Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for animates
- Category
- Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification
- Notes
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | yes | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 62 | ||||
| Aché | no info | |||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | No | 51 | 0 | |||
| Aguaruna | no | Overall 2007:124-37 | ||||
| Alyawarr | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Andoke | no | Landaburu 1979: p.130-132 | ||||
| Apurinã | yes | Many classificatory nouns (CN2s) have semantics related to shape. | Facundes, 2000:169-175 | |||
| Arabana | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Arrernte | No | 87 | 0 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | yes | Mihas 2010:106 | ||||
| Añun | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Bandjalang | No | 43 | 0 | |||
| Baniwa | yes | Aikhenvald 2001 Baniwa classifiers | ||||
| Barasano | no | Jones & Jones 1991, p.50-51 | ||||
| Bardi | no | 0 | ||||
| Bare | n/a | Aikhenvald, 1995: 21 | ||||
| Batyala | no info | x | ||||
| Baure | no info | Danielsen 2007 | ||||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Bilinarra | n/a | 1.1000000000000000888 | 0 | |||
| Biri | no info | x | ||||
| Bora | yes | Seifart - 2005:201-222 | ||||
| Bularnu | no | 0 | ||||
| Bunuba | no | 0 | ||||
| Cabecar | yes | Bertoglia 1983:3-13 | ||||
| Cahuilla | ||||||
| Central Aymara | no | Deza Galindo 1992: 78 | ||||
| Chemehuevi | ||||||
| Comanche | ||||||
| Cubeo | yes | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p.79 | Evidence in 3.1.2.2: -we is a classifier for flat, thin objects. | |||
| Cupeño | ||||||
| Damana | no | |||||
| Darkinyung | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Desano | no | Miller 1999, p. 35 | ||||
| Dharawal | no info | x | ||||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | no info | x | ||||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | no | 0 | ||||
| Djinang | No | 27 | 0 | |||
| Duungidjawu | no | 25 | 0 | |||
| Dyirbal | No | 307 | 0 | |||
| Dâw | no | Martins 2004 | ||||
| Eñepa | no | Aikehnvald:127-128 | ||||
| Gabrielino | ||||||
| Garrwa | no | 4-5 | 0 | |||
| Githabul | No | 8 | 0 | |||
| Gooniyandi | no | 0 | ||||
| Guaymí | yes | It is distinguished long, rounded and plain things | Quesada 2008:91 | |||
| Gugu-Badhun | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Gumbaynggirr | no | 254 | 0 | |||
| Guna | no | shape is relevant only in numeral classifiers | Smith texts | |||
| Gunya | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Hup | no | Epps 2008 | ||||
| Idaho Shoshone | ||||||
| Ika | no | Frank 1989:22 | ||||
| Ingá | no | Levinson 1974, 1976, 1976b | ||||
| Jaru | no | 0 | ||||
| Jingulu | no | 0 | ||||
| Kaingang | no info | Silva 2011 | ||||
| Kakua | no | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
| Kalkatungu | no | 29 | 0 | |||
| Karajarri | N/A | 71 | 0 | |||
| Karitiana | no | Everett 2006:296 | ||||
| Katthang | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Kaurna | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Kawaiisu | ||||||
| Kinikinau | no info | |||||
| Kitanemuk | ||||||
| Kogi | no info | |||||
| Kokama | no | Vallejos 2010 | ||||
| Kokatha | No | 52 | 0 | |||
| Koreguaje | no | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.15-17 | ||||
| Kotiria | yes | only occurs with certain lower-level animates | Stenzel 2004, p. 122 | |||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | No | 446-7 | 0 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Kunjen | yes | 78 | 1 | |||
| Kurrama | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | No | 83 | 0 | |||
| Luiseño | ||||||
| Macaguan | no info | Buenaventura - 1993 | ||||
| Maipure | yes | Zamponi 2003:26 | ||||
| Makiritare | no | Hall 1988; Escoriaza 1959:9-11 | ||||
| Makuna | no | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.33-36 | ||||
| Makushi | no | Carson 1992: 55-86 | ||||
| Mapudungun | no | Zúñiga 2006, p. 87-9 | ||||
| Marrgany | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Martuthunira | no info | x | ||||
| Mathi-Mathi | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Matses | no | Fleck:240 | ||||
| Mayi-Yapi | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Minica Witoto | no | not indicated/expected | Minor and Minor 1982. p.31-35 | |||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | no info | x | ||||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | no | Weir 1984 | ||||
