Nyangumarta

Family
Pama-Nyungan
Region
Australia
ISO 639-3
nna
Location
-20.50°, 122.21°
Notes
Features
Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Grammatical Data
Ethnographic Information
Data Sources
none


Basic Vocabulary (186)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
1pl.excl nosotros (exclusivo) nós (exclusivo) grammar ngali inheritance
1pl.incl nosotros (inclusivo) nós (inclusivo) grammar ngañcurru inheritance
1sg yo eu grammar ngaju inheritance
2pl ustedes vocês grammar nyurra inheritance
2sg xx xx grammar nyuntu waraja inheritance
3pl ellos/ellas eles/elas grammar jana inheritance
3sg el/ella ele/ela grammar paliny inheritance
above encima, arriba acima location kankarni inheritance
again de nuevo, otra vez de novo grammar yarrana unknown
all todo todos other wirr inheritance
and y e grammar pa inheritance
ankle tobillo tornozelo body luku inheritance
armpit axila, sobaco axila body ngalkuny inheritance
ashamed xx xx mental kurntany inheritance
ashes xx xx environment 4842 doubtful loan
at en, a em, a location -ji unknown
back espalda costas body 4913 unique
bad mal mal quality kurlu inheritance
be alive xx xx body wanka inheritance
belly barriga barriga body pirlu inheritance CHECK
below abajo, debajo abaixo location kaniny-karti inheritance
big grande grande quality 4407 inheritance
bite morder morder body pajinaku inheritance
black negro preto colour warrukurla loan Pilbara
blood sangre sangue body pijirri unknown
blow soplar soprar body puyu-pini- (V3) inheritance
blunt xx xx quality nurta inheritance
bone hueso osso body kunyja inheritance
boomerang xx xx manufacture 4717 inheritance
breast pecho, seno peito body 4835 inheritance
breathe respirar respirar body 5200 unknown
burn quemar queimar environment kampana inheritance
chew masticar, mascar mastigar body japaly pini (V3) loan Walmajarri
child niño, niña criança human partany inheritance
climb subir subir motion karntinyaku inheritance
cloud nube nuvem environment 5200 inheritance
cold frío frio quality warri unknown
come venir vir motion kurtaliyi unknown
cook cocinar cozinhar impact kamparna inheritance
count contar contar mental [missing] missing
cry llorar chorar mental ngangkurla inheritance
cut xx xx impact wirrkala unknown
die/be dead morir morrer state 4805 unknown
dig cavar cavar impact karla inheritance
dingo/wolf fauna wartaji inheritance
dirty sucio sujo quality 4397 inheritance
dream soñar sonhar mental pitany yana- (V5) inheritance
drink beber, tomar beber body minypila inheritance
dry seco seco quality 3870 inheritance
dust polvo poeira environment kurlurlu unknown
ear oreja orelha body kurlka inheritance
earth/soil tierra terra environment warrarn inheritance
eat comer comer body ngananya inheritance
egg huevo ovo fauna mitya inheritance
eye ojo olho body 4062 loan direction unknown
faeces heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol fezes body purta inheritance
fall caer cair motion pungka inheritance
far lejos longe quality kaja inheritance
fat/grease grasa gordura body 3903 loan Pilbara
father padre, papá pai kinship japartu inheritance
fear miedo medo mental wirnti loan Ngumpin-Yapa
feather pluma pena fauna wirru inheritance
fire fuego fogo environment wika unique
fish xx xx fauna kapi inheritance
flow fluir fluir motion warrki-rni (2) unknown
flower flor flor environment pupu unknown
fly volar voar motion warrayi loan Pilbara
fog niebla, neblina nevoeira, bruma, neblina environment japurr inheritance
foot pie body jina inheritance
fruit fruta fruta flora kalyawari unique
good bueno bom quality ngalypa unknown
grow crecer crescer state 4550 unique
hair (of head) cabello cabelo body mampu inheritance
hand mano mão body parirri inheritance
head cabeza cabeça body jinturtu inheritance
hear oír ouvir mental pinakarra inheritance
heavy pesado pesado quality purtuly unknown
hide esconder esconder motion [missing] missing
hit golpear, pegar bater impact wilana- (V2)
hit (with hand) xx xx impact wilala parirriju inheritance
hold correr, asegurar, sostener segurar other 4707
how? como como grammar wayirti unique
if si se grammar [missing] missing
in/inside dentro, adentro dentro location kaninykarti
intestines intestinos intestinos body jarru inheritance
itch hormiguear, sentir comezón coçar body mirri-mirri unknown
kill matar matar impact panipungkanya unknown
know/be knowledgeable saber, conecer saber, conhecer mental miranu inheritance
lake lago lago environment 9427 inheritance
laugh reír rir mental juka mana- (V3)
leaf hoja folha environment parrka loan Ngarluma
left/left hand izquierdo esquerdo location/body jampukarti
leg/foot pierna perna body jina inheritance
lie down acostarse, echarse deitar motion kartakarra unknown
lightning rayo, relámpago relampago environment marrji-marrji inheritance
liver hígado figado body ralyu-ralyu inheritance
long largo comprido, longo quality makanu unknown
louse piollo, piojo piolho fauna parlu inheritance
lung pulmón pulmão body ralyu-ralyu inheritance
man/male hombre homem human 5200 inheritance
meat/flesh carne carne fauna kuwi inheritance
moon luna lua environment mujungu loan Pilbara
mother madre, mamá mãe kinship 4452 inheritance
mouth boca boca body jawa inheritance
name nombre nome human 9170 inheritance
nape base del cuello, nuca nuca body ngalyi inheritance
near/close cerca de perto quality wangka unknown
neck cuello pescoço body ngalyi inheritance
new nuevo novo quality kuwarrija inheritance
night noche noite time 4134 loan Pilbara
no/not no não grammar munu
nose nariz nariz body 5200 inheritance
old viejo velho quality 4217 unknown
one uno um number waraja inheritance
open/uncover abrir abrir other kurta-rna (2) unknown
other otro outro grammar yajungu doubtful loan Nyulnyulan
person/human being persona pessoa human 10127 unknown
pimple xx xx body nyimil doubtful loan
rain lluvia chuva environment 3906 inheritance
red rojo vermelho colour mijimiji unknown
right/right hand derecha direita location/body jirumpu
road/path camino caminho manufacture rutu loan
roof xx xx manufacture [missing] missing
root raíz raiz flora karlka unknown
rotten podrido podre quality puka unknown
sand arena areia environment jungka inheritance
say decir dizer mental muwarr
scratch rascar rasgar impact wirirr inheritance
see ver ver mental parrjala unknown
sharp afilado, filudo, filoso afiado quality yiri (2) inheritance
shoot tirar, disparar, balear atirar impact ruwi_x001E_ unique
short corto curto quality murlku inheritance
shoulder hombro ombro body lirnpi inheritance
sick xx xx body wurrku (parraparra) inheritance
sit sentar(se) sentar state kajala unknown
skin piel pele body karnu inheritance
sky cielo céu environment parlparr inheritance
sleep dormir dormir body kartakarra, kupalya unknown
small pequeño pequeno quality wupartu loan
smell (tr/intr) xx xx body parntila inheritance
smoke humo fumaça environment jungan inheritance
spit escupir cuspir body janga inheritance
split partir, dividir rachar, dividir, partir impact yilyu
squeeze estrujar, exprimir espremer impact junyi-rni unknown
stab/pierce apuñalar, acuchillar apunhalar impact [missing] missing
stand estar de pié ficar em pé state wararr karrinyi- (V1) inheritance
star estrella estrela environment panikata inheritance
steal robar roubar other [missing] missing
stone piedra pedra environment warnku inheritance
suck chupar chupar body nguma-rna unknown
sun sol sol time janja unknown
sweat sudar suor, suar body jirrmirl inheritance
swell hincharse inchar body rapurapu unique
swim nadar nadar motion nyimurljarra inheritance
tail cola, rabo rabo body wipu loan Wati
that ese/esa esse grammar pala inheritance
