Pronominal subjects: clitics on variable host
- Category
- Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking
- Notes
- Pronominal subjects are clitics that can attach to verbs, nominal constituents, etc.
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | no | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 23 | ||||
| Aché | no info | |||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | Yes | 67 | 1 | |||
| Aguaruna | no | Overall 2007:154-7 | ||||
| Alyawarr | no | 0 | ||||
| Andoke | no | Landaburu 1979; p.62; 212-215 | ||||
| Apurinã | no | Facundes, 2000: 464 | ||||
| Arabana | no | 0 | ||||
| Arrernte | No | 101 | 0 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | no | They are verbal affixes instead. | Payne 1982:2324 | |||
| Añun | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Bandjalang | No | 106 | 0 | |||
| Baniwa | no | Ramirez 2001 | ||||
| Barasano | no | Jones & Jones 1991, p.108 | ||||
| Bardi | no | 0 | ||||
| Bare | no | Aikhenvald, 1995: 22 | ||||
| Batyala | no info | x | ||||
| Baure | yes | Personal clitics are attached to the verb as well to other word classes. Proclitics are attach as subject agreement to the verb whereas enclitics occur as object agreement in the verb | Danielsen 2007:92-3 | |||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | no | 0 | ||||
| Bilinarra | yes | 3.2 | 1 | |||
| Biri | no | 23-7 | 0 | |||
| Bora | no | Seifart - 2005:52-54 | ||||
| Bularnu | no | 0 | ||||
| Bunuba | no | 0 | ||||
| Cabecar | no info | |||||
| Cahuilla | no | |||||
| Central Aymara | no info | |||||
| Chemehuevi | no | |||||
| Comanche | yes | |||||
| Cubeo | no | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 142 | ||||
| Cupeño | ||||||
| Damana | no | |||||
| Darkinyung | yes | 32 | 1 | |||
| Desano | no | Miller 1999, p. 123 | ||||
| Dharawal | no info | x | ||||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | no | 0 | ||||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | no | 0 | ||||
| Djinang | Yes | 136 | 1 | |||
| Duungidjawu | no | 52 | 0 | |||
| Dyirbal | No | 55 | 0 | |||
| Dâw | no | Martins 2004 | ||||
| Eñepa | no | Payne 2012 | ||||
| Gabrielino | no | |||||
| Garrwa | no | 0 | ||||
| Githabul | No | 42 | 0 | |||
| Gooniyandi | no | 0 | ||||
| Guaymí | no | Quesada 2008:68-72 | ||||
| Gugu-Badhun | no | 0 | ||||
| Gumbaynggirr | no | 342 | 0 | |||
| Guna | no | Smith texts | ||||
| Gunya | No | 324 | 0 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | No | 65 | 0 | |||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | yes | 45 | 1 | |||
| Hup | no | Epps 2008 | ||||
| Idaho Shoshone | ||||||
| Ika | no | Frank 1990:25 | ||||
| Ingá | no | Levinson 1974, 1976, 1976b. | ||||
| Jaru | yes | 124 | 1 | |||
| Jingulu | no | 0 | ||||
| Kaingang | no | no person inflection | Goncalves 2011 | |||
| Kakua | no | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
| Kalkatungu | no | 0 | ||||
| Karajarri | No | 227 | 0 | |||
| Karitiana | no | Everett 2006:343-57 | ||||
| Katthang | no | 63-65 | 0 | |||
| Kaurna | No | 16 | 0 | |||
| Kawaiisu | no | |||||
| Kinikinau | no info | |||||
| Kitanemuk | no | |||||
| Kogi | no info | |||||
| Kokama | yes | Vallejos 2010:210 | ||||
| Kokatha | No | 65 | 0 | |||
| Koreguaje | no | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.31-32 | ||||
| Kotiria | no | Stenzel 2004, p. 217 | ||||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | yes | 399 | 1 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | no | 0 | ||||
| Kunjen | No | 92 | 0 | |||
| Kurrama | no | 73 | 0 | |||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | Yes | 216 | 1 | |||
| Luiseño | yes | |||||
| Macaguan | no | Buenaventura - 1993 | ||||
| Maipure | no | Zamponi 2003:37 | ||||
| Makiritare | no | Hall 1988: 287 | ||||
| Makuna | no | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.35-36 | ||||
| Makushi | no | Abbott 1991: 99 | ||||
| Mapudungun | no | Salas 1992, p.116; Zúñiga 2006, p. 96-9 | ||||
| Marrgany | No | 335 | 0 | |||
| Martuthunira | no | 100-109 | 0 | |||
| Mathi-Mathi | no | 0 | ||||
| Matses | no info | |||||
| Mayi-Yapi | No | 53-54 | 0 | |||