| Nanti | no | No mention of or examples of animates using shape classifiers. | Michael, 2008. p. 332-340 | |||
| Narungga | N/A | 54 | 0 | |||
| Naso | no | Quesada 2000 | ||||
| Ngaatjatjara | No | 35 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | N/A | 18 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | No info | x | ||||
| Ngiyambaa | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Nhanta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nheengatu | no | no classifiers | Cruz 2011 | |||
| Ninam | no | Goodwin-Gomez, p.120 | but function (seed, tree, plant, liquid, skin) are | |||
| Northern Emberá | no | Mortensen 1999:15-6 | Catío | |||
| Northern Paiute | ||||||
| Nyangumarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyikina | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | no | 0 | ||||
| Palikur | no | Launey 2003 | ||||
| Panyjima | no | 0 | ||||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | no | Zarratea 2002:121-41 | ||||
| Paresi | no info | Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 | ||||
| Pemon | no | de Armellada 1999 | ||||
| Piapoco | n/a | Galindo, 2002: 99, 101 | ||||
| Pintupi | no info | x | ||||
| Pitjantjatjara | No | Y 11 | 0 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | N/A | 192 | 0 | |||
| Puinave | no info | size is a relevant category for in/animates | size is a relevant category for in/animates | |||
| Páez | no info | |||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | no | Parker 1965:27, 32-46 | ||||
| Resígaro | no | The description of classifiers includes classifiers for male and female, the examples of shape classifiers do not include animates. | Allin, 1976: 153-163 | |||
| Ritharrngu | No | 34 | 0 | |||
| Sanumá | no info | |||||
| Serrano | ||||||
| Shoshone | ||||||
| Sikuani | no | Queixalós 1998:31 | ||||
| Siona | no | Wheeler - 1970:95 | ||||
| Southern Paiute | ||||||
| Southern Ute | ||||||
| Surui | no info | |||||
| Tanimuca | no | Strom 1992, p.54 | ||||
| Tariana | no | Tariana has one classifier for animate forms. | Aikhenvald, 2003: 88 | |||
| Thanggati | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Tharrkari | N/A | 15 | 0 | |||
| Tikuna | no info | |||||
| Timbisha | ||||||
| Tukano | no | West and Welch 2004: 85 | ||||
| Uradhi | N/A | 334 | 0 | |||
| Urarina | no info | |||||
| Wajarri | No | 38 | 0 | |||
| Wakaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Walmajarri | no | 0 | ||||
| Wambaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Wangkumara | no info | X | ||||
| Waorani | no info | |||||
| Wapishana | no | Santos, 2006: 126 | ||||
| Warlpiri | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Warluwarra | no | 881 | 0 | |||
| Warnman | N/A | 14 | 0 | |||
| Warrgamay | N/A | 28 | 0 | |||
| Warrwa | no | 0 | ||||
| Warumungu | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Warungu | no | 165 | 0 | |||
| Wathawurrung | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Waunana | no info | |||||
| Wayuu | n/a | Does not appear to be a noun classifier system. | Mansen & Captain, 2000 | |||
| Wemba-Wemba | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Western Mono | ||||||
| WesternTorres | no | 0 | ||||
| Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
| Wirangu | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Woiwurrung | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Worrorra | yes | ms4.1.3.ii | 1 | |||
| Yagua | yes | Payne and Payne 1990:451 | ||||
| Yalarnnga | no | 0 | ||||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | no | 0 | ||||
| Yanesha' | no | Duff-Tripp 1997:253-66 | ||||
| Yanomami | yes | many of these classes apply equally to inanimates | Ramirez 1994: p.124 | |||
| Yanyuwa | no | 4 | 0 | |||
| Yavitero | no | No classifiers identified. | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 36-38 | |||
| Yawuru | no | 0 | ||||
| Yidiny | no | 0 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | no | 0 | ||||
| Yindjilindji | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Yine | no | Matteson 1965 | ||||
| Yingkarta | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | no | All humans get one classifier, all animals get a different classifier, and other things are classified by shape. | Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 50 | |||
| Yulparija | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Yuwaalaraay | N/A | 30 | 0 |
| Language |
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