thick grueso, gordo, espeso grosso quality winya
thin delgado fino quality wililiny
think pensar pensar mental kurlkari mana (V3)
this este/esta este grammar wangka inheritance
three tres tres number wirrpamarta
throat garganta garganta body ngalyi inheritance
throw tirar, lanzar atirar, jogar impact parnpili unknown
thunder truenos trovão environment katurany unknown
tie up/fasten atar, amarrar amarrar impact karrpi-rni inheritance
tongue lengua lingua body jarliny inheritance
tooth diente dente body rirra inheritance
true xx xx quality 4561 inheritance
turn girar, volter, torcer virar other [missing] missing
two dos dois number kujarra inheritance
vomit vomitar vomitar body karupini- (V3)
walk caminar, andar andar motion marti inheritance
water agua agua environment wanayirti inheritance
wet mojado molhado quality wirna loan Pilbara
what? que, qué que grammar ngani inheritance
when? cuando quando grammar nyanga inheritance
where? donde onde grammar wanyjarni inheritance
white blanco branco colour mirta-mirta unknown
who? quien, quién quem grammar nganurtu inheritance
wife esposa esposa kinship nyurni managulu
wind viento vento environment wangal inheritance
wing ala asa body wirru unknown
woman/female mujer mulher human mirtawa inheritance
work trabajar trabalhar other warrkam(u) loan English
yawn bostezar bocejar body ngarla inheritance
yellow amarillo amarelo colour jungkarrjungkarr unknown


Flora Fauna Vocabulary (139)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Linnean Name Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Etymology Notes Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Range of Term Word Structure Word Structure Notes Classifier Classifier Notes Hypernym Source Association with Social Categories Ritual/Mythologically Significant Ritual Notes Food Source Food Notes Medicinal Medicinal Notes How Collected Who Collects How Prepared Psychotropic Psychotropic Notes Traded Trade Notes Distribution Habitat Dangerous Ethnobiology Notes Species Notes General Notes
agile wallaby, river wallaby flora-fauna Macropus agilis parrjaniny parrjaniny loan direction unknown Yawuru underived 0 1 0 0 0 no
ant (generic) hormiga formiga flora-fauna Formicidae karlarla-karlarla karlarla-karlarla loan direction unknown Yulparija reduplicated 0 0 0 0 0 no
Australian pelican flora-fauna Pelecanus conspicillatus pilarri pilarri loan direction unknown Pilbara underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
Australian snubfin dolphin flora-fauna Orcaella heinsohnii missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
baler shell flora-fauna Melo amphora jakarli jakarli semantic shift pearlshell (misidentification?) WW %tyakuli underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
bandicoot flora-fauna Peramelemorphia mirtarra mirtarra loan Yulparija 0 0 0 0 0
barn owl flora-fauna Tyto alba wirraju wirraju inheritance underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
barramundi flora-fauna Lates calcarifer manti manti inheritance underived 1 1 0 0 0 no
bat murciélago morcego flora-fauna Chiroptera spp jarti carti loan Pilbara WW underived 0 1 0 0 0 no
bindii, caltrop flora-fauna Tribulus terrestris jiri inheritance WW or inheritance 0 0 0 0 0 no
bird pajaro, ave passaro flora-fauna kaparrku kaparrku unique underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
black-breasted buzzard flora-fauna Hamirostra melanosternon missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
black-faced cuckoo-shrike flora-fauna Coracina novaehollandiae japayipayi capayipayi unique reduplicated partial 0 0 0 0 0 no
black-headed python flora-fauna Aspidites melanocephalus wirnti ngirriny wirnti ngirriny unique phrase 0 2 0 0 0 no
black-soil yam flora-fauna Ipomoea diamantinensis muŋkaliny inheritance missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
bloodwood flora-fauna Eucalyptus (Corymbia) bleeseri pirlawarl pirlawarl loan Nyulnyulan WW %pilawal unknown 0 1 1 0 0 no
blowfly maggots flora-fauna Diptera, Sarcophagidae kurrikala kurrikala unique unknown 0 0 0 0 0 no
blue-tongue lizard flora-fauna Tiliqua species lungkurta lungkurta inheritance WW WW %lungkurt underived 0 1 0 0 0 no
blue-winged kookaburra flora-fauna Dacelo leachii karruwarlkan karruwarlkan loan Warnman unknown 0 0 0 0 0 no
bluebone flora-fauna Choerodon cyanodus missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
brolga flora-fauna Grus rubicunda kurturr kurturr inheritance underived 1 0 0 0 0 no
brown goshawk flora-fauna Accipiter fasciatus missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
brush-tailed possum flora-fauna Trichosurus vulpecula marlalparra marlalparra unique unknown 0 1 0 0 0 no
bush cockroach flora-fauna (many species) jirrpirn jirrpirn unique underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
bush stone-curlew flora-fauna Burhinus grallarius wirluru wirluru loan into protolanguage WW %wintuku underived 1 0 0 0 0 no
bush tobacco flora-fauna Lobelia quadrangularis missing missing 0 0 0 1 0 no
bush turkey, Australian bustard flora-fauna Ardeotis australis tarrki tarrki loan English underived 0 1 0 0 0 no
bush yam flora-fauna Vigna lanceolata var. lanceolata kanyjamarra kanyjamarra unique unknown 0 1 2 0 1 no
butterfly, moth mariposa borboleta flora-fauna Lepidoptera kapalupalu kapalupalu unique reduplicated partial 0 0 0 0 0 no
carpet snake flora-fauna Morelia spilota wirntiŋirriny wirntiŋirriny loan direction unknown 0 1 0 0 0
caterpillar flora-fauna Lepidoptera purtapurta purtapurta unique reduplicated 0 0 0 0 0 no
catfish flora-fauna (many species) wirtan wirtan inheritance underived 0 1 0 0 0 no
centipede ciempiés centopéia flora-fauna Chilopoda, Myriapoda jirrini jirrini unique underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
channel-billed cuckoo flora-fauna Scythops novaehollandiae juwiny-juwiny juwiny-juwiny unique reduplicated 0 0 0 0 0 no
crested pigeon flora-fauna Ocyphaps lophotes jarrarlaparlparl jarrarlaparlparl loan Walmajarri reduplicated 0 0 0 0 0 no
darter/cormorant flora-fauna Anhinga melanogaster, Phalacrocorax species nguparr nguparr unique underived 0 1 0 0 0 no
death adder, five-minute snake flora-fauna Acanthophis praelongus juntangu (1) juntangu (1) loan direction unknown underived 0 0 0 0 0 yes
dingo flora-fauna Canis familiaris dingo wartaji wartaji doubtful loan underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
dog (camp, domestic) perro cachorro flora-fauna Canis familiaris yukurru yukurru loan Pilbara underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
duck pato pato, marreco flora-fauna Anatidae jilyurru jilyurru loan direction unknown WW WW %tyipily underived 0 1 0 0 0 no
dugong flora-fauna Dugon dugong missing missing 1 1 0 0 0 no
earthworm flora-fauna Annelida, Oligochaeta wiru (1) wiru (1) inheritance underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
emu flora-fauna Dromaius novaehollandiae kalaya kalaya loan Yulparija underived 2 1 2 0 0 no
fish (generic) pez peixe flora-fauna pirrala pirrala unique underived 0 1 0 0 0 N/A
flower flora-fauna (NA) pupu pupu loan direction unknown WW %pupu reduplicated 0 0 0 0 0 no
blowfly/housefly mosca mosca flora-fauna Diptera warrayi warrayi unique underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
flying-fox (generic) flora-fauna (many species) wartarrpiny wartarrpiny inheritance unknown 0 0 0 0 0 no
freshwater crocodile flora-fauna Crocodylus johnstoni missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
freshwater mussel flora-fauna Velesunio wilsoni missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
freshwater prawn flora-fauna Macrobrachium rosenbergii missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
