna | (any edible generic) | missing | See Language page | prioritize generic term that includes any edible species | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| black palm | bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá | bacaba | flora-fauna | Oenocarpus bacaba | missing | See Language page | Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon | may be confused in some entries with O. bataua | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| açai palm | huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia) | açaí | flora-fauna | Euterpe sp. | missing | See Language page | floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| miriti palm | moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti | buriti | flora-fauna | Mauritia flexuosa | missing | See Language page | Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps | trunks contain sago-like starch | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| palm for roof thatch | pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná | caraná | flora-fauna | Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana | missing | See Language page | Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests | palm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| paxiuba palm | pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba | paxiuba | flora-fauna | Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea | missing | See Language page | Widespread Amazonia | palm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| peach palm, pejibaye palm | chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol) | pupunha | flora-fauna | Bactris gasipaes | missing | See Language page | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| seje palm | ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá | patoá, patuá | flora-fauna | Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua | missing | See Language page | mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia | may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| coca | coca | coca | flora-fauna | Erythroxylum coca | missing | See Language page | secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes | plant | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| cotton | algodón | algodão | flora-fauna | Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers) | wade:ku: (KH) | wade:ku: | unique | See Language page | secondary scrub vegetation | plant; some sources may confound with kapok Ceiba pentandra (esp. if a single gloss for 'cotton' is given') | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| kapok | ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.) | sumaumeira | flora-fauna | Ceiba pentandra | missing | See Language page | northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas | tree | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| hot pepper | ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru) | pimenta | flora-fauna | Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens | homi (KH) | homi | inheritance | See Language page | secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden | plant | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| peanut | maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete | amendoim | flora-fauna | Arachis hypogaea | missing | See Language page | plant | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| pineapple | piña | abacaxi | flora-fauna | Ananas comosus | wana:deke (KH) | wana:deke | inheritance | cognate Mapoyo, Carijona? | See Language page | plant | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| arrow cane, wildcane | caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana | cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio | flora-fauna | Gynerium sagittatum | missing | See Language page | tropical regions, especially river banks | plant | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| banana, plantain | banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano | banana | flora-fauna | Musa sp. | hadu:du (KH) | hadu:du | inheritance? | See Language page | Names for banana/plantain may be derived from bastard plantain by semantic shift. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| beans | frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas) | feijão | flora-fauna | Phaseolus spp. | missing | See Language page | plant | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| grass | hierba, pasto | capim, grama | flora-fauna | (generic) | wanaʔ (SM) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| maize, corn | mazorca, maiz | milho | flora-fauna | Zea mays | ənɲa (IDS) | ənɲa | inheritance? | possible loan into proto-Carib, cf. Arawak mariki and TG aBati | See Language page | widespread, esp. in river floodplains | plant | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| tobacco | tabaco | tabaco | flora-fauna | Nicotiana tabacum | kawai (IDS) ( Also čāwaiʔčɨ, 3rd person possessed form); ka:wai (KH) | kawai (IDS); ka:wai (KH) | doubtful loan into protolanguage | possibly from Arawak 'kuwai' deity? Venezuelan Carib | See Language page | plant | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| tree | árbol | arvore | flora-fauna | dē (IDS); de: (KH), chu:ta (KH) | de:, tʃu:ta (KH) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| achiote, anatto | achiote | urucum | flora-fauna | Bixa orellana | wiʃu | wiʃu | inheritance | See Language page | secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens | shrub | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| inga | guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru) | inga | flora-fauna | Inga spp. | missing | See Language page | Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| avocado | palta, aguacate | abacate | flora-fauna | Persea americana | missing | See Language page | secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens | tree | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| bitterwood | tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru) | envira | flora-fauna | Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala | missing | See Language page | secondary forests, native to Brazil | tree | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| brazil nut | castaña | castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis) | flora-fauna | Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia'] | missing | See Language page | 1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua. | tree | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| cashew | anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela) | caju | flora-fauna | Anacardium occidentale / giganteum | missing | See Language page | secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens | tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| genipap | jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico | genipapo, jenipapo | flora-fauna | Genipapa americana | missing | See Language page | widespread lowland SA | shrub | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| japurá | oreja de murcielago | japurá | flora-fauna | Erisma japura | missing | See Language page | large tree | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| rubber tree (sorva) | caucho, siringa, shiringa | seringa, borracha | flora-fauna | Hevea sp. | missing | See Language page | Widespread Amazonia | tree | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ucuqui | yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru) | ucuqui | flora-fauna | Pouteria ucuqui | missing | See Language page | native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions | other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amazon tree-grape | uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.) | cucura | flora-fauna | Pourouma cecropiifolia | şoka 'monkey grape' | şoka 'monkey grape' | cf. puruma in Kariña | See Language page | grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times | a tree; not a true grape | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| manioc (bitter or generic) | yuca brava | mandioca | flora-fauna | Manihot esculenta | kɨdēde (IDS) | kɨde:de (IDS); jada:di (KH) | inheritance | See Language page | not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. | Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| manioc (sweet) | yuca, caribe | macaxeira | flora-fauna | Manihot esculenta | missing | See Language page | Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere | No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| potato | papa | batata | flora-fauna | Solanum tuberosum | šāku (IDS); sha:ku (KH) | ʃa:ku | inheritance | See Language page | secondary scrub vegetation | compare entries for sweet potato | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| potato, sweet potato | camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara | batata-doce | flora-fauna | Ipomoea batatas | šāku (IDS); sha:ku (KH) | ʃa:ku | inheritance | See Language page | plant | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| cará tuber, purple or white | camote, sachapapa | cará roxo, branco | flora-fauna | Dioscorea sp. | missing | See Language page | secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings | plant | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| tannia, yautia | huitina (Peru), ñame | taioba branca | flora-fauna | Xanthosoma spp. | missing | See Language page | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree) | calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara | cabaça | flora-fauna | Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine) | etü:dötoho (KH) (means 'sacred calabash, gourd'), kankudu (KH) (means 'gourd') | etɨ:dətoho (KH), kankudu (KH) | unique | See Language page | indigenous gardens | plant; tree | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| squash | calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru) | abóbora | flora-fauna | Cucurbita sp. | weyama (KH) (means 'large gourd or pumpkin') | wejama (KH) | inheritance | See Language page | plant | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| cipó vine | tamishi, bejuco, yare | cipó | flora-fauna | Heteropsis spp. | wö:'nö (KH) (means 'fiber cord or twine used in making baskets') | wə:ʔnə | missing | See Language page | secondary forest, floodplain | vine | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| fish poison, barbasco | barbasco, matapez (Colombia) | timbó | flora-fauna | Lonchocarpus spp. | missing | See Language page | secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation | shrub/tree | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca | ayahuasca, yage | ayahuasca, caapi | flora-fauna | Banisteriopsis caapi | missing | See Language page | semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW | vine | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| hallucinogenic snuff | vilca, cebil, yopo | paricá, yopo | flora-fauna | Anadenanthera sp. or virola | See Language page | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| insect (generic) | insecto | insecto | flora-fauna | generic | missing | See Language page | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ant (generic) | hormiga | formiga | flora-fauna | Formicidae | inheritance | See Language page | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant | conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro | tocandira | flora-fauna | Paraponera clavata | ya:kö (KH) (means 'large ant') | ja:kə (KH) | inheritance | See Language page | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| leaf-cutter ant | Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse | saúva | flora-fauna | Atta sp. | missing | See Language page | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| honeybee | abeja | abelha | flora-fauna | Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis | wannə (IDS); wannö (KH) | wannə | inheritance | See Language page | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| cockroach | cucaracha | barata-do-mato | flora-fauna | order Blattaria | missing | See Language page | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| firefly, lightning bug | lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin) | vagalume | flora-fauna | fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae | missing | See Language page | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| butterfly, moth | mariposa | borboleta | flora-fauna | order Lepidoptera | matūtu (IDS); matu:tu (KH) | matu:tu | loan, direction unknown | Sikuani | See Language page | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| moth | mariposa nocturna, polilla | mariposa | flora-fauna | order Lepidoptera | missing | See Language page | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| angleworm | lombriz | minhoca | flora-fauna | order Opisthopora | motto (IDS) (Means 'worm') ('earthworm [KH]); mutu (KH) (means 'worm, maggot') | moto (IDS); mutu (KH) | inheritance | See Language page | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| centipede | ciempiés | centopéia | flora-fauna | class Chilopoda | missing | See Language page | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| scorpion | escorpión; alacran | escorpião | flora-fauna | order Scorpiones | mɨnə̄tə (IDS); münö:tö (KH) | mɨnə:tə | inheritance | See Language page | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| cicada | cigarra, chicharra | cigarra | flora-fauna | super fam. Cicadoidea | kata:tadu (KH) | kata:tadu (KH) | inheritance | See Language page | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| flea | pulga | pulga | flora-fauna | order Siphonaptera | missing | See Language page | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| blowfly/housefly | mosca | mosca | flora-fauna | Diptera | missing | See Language page | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| cricket | saltón, grillo | grilo | flora-fauna | family Gryllidae | shidishidi (KH) | ʃidiʃidi | inheritance? | onomatopoeic | See Language page | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil) | suri, mojojoy | larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá | flora-fauna | Rhynchophorus sp. | missing | See Language page | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| praying mantis, stick insects | mantis religiosa | louva-a-deus | flora-fauna | order Mantodea, family Mantidae | missing | See Language page | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| mosquito | mosquito, zancudo | mosquito, carapana | flora-fauna | Anopheles sp. | missing | See Language page | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| termites, white-ants | comején (Peru), termitas | cupim | flora-fauna | order Isoptera | missing | See Language page | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| tick | garrapata | carrapato | flora-fauna | superfam Ixodoidea | missing | See Language page | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| wasp | avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa | caba | flora-fauna | order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita | sūnwa (IDS) | su:nwa | unique | See Language page | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| snail | caracol, churo (Peru) | caracol | flora-fauna | class Gastropoda | memu (IDS, KH) | memu | inheritance | See Language page | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| spider | araña | aranha | flora-fauna | Arachnidae, Araneae | modoy (IDS) (Refers to a spider that doesn't bite); yadakadu:hwai (KH) (means spider that bites') | modoj (IDS); jadakadu:hwai (KH) | inheritance | See Language page | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| jaguar | yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru) | onca | flora-fauna | Panthera onca | ma:do/mado (KH) | ma:do/mado (KH) | unique | See Language page | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| manatee | vaca marina, manatí | peixe-boi | flora-fauna | Trichechus sp. | missing | See Language page | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| brown woolly monkey | Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt | macaco barrigudo | flora-fauna | Lagothrix lagothricha | yadākadu (IDS) (Means 'monkey'), yada:kadu (KH) (means 'monkey') | jada:kadu | unknown | See Language page | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| howler monkey (red-handed) | mono aullador, mono coto (Peru) | guariba | flora-fauna | Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.] | adawa'ta (KH) (means 'araguato monkey) | adawaʔta | inheritance | See Language page | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| tufted capuchin monkey | mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero | macaco prego | flora-fauna | Cebus apella | missing | See Language page | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| white-fronted capuchin | Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru) | Caiarara | flora-fauna | Cebus albifrons | missing | See Language page | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| white-fronted spider monkey | Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia) | macaco aranha, coatá, quatá | flora-fauna | Ateles belzebuth/paniscus | missing | See Language page | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| opossum | zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo | mucura | flora-fauna | family Didelphidae | dawāde (IDS); dawa:de (KH) | dawa:de | inheritance - WW | %jawari | See Language page | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| giant otter | Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria | ariranha | flora-fauna | Pteronura brasiliensis | ña:ñudi (KH) | ɲa:ɲudi | unique | See Language page | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| neotropical otter (small) | Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia) | lontra | flora-fauna | Lontra longicaudis | missing | See Language page | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| collared peccary | sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar | caititu, caetitu | flora-fauna | Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu | missing | See Language page | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| white-lipped peccary | Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana | queixada | flora-fauna | Tayassu pecari | du'kadi (KH) | duʔkadi | unique | See Language page | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| porcupine | puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru) | cuandu, porco-espinho | flora-fauna | family Erethizontidae | kidi'shu (KH) | kidiʔʃu | unique | See Language page | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| cotamundi, coatimundi | Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache | quati | flora-fauna | genus Nasua | missing | See Language page | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti) | Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado | cutia | flora-fauna | Dasyprocta spp. | aha:dadi (KH) | aha:dadi (KH) | unique | See Language page | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| capybara | Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco | capivara | flora-fauna | Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris | yüwü:dü (KH) | jɨwɨ:dɨ | inheritance | See Language page | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| green acouchi | Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo | cutiara | flora-fauna | Myoprocta pratti | missing | See Language page | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| paca (lowland) | Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana) | paca | flora-fauna | Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.) | missing | See Language page | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| mouse, rat | ratón | camundongo, rata | flora-fauna | Mus musculus | asɨ̄kɨ (IDS); asü:kü (KH) | asɨ:kɨ | unique | See Language page | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| squirrel | ardilla, danta (Ven) | serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo | flora-fauna | family Sciuridae | kadi:yu (KH) | kadi:ju | inheritance | See Language page | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| tapir | sachavaca, danta | anta | flora-fauna | Tapirus terrestris | wa'shadi (KH) | waʔʃadi | inheritance | See Language page | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| deer | venado | veado, cariacu | flora-fauna | family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus | kawādi (IDS); kawa:di (KH) | kawa:di | doubtful loan | Arawak; cf. also Hoti | See Language page | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| horse | caballo | cavalho | flora-fauna | Equus caballus | missing | See Language page |
Cultural Vocabulary (97)