| Minica Witoto | no | Minor and Minor 1982. p.78-80 | ||||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | no? | 91, 106 | 0 | |||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | no | Weir 1984 | ||||
| Nanti | no | Person markers are clitics, but always attach to verb. | Michael, 2008. p. 342-344 | |||
| Narungga | No | 74 | 0 | |||
| Naso | no | Quesada 2000 | ||||
| Ngaatjatjara | No | 55 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | yes | 43 | 1 | |||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | No | 10 | 0 | |||
| Ngiyambaa | yes | 124-125 | 1 | |||
| Nhanta | yes | 84, 121 | 1 | |||
| Nheengatu | no | Cruz 2011:133-134 | ||||
| Ninam | no | Goodwin-Gomez, p.47-51 | ||||
| Northern Emberá | no | Mortensen 1999:16, 59 | Catío | |||
| Northern Paiute | no | |||||
| Nyangumarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyikina | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | no | 163-164 | 0 | |||
| Palikur | no | Launey 2003:65 | ||||
| Panyjima | no | 0 | ||||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | no | Ayala 1996:28-9, 46-7 | ||||
| Paresi | no info | Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 | ||||
| Pemon | no | de Armellada 1999:16-25, 58-61, 95-104 | ||||
| Piapoco | no | Galindo, 2002: 157-159 | ||||
| Pintupi | yes | 15; 49; 114-115 | 1 | |||
| Pitjantjatjara | Yes | Y 22 | 1 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | No | 214 | 0 | |||
| Puinave | no | Giron 2008: p169, 206, 228 | ||||
| Páez | no | Jung:136-8 | ||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | no | Parker 1965:23-6 | ||||
| Resígaro | yes | Allin, 1976: 176 | ||||
| Ritharrngu | Yes | 43 | 1 | |||
| Sanumá | no info | |||||
| Serrano | yes | |||||
| Shoshone | no | |||||
| Sikuani | no | Queixalós 2000 | ||||
| Siona | no | Wheeler - 1987:141, 170 | ||||
| Southern Paiute | no | |||||
| Southern Ute | no | |||||
| Surui | no | There are some subject prefixes which are considered as clitics because they trigger morhophonemic proceses but they do not vary on which host they are attach. | Van der Meer (?):7 | |||
| Tanimuca | no | Strom 1992, p.114 | ||||
| Tariana | no | Aikhenvald, 2003: 203 | ||||
| Thanggati | no | 42-3 | 0 | |||
| Tharrkari | No | 16 | 0 | |||
| Tikuna | no | Montes 2005:133-135 | ||||
| Timbisha | no | |||||
| Tukano | no | West and Welch 2004: 10, 22; Ramirez 1997 | no evidence for this | |||
| Uradhi | No | 352 | 0 | |||
| Urarina | no | Olawsky:487 | ||||
| Wajarri | Yes | 77 | 1 | |||
| Wakaya | yes | 1 | ||||
| Walmajarri | no | 0 | ||||
| Wambaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Wangkumara | no info | X | ||||
| Waorani | no info | |||||
| Wapishana | no | Santos 2006 | ||||
| Warlpiri | yes | 1 | ||||
| Warluwarra | no | 0 | ||||
| Warnman | Yes | 13 | 1 | |||
| Warrgamay | No | 45 | 0 | |||
| Warrwa | no | 0 | ||||
| Warumungu | yes | 27 | 1 | |||
| Warungu | no | 0 | ||||
| Wathawurrung | yes | 77 | 1 | |||
| Waunana | yes | Loewen 1954:83-84 | ||||
| Wayuu | no | There are free pronouns and verbal prefixes. | Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 798 | |||
| Wemba-Wemba | maybe | H 52 | 1 | |||
| Western Mono | yes | |||||
| WesternTorres | no | examples throughout | 0 | |||
| Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
| Wirangu | No | 71 | 0 | |||
| Woiwurrung | no | 74 | 0 | |||
| Worrorra | no | 0 | ||||
| Yagua | yes | Payne and Payne 1990:361 | ||||
| Yalarnnga | no | 1 | 0 | |||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | no | 0 | ||||
| Yanesha' | yes | Duff-Tripp 1997:41, 58 | ||||
| Yanomami | no | Ramirez 1994 | ||||
| Yanyuwa | no | 0 | ||||
| Yavitero | no | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 48, 61-62 | ||||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | not done yet | X | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | no | 0 | ||||
| Yindjilindji | no | 0 | ||||
| Yine | no | Matteson 1965 | ||||
| Yingkarta | yes | 1 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | no | 83 | 0 | |||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | no | Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 41-42 | ||||
| Yulparija | Yes | 30 | 1 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | Yes | 51 | 1 |
| Language |
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