frill-necked lizard flora-fauna Chlamydosaurus kingii kulamanu kulamanu inheritance underived 0 1 0 0 0 no
frog (generic) flora-fauna (many species) pupuka pupuka unique reduplicated partial 0 0 0 0 0 no
galah flora-fauna Eolophus roseicapilla pilyaku pilyaku loan direction unknown WW %pilyaku 0 0 0 0 0
turtle (generic) flora-fauna (many species) missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
ghost gum flora-fauna Eucalyptus papuana (Corymbia bella) missing missing 2 0 1 0 0 no
goanna (generic) or sand goanna flora-fauna Varanus spp wangkarli wangkarli loan underived 0 1 2 0 0 no
grass hierba, pasto capim, grama flora-fauna (NA) partalyu partalyu unique underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
grasshopper flora-fauna Orthoptera wajapi wacapi unique underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
great bowerbird flora-fauna Chlamydera nuchalis julinyjirrkura julinyjirrkura unique unknown 1 0 0 0 0 no
green ant flora-fauna Oecophylla smaragdina missing missing 0 2 2 0 0 no
green sea turtle flora-fauna Chelonia mydas wayarti wayarti unique underived 1 1 0 0 0 no
green tree snake flora-fauna Dendrelaphis punctulata missing missing 0 2 0 0 0 no
head/body lice flora-fauna Pediculus capitis, Pediculus humanus parlurl (1) parlurl (1) loan direction unknown underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
horse caballo cavalho flora-fauna Equus caballus yawarta yawarta loan areal WW %yawarta underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
hummingbird colibrí, picaflor (Peru) beija-flor flora-fauna Trochilidae tirrurntirrurn tirrurntirrurn unique reduplicated 0 0 0 0 0 no
hummingbird colibrí, picaflor (Peru) beija-flor flora-fauna Trochilidae cuti tirrurntirrurn unique reduplicated 0 0 0 0 0 no
humpback whale flora-fauna Megaptera novaeangliae missing missing 1 1 0 0 0 no
insect (generic) insecto insecto flora-fauna generic missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
jabiru flora-fauna Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus missing 0 0 0 0 0
jungle-fowl (scrub-fowl) flora-fauna Megapodius freycinet missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
kangaroo (generic) flora-fauna Macropodidae mangkuru mangkuru loan direction unknown Ngarluma underived 2 1 0 0 0 no
land snail flora-fauna Gastropoda missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
magpie goose flora-fauna Anseranas semipalmata missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
military dragon flora-fauna Ctenophorus isolepis, Diporiphora spp., Lophognathus spp. manaraly manaraly unique underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
mosquito mosquito, zancudo mosquito, carapana flora-fauna Anopheles spp, Isoptera kuñayi kuñayi unique underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
mud wasp, hornet flora-fauna (many species) rurrururru rurrururru loan direction unknown WW %rurru reduplicated 0 0 0 0 0 no
native bee flora-fauna (many species) piyarapin piyarapin loan Pilbara unknown 0 0 0 0 0 no
native cat flora-fauna Dasyurus parrtjarta parrtjarta inheritance parrtyirta NGY -cognate? unknown 0 0 0 0 0 no
northern brown bandicoot flora-fauna Isoodon macrourus manakarra manakarra unique unknown 0 1 0 0 0 no
northern kurrajong flora-fauna Brachychiton diversifolius missing missing 0 1 no? 0 0 no
nut tree flora-fauna Terminalia grandifolia missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
octopus flora-fauna Octopus australis manmarlkura manmarlkura unique unknown 0 0 0 0 0 no
pandanus palm flora-fauna Pandanus spiralis missing missing 1 1 0 0 1 no
paperbark flora-fauna Melaleuca sericea, Melaleuca stenostachya kurlinyjirr kurlinyjirr loan Yulparija unknown 0 0 1 0 0 no
peaceful dove flora-fauna Geopelia placida kulukuku kulukuku loan direction unknown Walmajarri WW %kurutuk reduplicated partial 0 0 0 0 0 no
pearlshell flora-fauna Pinctada spp pirrapirra pirrapirra inheritance reduplicated 1 1 0 0 1 no
peewee flora-fauna Gryllina cyanoleuca tiwirl-tiwirl unique 0 0 0 0 0 no
pied butcherbird flora-fauna Cracticus nigrogularis kurrparturtu kurrparturtu loan Walmajarri WW unknown 0 0 0 0 0 no
pike eel flora-fauna Muraenesox arabicus kunarri kunarri unique underived 0 1 0 0 0 no
praying mantis, stick insects mantis religiosa louva-a-deus flora-fauna Mantodea yinyjiyinyji yinyjiyinyji loan direction unknown reduplicated 0 0 0 0 0 no
prickle bush flora-fauna Sclerolaena bicornis missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
quail (generic) flora-fauna Coturnix species, Turnix species ngurrajakurrjakurr ngurrajakurrjakurr unique reduplicated partial 0 0 0 0 0 no
red river gum flora-fauna Eucalyptus camaldulensis wurrangka wurrangka loan Ngarluma underived 2 0 1 0 1 no
red-tailed black-cockatoo flora-fauna Calyptorhynchus banksi kuntirrka kuntirrka unique underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
riflefish, archerfish flora-fauna Toxotes chatareus missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
river mangrove flora-fauna Aegicera corniculatum missing missing 0 0 2 0 1 no
rock fig flora-fauna Ficus brachypoda makartu makartu loan direction unknown Ngarla underived 0 1 0 0 0 no
sacred kingfisher flora-fauna Todiramphus sancta liwurn liwurn inheritance cf. luurn in NGY etc WW %liwurn underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
saltwater crocodile flora-fauna Crocodylus porosus missing missing 2 2 0 0 0 yes
saltwater mussel flora-fauna Mytilidae missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
sawfish flora-fauna Pristis pectinata janaja janaja unique underived 1 0 0 0 0 yes
scorpion escorpión; alacran escorpião flora-fauna Arachnida, Scorpiones minipari minipari loan direction unknown also in Nyiaparli unknown 0 0 0 0 0 no
shark (generic) flora-fauna Selachimorpha parlarri parlarri unique underived 0 0 0 0 0 variable
shell (generic) flora-fauna pinka pinka unique underived 0 1 0 0 1 no
short-beaked echidna flora-fauna Tachyglossus aculeatus manganya manganya loan direction unknown underived 0 2 0 0 0 no
snake (generic) culebra, serpiente cobra flora-fauna jurru jurru loan Nyulnyulan underived 0 1 0 0 0 N/A
snappy gum flora-fauna Eucalyptus brevifolia malykan malykan loan direction unknown Ngarluma missing 0 0 1 0 0 no
spider araña aranha flora-fauna Arachnida, Araneae wangkarru wangkarru loan Nyulnyulan underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
spinifex flora-fauna Triodia species paru paru loan Yulparija WW %paru underived 0 0 2 0 0 no
spoonbills (yellow-billed spoonbill, black-billed spoonbill) flora-fauna Platalea flavipes, Platalea regia missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
stingray (generic) rayas látigo, raya arraia flora-fauna Dasyatidae missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 variable
stripe-faced dunnart flora-fauna Sminthopsis macroura missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
sugarbag wax flora-fauna missing missing 1 1 0 0 0 no
sulphur-crested cockatoo flora-fauna Cacatua galerita ngakalyalya ngakalyalya inheritance unknown 0 0 0 0 0 no
swamp eel flora-fauna Ophisternon gutturale missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
swamp leech flora-fauna Annelida, Hirudinea purtalypurtaly purtalypurtaly unique reduplicated 0 0 0 0 0 no
tawny frogmouth flora-fauna Podargus strigoides juwi juwi unique underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
termite mounds, ant hills flora-fauna Isoptera kartarra kartarra unique underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