| English | Spanish | Portuguese | Semantic Field | Part of Speech | Orthographic Form | Phonemicized Form | Gloss as in Source | Etymology Code | Proto-Form | Proto-Language | Loan Source | Wanderwort Status | Etyma Set | Etymology Notes | Word Structure | Word Structure Notes | General Notes | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| basket (general) | canasta, canasto, cesta | cesto | culture-material | wɨ̄wa (IDS); wü:wa (KH) | wɨ:wa | unique | cf. Yanomaman | See Language page | ||||||||||
| basket, small | canasta, canasto, cesta | cesto pequeno, tampado | culture-material | wɨ̄wa (IDS); wü:wa (KH) | wɨ:wa | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||
| bead | abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar | miçanga | culture-material | mayūdu (IDS): mayu:du (KH) | maju:du | loan | Arawak, see Warekena majúlu | See Language page | ||||||||||
| bed | cama | cama | culture-material | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||||
| hammock | hamaca, chinchorro | rede | culture-material | öwa'tö, ö:'wa'tö (KH) | əwaʔtə, ə:ʔwaʔtə (KH) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||||
| bench, seat | banco, silla, asiento | banco | culture-material | āʔtəy (IDS) (Means 'chair' and 'bench'; also mūde); a:'töi (KH) | a:ʔtəj (IDS); a:ʔtəi (KH) | doubtful loan | North Arawak, e.g. Baniwa éedai | See Language page | ||||||||||
| canoe | canoa | canoa | transport | [kanowa] (IDS) (From 'canoa' (canoe). Also kudiyāda) | kanowa | doubtful loan (into protolg?) - WW | %kanawa | See Language page | ||||||||||
| drum (large signal) | tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia) | tambor | culture | missing | Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances | See Language page | ||||||||||||
| drum | tambor | tambor | culture-mythology | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||||
| shaman, healer | chamán, brujo | xaman, pajé, feiticeiro | culture-mythology | hü'wai, kade:hu (KH), aichu:di eda:mo (KH) (means 'healing specialist (of blowing)) | hɨʔwai, kade:hu (KH), aitʃu:di eda:mo (KH) | inheritance | In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv | See Language page | ||||||||||
| healer | curandero | benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano) | culture-mythology | unknown | Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well. | See Language page | ||||||||||||
| broom | escoba | vassoura | culture-material | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||||
| clothing | ropa | roupa | culture-mythology | womɨ (IDS); womü (KH) (also means 'dress, garments') | womɨ | unique | See Language page | |||||||||||
| fence, palisade | cerco | cerca | other | missing | may be related to defense/warfare? | See Language page | ||||||||||||
| firewood | leña | lenha | other | -keme-dɨ (IDS) | -keme-dɨ | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||||
| Curupira (spirit type) | Curupira, Madremonte | Curupira | culture-mythology | missing | malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region | See Language page | ||||||||||||
| ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit | espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio | espirito | culture-mythology | kahūšawa (IDS) | kahu:ʃawa | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||||
| deity/powerful spirit/culture figure | dios(es), deidad | divinidade, figura mítica | culture-mythology | wanādi (IDS) (Means "God") | wana:di | unknown | In RN region, frequently translates as 'Bone-Son', 'One on the bone', etc. | See Language page | ||||||||||
| flute | flauta, quena (Peru) | flauta | culture-mythology | hīču (IDS); hi:chu (KH) | hi:tʃu | unknown | multiple types? japurutu, deer-bone, etc. | See Language page | ||||||||||
| panpipe | carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora | caniço, flauta de pã | culture-mythology | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||||
| hollow log/trough for beer-making | canoa para chicha | cocho de caxiri | narcotics | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||||
| ritual song cycle (kapiwaya) | kapiwaya | capiwaya | culture-mythology | ai'chüdi (KH) (means 'song', 'chant'), wayha:ma (KH) (song for the innauguration of a house) | aiʔtʃɨdi (KH), wajha:ma (KH) | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||
| knife | cuchillo | faca | culture-material | kɨmɨʔkə (IDS); kümü'kö (KH) | kɨmɨʔkə | unique | See Language page | |||||||||||
| machete | machete | facão | culture-material | kümü (KH) | kɨmɨ | unique | cf. East Tukanoan kõbẽ 'axe' | See Language page | ||||||||||
| axe/stone axe | hacha (de piedra) | machado (de pedra) | subsistence tool | wɨ̄wɨ (IDS) (means 'axe') | wɨ:wɨ | inheritance | especially for clearing fields | See Language page | ||||||||||
| arrow | flecha | flecha | subsistence tool | šimāda (IDS); shima:da (KH) | ʃima:da | loan | Arawak, cf. Wapishana sumara | hunting, warfare | See Language page | |||||||||
| spear | lanza | lança | subsistence tool | sukuhi (IDS), yaichadü (KH) | sukuhi (IDS); jaitʃadɨ (KH) | loan; unknown | Yanomaman | See Language page | ||||||||||
| bow | arco | arco | subsistence tool | šimāda ehɨ̄dɨ (IDS); shima:da ehu:du (KH) | ʃima:da ehɨ:dɨ (IDS); ʃima:da ehu:du (KH) | unique | built from loan, see 'arrow' | arco | See Language page | |||||||||
| paddle/oar | remo | remo | transport | hēna (IDS); he:na (KH) | he:na | unknown | See Language page | |||||||||||
| plate | plato | prato | culture-material | hada:hi (KH) | hada:hi | loan, direction unknown - WW | %parapi | See Language page | ||||||||||
| pot | olla, pote | panela, vasilha | subsistence tool | ədinɲə (IDS) (Also hadankāna, 'pot, jar'); ödi:nñö (KH) (means 'pot' and 'jar'), höhö (KH) (means 'pot, jar') | ədinɲə (IDS); ədi:nɲə (KH), həhə (KH) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||||
| basin/bowl | tazón, plato hondo, taza | tijela | culture-material | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||||
| griddle for cooking flatbread | tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru) | forno para beiju | subsistence tool | hüta:di (KH) (means 'griddle, skillet') | hɨta:di (KH) | unknown | agriculture? | See Language page | ||||||||||
| rattle | matraca, maraca | marico, chocalho | culture-mythology | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||||
| resin | resina, brea, copal | resina, brea, breu | subsistence tool | tu:nu:nu (white medicinal resin) (KH) | tu:nu:nu | unknown | See Language page | |||||||||||
| wax | cera | cera | other | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||||
| honey | miel | mel | food | missing | only gathered in wild throughout Amazonia? | See Language page | ||||||||||||
| stone for lighting fires | piedra para hacer fuego | pedra para acender fogo | culture-material | təʔhu (IDS) (means 'stone' or 'rock'); tö'hu (KH) (means 'rock') | təʔhu | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||
| rope/string | mecate, cuerda, soga | corda | culture | āʔtoɨ (IDS) | āʔtoɨ (IDS) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||||
| tattoo | tatuaje, tatu | tatuagem | culture-mythology | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||||
| thatch/roof | crisneja | palha, caraná | culture-material | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||||
| yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women) | yurupari | jurupari | culture-mythology | missing | a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women. | See Language page | ||||||||||||
| fetish, charm | fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga | feitiço, puçanga | culture-mythology | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||||
| feather headdress | plumaje, corona de plumas | enfeite/capacete de penas | culture-mythology | iʔhōʔtɨ (IDS) | iʔho:ʔtɨ | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||
| paint body, body paint | pintura corporal | pintura corporal | culture-mythology | wānai (IDS) | wa:nai | See Language page | ||||||||||||
| afterworld, land of dead, Heaven | tierra do los muertos | terra dos mortos | culture-mythology | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||||
| school | escuela | escola | acculturation | wo:wanomatoho (KH) | wo:wanomatoho (KH) | unique | See Language page | |||||||||||
| bottle | botella | garrafa | acculturation | hote:ya (KH) | hote:ja (KH) | loan | Spanish | See Language page | ||||||||||
| paper | papel | papel | acculturation | hahe:da (KH) | hahe:da (KH) | loan | Span/Port 'papel' | See Language page | ||||||||||
| dream | sueño, soñar | sonho, sonhar | culture-mythology | wənētɨnə (IDS) | wəne:tɨnə | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||||
| chicken | gallina | galinha | acculturation | wamēdi (IDS) | wame:di | unknown | See Language page | |||||||||||
| grave | tumba, sepultura, sepulcro | sepultura, sepulcro, cova | culture-mythology | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||||
| pipe for tobacco | pipa | cachimbo | other | missing | Spanish | See Language page | ||||||||||||
| sugarcane/sugar | azúcar, caña de azúcar | açucar (de cana) | acculturation | ëši:ča:dï (sugar cane) (KH) | ëʃi:tʃa:dï (sugar) (KH) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||||
| skirt | falda, saya, fustan, pollera | saia | culture-material | oðaʔkuëkëno (skirt separate from dress), muwa:hu (skirt) | oðaʔkuëkëno (skirt separate from dress), muwa:hu (skirt) | unknown | See Language page | |||||||||||
| shoes | zapatos | sapatos | dress | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||||
| policeman | polícia | policía | acculturation | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||||
| soldier | soldado | soldado | acculturation | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||||
| cat | gato | gato | acculturation | mēši (IDS) | me:ʃi | loan - WW | %miʃi | See Language page | ||||||||||
| gun | arma, escopeta | espingarda, fusil | acculturation | waitʃa | waitʃa | unique | See Language page | |||||||||||
| hat | sombero | chapéu | dress | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||||
| chief/leader | jefe, cacique | chefe | culture-mythology | ədāhə(IDS), ëda:hë(KH) | əda:hə | unique | See Language page | |||||||||||
| club | garrote, cachiporra | clava, porrete | subsistence tool | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||||
| loincloth | taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla | tanga, tapa-sexo | dress | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||||
| fireplace | hogar | lareira | other | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||||