termites, white-ants comején (Peru), termitas cupim flora-fauna (many species) ngilkirr ngilkirr unique underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
ti-tree flora-fauna Melaleuca bracteata missing missing 0 0 1 0 0 no
tick garrapata carrapato flora-fauna Arachnida, Acarina miti miti loan Walmajarri WW %mirti underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
tiger shark flora-fauna Galeocerdo cuvier missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 yes
torresian crow flora-fauna Corvus orru wakurra wakurra loan WW %wangkurri underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
tree árbol arvore flora-fauna (NA) mungka mungka unique underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
waterlily flora-fauna Nymphaea macrosperma missing missing 0 1 2 0 0 no
wattle flora-fauna Acacia difficilis lirrirnkirn lirrirnkirn unique underived 0 0 1 0 1 no
wedge-tailed eagle flora-fauna Aquila audax walartu walartu loan Pilbara WW %walakurru underived 1 0 0 0 0 no
willie wagtail flora-fauna Rhipidura leucophrys jirntirr-jirntirr jirntirr-jirntirr loan direction unknown WW WW %tyintipirri reduplicated 1 0 0 0 0 no
witchetty grub flora-fauna (many species) pirna pirna inheritance pirna termite egss NGY - WW? underived 0 1 2 0 0 no
woma flora-fauna Aspidites ramsayii jilajaku jilajaku unique compound 0 1 0 0 0 no
tree árbol arvore flora-fauna mungka inheritance
ant (generic) hormiga formiga flora-fauna pinga inheritance
bird pajaro, ave passaro flora-fauna yintajarra unknown
blowfly/housefly mosca mosca flora-fauna 4338 loan Kariyarra
dog (camp, domestic) perro cachorro flora-fauna yukurru inheritance
grass hierba, pasto capim, grama flora-fauna warrapa loan Pilbara
kangaroo (generic) flora-fauna mangkuru loan Ngarluma
snake (generic) culebra, serpiente cobra flora-fauna jurru inheritance
spider araña aranha flora-fauna wangkarru loan into protolanguage


Cultural Vocabulary (111)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Word Structure Word Structure Notes General Notes Source
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven tierra do los muertos terra dos mortos culture-mythology missing
armband dress tyiliminti loan direction unknown Kurrama
awl subsistence tool warrarnkatyi loan Nyulnyulan WW %warankatyi
axe/stone axe hacha (de piedra) machado (de pedra) subsistence tool marti loan direction unknown areal
bag (string) culture-material kurtan loan direction unknown areal
bait for fishing cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru) isca subsistence tool kulya loan Ngarla
basket (general) canasta, canasto, cesta cesto culture-material missing
body feather decorations culture-mythology missing
boomerang/throwing stick (generic) subsistence tool paralyi inheritance
boomerang (number 7) subsistence tool missing
boomerang (small) subsistence tool missing
bowl (coolamon) culture-material tyartu loan Pilbara
broom escoba vassoura culture-material missing
canoe canoa canoa transport missing
cicatrice culture-mythology parlkun unique
clapsticks culture-mythology missing
club (nulla-nulla) subsistence tool pirlpirn unique
cook food food kukiman loan English
cook in earth oven food missing
damper food martumpirri loan direction unknown Pilbara WW %martumpirri
dance (generic) culture-mythology tyurrka pini- (V3) unique
digging stick subsistence tool warnu semantic shift
dipper (small coolamon) subsistence tool kurlpi unique
dream sueño, soñar sonho, sonhar culture-mythology kapukarri mana-(takes inheritance
dreaming culture-mythology nyuka loan Pilbara
drone pipe culture-mythology missing
fire drill subsistence tool wunkalka loan direction unknown
fire-saw other marra semantic shift? cf words related to ‘wing’??
fireplace hogar lareira other missing
firewood leña lenha other wika unique
fish poison barbasco, matapez (Colombia) timbó subsistence tool missing
fish (with fish-poison) pescar con barbasco, barbasquear pescar com timbó; tinguijar food missing
fish (with line) anzuelear, pescar con linea pescar (com linha) food missing
fish (with spear) food missing
fishing line cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze linha de pesca subsistence tool wirli-wirli loan Kriol WW %wilwili
fishtrap (permanent) subsistence tool kutyuŋu inheritance
fishtrap (woven) subsistence tool missing
flour (European) food yuntara loan Pilbara
flour (bush) food missing
game animal caza, animal de caza caça, animal de caça food kuyi inheritance
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio espirito culture-mythology malpu loan Western Desert
glue subsistence tool missing
grave tumba, sepultura, sepulcro sepultura, sepulcro, cova culture-mythology tyuŋkarri loan Pilbara
grog food kari semantic shift WW %kari
hair belt dress ŋarirri doubtful inheritance
headband dress yakirri loan Western Desert
healer curandero benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano) culture-mythology maparn loan direction unknown WW %maparn
honey miel mel food ŋarrityi unique
house (European) other maya loan WW %mayaru
hunt cazar caçar food wura inheritance
initiation (circumcision) culture-mythology pilyi mana- unique
initiation (circumcision) culture-mythology para loan direction unknown areal WW %para
knife cuchillo faca culture-material tyimputarri loan Malay
loincloth taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla tanga, tapa-sexo dress tyirrtyi loan
love song culture-mythology missing
mangrove raft transport missing
message stick culture-mythology missing
mortar mortero pilão subsistence tool matyarra loan direction unknown
nosepeg other missing
paddle/oar remo remo transport missing
ochre culture-mythology karntawarra doubtful inheritance
paint body, body paint pintura corporal pintura corporal culture-mythology missing
pestle pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor mão de pilão subsistence tool piyanapinti unique
pipe for tobacco pipa cachimbo other missing
public song cycle culture-mythology missing
red paint culture-mythology pilyarri inheritance
resin resina, brea, copal resina, brea, breu subsistence tool missing
salt sal sal food missing
shelter (native) other missing
song (generic) canción, canto canção culture-mythology tyulurr unique
song (for entertainment) culture-mythology missing
spear lanza lança subsistence tool karrparta loan direction unknown
spear (fighting) subsistence tool missing
spear (fishing) subsistence tool missing
spearthrower subsistence tool walparra loan direction unknown WW %walparra
speartip subsistence tool missing
string (from hair) culture-material missing
string (from vine) culture-material missing
sugar acculturation ŋatyi unknown
tea food walyaka semantic shift
tobacco (European) narcotics purlku loan with semantic shift
tobacco (native) narcotics missing
spirit child culture-mythology missing
wax cera cera other milirr unique
white paint culture-mythology karltyi doubtful inheritance discontinuous distribution
windbreak other wuŋku inheritance
yandy (n) culture-material tarta semantic shift
school escuela escola acculturation missing
net subsistence tool parru-parru loan Ngarla
bottle botella garrafa acculturation missing
paper papel papel acculturation mili-mili loan English WW %milimili
corpse food missing
chicken gallina galinha acculturation marraka semantic shift ‘little bird’
tree coffin culture-mythology missing
clothing ropa roupa culture-mythology missing
skirt falda, saya, fustan, pollera saia culture-material missing
shoes zapatos sapatos dress tyutyika loan English
medicine narcotics mirrityin loan English WW medicine
earth oven food yapan loan Ngarluma ‘hot stones’
policeman polícia policía acculturation missing
cat gato gato acculturation ŋawu-ŋawu unique onomaopoeic?
gun arma, escopeta espingarda, fusil acculturation tyilaman loan Kriol WW %tyilaman
hat sombero chapéu dress maŋkawala loan direction unknown Yulparija
rope/string mecate, cuerda, soga corda culture mirrilyi unknown
bottom grinding stone manufacture matyarra loan Pilbara
digging stick subsistence tool warnu inheritance
winnow aventar, tirar (sementes) joeirar manufacture kapara inheritance
top grinding stone metate, mano; piedra de moler metate, mano manufacture piyanapinti
spearthrower subsistence tool walparra
spear lanza lança subsistence tool yantana inheritance
house other maya loan


Grammatical Data (295)
Category Grammatical Feature Grammatical Feature: Notes Feature Status Grammatical Notes Source Etymology Notes General Notes Phylogenetic Code
Phonology - Segmental Pre-/post-nasalized stops Analysis posits that the stop is the most relevant underlying phoneme. Comment in notes on whether the nasal contour is understood as a phonetic (allophonic) effect, or is phonologically contrastive. no 0
Phonology - Segmental Glottalized/ejective consonants Phonemic contrast [NOT counting glottal stop/fricative] no 0
Phonology - Segmental Palatalized stops Phonemic contrast yes 1
Phonology - Segmental Phonemic vowel length Does the language have long and short vowels? no 0
Phonology - Segmental Phonemic glottalization/laryngealization of vowels no 0
Phonology - Segmental Complex onsets Onset consists of more than one consonant phoneme no 0
Phonology - Segmental No codas *(C)VC [no also equals highly constrained] no 0
Phonology - Segmental Word-final coda required Do all syllables end in a consonant? no 0
Phonology - Suprasegmental Contrastive tones Note how many contrastive tones no 0
Phonology - Suprasegmental Contrastive stress Does stress occur on different syllables with meaning difference? no 0
Phonology - Suprasegmental Nasalization property of morpheme or syllable In contrast to nasalization as a property of segments no 0
Phonology - Suprasegmental Nasal spreading across some morpheme boundaries Do some affixes or other morphemes take the nasal/oral properties of the root they attach to? yes 1
Phonology - Suprasegmental Vowel harmony yes 1
Morphology - General Verbal fusion (2+ categories marked by portmanteau morphemes on verb) Verb combines two or more categories (tense, aspect, mood, person, number, etc.) in portmanteau morphemes{ [ignore proclitics unless they are fused with values other than person/number] yes 1
Morphology - General Inflection manifested by replacement of segmental or suprasegmental phonemes Stem change, tone no 0
Morphology - General Verbal synthesis (1+ inflectional categories marked by verbal affixes) Morphological complexity in verbs - multiple inflectional affixes in a single verb word yes 1
Morphology - General Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly prefixing There are many more prefixes than suffixes no 0
Morphology - General Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly suffixing There are many more suffixes than prefixes yes 1
Morphology - General Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: roughly equal or one weakly preferred The numbers of suffixes and prefixes are not notably different no 0
Morphology - General Reduplication: full The full morpheme is reduplicated yes 1
Morphology - General Reduplication: partial Only part of the morpheme is reduplicated yes 1
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs Productive NN compounding Noun compounds created from two noun phrases are common and systematically produced yes 1
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs Productive VV serialization (without compounding) Verb roots can be combined in a single predicate without markers of subordination (distinct from subordinating construction) or distinct inflection yes 1
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs Productive VV compounding Serial verb constructions involve chaining of roots together in one morphophonological word no 0
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs Verb-adjunct (aka light verb) constructions There is a set of semantically weak verbs used in complex verbal constructions, e.g. 'take a nap' yes 1
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs Auxiliary verb(s) There are verbs that accompany main verbs of clauses and take grammatical marking not expressed by main verbs no 0
Morphology - Incorporation Incorporation of nouns into verbs is a productive intransitivizing process Verb contains nominal segment no 0
Morphology - Incorporation Productive incorporation of other elements (adjectives, locatives, etc.) into verbs Like noun incorporation, but incorporated elements are not nouns no 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Noun classes/genders Nouns are organized into sets with distinct morphological treatment; usually affects all nouns and involves agreement within the NP no 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Number of noun classes/genders Note the (approximate) total number of noun classes/genders no 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Noun classifiers (distinct from noun classes/genders) Nouns are organized into sets, but only a limited set of nouns may be implicated, with no or limited agreement marking. If only numeral classifiers exist, indicate yes but explain. no 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for animates Masculine, feminine, neuter no 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for inanimates no 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Animacy (w/o reference to sex) is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system Animate/inanimate, human/non-human no 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Sex/gender distinction only in 3rd person pronouns add in notes section whether gender is present in other PNs or not in any PNs; consider with reference to pronouns and person marking only no 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for animates no 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for inanimates no 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification "Repeater" classifiers Where no distinct classifier exists, a copy of the noun itself may function in the morphosyntactic classifier "slot" no 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Numeral classifiers (specific to numerals) Special classifier forms that occur only with numerals no 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Classifiers used as derivational suffixes to derive nouns Verb + classifier = 'thing for doing V, thing that does V, etc.' no 0
Nominal Categories - Number Singular number may be marked on the noun Often occurs in a small subset of nouns if a single entity is referred to, e.g. insects that normally occur in groups no 0
Nominal Categories - Number Plural affix on noun yes 1
Nominal Categories - Number Plural marked by stem change or tone on noun no 0
Nominal Categories - Number Plural marked by reduplication of noun no 0
Nominal Categories - Number Plural word/clitic no 0
Nominal Categories - Number Plural marked on human or animate nouns only no 0
Nominal Categories - Number Pronominal plural: stem + nominal plural affix Pronouns use a nominal plural affix not specific to pronouns no 0
Nominal Categories - Number Unique associative plural marker e.g. 'John and his associates', 'John and them' no 0
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity Definite or specific articles Definite = particular referent known to both speaker and addressee; specific = particular referent known to speaker only no 0
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity Marker of definiteness distinct from demonstratives Focus on articles/markers whose primary function is to mark definiteness no 0
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity Indefinite or non-specific article or marker no 0
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity Inclusive/exclusive: in free pronominals Inclusive =us + you, exclusive = us but not you yes 1
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity Inclusive/exclusive: in verbal inflection (bound) yes 1
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity Distance contrasts in demonstratives (number) Note the number of distances in the demonstrative system yes 1
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity Other contrasts in demonstratives (visibility, elevation, etc.) no 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Gender in 3sg pronouns no 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Gender in 3pl pronouns no 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Gender in 1st and/or 2nd person pronouns no 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Formal/informal distinction in pronouns Polite pronominal variants or differential avoidance of pronouns no 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Reflexive pronouns e.g. English 'himself', Spanish 'se'; distinct form(s) from basic (non-reflexive) pronominals; distinct from reflexive verbal affix yes 1
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Adpositions mark core NPs Prepositions or postpositions mark subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients no 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: number of cases Note the number of grammatical relations that may be morphologically marked on the noun yes 1
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: only non-core arguments morphologically marked Subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients NOT marked, but other grammatical relations are no 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: symmetrical All NPs marked if in appropriate syntactic relation; no distinction in marking based on semantics (type of entity) yes 1
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: asymmetrical Semantically defined subset of NPs marked for case, e.g. animates no 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: suffix or postpositional clitic yes 1