| fishing line | cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze | linha de pesca | subsistence tool | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||||
| salt | sal | sal | food | sayu (IDS); sa :yu (KH) | saju (IDS); sa:ju (KH) | loan | Spanish/Portuguese | See Language page | ||||||||||
| song (generic) | canción, canto | canção | culture-mythology | ay'chudi (KH) | ʔajʔtʃudi | unique | See Language page | |||||||||||
| blowgun | cerbatana, pucuna (Peru) | zarabatana | subsistence tool | kuda:ta (KH) | kuda:ta | inheritance | currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region | See Language page | ||||||||||
| dart (blowgun) | dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru) | dardo, seta | subsistence tool | ku:nwa (KH) | ku:nwa (KH) | inheritance | hunting and warfare | See Language page | ||||||||||
| fan | abanico | abanador, abano | subsistence tool | wadi-wadi (IDS); wadiwadi (KH) | wadi-wadi (IDS); wadiwadi (KH) | inheritance | esp. for fanning a cooking fire | See Language page | ||||||||||
| fish (with line) | anzuelear, pescar con linea | pescar (com linha) | food | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||||
| fish (with fish-poison) | pescar con barbasco, barbasquear | pescar com timbó; tinguijar | food | a:da:di (KH) | a:da:di (KH) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||||
| hunt | cazar | caçar | food | emanɲuhɨdɨ (IDS); össe (KH() (also means 'hunting party'), tönö:mö aminñökatoho (KH) (means 'hunting gear') | emanɲuhɨdɨ (IDS); əsse (KH), tənə:mə aminɲəkatoho (KH) | unknown | See Language page | |||||||||||
| game animal | caza, animal de caza | caça, animal de caça | food | missing | Interesting correlation to 'fish' in Tukanoan languages | See Language page | ||||||||||||
| gourd (dipper/bowl) | cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo | cuia | subsistence tool | etü:dötoho (KH) (means 'sacred calabash, gourd'), kankudu (KH) (means 'gourd') | etɨ:dətoho (KH), kankudu (KH) | unknown; doubtful loan | %koto/matoko | See Language page | ||||||||||
| grater | rallador, rallo | ralador, ralo | subsistence tool | missing | esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well | See Language page | ||||||||||||
| grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf) | barbacoa | jirau | subsistence tool | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||||
| mortar | mortero | pilão | subsistence tool | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||||
| pestle | pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor | mão de pilão | subsistence tool | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||||
| fermented drink | masato, chicha | caxiri, chicha | culture | yada:di (KH) | yada:di (KH) | doubtful loan - WW | %jalaki | prioritizes manioc beer where distinction is made | See Language page | |||||||||
| flour/meal from manioc | fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina | farinha | food | ssuku:taka; yo:'küdü (KH) (means 'his manioc meal or mush'), akai'chadü (KH) (means 'to make manioc flour (mañoco) by rubbing) | ssuku:taka; yo:ʔkɨdɨ (KH), akaiʔtʃadɨ (KH) | inheritance; unknown | North Arawak | agriculture | See Language page | |||||||||
| flat bread, cassava bread | pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe | beiju | food | missing | usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits | See Language page | ||||||||||||
| starch (tapioca, other) | almidón | goma de tapioca | food | kɨdēde (IDS) | kɨde:de | unknown | See Language page | |||||||||||
| tapioca drink, mingau | cahuana, caguana | mingau | food | missing | agriculture | See Language page | ||||||||||||
| tipiti (manioc squeezer) | tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca | tipiti | food | tünküi (KH), amu:tu (KH) (means 'reeds for making a manioc-squeezer') | tɨnkɨi (KH), amu:tu (KH) | inheritance; unknown | word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc | See Language page | ||||||||||
| tripod for washing manioc | trípode | tripé | subsistence tool | missing | agriculture | See Language page | ||||||||||||
| venom for darts, poison | veneno | curare | subsistence tool | missing | hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?) | See Language page | ||||||||||||
| woven strainer/sieve | colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru) | peneira, cumatá | subsistence tool | mana:de (woven basket for sifting manioc flour) | mana:de (woven basket for sifting manioc flour) | inheritance | agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour | See Language page | ||||||||||
| bait for fishing | cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru) | isca | subsistence tool | kadaihyai (river spider used for fish bait) (KH) | kadaihjai | unknown | can refer to worms; more generic | See Language page | ||||||||||
| fishtrap | trampa de peces, trampa | matapi, cacuri | subsistence tool | ha'hi (KH) (means 'fish net'); ssodo'ha (KH) | haʔhi (KH); ssodoʔha (KH) | unknown | See Language page | |||||||||||
| bottom grinding stone | manufacture | missing | if different word from top grinding stone | See Language page | ||||||||||||||
| digging stick | subsistence tool | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||||||
| top grinding stone | metate, mano; piedra de moler | metate, mano | manufacture | missing | use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone | See Language page | ||||||||||||
| boomerang/throwing stick (generic) | subsistence tool | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||||||
| spearthrower | subsistence tool | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||||||
| house | other | mmā (IDS); ümmai (KH) (means 'my house') | mma: (IDS); ɨmmai (KH) | inheritance | cf. Wai Wai | See Language page |
Grammatical Data (226)
| Category | Grammatical Feature | Grammatical Feature: Notes | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phonology - Segmental | Pre-/post-nasalized stops | Analysis posits that the stop is the most relevant underlying phoneme. Comment in notes on whether the nasal contour is understood as a phonetic (allophonic) effect, or is phonologically contrastive. | no | Hall 1988: 214-260 | ||||
| Phonology - Segmental | Glottalized/ejective consonants | Phonemic contrast [NOT counting glottal stop/fricative] | no | Hall 1988: 214 | ||||
| Phonology - Segmental | Palatalized stops | Phonemic contrast | no | Hall 1988 | ||||
| Phonology - Segmental | Phonemic vowel length | Does the language have long and short vowels? | yes | Hall 1988:215; 255 | ||||
| Phonology - Segmental | Phonemic glottalization/laryngealization of vowels | no | Hall 1988: 214-260 | |||||
| Phonology - Segmental | Complex onsets | Onset consists of more than one consonant phoneme | yes | Hall 1988:257, 265 | ||||
| Phonology - Segmental | No codas | *(C)VC [no also equals highly constrained] | no | only nasals, semivowels and the glottal | Hall 1988: 214-258, 264 | |||
| Phonology - Segmental | Word-final coda required | Do all syllables end in a consonant? | no | Hall 1988: 214-259 | ||||
| Phonology - Suprasegmental | Contrastive tones | Note how many contrastive tones | no | Hall 1988: 214-260 | ||||
| Phonology - Suprasegmental | Contrastive stress | Does stress occur on different syllables with meaning difference? | no | Hall 1988: 214-260 | ||||
| Phonology - Suprasegmental | Nasalization property of morpheme or syllable | In contrast to nasalization as a property of segments | no | Hall 1988: 214-260 | ||||
| Phonology - Suprasegmental | Nasal spreading across some morpheme boundaries | Do some affixes or other morphemes take the nasal/oral properties of the root they attach to? | no | Escoriaza 1959 | ||||
| Phonology - Suprasegmental | Vowel harmony | yes | Hall 1988: 270 | |||||
| Morphology - General | Verbal fusion (2+ categories marked by portmanteau morphemes on verb) | Verb combines two or more categories (tense, aspect, mood, person, number, etc.) in portmanteau morphemes{ [ignore proclitics unless they are fused with values other than person/number] | yes | certain forms involve marking both agent and patient | Hall 1988: 151 | |||
| Morphology - General | Inflection manifested by replacement of segmental or suprasegmental phonemes | Stem change, tone | no | Hall 1988: 313 | ||||
| Morphology - General | Verbal synthesis (1+ inflectional categories marked by verbal affixes) | Morphological complexity in verbs - multiple inflectional affixes in a single verb word | yes | "Verb stems are composed of verbal or nominal roots, thematic affixes and transitivity markers. Verb stems are inflected for person, number, tense, aspect mood and negation. Transitivity affixes mark reflexive, reciprocal, passive and causative forms. Sub | Hall 1988: 331 - 335 | |||
| Morphology - General | Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly prefixing | There are many more prefixes than suffixes | no | person markers, tense, aspect and mood are suffixes | Hall 1988: 331 - 335 | |||
| Morphology - General | Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly suffixing | There are many more suffixes than prefixes | yes | person markers, tense, aspect and mood are suffixes | Hall 1988: 331 - 335 | |||
| Morphology - General | Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: roughly equal or one weakly preferred | The numbers of suffixes and prefixes are not notably different | no | "Suffixation and justaposition are the two most productive morphosyntactic processes" | Hall 1988: 331 - 335 | |||
| Morphology - General | Reduplication: full | The full morpheme is reduplicated | no | no evidence so far- this does not seem to be very common in any Carib lgs | Hall 1988; Escoriaza 1959 | |||
| Morphology - General | Reduplication: partial | Only part of the morpheme is reduplicated | yes | Occurs most often with adjectives and demonstratives. | Hall 1988; Escoriaza 1959:11-14 | |||
| Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs | Productive NN compounding | Noun compounds created from two noun phrases are common and systematically produced | no info | no mention of N compounding | Hall 1988 | |||
| Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs | Productive VV serialization (without compounding) | Verb roots can be combined in a single predicate without markers of subordination (distinct from subordinating construction) or distinct inflection | no | Hall 1988: 339, 341 | Ex. (35)b. Also, subordinate verbs DO have a marker (p. 341-2) | |||
| Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs | Productive VV compounding | Serial verb constructions involve chaining of roots together in one morphophonological word | yes | Hall 1988:340-341 | ||||
| Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs | Verb-adjunct (aka light verb) constructions | There is a set of semantically weak verbs used in complex verbal constructions, e.g. 'take a nap' | yes | Hall 1988; Escoriaza 1959:16 | ||||
| Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs | Auxiliary verb(s) | There are verbs that accompany main verbs of clauses and take grammatical marking not expressed by main verbs | yes | Auxiliaries are forms of 'to go' and 'to be' | Hall 1988: 335 | |||
| Morphology - Incorporation | Incorporation of nouns into verbs is a productive intransitivizing process | Verb contains nominal segment | no | "While noun incorporation occurs in De'kwana, it does not appear as a currently productive process." | Hall 1988: 323 | |||
| Morphology - Incorporation | Productive incorporation of other elements (adjectives, locatives, etc.) into verbs | Like noun incorporation, but incorporated elements are not nouns | no | Hall 1988; Escoriaza 1959:15 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Noun classes/genders | Nouns are organized into sets with distinct morphological treatment; usually affects all nouns and involves agreement within the NP | yes | "..two major morphosyntactic classes marked by the suffixes -dü and -i and several minor classes" | Hall 1988: 288 | |||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Number of noun classes/genders | Note the (approximate) total number of noun classes/genders | 2 | author refers to classes that only differ in the possessed form | Hall 1988: 288 | |||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Noun classifiers (distinct from noun classes/genders) | Nouns are organized into sets, but only a limited set of nouns may be implicated, with no or limited agreement marking. If only numeral classifiers exist, indicate yes but explain. | no | no noun classifiers | Hall 1988: 291-292 | |||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for animates | Masculine, feminine, neuter | no | Hall 1988: 287 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for inanimates | no | Hall 1988: 287 | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Animacy (w/o reference to sex) is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system | Animate/inanimate, human/non-human | no | "Demonstrative pns occur in both animate and inanimate forms"; not in noun classification | Hall 1988: 281 | |||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Sex/gender distinction only in 3rd person pronouns | add in notes section whether gender is present in other PNs or not in any PNs; consider with reference to pronouns and person marking only | no | Gender is not distinguished even in the 3rd person. | Hall 1988: 282; Escoriaza 1959:12 | |||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for animates | no | Hall 1988; Escoriaza 1959:9-11 | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for inanimates | no | Hall 1988; Escoriaza 1959:9-11 | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | "Repeater" classifiers | Where no distinct classifier exists, a copy of the noun itself may function in the morphosyntactic classifier "slot" | no | Hall 1988; Escoriaza 1959 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Numeral classifiers (specific to numerals) | Special classifier forms that occur only with numerals | no | Hall 1988: 303 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Classifiers used as derivational suffixes to derive nouns | Verb + classifier = 'thing for doing V, thing that does V, etc.' | no info | Escoriaza 1959 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Number | Singular number may be marked on the noun | Often occurs in a small subset of nouns if a single entity is referred to, e.g. insects that normally occur in groups | no | Hall 1988: 306 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Number | Plural affix on noun | yes | Hall 1988: 306 | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Number | Plural marked by stem change or tone on noun | no | Hall 1988: 306 | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Number | Plural marked by reduplication of noun | no | Hall 1988: 306 | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Number | Plural word/clitic | no | Hall 1988: 306 | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Number | Plural marked on human or animate nouns only | no | "The plural suffix occurs less often with inanimate nouns" | Hall 1988: 307 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Number | Pronominal plural: stem + nominal plural affix | Pronouns use a nominal plural affix not specific to pronouns | no | Hall 1988: 282 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Number | Unique associative plural marker | e.g. 'John and his associates', 'John and them' | no | Hall 1988: 101-3, 282-3 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity | Definite or specific articles | Definite = particular referent known to both speaker and addressee; specific = particular referent known to speaker only | no | Hall 1988 | No mention in either source of any definite or indefinite articles | |||
| Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity | Marker of definiteness distinct from demonstratives | Focus on articles/markers whose primary function is to mark definiteness | no info | author does not discuss definiteness | Hall 1988; Escoriaza 1959 | |||
| Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity | Indefinite or non-specific article | or marker | no info | Hall 1988 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity | Inclusive/exclusive: in free pronominals | Inclusive =us + you, exclusive = us but not you | yes | incl., excl. | Hall 1988:282 | |||
| Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity | Inclusive/exclusive: in verbal inflection (bound) | no | Hall 1988:282 | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity | Distance contrasts in demonstratives (number) | Note the number of distances in the demonstrative system | 3 | proximal, medial, distal for sing. and pl. | Hall 1988: 101-3, 282-3 | |||
| Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity | Other contrasts in demonstratives (visibility, elevation, etc.) | no | Hall 1988: 283 | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories | Gender in 3sg pronouns | no | Hall 1988: 282 | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories | Gender in 3pl pronouns | no | Hall 1988: 282 | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories | Gender in 1st and/or 2nd person pronouns | no | Hall 1988: 282 | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories | Formal/informal distinction in pronouns | Polite pronominal variants or differential avoidance of pronouns | no | Hall 1988: 282 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories | Reflexive pronouns | e.g. English 'himself', Spanish 'se'; distinct form(s) from basic (non-reflexive) pronominals; distinct from reflexive verbal affix | no | Hall 1988: 282 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Adpositions mark core NPs | Prepositions or postpositions mark subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients | no | S and O are highlighted by word order- not morphemic | Hall 1988: 65-68 | |||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Case: number of cases | Note the number of grammatical relations that may be morphologically marked on the noun | 1 | "There is no overt morphological marking to signal the genetive relationship beyond the word order itself" | Hall 1988: 49 | |||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Case: only non-core arguments morphologically marked | Subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients NOT marked, but other grammatical relations are | yes | Hall 1988: 296-297 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Case: symmetrical | All NPs marked if in appropriate syntactic relation; no distinction in marking based on semantics (type of entity) | no | Case marked by independent postpositions | Hall 1988: 287-300 | |||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Case: asymmetrical | Semantically defined subset of NPs marked for case, e.g. animates | no | Case marked by independent postpositions | Hall 1988: 287-300 | |||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Case: suffix or postpositional clitic | no | Case marked by independent postpositions | Hall 1988: 287-300 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Case: prefix or prepositional clitic | no | Case marked by independent postpositions | Hall 1988: 287-300 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Case: infix or inpositional clitic | no | Case marked by independent postpositions | Hall 1988: 287-300 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Case: stem change | no | Case marked by independent postpositions | Hall 1988: 287-300 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Case: tone | no | Case marked by independent postpositions | Hall 1988: 287-300 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Case: comitative = instrumental | Same marking for 'with a person' and 'with an instrument' | no | Case marked by independent postpositions | Hall 1988: 287-300 | |||
| Nominal Categories - Numerals | Base-2 | At least some part of the system involves base-2 | no info | Hall 1988: 303; Escoriaza 1959:13 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Numerals | Base-5 | At least some part of the system involves base-5 | yes | 5 = one hand, 10 = both hands | Hall 1988: 303; Escoriaza 1959:13 | |||
| Nominal Categories - Numerals | Base-10 | At least some part of the system involves base-10 | no | Hall 1988: 303; Escoriaza 1959:13 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Numerals | Other base (specify) | 4, 20, etc. | yes | base 20 | Hall 1988: 303; Escoriaza 1959:13 | |||
| Nominal Categories - Numerals | Etymological transparency in any numerals under 5 | e.g. two = 'eye-quantity' | yes | 5 = one hand | Hall 1988: 303; Escoriaza 1959:13 | "two" functions as a postposition meaning 'with' in the sense of accompaniment, the word for zero occurs as a sentence-level negation marker. | ||