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: prefix or prepositional clitic no 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: infix or inpositional clitic no 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: stem change no 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: tone no 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: comitative = instrumental Same marking for 'with a person' and 'with an instrument' yes 1
Nominal Categories - Numerals Base-2 At least some part of the system involves base-2 yes 1
Nominal Categories - Numerals Base-5 At least some part of the system involves base-5 no 0
Nominal Categories - Numerals Base-10 At least some part of the system involves base-10 no 0
Nominal Categories - Numerals Other base (specify) 4, 20, etc. no 0
Nominal Categories - Numerals Etymological transparency in any numerals under 5 e.g. two = 'eye-quantity' yes 1
Nominal Categories - Numerals Numerals do not go above 5 'Many' or some other non-exact term used yes 1
Nominal Categories - Numerals Numerals do not go above 10 'Many' or some other non-exact term used yes 1
Nominal Categories - Other nominal Tense or aspect inflection on non-verbal predicates i.e. nominal or adjectival no 0
Nominal Categories - Other nominal Person inflection on non-verbal predicates i.e. nominal or adjectival no 0
Nominal Syntax - Possession Pronominal possessive affixes: prefix on N alienable/inalienable? no 0
Nominal Syntax - Possession Pronominal possessive affixes: suffix on N alienable/inalienable? no 0
Nominal Syntax - Possession Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: dependent e.g. 'the boy-'s dog' yes 1
Nominal Syntax - Possession Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: head e.g. 'the boy his-dog' no 0
Nominal Syntax - Possession Possessive classifiers There are special classifiers that occur with possessed entities no 0
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability Morphological marking of inalienable possession Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the former takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun) no 0
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability Morphological marking of alienable possession Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the latter takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun) yes 1
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability Default marker for inalienably possessed nouns if unpossessed An inalienable noun that is in an unpossessed state must have a derivational affix or associated form no 0
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability Inalienable possession of kin terms 'my-father' but *father no 0
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability Inalienable possession of body parts (human/animal) 'my-leg' but *leg yes 1
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability Generic human nouns are obligatorily bound/possessed Human nouns must co-occur with another noun (e.g. Hup-man, NonIndian-woman, but *man) no 0
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives Underived adjectives There are underived adjectives which do not have counterparts in other word classes yes 1
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives Gender inflection on adjectives within the NP There is gender agreement/concord (animate/inanimate or masc/fem, etc.) within the NP, e.g. la casa blanca, el perro blanco no 0
Nominal Syntax - Derivation Productive nominalizing morphology: action/state (arrive/arrival) There is a morpheme which derives an event from a verb no 0
Nominal Syntax - Derivation Productive nominalizing morphology: agentive (sing/singer) There is a morpheme which derives an agent or subject from a verb no 0
Nominal Syntax - Derivation Productive nominalizing morphology: object (sing/song) There is a morpheme which derives a patient or object from a verb no 0
Nominal Syntax - Derivation Productive verbalizing morphology There is a morpheme which derives a verb from a noun or adjective yes 1
Nominal Syntax - Other NP coordination and comitative phrases marked differently 'John and Mary went to market' is marked differently from 'John went to market with Mary' yes 1
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Dedicated past marker(s) Past tense is regularly morphologically marked on the verb or elsewhere yes 1
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Multiple past tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference e.g. distant vs. recent past yes 1
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Multiple future tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference e.g. imminent vs. distant future yes 1
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Dedicated future or non-past marker(s) yes 1
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Tense-aspect affixes: prefix no 0
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Tense-aspect affixes: suffix yes 1
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Tense-aspect affixes: tone or ablaut no 0
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Tense-aspect suppletion no 0
Verbal Categories - Mood Dedicated imperative morpheme or verb form There is a special morpheme (or morphemes, or a bare verb root where inflection is normally expected) used to signal imperative (command) mood yes 1
Verbal Categories - Mood Polite imperative morpheme There is a distinct morpheme for polite imperative constructions (specify if it has other functions in the language) yes 1
Verbal Categories - Mood Difference between negation in imperative (prohibitive) and declarative clauses There are different strategies for marking negation in imperative and declarative clauses no 0
Verbal Categories - Mood Dedicated hortative morpheme or verb form (1pl or 3rd person imperative) as opposed to imperative; the person in control of desired state of affairs is not the addressee; ex: 'Let's sing' / 'Let him sing' yes 1
Verbal Categories - Mood Situational possibility: affix on verb Inflectional marking of capacity to do something no info x
Verbal Categories - Mood Situational possibility: verbal construction no info x
Verbal Categories - Mood Situational possibility: other marking no info x
Verbal Categories - Mood Epistemic possibility: affix on verb Modal expressing hypothesis yes 1
Verbal Categories - Mood Epistemic possibility: verbal construction no 0
Verbal Categories - Mood Epistemic possibility: other marking yes 1
Verbal Categories - Mood Marking of expected/unexpected action or result There is inflectional marking of expected/unexpected no 0
Verbal Categories - Mood Verbal frustrative Modal expressing frustration ("in vain") no 0
Verbal Categories - Mood Verbal habitual Modal expressing habituality no 0
Verbal Categories - Mood Apprehensive construction There is a single morpheme or verb form to mean '(be careful lest) X happens' no 0
Verbal Categories - Mood Reality status marking on verbs There are dedicated morpheme(s) for realis/irrealis 'actualized/unactualized events' no 0
Verbal Categories - Mood Affect markers (positive/negative) Note whether these inflectional markers are positive or negative no 0
Verbal Categories - Directionals Directional elements affixed to the verb There are grammaticalized elements indicating movement away, toward, there and back, etc. no 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Grammaticalized visual Indicates information has been witnessed visually - indicate only if an overt marker no 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Grammaticalized nonvisual Indicates information has been sensed firsthand but not visually (usually heard; also smelled, tasted, felt) no 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Grammaticalized inferential Indicates information has not been experienced firsthand, but inferred from some kind of evidence - indicate only if an overt marker. no 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Grammaticalized reportive Indicates speaker is not responsible for veracity of statement, merely reporting; 'allegedly' no 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Grammaticalized quotative Indicate presence of adjacent representation of repeated discourse no 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Other evidential Any other evidential values not represented above no 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Evidentiality: verb affix or clitic no 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Evidentiality: part of tense system Includes portmanteau morphs no 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Evidentiality: separate particle no 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Evidentiality: modal morpheme no 0
Verbal Categories - Verbal number Verbal number suppletion no 0
Verbal Categories - Other Social interaction markers Note the type of interaction no 0
Word Order No fixed basic constituent order yes 1
Word Order VS in intransitive clauses Verb precedes subject yes 1
Word Order VS in transitive clauses yes 1
Word Order VO in transitive clauses Verb precedes object yes 1
Word Order OS in transitive clauses Object precedes subject yes 1
Word Order Preposition-Noun no 0
Word Order Noun-Postposition or case suffix yes 1
Word Order Gen-Noun Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessor first (e.g. John's book) yes 1
Word Order Noun-Gen Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessum first (e.g. 'book of John') yes 1
Word Order Adj-Noun Adjective precedes the noun yes 1
Word Order Noun-Adj Adjective follows the noun yes 1
Word Order Dem-Noun yes 1
Word Order Noun-Dem yes 1
Word Order Num-Noun yes 1
Word Order Noun-Num yes 1
Word Order Noun-Rel Relative clause follows noun that it modifies yes 1
Word Order Rel-Noun Relative clause precedes noun that it modifies no 0
Word Order Re<Noun>l (internally headed relative) e.g. 'the dog cat chased-NMZR got away' ('the cat that the dog chased got away') no 0
Word Order Relative clause is correlative or adjoined e.g. 'what is running, the dog chased that cat' yes 1
Word Order Question word is clause initial 'what', 'who', etc. come first in interrogative clause yes 1
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked accusative Objects of transitive clauses ('P') have a unique marker, while subjects of transitive ('A') and intransitive ('S') clauses are unmarked or share a different marker from that occurring on objects no 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked nominative Subjects of transitive and intransitive clauses share a marker, while objects of transitives are unmarked no 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking in full NPs: ergative-absolutive Subjects of intransitive clauses and objects of transitives share a unique marker, while subjects of transitive clauses are unmarked or have a different marker yes 1
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking in full NPs: tripartite Intransitive subjects, transitive subjects, and transitive objects all receive distinct case markers no 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking in full NPs: active-inactive Subjects of intransitive clauses are treated two different ways: like subjects of transitives if they are more agent-like (e.g. he jumped), and like objects of transitives if they are more patient-like (e.g. he fell asleep) no 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked accusative no 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked nominative no 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking of pronouns: ergative-absolutive yes, no, mixed, other yes 1
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking of pronouns: tripartite no 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking of pronouns: active-inactive no 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of verbal person-marking: nominative-accusative Same as above, for pronominal affixes/clitics on verbs yes 1
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of verbal person-marking: ergative-absolutive yes, no, mixed, other no 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of verbal person-marking: active-inactive no 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of verbal person-marking: hierarchical Marking of A and P depends on their relative ranking on a hierarchy (usually 1>2>3 or 2>1>3) no 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of verbal person-marking: split More than one of the above systems is represented in person marking, depending on e.g. person (e.g. 1/2 vs. 3), tense-aspect value, main vs. subordinate clause type, etc. no 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Pronominal subjects: pronouns in subject position Pronominal subjects are free pronouns that occur in the same position as full NP subjects yes 1
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Pronominal subjects: prefixes on verb Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal prefixes (free pronouns may be another option) no 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Pronominal subjects: suffixes on verb Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal suffixes (free pronouns may be another option) yes 1
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Pronominal subjects: clitics on variable host Pronominal subjects are clitics that can attach to verbs, nominal constituents, etc. no 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Pronominal subjects: pronouns in non-subject position Pronominal subjects are free pronouns but do not normally occur in the position expected for full NP subjects no 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Person marking on intransitive verbs Intransitive verbs take person-marking clitics/affixes yes 1
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Person marking (of agents) on transitive verbs Transitive verbs take subject (A) markers yes 1
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Person-marking (of objects) on transitive verbs Transitive verbs take object (P) markers yes 1
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking 3rd person zero in verbal person marking: subjects 3rd person subjects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system no 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking 3rd person zero in verbal person marking: objects 3rd person objects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system no 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Number can be marked separately from person on the verb Verbal person marking exists, but number is (or can) be marked separately no 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Possessive affixes/clitics on nouns are same as verbal person markers Where nouns take possessive affixes, these are the same as the person-marking affixes no 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Gender distinguished in verbal person markers For any person, verbal person markers exhibit different forms depending on the gender (masc/fem, animate/inanimate, etc.) of the referent no 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice Ditransitive constructions: indirect object In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives a book to Bill'), the theme (book) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated differently no 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice Ditransitive constructions: double object In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives Bill a book'), both the theme (book) and the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives no 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice Ditransitive constructions: secondary object In ditransitives, the recipient/beneficiary is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the theme (book) is treated differently yes 1
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Reciprocal: dedicated morpheme Verb becomes reciprocal through use of reciprocal morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is only used to mean reciprocal. no 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Reflexive: dedicated morpheme Verb becomes reflexive through use of reflexive morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is used only to mean reflexive. no 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Reciprocal/reflexive: same morpheme Verb becomes reciprocal or reflexive through use of a morpheme that means either reciprocal or reflexive which attaches to the root of the verb yes 1
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Passive Passive voice usually involves a change to the verb, while the object of the active voice verb is promoted to subject in the passive voice, and the former subject is deleted/demoted no 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Antipassive Like passive, but deletes or demotes the object of a transitive verb; usually found in ergative languages no 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Other intransitivizing morphology There is/are some other mechanism(s) for reducing valency no 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Applicative: benefactive Applicative adds a beneficiary/maleficiary object argument to the verb no 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Applicative: other Applicative adds some other object argument to the verb no 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Causative: prefix Causative is morphological and is attached before the root of the verb no 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Causative: suffix Causative is morphological and is attached after the root of the verb no 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Causative marked by circumfix, stem change, or tone Morphological causative other than simple prefix/suffix no 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Causative: serial verb or analytical construction Causative construction that involves periphrasis or serialization no 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Causative: dedicated 'make do by proxy' Indicates that the causer does not directly cause the action of the verb to be realized, but does so by inducing someone else to carry out the action, e.g. 'John had the house painted.' no 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Causative: dedicated sociative Indicates that causer participates in event no 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Other transitivizing morphology (adds valence) There is/are some other mechanism(s) for increasing valency no 0
Simple Clauses - Negation Clausal negator is a preposed element Clausal negator is a preposed element no 0
Simple Clauses - Negation Clausal negator is a postposed element Clausal negator is a postposed element no 0
Simple Clauses - Negation Negatives: affix Negatives: affix yes 1
Simple Clauses - Negation Negatives: particle Negatives: particle yes 1
Simple Clauses - Negation Negatives: auxiliary verb Negatives: auxiliary verb no 0
Simple Clauses - Negation Negatives: double Standard (non-emphatic) negation typically requires two morphemes, e.g. French 'ne V pas' no 0
Simple Clauses - Negation Distinct negative form for 'NP does not exist' no info x
Simple Clauses - Negation Distinct negative expression 'I don't know' Lexical expression or highly idiomatic phrase no info x
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives Polar questions: interrogative particle Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative particle yes 1
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives Polar questions: verb morphology Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative verb morphology no 0
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives Polar questions: word order Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion) no 0
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives Polar questions: intonation only Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by intonation only yes 1
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives Content questions: word order differs from declaratives Content questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion) as well as by presence of Q-word (who, what, etc.) no 0