| Nominal Categories - Numerals | Numerals do not go above 5 | 'Many' or some other non-exact term used | no | Hall 1988: 303; Escoriaza 1959:13 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Numerals | Numerals do not go above 10 | 'Many' or some other non-exact term used | no | Hall 1988: 303; Escoriaza 1959:13 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Other nominal | Tense or aspect inflection on non-verbal predicates | i.e. nominal or adjectival | no | Hall 1988: 301, also B.2.5 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Other nominal | Person inflection on non-verbal predicates | i.e. nominal or adjectival | no | person markers on possessed nominals, verbs and postpositions | Hall 1988:284 | |||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession | Pronominal possessive affixes: prefix on N | alienable/inalienable? | yes | Hall 1988: 292 | ||||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession | Pronominal possessive affixes: suffix on N | alienable/inalienable? | no | Hall 1988: 292 | ||||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession | Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: dependent | e.g. 'the boy-'s dog' | no | Hall 1988: 361-371 | Examples from texts | |||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession | Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: head | e.g. 'the boy his-dog' | yes | Hall 1988: 361-371 | Examples from texts | |||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession | Possessive classifiers | There are special classifiers that occur with possessed entities | no | Hall 1988: 292 | ||||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability | Morphological marking of inalienable possession | Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the former takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun) | no | Hall 1988: 288-289 | ||||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability | Morphological marking of alienable possession | Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the latter takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun) | no | Hall 1988: 288-289 | ||||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability | Default marker for inalienably possessed nouns if unpossessed | An inalienable noun that is in an unpossessed state must have a derivational affix or associated form | no | Hall 1988: 288-289 | ||||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability | Inalienable possession of kin terms | 'my-father' but *father | yes | Hall 1988: 288-289 | ||||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability | Inalienable possession of body parts (human/animal) | 'my-leg' but *leg | no | Hall 1988: 288-289 | ||||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability | Generic human nouns are obligatorily bound/possessed | Human nouns must co-occur with another noun (e.g. Hup-man, NonIndian-woman, but *man) | no | Hall 1988: 288-289 | ||||
| Nominal Syntax - Adjectives | Underived adjectives | There are underived adjectives which do not have counterparts in other word classes | yes | Hall 1988 | ||||
| Nominal Syntax - Adjectives | Gender inflection on adjectives within the NP | There is gender agreement/concord (animate/inanimate or masc/fem, etc.) within the NP, e.g. la casa blanca, el perro blanco | no | Hall 1988 | ||||
| Nominal Syntax - Derivation | Productive nominalizing morphology: action/state (arrive/arrival) | There is a morpheme which derives an event from a verb | no info | Hall 1988 | ||||
| Nominal Syntax - Derivation | Productive nominalizing morphology: agentive (sing/singer) | There is a morpheme which derives an agent or subject from a verb | no info | Hall 1988 | ||||
| Nominal Syntax - Derivation | Productive nominalizing morphology: object (sing/song) | There is a morpheme which derives a patient or object from a verb | no info | Hall 1988 | ||||
| Nominal Syntax - Derivation | Productive verbalizing morphology | There is a morpheme which derives a verb from a noun or adjective | no info | Hall 1988: 104 | "seem to be partially nominal in origin" | |||
| Nominal Syntax - Other | NP coordination and comitative phrases marked differently | 'John and Mary went to market' is marked differently from 'John went to market with Mary' | no | Escoriaza 1959:15-18 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense | Dedicated past marker(s) | Past tense is regularly morphologically marked on the verb or elsewhere | yes | Hall 1988: 329 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense | Multiple past tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference | e.g. distant vs. recent past | yes | Recent past: completive: -i, incompletive: -anö; Distant past: completive: -ne, incompletive: -akene | Hall 1988: 330 | |||
| Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense | Multiple future tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference | e.g. imminent vs. distant future | no | Hall 1988: 329 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense | Dedicated future or non-past marker(s) | yes | Non past: -a; Future: immediative: -ta, probabilitive: -tai; non past: -a; future immediative: -ta; future probabilitive: -tai | Hall 1988: 330 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense | Tense-aspect affixes: prefix | no | Hall 1988: 330 | |||||
| Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense | Tense-aspect affixes: suffix | yes | Non past: -a; Future: immediative: -ta, probabilitive: -tai; non past: -a; future immediative: -ta; future probabilitive: -tai | Hall 1988: 330 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense | Tense-aspect affixes: tone or ablaut | no | Hall 1988: 330 | |||||
| Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense | Tense-aspect suppletion | no | Hall 1988: 330 | No evidence for suppletion included in source | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Dedicated imperative morpheme or verb form | There is a special morpheme (or morphemes, or a bare verb root where inflection is normally expected) used to signal imperative (command) mood | yes | Hall 1988: 346 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Polite imperative morpheme | There is a distinct morpheme for polite imperative constructions (specify if it has other functions in the language) | no info | Hall 1988: 346 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Difference between negation in imperative (prohibitive) and declarative clauses | There are different strategies for marking negation in imperative and declarative clauses | no | Hall 1988: 345 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Dedicated hortative morpheme or verb form (1pl or 3rd person imperative) | as opposed to imperative; the person in control of desired state of affairs is not the addressee; ex: 'Let's sing' / 'Let him sing' | no | Similar semantics are conveyed by using the future tense, but there is no evidence of the hortative morpheme. | Hall 1988; Escoriaza 1959:16 | |||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Situational possibility: affix on verb | Inflectional marking of capacity to do something | yes | iterative: -hö, abilitative: -hai, negative: -'da, futurative: -'de, desiderative: -se, imperative: -kö, permissive: -ñoho | Hall 1988: 336 | |||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Situational possibility: verbal construction | no | Hall 1988: 336 | |||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Situational possibility: other marking | no | Hall 1988: 336 | |||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Epistemic possibility: affix on verb | Modal expressing hypothesis | no info | Hall 1988: 336 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Epistemic possibility: verbal construction | no | Hall 1988: 336 | |||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Epistemic possibility: other marking | no | Hall 1988: 336 | |||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Marking of expected/unexpected action or result | There is inflectional marking of expected/unexpected | no | Hall 1988: 336 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Verbal frustrative | Modal expressing frustration ("in vain") | no | Hall 1988: 336 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Verbal habitual | Modal expressing habituality | yes | iterative: -hö, abilitative: -hai, negative: -'da, futurative: -'de, desiderative: -se, imperative: -kö, permissive: -ñoho | Hall 1988: 336 | |||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Apprehensive construction | There is a single morpheme or verb form to mean '(be careful lest) X happens' | no | Hall 1988: 336 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Reality status marking on verbs | There are dedicated morpheme(s) for realis/irrealis 'actualized/unactualized events' | yes | only an irrealis marker | Hall 1988: 204, 341, 358, 382 | No realis marker, only irrealis | ||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Affect markers (positive/negative) | Note whether these inflectional markers are positive or negative | no | Hall 1988: 336 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Directionals | Directional elements affixed to the verb | There are grammaticalized elements indicating movement away, toward, there and back, etc. | no | Hall 1988: 172 | Not sure what's going on here- abcorporeal movement as a transitivizer? | |||
| Verbal Categories - Evidentiality | Grammaticalized visual | Indicates information has been witnessed visually - indicate only if an overt marker | no | Hall 1988; Escoriaza 1959:15-18 | No description of evidentials given in source | |||
| Verbal Categories - Evidentiality | Grammaticalized nonvisual | Indicates information has been sensed firsthand but not visually (usually heard; also smelled, tasted, felt) | no | Hall 1988; Escoriaza 1959:15-18 | No description of evidentials given in source | |||
| Verbal Categories - Evidentiality | Grammaticalized inferential | Indicates information has not been experienced firsthand, but inferred from some kind of evidence - indicate only if an overt marker. | no | Hall 1988; Escoriaza 1959:15-18 | No description of evidentials given in source | |||
| Verbal Categories - Evidentiality | Grammaticalized reportive | Indicates speaker is not responsible for veracity of statement, merely reporting; 'allegedly' | no | Hall 1988; Escoriaza 1959:15-18 | No description of evidentials given in source | |||
| Verbal Categories - Evidentiality | Grammaticalized quotative | Indicate presence of adjacent representation of repeated discourse | no | Hall 1988; Escoriaza 1959:15-18 | No description of evidentials given in source | |||