Simple Clauses - Predication Predicate adjectives: verbal Adjectives act like verbs in predicative position no 0
Simple Clauses - Predication Predicate adjectives: nominal Adjectives act like nouns in predicative position yes 1
Simple Clauses - Predication Zero copula for predicate nominals is possible Predicate nominals may occur without a copula (i.e. grammatical in some circumstances, if not all) yes 1
Simple Clauses - Predication Headless relative clauses Compare Eng 'the one that fell' (but in Eng 'one' could be considered a head) no 0
Simple Clauses - Predication Headless relative clauses are the dominant or only form of relative clause Relative clauses that form a constituent with a head noun (in a single noun phrase) are rare or nonexistent; some descriptions may refer to adjoined or correlative clauses. no 0
Simple Clauses - Predication Relative clause may occur with a noun classifier/class marker It may be unclear whether the classifier is the nominal head of the construction or is an agreement marker on the relative clause no 0
Simple Clauses - Predication Relativizer is a verbal affix no 0
Simple Clauses - Predication Morphological relativizer is homophonous with nominalizer The same morpheme marks a relative clause and is a nominalizer on verbs (and/or other word classes) no 0
Simple Clauses - Desiderative expressions Grammaticalized verbal desiderative Indicates that the subject desires to carry out the action denoted by the verb (distinct from verb 'want', but may be grammaticalized from it) no 0
Simple Clauses - Other Clause chaining Clauses can be grouped such that only one bears most of the verb morphology, and the others are marked as to whether they share a subject with this reference clause. no info x
Simple Clauses - Other Morphologically marked switch-reference system There are special markers to indicate same vs. different subject when two clauses are combined no info x
Simple Clauses - Other Morphologically marked distinction between simultaneous and sequential clauses Morphology (usually on verb) distinguishes between clauses denoting events that occur at the same time or in sequence yes 1
Morphology - General Does verb root reduplication have an iterative function? not done yet X
Morphology - General Does noun root reduplication have a plural/pluractional function? not done yet X
Morphology - General Does adjective root reduplication mean ‘real’ X? no 0
Morphology - General Does verb root reduplication have a distributive function? not done yet X
Morphology - General Does verb root reduplication have a pluractional function? not done yet X
Morphology - General Does noun root reduplication have an iterative function? not done yet X
Morphology - General Does adjective root reduplication mean ‘fake’ X? no info x
Morphology - General Does adjective root reduplication mean ‘very’ X? not done yet X
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Does the language have ergative and instrumental syncretism? not done yet X
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Does the language have a distinct genitive case? not done yet X
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Is the locative related to the ergative with vowel change? yes 1
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Is case marked on just one word in an NP? no 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Is case marked on all (non-pronominal) words in an NP? yes 1
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Are any subordinate verbs (or whole clauses) marked with case to indicate their function? not done yet X
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Does ergative mark discourse functions of focus/unexpectedness? no 0
Nominal Categories - Derivation Is there a evidence for derivational morphology being distinct from inflectional on nouns? yes to any of HG 95-97 entails yes to this; yep; this is more general but not just about derivation (would also include proprietive, for example, not necessarily derivation that changes word class) not done yet X
Nominal Categories - Number Does the language have a minimal/augment system? no 0
Nominal Categories - Number Does the language have a unit augment system? no 0
Nominal Categories - Number Does the language mark dual on nouns? no 0
Nominal Categories - Number Does the language mark plural on nouns? no 0
Nominal Categories - Number Does the language have group/collective nominal suffixes? not done yet X
Nominal Categories - Number Does the language have suppletive plural verbs? no? 0
Nominal Categories - Number Does the language have suppletive plural adjectives? no info x
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Does the language have bound pronouns? yes to any of HG 173-175 entails yes to this; not necessarily? - CB yes 1
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Are the bound pronouns distinct from the free pronouns? not done yet X
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Does the language mark moiety distinctions in pronouns? no 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Does the language mark generational distinctions in pronouns? no 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Are 'who' and 'what' distinct words? not done yet X
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Is there an inclusive/exclusive distinction in the dual? yes 1
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Is there an inclusive/exclusive distinction in the plural? yes 1
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Is there a gender distinction in third person dual pronouns? not done yet X
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Are there clitic pronouns? yes 1
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Are there object clitic pronouns? not done yet X
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Are there distinct possessive and IO pronouns? not done yet X
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories When there are both object and subject clitic pronouns, does the object pronoun follow the subject one? not done yet X
Simple Clauses - Discourse Is there a focus position? include the position in the ‘form’ notes no info x
Simple Clauses - Discourse Is there a topic position? include the position in the ‘form’ notes no info x
Simple Clauses - Negation Is verbal negation a separate word? related to, and maybe equivalent to, HG 206-207 (not equivalent if verbal negation is being treated separately from clausal negation) not done yet X
Simple Clauses - Negation Does the negative marker precede the verb? related to, and maybe equivalent to, HG 203 (not equivalent if verbal negation is being treated separately from clausal negation) not done yet X
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Are there second position clausal clitics? not done yet X
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Is tense marked on pronouns? no 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Are there predicative clitics (e.g. Darkinyung grammar p35) not done yet X
Simple Clauses - Tense Does the language have tense/mood/etc particles (free words)? not done yet X
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Is reflexive/reciprocal marked on the verb? =yes to any of HG 188-190; not necessarily; e.g. YN has a reflexive marker but it doesn’t go on the verb. not done yet X
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Does reflexive/reciprocal change the conjugation class? not done yet X
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Is there a reflexive/reciprocal particle? not done yet X
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Is the passive typically used only with adversative semantics? N/A 0
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Is there an inchoative suffix? not done yet X
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Is there a distinct present tense verbal suffix? yes 1
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Is there a continuous aspect suffix? not done yet X
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Is there a punctual aspect suffix? not done yet X
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Can tense and aspect cooccur? not done yet X
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Is tense marked on nouns? no 0
Verbal Categories - Mood Do positive commands take the same morphology as negative commands? not done yet X
Verbal Categories - Mood Is a negative command formed from a nominalised verb (eg. "no talking!")? not done yet X
Verbal Categories - Other Is the verb ‘say’ the same as the verb ‘do’? yes 1
Verbal Categories - Other Does the language have body part compound verbs? not done yet X
Verbal Categories - Other Are there verbal agreement clitics? not done yet X
Verbal Categories - Other Is there a verb 'be'? not done yet X
Verbal Categories - Other Are there verb conjugation classes? not done yet X
Verbal Categories - Other Is there a conjugation for uninflecting verbs? no 0
Verbal Categories - Other Is there a grammatical category of associated motion? not done yet X
Verbal Categories - Other Does the language have kinship verbs? That is, are the words which designate kinship relations such as ‘mother’ and ‘father’ verbs in the language? no 0
Verbal Categories - VerbalNumber Does the language have suppletive plural nouns? not done yet X
Word Order Are there discontinuous NP constituents? not done yet X
Word Order Is word order fixed in noun phrases? not done yet X
Word Order Is word order fixed in verb phrases? not done yet X
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Pronominal subjects: second position clitics Pronominal subjects are clitics that can attach to verbs, nominal constituents, etc. no 0
Phonology - Segmental Prestopped segments list which segments in the ‘form’ column not done yet X


Ethnographic Information
Current Population (speakers) Former Population Estimate Subsistence Preference Density Sedentism Ecotome Marriage Pattern Notes Source
medium HG low mobile no