| Verbal Categories - Evidentiality | Other evidential | Any other evidential values not represented above | no | Hall 1988; Escoriaza 1959:15-18 | No description of evidentials given in source | |||
| Verbal Categories - Evidentiality | Evidentiality: verb affix or clitic | no | The semantics of evidentials are conveyed by word choice. | Hall 1988; Escoriaza 1959:15-18 | No description of evidentials given in source | |||
| Verbal Categories - Evidentiality | Evidentiality: part of tense system | Includes portmanteau morphs | no | The semantics of evidentials are conveyed by word choice. | Hall 1988; Escoriaza 1959:15-18 | No description of evidentials given in source | ||
| Verbal Categories - Evidentiality | Evidentiality: separate particle | yes | reportative particle | Hall 1988:354 | No description of evidentials given in source | |||
| Verbal Categories - Evidentiality | Evidentiality: modal morpheme | no | The semantics of evidentials are conveyed by word choice. | Hall 1988; Escoriaza 1959:15-18 | No description of evidentials given in source | |||
| Verbal Categories - Verbal number | Verbal number suppletion | yes | Hall 1988: 333-334 | |||||
| Verbal Categories - Other | Social interaction markers | Note the type of interaction | no info | Hall 1988 | ||||
| Word Order | No fixed basic constituent order | no | SOV order is the dominant order, but others are allowed | Hall 1988 | ||||
| Word Order | VS in intransitive clauses | Verb precedes subject | no | Hall 1988: 48 | ||||
| Word Order | VS in transitive clauses | no | Hall 1988: 46 | |||||
| Word Order | VO in transitive clauses | Verb precedes object | no | Hall 1988: 46 | ||||
| Word Order | OS in transitive clauses | Object precedes subject | no | Hall 1988: 46 | ||||
| Word Order | Preposition-Noun | no | Hall 1988: 48 | |||||
| Word Order | Noun-Postposition or case suffix | yes | Hall 1988: 48 | |||||
| Word Order | Gen-Noun | Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessor first (e.g. John's book) | yes | Hall 1988: 42 | ||||
| Word Order | Noun-Gen | Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessum first (e.g. 'book of John') | no | Hall 1988: 42 | ||||
| Word Order | Adj-Noun | Adjective precedes the noun | no | Hall 1988: 52 | ||||
| Word Order | Noun-Adj | Adjective follows the noun | yes | Hall 1988: 52 | ||||
| Word Order | Dem-Noun | yes | Hall 1988: 50 | |||||
| Word Order | Noun-Dem | no | Hall 1988: 50 | |||||
| Word Order | Num-Noun | yes | Hall 1988: 52 | |||||
| Word Order | Noun-Num | no | Hall 1988: 52 | |||||
| Word Order | Noun-Rel | Relative clause follows noun that it modifies | yes | Hall 1988: 53 | ||||
| Word Order | Rel-Noun | Relative clause precedes noun that it modifies | no | Hall 1988: 53 | ||||
| Word Order | Re<Noun>l (internally headed relative) | e.g. 'the dog cat chased-NMZR got away' ('the cat that the dog chased got away') | no | Hall 1988: 53 | ||||
| Word Order | Relative clause is correlative or adjoined | e.g. 'what is running, the dog chased that cat' | no | Hall 1988: 53 | ||||
| Word Order | Question word is clause initial | 'what', 'who', etc. come first in interrogative clause | yes | Hall 1988: 54 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked accusative | Objects of transitive clauses ('P') have a unique marker, while subjects of transitive ('A') and intransitive ('S') clauses are unmarked or share a different marker from that occurring on objects | no | no core case marking on full NPs | Hall 1988:44 | Discussions of ergativity in Hall 1988: 123-128; Hall 1984 (Split-ergativity in pronominal agreement systems) is inconclusive | ||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked nominative | Subjects of transitive and intransitive clauses share a marker, while objects of transitives are unmarked | no | no core case marking on full NPs | Hall 1988:44 | Discussions of ergativity in Hall 1988: 123-128; Hall 1984 (Split-ergativity in pronominal agreement systems) is inconclusive | ||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of case marking in full NPs: ergative-absolutive | Subjects of intransitive clauses and objects of transitives share a unique marker, while subjects of transitive clauses are unmarked or have a different marker | no | no core case marking on full NPs | Hall 1988:44 | Discussions of ergativity in Hall 1988: 123-128; Hall 1984 (Split-ergativity in pronominal agreement systems) is inconclusive | ||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of case marking in full NPs: tripartite | Intransitive subjects, transitive subjects, and transitive objects all receive distinct case markers | no | no core case marking on full NPs | Hall 1988:44 | Discussions of ergativity in Hall 1988: 123-128; Hall 1984 (Split-ergativity in pronominal agreement systems) is inconclusive | ||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of case marking in full NPs: active-inactive | Subjects of intransitive clauses are treated two different ways: like subjects of transitives if they are more agent-like (e.g. he jumped), and like objects of transitives if they are more patient-like (e.g. he fell asleep) | no | no core case marking on full NPs | Hall 1988:44 | Discussions of ergativity in Hall 1988: 123-128; Hall 1984 (Split-ergativity in pronominal agreement systems) is inconclusive | ||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked accusative | no | Escoriaza 1959:14-15 | Discussions of ergativity in Hall 1988: 123-128; Hall 1984 (Split-ergativity in pronominal agreement systems) is inconclusive | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked nominative | no | Escoriaza 1959:14-15 | Discussions of ergativity in Hall 1988: 123-128; Hall 1984 (Split-ergativity in pronominal agreement systems) is inconclusive | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of case marking of pronouns: ergative-absolutive | yes, no, mixed, other | no | Escoriaza 1959:14-15 | Discussions of ergativity in Hall 1988: 123-128; Hall 1984 (Split-ergativity in pronominal agreement systems) is inconclusive | |||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of case marking of pronouns: tripartite | no | Escoriaza 1959:14-15 | Discussions of ergativity in Hall 1988: 123-128; Hall 1984 (Split-ergativity in pronominal agreement systems) is inconclusive | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of case marking of pronouns: active-inactive | yes | Hall 1988:123 | Discussions of ergativity in Hall 1988: 123-128; Hall 1984 (Split-ergativity in pronominal agreement systems) is inconclusive | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of verbal person-marking: nominative-accusative | Same as above, for pronominal affixes/clitics on verbs | no | Escoriaza 1959:15-18 | Discussions of ergativity in Hall 1988: 123-128; Hall 1984 (Split-ergativity in pronominal agreement systems) is inconclusive | |||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of verbal person-marking: ergative-absolutive | yes, no, mixed, other | no | Hall 1988:150 | Discussions of ergativity in Hall 1988: 123-128; Hall 1984 (Split-ergativity in pronominal agreement systems) is inconclusive | |||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of verbal person-marking: active-inactive | yes | Hall 1988:150 | Discussions of ergativity in Hall 1988: 123-128; Hall 1984 (Split-ergativity in pronominal agreement systems) is inconclusive | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of verbal person-marking: hierarchical | Marking of A and P depends on their relative ranking on a hierarchy (usually 1>2>3 or 2>1>3) | yes | Hall 1988:152 | Discussions of ergativity in Hall 1988: 123-128; Hall 1984 (Split-ergativity in pronominal agreement systems) is inconclusive | |||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of verbal person-marking: split | More than one of the above systems is represented in person marking, depending on e.g. person (e.g. 1/2 vs. 3), tense-aspect value, main vs. subordinate clause type, etc. | no | Escoriaza 1959:15-18 | Discussions of ergativity in Hall 1988: 123-128; Hall 1984 (Split-ergativity in pronominal agreement systems) is inconclusive | |||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Pronominal subjects: pronouns in subject position | Pronominal subjects are free pronouns that occur in the same position as full NP subjects | yes | free pronouns can occur | Hall 1988: 281 | |||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Pronominal subjects: prefixes on verb | Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal prefixes (free pronouns may be another option) | yes | Hall 1988: 281 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Pronominal subjects: suffixes on verb | Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal suffixes (free pronouns may be another option) | no | Hall 1988: 281 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Pronominal subjects: clitics on variable host | Pronominal subjects are clitics that can attach to verbs, nominal constituents, etc. | no | Hall 1988: 287 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Pronominal subjects: pronouns in non-subject position | Pronominal subjects are free pronouns but do not normally occur in the position expected for full NP subjects | no | Hall 1988: 281 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Person marking on intransitive verbs | Intransitive verbs take person-marking clitics/affixes | yes | Hall 1988: 285 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Person marking (of agents) on transitive verbs | Transitive verbs take subject (A) markers | yes | agent prefixes | Hall 1988: 287 | |||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Person-marking (of objects) on transitive verbs | Transitive verbs take object (P) markers | yes | patient prefixes | Hall 1988: 287 | |||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | 3rd person zero in verbal person marking: subjects | 3rd person subjects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system | no | Escoriaza 1959:15 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | 3rd person zero in verbal person marking: objects | 3rd person objects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system | yes | 3rd person patient is 0 marker | Hall 1988:287 | |||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Number can be marked separately from person on the verb | Verbal person marking exists, but number is (or can) be marked separately | yes | Escoriaza 1959:11-14 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Possessive affixes/clitics on nouns are same as verbal person markers | Where nouns take possessive affixes, these are the same as the person-marking affixes | no | some prefixes are shared (1st and 2nd sing.) The rest are different | Escoriaza 1959:11-15 | |||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Gender distinguished in verbal person markers | For any person, verbal person markers exhibit different forms depending on the gender (masc/fem, animate/inanimate, etc.) of the referent | no | Escoriaza 1959:15-18 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice | Ditransitive constructions: indirect object | In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives a book to Bill'), the theme (book) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated differently | yes | Hall 1988:81 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice | Ditransitive constructions: double object | In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives Bill a book'), both the theme (book) and the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives | no | Hall 1988:81 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice | Ditransitive constructions: secondary object | In ditransitives, the recipient/beneficiary is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the theme (book) is treated differently | no | Escoriaza 1959 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing | Reciprocal: dedicated morpheme | Verb becomes reciprocal through use of reciprocal morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is only used to mean reciprocal. | no | Hall 1988: 173 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing | Reflexive: dedicated morpheme | Verb becomes reflexive through use of reflexive morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is used only to mean reflexive. | no | Hall 1988: 173 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing | Reciprocal/reflexive: same morpheme | Verb becomes reciprocal or reflexive through use of a morpheme that means either reciprocal or reflexive which attaches to the root of the verb | yes | Hall 1988: 173 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing | Passive | Passive voice usually involves a change to the verb, while the object of the active voice verb is promoted to subject in the passive voice, and the former subject is deleted/demoted | yes | circumfix | Escoriaza 1959:15 | |||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing | Antipassive | Like passive, but deletes or demotes the object of a transitive verb; usually found in ergative languages | no | Escoriaza 1959:15 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing | Other intransitivizing morphology | There is/are some other mechanism(s) for reducing valency | no | Escoriaza 1959:15-18 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing | Applicative: benefactive | Applicative adds a beneficiary/maleficiary object argument to the verb | no info | Escoriaza 1959 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing | Applicative: other | Applicative adds some other object argument to the verb | no info | Escoriaza 1959 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing | Causative: prefix | Causative is morphological and is attached before the root of the verb | no | Hall 1988: 127 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing | Causative: suffix | Causative is morphological and is attached after the root of the verb | yes | Hall 1988: 128 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing | Causative marked by circumfix, stem change, or tone | Morphological causative other than simple prefix/suffix | no | Hall 1988: 129 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing | Causative: serial verb or analytical construction | Causative construction that involves periphrasis or serialization | no | Hall 1988: 130 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing | Causative: dedicated 'make do by proxy' | Indicates that the causer does not directly cause the action of the verb to be realized, but does so by inducing someone else to carry out the action, e.g. 'John had the house painted.' | no | Hall 1988: 131 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing | Causative: dedicated sociative | Indicates that causer participates in event | no | Hall 1988: 132 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing | Other transitivizing morphology (adds valence) | There is/are some other mechanism(s) for increasing valency | yes | noun incorporation | Hall 1988 | |||
| Simple Clauses - Negation | Clausal negator is a preposed element | Clausal negator is a preposed element | yes | Hall 1988: 345 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Negation | Clausal negator is a postposed element | Clausal negator is a postposed element | no | Hall 1988: 345 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Negation | Negatives: affix | Negatives: affix | yes | Hall 1988: 345 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Negation | Negatives: particle | Negatives: particle | no | Hall 1988: 345 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Negation | Negatives: auxiliary verb | Negatives: auxiliary verb | no | Hall 1988: 345 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Negation | Negatives: double | Standard (non-emphatic) negation typically requires two morphemes, e.g. French 'ne V pas' | no | Hall 1988: 345 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Negation | Distinct negative form for 'NP does not exist' | yes | *Word for zero is a sentence level negation marker | Hall 1988: 303 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Negation | Distinct negative expression 'I don't know' | Lexical expression or highly idiomatic phrase | yes | Hall 1988: 300, 387 | example sentence on pg. 300; gloss on 387 gives 'da as 'no one knows' as well as negation marker | |||
| Simple Clauses - Interrogatives | Polar questions: interrogative particle | Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative particle | yes | Hall 1988: 344 | Example sentences seem to indicate that polar questions can take rising intonation OR interrogative particle- see pg. 344 | |||
| Simple Clauses - Interrogatives | Polar questions: verb morphology | Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative verb morphology | no | Hall 1988: 344 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Interrogatives | Polar questions: word order | Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion) | no | Hall 1988: 344 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Interrogatives | Polar questions: intonation only | Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by intonation only | no | rising intonation for polar questions is optional | Hall 1988: 344 | |||
| Simple Clauses - Interrogatives | Content questions: word order differs from declaratives | Content questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion) as well as by presence of Q-word (who, what, etc.) | no | Hall 1988: 344 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Predication | Predicate adjectives: verbal | Adjectives act like verbs in predicative position | no | Hall 1988: 78 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Predication | Predicate adjectives: nominal | Adjectives act like nouns in predicative position | no | Hall 1988: 78 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Predication | Zero copula for predicate nominals is possible | Predicate nominals may occur without a copula (i.e. grammatical in some circumstances, if not all) | no | Escoriaza 1959:15-18 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Predication | Headless relative clauses | Compare Eng 'the one that fell' (but in Eng 'one' could be considered a head) | no info | Hall 1988: 351-352 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Predication | Headless relative clauses are the dominant or only form of relative clause | Relative clauses that form a constituent with a head noun (in a single noun phrase) are rare or nonexistent; some descriptions may refer to adjoined or correlative clauses. | no info | Hall 1988: 351-352 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Predication | Relative clause may occur with a noun classifier/class marker | It may be unclear whether the classifier is the nominal head of the construction or is an agreement marker on the relative clause | no info | Hall 1988: 351-352 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Predication | Relativizer is a verbal affix | yes | Verb forms are nominalized with the suffix -dü and may be marked w/ person prefixes and temporal suffixes. | Hall 1988: 351 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Predication | Morphological relativizer is homophonous with nominalizer | The same morpheme marks a relative clause and is a nominalizer on verbs (and/or other word classes) | yes | Hall 1988 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Desiderative expressions | Grammaticalized verbal desiderative | Indicates that the subject desires to carry out the action denoted by the verb (distinct from verb 'want', but may be grammaticalized from it) | yes | Hall 1988: 336 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Other | Clause chaining | Clauses can be grouped such that only one bears most of the verb morphology, and the others are marked as to whether they share a subject with this reference clause. | no info | Hall 1988 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Other | Morphologically marked switch-reference system | There are special markers to indicate same vs. different subject when two clauses are combined | no info | Hall 1988:349 | "There is generally an assumption that the subject of the first verb will be the subject of verbs that have the same person/number agreement in subsequent clauses unless otherwise indicated." | |||
| Simple Clauses - Other | Morphologically marked distinction between simultaneous and sequential clauses | Morphology (usually on verb) distinguishes between clauses denoting events that occur at the same time or in sequence | no info | Hall 1988; Escoriaza 1959:15-18 |
Ethnographic Information
| Current Population (speakers) | Former Population Estimate | Subsistence Preference | Density | Sedentism | Ecotome | Marriage Pattern | Notes | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6000 | large | AG | medium | sedentary |